1.

GENERATION OF SIMPLE SIGNALS

%unit impulse
clc; clear all;
close all;
t=-2:2;
y=[zeros(1,2),1,zeros(1,2)];
subplot(221);
stem(t,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Unit Impulse');
%unit step
n=input('Enter the length of step sequence n=');
t=-n:n;
y=[zeros(1,n),ones(1,n+1)];
subplot(222);
stem(t,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Unit Step');
%ramp sequence
n=input('Enter the length of ramp sequence n=');
t=0:n;
subplot(223);
stem(t,t);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Unit Ramp');
%exponential
n=input('Enter the length of exponential sequence n=');
t=0:n;
a=input('Enter the value of a=');
y=exp(a*t);
subplot(224);
stem(t,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Exponential');

Enter the length of step sequence n=5

Enter the length of ramp sequence n=4
Enter the length of exponential sequence n=5
Enter the value of a=0.5

>>
Unit Step
1

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

Amplitude

Amplitude

Unit Impulse
1

0.4

0.2

0.4

0.2

0
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0
Time

0.5

1.5

0
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Unit Ramp
14

3.5

12

3.5

4.5

10

2.5

Amplitude

Amplitude

Exponential

2
1.5

8
6
4

0.5
0

0
Time

0.5

1.5

2
Time

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5

2.5
Time

2.GENERATION OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

%sine wave
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:1;
f=2;
y=sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(211);
plot(t,y);
grid on;
axis([0 1 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Sine Wave');
%square wave
f=3;
t=0:1000;
duty=0.35; %required d
y=square(2*pi*f*t/1000,(duty*100));
subplot(212);
plot(t,y);
grid on;
axis([0 1000 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('square wave');

Sine Wave

Amplitude

2
1
0
-1
-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time
square wave

100

200

300

400

0.7

0.8

0.9

700

800

900

1000

Amplitude

2
1
0
-1
-2

500
Time

600

3.GENERATION OF AM
%AM wave
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fc=input('Enter the frequency of the carrier signal fc=');
fm=input('Enter the frequency of the modulating signal fm=');
m=input('Modulation index m=');
t=0:0.001:1;
c=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(221);
plot(t,c);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Carrier signal');

M=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(222);
plot(t,M);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Modulating signal');
y=(1+m*M).*c;
subplot(223);
plot(t,y);
grid on;
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Modulated signal');
%AM with suppressed carrier
t=0:0.001:1;
c=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
M=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
y=M.*c;
subplot(224);
plot(t,y);
grid on;
axis([0 1 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Suppressed carrier');

Enter the frequency of the carrier signal fc=50

Enter the frequency of the modulating signal fm=5
Modulation index m=0.75

>>
Modulating signal
1

0.5

0.5
Amplitude

Amplitude

Carrier signal
1

-0.5

-1

-0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Time

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

-1

0.1

0.2

0.3

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

0
-0.5

-1.5

-1.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Time

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.9

-0.5
-1

0.6

-1

-2

0.5
Time

Suppressed carrier

Amplitude

Amplitude

Modulated signal

0.4

0.7

0.8

0.9

-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Time

0.6

4.GENERATION OF PM
%PM generation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fm=input('Message frequency=');
fc=input('Carrier frquency=');
m=input('Modulation index=');
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
c=sin(2*pi*fc*t);
M=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(311);
plot(t,c);
grid on;
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Carrier signal');
subplot(312);
plot(t,M);
grid on;
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('Modulating signal');
y=cos((2*pi*fc*t)+(m.*sin(2*pi*fm*t)));
subplot(313);
plot(t,y);
grid on;
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time');
title('PM signal');

Message frequency=20
Carrier frquency=400
Modulation index=10
>>

Carrier signal
1

Amplitude

0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05
Time

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Modulating signal
1

Amplitude

0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05
Time
PM signal

Amplitude

0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.01

0.02

5.MEAN SQR ERROR ESTIMATN

clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs=1000;
t=0:1/fs:1;
f=1;
A=1;
x=A*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
ylabel('x(t)');
xlabel('t(sec)');
title('Original signal');
axis([min(t) max(t) -A A]);
grid on;
M=8;
xq=quantise(x,M);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,xq);
ylabel('xq(t)');

0.03

0.04

0.05
Time

xlabel('t(sec)');
title('Quantised signal');
axis([min(t) max(t) -A A]);
grid on;
sig_energy=0;
sqr_error=0;
for i=1:length(x)
sqr_error=sqr_error+((x(i)-xq(i))^2);
sig_energy=sig_energy+(x(i)^2);
end
mean=sqr_error/length(x)
SNRdB=10*log10(sig_energy/sqr_error)
%function quantize
function y=quantise(x,M)
minx=min(x);
maxx=max(x);
delta=(maxx-minx)/M;
y=zeros(size(x));
for i=1:length(x)
for j=1:M
if(x(i)<=(minx+(j*delta)))
y(i)=minx+((2*j-1)/2)*delta;
break;
end
end
end
end

mean =
0.0062
SNRdB =
19.0821

Original signal
1

x(t)

0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
t(sec)
Quantised signal

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.8

0.9

xq(t)

0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.5
t(sec)

0.6

6.TIME DELAY ESTIMATION USING CORRELATION FN

clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs=1000;
T=2;
t=0:1/fs:1;
f=1;
A=1;
x=A*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
ylabel('x(t)');
xlabel('t(sec)');
title('Original signal');
axis([min(t) max(t)+T -A A]);
grid on;
t1=min(t):1/fs:max(t)+T;
y=zeros(1,T*fs);
y=[y,x];
y=awgn(y,-10,'measured');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t1,y);
ylabel('y(t)');
xlabel('t(sec)');

title('Delayed signal');
axis([min(t) max(t)+T -A A]);
grid on;
corr=zeros(1,length(t1));
for i=1:length(y)
for j=1:length(x)
if i+j-1<=length(y)
corr(i)=corr(i)+y(i+j-1)*x(j);
else
break
end
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t1,corr);
ylabel('corr');
xlabel('t(sec)');
title('Correlation function');
grid on;
delay=(find(corr==max(corr))-1)/fs

delay =

1.9920

Original signal

x(t)

1
0
-1

0.5

1.5
t(sec)
Delayed signal

2.5

0.5

1.5
t(sec)
Correlation function

2.5

0.5

1.5
t(sec)

2.5

y(t)

1
0
-1

corr

500
0
-500

7.BASK
clc; clear all; close all;
flag = 0;
%variable to check whether carrier frequencies are integer
multiples of bitrate
while ~flag
fc = input('Enter the Carrier Frequency: ');
bitRate = input('Enter the Bit Rate: ');
if mod(fc,bitRate)~=0
disp('Carrier frequency should be an integer multiple of
Rate!!!');
continue
end
flag = 1;

Bit

t = 0:1/(10*fc):1/bitRate-1/(10*fc);
flag1 = 0; %variable to check whether input data has any non-binary
value
sig0 = zeros(size(t));
sig1 = cos(2*pi*fc*t);
while ~flag1
x = input('Enter the binary Data: ');
y = [];
data = [];
taxis = [];
for i = 1:length(x)
if x(i)~=0 && x(i)~=1
disp('please enter only binary values');
flag1 = 0;
break;
else
taxis = [taxis (i-1)*max(t)+t];
flag1 = 1;
if x(i) == 0
y = [y sig0];
data = [data zeros(size(t))];
else
y = [y sig1];
data = [data ones(size(t))];
end
end
end
end
subplot(311)
plot(taxis,data);
title('Binary Data');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -0.5 1.5]);
subplot(312)
plot(taxis,y);
title('BASK Modulated Signal');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -1.5 1.5]);

end
xcap = [];
datacap = [];
for i = 1:length(x)
st_ind = (i-1)*length(t) + 1;
en_ind = i*length(t);
sig = y(st_ind:en_ind);
d = sig*sig1';
if d<length(t)/4
xcap = [xcap 0];
datacap = [datacap zeros(size(t))];
else
xcap = [xcap 1];
datacap = [datacap ones(size(t))];
end
end
subplot(313)
plot(taxis,datacap);
title('Demodulated Data');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -0.5 1.5]);
disp('The demodulated data = ');
disp(xcap);

Enter the Carrier Frequency: 1000

Enter the Bit Rate: 100
Enter the binary Data: [1 0 0 1]
The demodulated data =
1

>>

Binary Data
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->
BASK Modulated Signal

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->
Demodulated Data

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->

0.025

0.03

0.035

-1

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5

8.BFSK

clc; clear all; close all;

flag = 0;
%variable to check whether carrier frequencies are integer
multiples of bitrate
while ~flag
fc1 = input('Enter the Carrier Frequency1: ');
fc2 = input('Enter the Carrier Frequency2: ');
bitRate = input('Enter the Bit Rate: ');
if (mod(fc1,bitRate)~=0 || mod(fc2,bitRate)~=0)
disp('Carrier frequencies should be an integer multiple of
Rate!!!');
continue
end
flag = 1;

Bit

t = 0:1/(100*fc1):1/bitRate-1/(100*fc1);
flag1 = 0; %variable to check whether input data has any non-binary
value
sig0 = cos(2*pi*fc1*t);

sig1 = cos(2*pi*fc2*t);
while ~flag1
x = input('Enter the binary Data: ');
y = [];
data = [];
taxis = [];
for i = 1:length(x)
if x(i)~=0 && x(i)~=1
disp('please enter only binary values');
flag1 = 0;
break;
else
taxis = [taxis (i-1)*max(t)+t];
flag1 = 1;
if x(i) == 0
y = [y sig0];
data = [data zeros(size(t))];
else
y = [y sig1];
data = [data ones(size(t))];
end
end
end
end
subplot(311)
plot(taxis,data);
title('Binary Data');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -0.5 1.5]);
subplot(312)
plot(taxis,y);
title('BFSK Modulated Signal');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -1.5 1.5]);
end
xcap = [];
datacap = [];
for i = 1:length(x)
st_ind = (i-1)*length(t) + 1;
en_ind = i*length(t);
sig = y(st_ind:en_ind);
d1 = sig*sig0';
d2 = sig*sig1';
if d1>d2
xcap = [xcap 0];
datacap = [datacap zeros(size(t))];
else
xcap = [xcap 1];
datacap = [datacap ones(size(t))];
end
end

subplot(313)
plot(taxis,datacap);
title('Demodulated Data');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -0.5 1.5]);
disp('The demodulated data = ');
disp(xcap);

Enter the Carrier Frequency1: 1000

Enter the Carrier Frequency2: 2000
Enter the Bit Rate: 100
Enter the binary Data: [1 0 0 1]
The demodulated data =
1

>>

Binary Data
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->
BFSK Modulated Signal

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->
Demodulated Data

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->

0.025

0.03

0.035

-1

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5

9.BPSK
clc; clear all; close all;
flag = 0;
%variable to check whether carrier frequencies are integer
multiples of bitrate
while ~flag
fc = input('Enter the Carrier Frequency: ');
bitRate = input('Enter the Bit Rate: ');
if mod(fc,bitRate)~=0
disp('Carrier frequency should be an integer multiple of
Rate!!!');
continue
end
flag = 1;

Bit

t = 0:1/(10*fc):1/bitRate-1/(10*fc);
flag1 = 0; %variable to check whether input data has any non-binary
value
sig0 = -cos(2*pi*fc*t);
sig1 = cos(2*pi*fc*t);
while ~flag1
x = input('Enter the binary Data: ');
y = [];
data = [];
taxis = [];
for i = 1:length(x)
if x(i)~=0 && x(i)~=1
disp('please enter only binary values');
flag1 = 0;
break;
else
taxis = [taxis (i-1)*max(t)+t];
flag1 = 1;
if x(i) == 0
y = [y sig0];
data = [data zeros(size(t))];
else
y = [y sig1];
data = [data ones(size(t))];
end
end
end
end
subplot(311)
plot(taxis,data);
title('Binary Data');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -0.5 1.5]);
subplot(312)
plot(taxis,y);
title('BPSK Modulated Signal');

xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -1.5 1.5]);
end
xcap = [];
datacap = [];
for i = 1:length(x)
st_ind = (i-1)*length(t) + 1;
en_ind = i*length(t);
sig = y(st_ind:en_ind);
d = sig*sig0';
if d>0
xcap = [xcap 0];
datacap = [datacap zeros(size(t))];
else
xcap = [xcap 1];
datacap = [datacap ones(size(t))];
end
end
subplot(313)
plot(taxis,datacap);
title('Demodulated Data');
xlabel('t(sec)-->');
axis([0 max(taxis) -0.5 1.5]);
disp('The demodulated data = ');
disp(xcap);

Enter the Carrier Frequency: 1000

Enter the Bit Rate: 100
Enter the binary Data: [1 0 0 1]
The demodulated data =
1

>>

Binary Data
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->
BPSK Modulated Signal

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->
Demodulated Data

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02
t(sec)-->

0.025

0.03

0.035

-1

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5

10.HUFFMAN ENCODING
clc;
clear all;
close all;
symbols=[1:6];
p=[.5 .125 .125 .125 .0625 .0625];
[dict,avglen] = huffmandict(symbols,p);
temp = dict;
for i = 1:length(temp)
temp{i,2} = num2str(temp{i,2});
end

fprintf('===HUFFMAN DICTIONARY ===\n\n\n');

disp(temp);
sig=input('\n ENTER THE SIGNAL TO BE ENCODED (SYMBOLS B/W 1 & 6):');
coded_sig=huffmanenco(sig,dict);
fprintf('\n Huffman encoded signal:');
disp(coded_sig);
fprintf('===HUFFMAN DECODING ===\n\n\n');
fprintf('\n Decoded signal is:');
decoded_sig=huffmandeco(coded_sig,dict);
disp(decoded_sig);

===HUFFMAN DICTIONARY ===

[1] '0'
[2] '1 0 0'
[3] '1 1 1'
[4] '1 1 0'
[5] '1 0 1 1'
[6] '1 0 1 0'

ENTER THE SIGNAL TO BE ENCODED (SYMBOLS B/W 1 & 6):[1 2 5 4]

Huffman encoded signal:

===HUFFMAN DECODING ===

Decoded signal is:

>>