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/ 15
SWITCHGEAR anpb
POWER SYSTEM
SF ic P. Singh ‘SWITCHGEAR AND POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
avnara P. Singh
(© 2009 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi All rights reserved, Nb pat of this book may be
reproduced in any form, by mimeograpn or any other means, wou! permission In wang trem the
pubisher
1SBN-978-81-203-3660-5,
“The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Frivaw Limited, M'97, Connaught Circus,
[New Debi-119001 and Printed by Raj Pross, Now Delhi-i10012, 6
Chapter
Protection Schemes
6A
OVERCURRENT RELAYING
6.1.1. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays.
‘These relays work without an intentional time delay. Anructed armature type electromagnetic
relays constructions are wed as instantaneous overeurent els In this rely, am arate (a
ceo ir) move ato the Feld produced by acl An energising cole wound over an iron
‘ore mounted onan ion frame. The rmare pve inorder o make tre to move i ine
‘with the magnetic field. The movable contet moves sith the movement ofthe armature sod
touches the field contact, Thee is no arrangement fr time dela,
nthe AC powcr supply, theresa reversal ofthe polarity and zero crossing in every half
cycle, Ths, the Hx in the atraced armature also pases aor in every hal-sycle a esl of
‘hich the armature Begins to reset and rclate elt slighty from the poe. A low resistance
copper sheng loop is used to suround one part of the split matic pole in order to
sliminat the effet of passing zero in every hal-yele by the magnetised armature Mux. The
{induced eddy currents i the loop cause phase Tap in the Tax passing through the Loop a8
‘ormared o tha inthe exer part of the pole. There is always some hold onthe force because
the tux does not come to 2er0 on the entre pole face (he ple is spit and one part of i is
shade)
Daring the design stage, due consideration should be given w the suscepibility of the
‘clays tovards any maloperaton caused by transients and heavy mechanical vibrations.
“These celays are aefulfor ensuring the Feder’ protection, wherein curent grading is
{easibe. These felays are also useful fr protecting electrical equipment against short circus,
‘apeally inthe ese of high faut cient vles. ‘The construction of the atracted armaturetype electromagnetic relay is shown in
Figue 61
=z
con
Cr
FIGURE 61 Ateacted srt ely.
6.1.2 Time-delayed Overcurrent Relays
Jn onder to achieve selectivity and back-up protection, itis esenta to ensue a delay in the
‘relay operation. A time-praded system aceds to be applied in these schemes. Time-curent
‘rang implics tht the operation time is inversely proparonal to the fault cure. I healt
‘current is higher, the relay should cperste quickly Yo prec the system by minimising ime
‘delay aod damage
"The general equution by which the ime delay is realised is
ies
where
‘T= operation time of the reay
PSM = plug setting molipliee
= {faut curen/pick-upeurent)
‘and n= constants determine te operating charecteisties ofthe relay
6.1.3 Definite Time Overcurrent Relays
‘The preset value of the fault curat, which is wilised in these relays, is abo termed the
“pick-up” value. This relay operates athe end of definite set ime. Any delay in the rely
‘operations caused by circuit components known a timing units. These timing nits could be
fany among magnetically operited devices with mechanical damping, mtor-operated devices,
‘thermal devices. electrical circuits containing reactance and nonlinear impedances, eletwonic
touts or semiconductor circuit,
"These relays are Useful for protecting the radial feeder. These relays are also used 10
‘generate the overload alam io generators and w ensure the protection of induction motos.
(Characteristics of these relay are shown in Figure 62. 104 Suen an Pane: Systm ttn
xemely inverse IDM charters
Operating ie —>
FIGURE 62. Chane of diferent ype of ovreuent ays
6.1.4 Inverse
ime Overcurrent Relays
‘The operation time of the inverse ime overcurrent relay is inversely proprtonal tothe curent
passing though the relay coi. n this relay tbe central limb of the E-shaped care is provided
‘with tapped current operating oi and suitable lag cil sso provided on ether on or Both
‘ofthe onter limbs.
‘The moving contact of the relay is atached with the aluminium disc whose shaft is
‘resid by s spiral spring. When the counter torque ofthe spiral spring is overcome by the
‘operating electromagnetic trguc, which s produced by the induction element om the is, the
‘is starts rotating util the contacts arecloved, An electromagnetic indicton dis relay, which
tives inverse time overcurent characteristics, is shoven in Figure 63,
Eup coe hopor 8: Peaton Sehemes 105,
‘A working tongue is produced by the intrsetion of two mutually displaced (bth in space
and phase) alternating magectic uxes. These two fluxes can be obtained by only 2 single
‘nerssingquamity (current) by using a quadrature color a short-circuited lag ei. Split the
pole and shading it by a low impedance conducting loop ean also help achieve the sme
purpose. The curt seting ean be controlled by tapping the operating col because relays
operte a a given ampere tum input t the coi
‘The range of seings is provided by selecting the numberof tans, which isin inverse
proportion to cach ofthe cureatvalves/eurent setngs. Genel, relays have seven seting
Wales, and cover current range f 4:1. The taps are spring-toaded Plug Bridge which is 3
‘magnitade of curent selection device. The tps ae selected by inserting single pin pl ito
fone of seven positions, The disc speed is controlled by the braking system wih the help of
Permanent magnet edy-cument damping. This is achieved by passing the die between the
poles of a horseshoe permanent magnet
Ta order to facia discriminative time-graded overcurent protection, ise type induction
relays with inverse time-cuent characteris are employed. Designing the diac ina poper shape
(a slighty spiral spe) can help mini constant se sped throaghow ts movement Rou
shaped dies are generally not wed here because the spring org varies over the angle of travel
sa res of which the efletveciving torque decreases the speed of cise
5 Inverse Definit
Relayl
For the plug sting multiplier values below 10, an inverse time characteristic is obtained and
IDMT characteristics ae achieved a lower values ofthe fault caren, IDMT relays are sed 0
ensure distribution lie protections. Some relays give inverse characteristics with beter
selectivity than in the eae of plain IDMT relays
Tn some situations, however, plan IDM and inverse IDMT relays fil in selectivity. Ia
these cases, extremely inverse IDM relays are employed. These are stable for protecting
heavy machines against overheating. An extremely IDMT relay i also suitable or applications
in load restoration
Minimum Time Overcurrent Relays (IDMT-Type OIC
6.1.6 Relay Coordination
Power sytem protection must poses, stable preventive operation for up to maximum short
circuit cureat. To achieve the objective of no-nulsance Wipping, power sytem protection
fenginers working on relay coordination must have fundamental knowledge of relay Functions,
sositchgear, protection and associated contol, components of equipment installed in healthy
zone or faulty zone, Le. power transformers, cables, current transformers, potential
transformers, cieut-reakrs, ransmission lies, et.
Relay coordination ts selective relay operation inthe power protection system tht shall
dsriminate operation ofthe specific relay 10 tsolae the faults section of power distibution
{from the healthy section of distribution syste and 10 minimize the inerraption of healthy
‘ction ofthe power disribaton seer. 106 Suita and Por SytenPtecin
‘Beyond a fault current level when eurent transformer gets saturate, the secondary cure
{isnot proportional tothe primary curent and may he much lower than the estimated value
Percentage impedance of the circuit plays very sigifcan role inthe relay coordination. I is
‘hum rule forthe practice engineers to recognize the value of percemage impedance a the
percentage voltage drop shen the rated base MVA is flowing. Fo example, the percentage
lmpeance ofthe system upto v paricular point x 15 percent on 20 MVA base, it means
2OMVA is flowing andthe voltage drop as measured atthe point will be 15 percent ofthe
no-load voliage. Now, voliage drop per MVA is 15/20 such 3s 0.75 per cent, The no-load
‘veliage ofa wansfoemer at normal up romans genealy higher than the sytem voltage to cope
‘op requirement of mniaining the bus vole under prescribed limit despite the impedance
veltage drop due 0 rated loading.
‘A time coordination is ncesary for IOC (inverse overcurrent relay operation at any’ 10
successive relaying points This ssachieved by alering the TSM (Gime setting malipler ratio
to relaying points because operating time ofan IOC relay is dependent onthe aio ofthe fault
current tothe current setng ofthe relay and not on the actual valve ofthe current. TSM is
‘described inthe following topics. Even ithe TSM setting i identical atthe tve relaying points,
the time discrimination is necessary. ifthe CT ratio at two points differ. The reason behind this
is because fora given fault caret, the ratio of fault current to euretseting varies Which
‘sult in selection of CT rato ad plu sting.
Curren transformer polarity mast bo checked propery, cherwise ii versed in the
comeetions to the relay in my one phase, the suent will gt imbalanced, the sm of tree
‘hase curent wil not be zero in the secondary circuit despite Balanced cures in the primary
‘reu. Te secondary circuit unbalanced current due to reversal of polarity of one CT wil now
Tow through the residual cireuit operating the carh fault relay even under normal Toad
condions
Current settings
‘Current stings are required to fait the relays wo be made simple in constetion, operating
at ower curent, cheaper apd smal in size. Fault curtea calculation and therefor, analysis of
the systm is necessary before coordinating the relays. Students lean the various methods of
fault eureat analysis in otoe subjects lke power sytem analysis. Oveecurent lay, which i
‘used with cutent transformer having S annpere, normally peovides selection blocks for 80,75,
160, 175 and 200 percent ofthe normal rated caren of the associated coment transformer. I
means thatthe relay windings are designed for 2.5 ampere 3.75 ampere, 5.0 ampere,
6625 ampere, 7.8 ampere, 8.78 ampere and 1D ampere, if CT secondary produces S ampere.
Similarly, for use with CT raed at 1 ampere, normal fll lod relays are made with stings
comesponding to from 0.5 ampere to 2.0 ampere. For some of the relays, time scales als
mentioned,
“The time scales simply me seting index graduated from 240i Factions to unity ie
{rom 0 10 1.0. An accurate index serves the purpose ofthe movement ofthe moving contact of
the relay up o desired distance of ae tase This are travel ofthe moving contaet tums before
‘the contact close ntate the rippin eperation, Chap 6: Protection Schemes 107
For tliable and accurate operation ofthe ely, one should know about
How to choose relays pl stings for overcurrent?
{Hw wo choose ie of operation, Le setings ofthe circular dis position?
As far as electrical power generating plans are concered the general system is rail
{ecders. Grading of caren setings 36 well sme Seuings within the limits imposed by normal
load conditions are generally recommended,
‘So, from the above desription itis clear that operating time of any current operated relay
ina function of curet. Selective operation ofthe relays is required to protect the system within
protected Zone without afeting power supply to te healthy put ofthe system designed. The
‘magnitude ofthe curent at which relay should operate and the presrited time within which it
should trip are decided by cleulating the plug seting of relays. which are provided withthe
fettings on relays, installed o tobe installed These stings ae PSM (pug Sting muller)
nd TSM (time setng liplicn
Relay operating time ealeolatin for any fault current value needs caleuation of the pag
setting that is mlkiples ofthe setting achieved by diving the Fault cunt by the equivalent
Primary current ofthe elay sting. Thats known as PSM
Following steps are involved while calculating the PSM:
Step 1: Caleulate the estimated ful curent (short creit cure.
Step 2: Wentify CT ratio,
Step 3: Adapt suitable pereentage of relay seting.
Step 4: Calculate the equivalent primary current (CT primary current x percentage relay
Setting). This is actually relay sting cute (RSC).
Step 5: Determine the equivalent plug sting multiplier (PSM) as
Estimated fault current
Relay sting current
PSM =
Time settings
By altering the postion ofa stop against which the moving contacts ofthe overcurteat re
resets and thereby the distance between the fixed snd the moving contacts is adjusted, the time
Seting can be de and indicated by a pointer on a calibrated sale. Generally, figures onthe
Scale are actully multiplies for converting into operating times. Ia tlay is alltated not to
‘perie up wo a parcuor percentage value say 30 por ce ists wo operate with the current
jsater than 30 per cent these cutent value. So, the time setting is cserved by TSM (ane
Seung multiple) The TSM isthe ratio of the operating time ofthe relay at a pariculat TSM
Setting to the operating time of the relay ata TSM of 1.0. TSM seta 1.0 is the actual time in
Scone and indicated on the elay plate in single straight ie. I also indested on graphical
Sharateristi curve.
Following steps are involved while determining the TSM:
Step 1: Determine the ime sing dia
Step 2: Determine the operating time of the rely when set at 1.0 (means TSM is 1.0). Ty
denotes iti. operating tine of relay when sta 1.0 108 __Swtcpe and Pour Stam Practin
Step 3: Decide the actual time requirement ofthe relay operation (7).
Step 4: Calculate the time sting mutpier (TSM) as
“T Actual time ofthe relay operation required
rT of the relay operation quired
T, Operating ime ofthe eay when seta 1.0
[Note:The deciding parameters for determination ofthe grading margin, the time interval
‘between the operations of two adjacent relays are:
‘© The fault current interrupting time ofthe circuit-breaker
‘+ The overshot time ofthe relay
‘+ Final margin on completion of operation
‘Example 1 Calculate the PSM suitable fora relay setting of 150%, if the faut curent is
1500 A. The CT rato is 1505. Also determine the ime of operation ofthe relay coresponding
to the PSM. Ifthe time sting dal s set at 0.2 ad the tne of operation of the relay when set
10's 156
Solution PSM coeulation
Given:
aul curret = 1500 A
CT ratio = 152.
‘6 rlay song = 150%
So, the relay sting cureat.ie. equivalent primary curent
seting CT primary current
100
10x10
= esis
Now
stimated fault curent _ 1500
2 eS = 667
Relay song cumont 225
Here the PSM value, 6.67 indicates thatthe estimated foultcurent shall be 6.67 times the relay
setingeurent
TSM calculation
Giver:
‘Time seting dials that is TSM at PSM, 6.67 = 0.2
Time of operation of relay when seat TSM, 1.0 that is T= 1.56
So, The time of operation of relay when PSM is 6.67
202x156
03128
Answer: 667; 0312 « Chapa 6: Potetn Schemes 109)
Above problem can be solved by using the folowing MATLAB programming.
clear
ole
‘
3£-1500;
-150/5;
Sif and n are the fault current and CT ratio respectively
740.2;
7 49 the time setting dial
Tet 56;
‘Cine of operation of relay when time setting dial is set at
5-150;
RS de the relay setting
+ solution:
snpei50;
Sp is che primary and secondary CT current respectively
IreuRsenp/ 100;
3 Tro a the relay setting current
Pomert/Ire
© POM is the plug setting multiplier at TSM 0.2
aptem
tp is che time of operation of relay when PSM is 6.67
data given-
Example 2 A relay having rating SA is connected w a supply through a curen ansformer
‘of current ratio S00, If ft crrent of 3360 A flows inthe circ, determine the time of
‘operation of the relay having setting of 120% and TSM = D5, Let the operating ime for
PSM=7ie3
Solution Given:
Ful current such a primary curen
TsM=05
Pick-up value ofthe relay =5 A
Relay sting = 1205
So,
eon so eas Su wa
"ssn lige SM ey
current (= fault current CT ratio)
Relay setting eaten. operating curet ofthe relay
3360140005)
6 110 Shanon Pet Systm Ptcin
Since, the operating time ofthe relay for PSM = 7835
‘The actual operating time = 3 x TSM
=3x052155
Answer: 155
Note: Above prablem can he solved by using the fellowing MATLAB programming.
clear
cle
ve “Bata given-——---—-
nes00/5;
SE and n are the fault current and CT ratio respectively
13
ST is che tine of operation of relay when, PsN is 7
Ips:
lated current of relay
¥ relay setting
:
