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Milk Quality Defect

This document discusses milk quality defects. It defines milk and its composition. Milk quality can be defective due to taste, flavor, or color changes. Defects may arise from abnormal milk, changes in constituents like microbial growth, oxidation, or heat treatment. Feed consumed by cows can impact flavor as can poor sanitation or equipment. Testing milk regularly and maintaining low pathogen levels can help ensure quality.
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50% found this document useful (8 votes)
5K views

Milk Quality Defect

This document discusses milk quality defects. It defines milk and its composition. Milk quality can be defective due to taste, flavor, or color changes. Defects may arise from abnormal milk, changes in constituents like microbial growth, oxidation, or heat treatment. Feed consumed by cows can impact flavor as can poor sanitation or equipment. Testing milk regularly and maintaining low pathogen levels can help ensure quality.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUP MEMBERS

SAJID ASLAM
SAJJAD HASSAN QADEER
MUHAMMAD AFZAL SOHAIL
MUHAMMAD FARRUKH HAFEEZ
WHAT IS MILK ?
y Milk is defined as the secretion of mammary glands of 
mammals.
y I 
It contains all the nutrients required in human diet.
i   ll  h   i   i d i  h  di
y It is “food for life”.
y Milk  l    
Milk plays a tremendous role in building a healthy 
d   l  i  b ildi    h l h  
body.
y It is perishable commodity
It is perishable commodity.
COMPOSITION OF MILK
Components Average content in milk Range (% w/w)
(%w/w)
Water 87.1 85.3 88.7
85.3-88.7
SNF 8.9 7.9-10.0
Lactose 4.6 3.8-5.3
Fat 4.0 2.5-5.5
Protein 3.3 2.3-4.4
C i
Casein 2.6 1.7-3.5
Mineral 0.7 0.57-0.83
substances

(Walstra, Pieter., et al, 2006)
MILK QUALITY DEFECTS
y Milk defects includes all the changes in flavor, taste, 
and color of milk.
y Milk quality can not improve after it leaves the farm.
Milk  li      i   f  i  l   h  f
y Defects on the basis of properties
y Taste defects
T  d f
y Flavor defects

y Color defects
MILK DEFECT DUE TO TASTE 
Defect of milk due to taste have following points

y Defects due to presence of abnormal milks

y Defects due to changes in milk constituents 

y Defect due to transmitted flavors  
DEFECTS DUE TO PRESENCE OF 
ABNORMAL MILKS
ABNORMAL MILKS
y Colostral milks or pathological milks 

y Abnormal mineral 

y Abnormal protein composition 
p p
DEFECTS DUE TO CHANGES IN MILK 
CONSTITUENTS

y Defects of microbial origin 

y Defects due to fat oxidation 
f  d    f   id i  

y Defects due to heat treatment
D f  d    h  
DEFECTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN
Name of bacteria which cause defect of milk quality
N   f b t i   hi h   d f t  f  ilk  lit
¾Vegetative bacteria
y Actinomyces spp
y Lactococcus lactic spp
y Streptococcus lactis maltigenes
¾Spore forming bacteria 
y Bacillus
y Psychrotrophic
¾Fungus that defect the milk quality 
y Mold 
y Yeast
DEFECTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN
¾Highly favorable culture medium for microbial life 

¾Taste defect due to
• Bacterial metabolism
B i l  b li
• Complex enzyme systems
• Effect of mastitis 

BACTERIAL METABOLISM
y Lactic acid production 
y Volatile compounds production
y Effect of enzyme released by bacteria
y Proteolysis due to extra‐cellular proteases
y Thermostable enzyme 
y Lipolytic enzymes 
BACTERIAL DENSITY 
y Correlations between bacterial density and the 
appearance of defects have been established 

y When germ concentration exceeds 10⁶/ml off‐tastes 
can be detected

y When the temperature rises the growth rate is 
multiplied by 5.8 for every 10°C rise. 
EFFECT OF MASTITIS 
y Shedding of somatic cell 

y Lipolysis and casein hydrolysis will increase  
DEFECTS DUE TO FAT OXIDATION
y Effect of oxygen on the milk phospho‐lipids

y Presence of contaminant metal traces  
DEFECTS DUE TO HEAT 
TREATMENT
y Salt toward insoluble forms

y Decomposition of the lactose

y Intense heating the fat produces lactone and methyl 
ketone
DEFECTS DUE TO TRANSMITTED FLAVOURS

y Its high water and lipid content
y Presence of foreign chemical substances 
y Feed cause of unpleasant taste
y Chemical flavors  
FLAVOR OF MILK
y Fresh milk has a mild, pleasing and slightly sweet and rich 
flavor

Milk sugar

Richness by the fat
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FLAVOR 
OF MILK
OF MILK
y Feed or Weed Flavor
y Unclean Cowy‐Barney Flavor
y Rancid Flavor
y Oxidized Flavor
O idi d  l
y Malty Flavor
y High Acid Flavor
Hi h A id Fl
y Foreign Flavor
y Sunlight
S li ht
FEED OR WEED FLAVOR
FEED OR WEED FLAVOR
y Feedstuff consumed
y Time dependent
y Quantities  of feed
Feed Amount fed (lbs) Time fed before  Effect on milk 
milking (hrs) flavor
Alfalfa ‐ green hay 5 2 Strong feed flavor

Alfalfa ‐ silage 20 1 Strong feed flavor

Oats 30 1 Very slight feed 
flavor
Soybean ‐ green 30 1 Slight improved 
flavor
fl
Turnip 15 1 Strong feed flavor
UNCLEAN COWY‐BARNY FLAVOR

™Contributing factors

y Poorly ventilated barn 

y Dirty cows are milked

y Improperly cleaned and sanitized milk‐handling 
equipment
RANCID FLAVOR
RANCID FLAVOR

y Sharp, unclean, astringent taste 

™Contributing Factors

• Fat globules
• Enzyme
• Excessive agitation of warm milk in the presence of air
OXIDIZED FLAVOR
OXIDIZED FLAVOR

y Tallowy, metallic or cardboard like off‐flavor

™Contributing Factors

y metals contaminating milk (i.e. copper pipe). 
y High fat feeds (i.e. soybeans, cottonseed) 
Hi h f  f d  (i   b   d) 
y lack of antioxidants  feed rations
MALTY FLAVOR
MALTY FLAVOR

y Milk has a malty or grape nut like flavor

™Contributing Factors

• Bacterial growth

• Contamination of milking machines and other milk 
handling equipment
HIGH ACID FLAVOR
HIGH ACID FLAVOR
y The milk has an unpleasant, disagreeable odor and sour taste.
™ Contributing Factors
• milk is heavily contaminated with bacteria and the bacteria is permitted to 
g
grow.

¾FOREIGN FLAVOR
• flavor of milk which has absorbed or been contaminated with chemicals.

™ Contributing Factors
• medications, disinfectants, sanitizers, fly sprays, gasoline and other petroleum 
medications  disinfectants  sanitizers  fly sprays  gasoline and other petroleum 
products
SUNLIGHT

y Burnt‐protein or burnt‐feathers‐like, "medicinal"‐like

y Contributing Factor
C t ib ti  F t

y This defect is caused by UV‐rays from sunlight or 
fluorescent lighting catalyzing oxidation in 
unprotected milk.
y Photo‐oxidation activates riboflavin which is 
responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 
methionine to methanol. 
MILK DEFECT IN UDDER
y Fishy milk 
y Rancid milk
y Slow creaming milk
y Premature curdling
y Gritty milk
y Flaky milk
MILK DEFECT WHEN MILK DRAWN
MILK DEFECT WHEN MILK DRAWN 
FROM UDDER
y Bitter milk
y Ropy milk
y Soapy milk
y Failure to sour and “butter”
y Turnip like taste
DEFECT OF COLOUR
y Blue milk
y Red milk
y Yellow or Orange milk
y Yellowish milk
y Greenish Yellow milk
y Violet milk
CONCLUSION
y Clean and sanitize all milking equipments

y Check ventilation in feeding and housing areas
C g g

y Keep floors, walls, ceilings clean

y Lower the load of pathogen as possible

y Milk samples should be tested regularly

y Maintain milk quality by keeping the herd SCC
q y y p g
REFERENCES
y SHARIF, A., AND MUHAMMAD, G., Somatic cell count as an indicator
of udder health status under, REVIEW ARTICLE Pakistan Vet. J., 2008,
28(4): 194-200.
y Sharif, A., T. Ahmad, M. Q. Bilal, A. Yousaf and G. Muhammad, 2007.
Effect of severity of subclinical mastitis on somatic cell count and lactose
contents of buffalo milk. Pakistan Vet. J., 27: 142- 144.
y Santos, M.V., et al, Sensory Threshold of Off-Flavors Caused by Proteolysis
and Lipolysis in Milk, American Dairy Science Association, 2003. J. Dairy
Sci. 86:1601–1607
y McSweeney, P.L.H., H.E. Nursten, and G. Urbach. 1997. Flavours and off-
flavours in milk and dairy products. Pages 403-411 in Advanced Dairy
Chemistry Volume 3: Lactose, water, salts and vitamins. 2nd edition P.F.
Fox, ed. Chapman & Hall, London, UK

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