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Engineering Systems: Lumped Parameter (Discrete) Continuous

The document discusses the finite element method for structural analysis. It describes how to derive the stiffness matrix for structural elements using basic equations of equilibrium and constitutive relationships. The stiffness matrices for individual elements are assembled into a global structural stiffness matrix using superposition. Boundary conditions are applied by partitioning the global stiffness matrix and solving the resulting equations. Transformations between local and global coordinate systems are required since the element stiffness matrices are derived in local systems.

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11 views

Engineering Systems: Lumped Parameter (Discrete) Continuous

The document discusses the finite element method for structural analysis. It describes how to derive the stiffness matrix for structural elements using basic equations of equilibrium and constitutive relationships. The stiffness matrices for individual elements are assembled into a global structural stiffness matrix using superposition. Boundary conditions are applied by partitioning the global stiffness matrix and solving the resulting equations. Transformations between local and global coordinate systems are required since the element stiffness matrices are derived in local systems.

Uploaded by

ReemALMousawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Systems

Lumped Parameter
(Discrete)
A finite number of
state variables
describe solution
Algebraic Equations

Continuous

Differential Equations
Govern Response

Lumped Parameter

Displacements of Joints fully describe so

Matrix Structural Analysis - Objectives

Use
Equations of Equilibrium
Constitutive Equations
Compatibility Conditions

Basic Equations

Form

[A]{x}={b}
Solve for Unknown Displacements/Forces

{x}= [A]-1{b}

Terminology
Element:
Discrete Structural
Member
Nodes:
Characteristic
points that define
element
D.O.F.:
All possible
directions of
displacements @ a
node

Assumptions

Linear Strain-Displacement Relationship


Small Deformations

Equilibrium Pertains to Undeformed Configuration

The Stiffness Method


Consider a simple spring structural member
Undeformed Configuration

Deformed Configuration

Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic


Equations

1
P1

P2

Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic


Equations
2

+
=
For each case write basic equations

Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic


Equations
X
2=0

1
P11

P11

Equilibrium

P11 P21 0 P11 P21


Constitutive

P11 k 1

P21

P11 k 1
P21 k 1

Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic


Equations
1=0

P12

P22

Equilibrium

P12 P22 0 P22 P12


Constitutive

P22 k 2

P22 k 2
P12 k 2

Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic


Equations
Combined Action

P1

P2

P1 P11 P12 k 1 k 2
P2 P21 P22 k 1 k 2

Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic


Equations
In Matrix Form

P1 P11 P12 k 1 k 2
P2 P21 P22 k 1 k 2

P1
k

P2
k

k 1

k 2

Consider 2 Springs

k1

2 elements

3 nodes

k2

3 dof

1
Fix

Fix

2
Fix

Fix

3
Fix

Fix

2-Springs

k1

k1
0

k1
k1

k2
k2

1 P1

k 2 2 P2

P
3
3

k 2

Compare to 1-Spring

k1
k
1

k1

k1

1 P1

2 P2

Use Superposition
1
2
3
21

3
22

2
11

322

x
0

x0

DOF not connected directly yield 0 in SM

Properties of Stiffness Matrix


SM is Symmetric
Betti-Maxwell Law

SM is Singular

No Boundary Conditions Applied Yet

Main Diagonal of SM Positive


Necessary for Stability

Apply Boundary Conditions


kii kij kik kil kim

ui

Pi

kji K
kjj kjk kjl kjm

uj

Pj

fs
kki kkj kkk kK
kl kkm

u
uf

kli klj klk kll klm

ul

ff

Ksf

Kss

kli klj klk kll klm

= P
Pkf
Pl

uu s

PPs

Kffuf+ Kfsus=Pf

uf = K (Pf + Kfsus)

Ksfuf+ Kssus=Ps

Ksfuf+ Kssus=Ps

-1
ff

Transformations

k1

y
Global CS
x

k2

u6

u2

u5

u1
x
Local CS

u4
u3

u4

u3

Objective: Transform State Variables from LCS to GCS

Transformations
Consider

P2x

P2y

y
Global CS

P1x
P1x

P1y

P1x
P1y

P1 =

P1x = P1xcosP1ysin

P1

P1y = -P1xsinP1ycos
=

cos

sin

P1x

-sin cos

P1y

Transformations
P2x

P2y

y
Global CS

x
In General

P1x
P1x

P1y

Similarly for u
u1 =
u2 =

T
T

u1
u2

P1 =
P1 =

P2 =

P2 =

P1

-1

P1
P2

-1

or

P2

or

Transformations
Element stiffness equations in Local CS
P2x
P2y
P2
1
1 -1
P1
2
k
=
P1y
-1 1
2
P2
1

P1x

P1
k

Expand to 4 Local dof


1
0
-1
0

0
0
0
0

-1
0
1
0

0
0
0
0

u1x
u1y
u2x
u2y

P1x
P1y
P2x
P2y

SM in Global Coordinate System


Introduce the transformed variables
R

[R]=

-1

[T] [0]
[0] [T]

: Element SM in global CS

u = P

Both R and T
Depend on Particular Element

Transformations
For example for an axial element with k=AE/L

K = AE/L

l2 lm
m2
Symm.

l=cos

- l2 - lm
- lm - m2
l2

lm
m2

m=sin

In Summary

Derivation of element SM Basic


Equations
Structural SM by Superposition
Application of Boundary Conditions Elimination
Solution of Stiffness Equations
Partitioning
Local & Global CS
Transformation

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