Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels “Gods, Humans and ReligionsBL2747 Dobb 2004 The first pt ofthe manuscript was fist published by the International Sociological Asaiaion ISA i Current Sociology ume 29, rember 2, Sommer 981, under the le ‘Seculaiation: A Mull-Dimensonal Concep arses terunevensies Eimoreones| ruses, 2002 2nd printing 2004 avenue Maurice, 1050 russel, Belgian, Infotipeteane.coms wown.ptriang net ISSN 1377-8323 Printed in Germany To Bryan al Joo, colleagues amd Jitends, forthe sipport and proctcal help and iliane or being more than impcollag and endContents Series Bitors Presentation by Gabriel Fragnére anv sucutanizatio: AMULTEDIMINSIONAL Concer Introduction (Chapter 1. Theories of Sectlarization Societal Seulrizaton Organizational Secuaiation Indiv Sesslrization (Chapter 2 Socetat Secularization The Hira Basen The Detniton of Religion. The Integration of Society Social Secularization: A Mechanical Stightfonsond Evoltionary Process. Theoret Lines of Arayis ter Approaches tothe Pres of Social Secularization (Chapter 3. Organizational Secularization Religious Change and Organizational Seculaation Social Secularization and Religious Change Chapter 4 The Process of Declining Retigous Tavolvement and Individual Secular ieaton The Comfort Thess The Secularization Thesis 29 38 4s tos 0The “Seulrzton Thesis” and Soe Otor Theories, “The “Secularization These, Invisible Religion” tnd “Altemative Meaning Systems Conclusions. Chapter 5. Coacusions Presentation ‘Chapter 1. TheInterrlatedness of Societal and Individual Secularization The Seslaviztion Process A Partin Recaption Studying the Eset of Societal Sevarizaton os nvidia Relgiesiy Comparnenatation The Cats Link between Church Comantment and Comparmesization (Chapter 2 Individual Seulariztion. ‘Chapter 3 ringing the Actors Back In Chapter 4 Eplogu. Social a lnvidual Secslarizaton: A Relationship Organizational Seulrzain an Sacralizaton Pras Secularization an Rational Choice Theis References. 153 16 16s 167 9 170 m ist 189 189 190 193 7 Series Editor's Presentation We ae very pleased 1 be able to publish sa ist volume inthis now series devoed tothe stay of reign contmporsry saci), & Elasscal study onthe theory of seuarzton. This hook wich Was first published more than twenty years ag, as Trend Rep fr tho Teteratonal Sociological Assocation in Current Sociology, (Vol. 28, No.2, Summer 1981) hs ceed wo Be aailabet the htrestd eae 5 of today, and might have become dfinvely Tos among ersten This te that wemty years might be considered very lng peta in the eaidy changing history of socil sciences, und theories which appeared Very faslonble aa cecal tine may no longs be considered ‘po dale two devas nor. Mach must depend onthe questions being ‘alse Social ely and base human ucsoning donot sways change ‘scoring to the abstract piacipes which, a's given point in time, Snelletal develop a5 emporary respons to tht. Secularization hasbeen very much discussed during the hage intl ect and scleatie revolution that te soil sciences faced in the 19605 and 1970s. Socologiss pilosphor, even thecogins, fase rated by the apparel linet opportniis which were Inlet aly offeea te them, witnessing radial changes In peoples” ates fd behavior towards moral valves and eigen ~ stained this by the huge hops tha the agztomamento of Vatican Counel I ae sup oso to ting tothe Cathlie Chceh = condered tha the observed olution: porended the existence of an ireverile and universal Social change. There was a kind of gone accepted dog defending the iden that moder, ths fantastic progress achieved by. Wester lvizaton, was acquired forever. Secularization wae supposed to Be is religious manifestation. Many of the theories dese by Kare Dotbeliee assay hear wits ofthis bei. We know toiay that the problems discussed within the famework of tne secularization debates sill un evience nt only In 8c deme cls, ut also apd foremost polis and sci at age This Js why we look at anew publication of this early study in tox ser ‘ously Yevised and completed bythe author ~ not oly as wn opporinity (0 epi very uel scientific work ofthe pat butts # Chance onbue aavely ina debate whichis nat elosed. There i oayrenewed urgency inthis debut, no only ines of improved concep (lz. he shor explsins in his Peace, bu inthe global per trastve a bor cndcrndig the changing ian that we ae ‘Eins inthe new century. Af a the bose religus questions con {Site “ulti weaning do ot Sappear with pas ele ‘Eeution We we tetfore ery geht Kare Dobelcre for hein eve fis clssal wok Bg new von of what 50 tate could ea fous tod a pleased 0 pen Of Series wei eta. ail Frasiee Serie Edltor Preface The present book builds on my Trend Report, “Secularization: & [Mult-Dmensionl Concept which was pushed in T981 and which Is presented here as Part This study was intended o give siti overview of sociologists related fo the topic of secularization The major problem emerging ram my reading watts he concept of seculreation overed and sl coves tee levee of analysis tnd, Fen (2001) wrt about the shape of secular soit T Lickman (196736) refers to the intel secultiztion ofthe American Main {Churches and B- Wilson (19: $8.59) cals the New Religious Move ‘ments sctlarzed versios of religion: and finally, Stark (1999: 231) las that eclatiation ls pice the dame of individual pity. In ‘ny tend report T sought 10 diferente these Yee dimension, by sing the ferme acini” forthe societal or mae level, religios ‘hange™ foe the organizational or meso level, and "religious invalve ‘ment forthe indvidel on miro level The concept of selon Should be used only if ne eee wo all the levels atthe sane tine However this props dd ot produce the expetod ress ‘Chases (1994 and 1997) reacted positively to the distintion be tween the thee levels, and inrodsel beer aes sci sel Tanti forthe macro level, organizational seculzation fo the me level and individual ccularzation fo the mir level Inded, the term aczaton was not aceepble for wo reasons. In Epis he ter first ad Toemet sed for designing the paces by which eslesanies tre brought back othe ste of ayperson In Frere, lian refers to-a manifest process of secularization: the poly confit withthe hues, emancpuesiestiulons eg eae, eeation, lw and tole) ha ave Tong been under the inunee of rligon by eet ing state schools, and according autonomy fo culture, the cnstton, And the law hus eeing the fom flgios mores (Champion. 1993 559-0, and Bauberat, 1998: 175-176), The poses of lnelaion i cording to Champion (1993: $82-602),typlel of countries wth & Catholic ration, since the Catholic Church takes tne view tate ‘ecation isto moses moral vews on soci ie, Asa consagutce, the Church has been coming more and mor Inco with he Site since the 1th eenry. Since secularization isnot eny the result of 8 mmaifest process, but abo tho consequence of changes tht Tactsecularize organizations, we should distinguish bth and conser a ‘Schama subeaegory of social and organzatina secultiza- urhermore, the concep of dimension didnot render cealy my purpose (tinge te sceological analysis of he pact of one Fv nthe other (oe info: Introduction, the section “A Methodologies owes" Pur For example, docs the secularization of socket Fv an impact onthe eligi ivolvement of elas does it ronoe Tenia! secuariaton, and, ifs, wa Which social processes? To tna extent does individual seculroaton have an pat n te pre [e'oPongeieatonal secularization, and wich isons rpaniz Gos ave most prone fo ths process? Are such change he en conse (fons of or changes for esample the potessonalzatin of ‘Kiser? Or dos the seculcation of eet, the mero level, pose ‘Sines in rpmnlzaons? Do sonflts meng, snd who are the sup rs of these changes? How doce such confit evolve and what Faonlzaton redeveloped spire the movement? Inthe fist pt of his ook, 1 present the iia ystematizaion of sectlration states, frst published asthe tend epee In 198, ‘Such to prevent for rosundertandings sh as tose tha | Rave Sotined above. eg he we ofthe fen sictation, | iodice some fino mosty conceptual changes. This parti presented under Inia il, wich ees fo the so-called mensions ofthe seularize tion conept Inthe second pa sek 1o ode he resent developmen Uscctrton Tene by stesing the evel Of analysis ~ an Is ng Itertly. presente in the first part. The ordering has also been Ituened by te isinton the Gecan socks, Niklas Lohmann, tmade between types of differntation. Tn tht part 1 aso employ the ‘Yutomaiation of secularization theres which by reference to their Xenon wa svancod by Olver Toshannen (1992), Karel Dobbelere Parr SECULARIZATION: A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL Concept! ‘pg fie cn Spi Acca i paiIntroduction. Most sociologists of eligon divide the history of ther spesiaty into ste periods a clasial period domirted by Drei and Weber, an Interest pti of denomistonal or church sociology inspted by isang of Le Bras, and a neo-lsial period, whch fs hare [aed by a teu othe sources ofthe sociology of religion. and hich focuses on “the preblem of personal exstnce In sock: [whch i essutially a question ofthe socal fr of religion” (Lueknsn, 1967 1, Individual Secularization In the mit 19605 severatsociologits of reigon were disaisid it the narrow “positvistic™ methodology of their su-disiline, Some evtiied the deline ofthe theoretical sigifcance ofthe sco ‘ogy of religion, which survived ssn applied a anil select the Sevce’ of the churches or denominations (Luckmann 1967. 20), Others looked fr th erat frame of reference tat vs mpiciy ‘sed inthe empirical sues of the nema period (eg. Dobler and Lawes, 1969), ‘The empiical stale of involvement in denominations were bas: cally studies of normative jntaration (Landecee, 1951-340) which Imeiured the acordfecween the norms of rigs communes ~ in the elds of oii, and ethics an the knowledge, ates and ‘onc oftheir members. Such sues analyzed individual pati tion in sala stetres, bat ignored the dynamic ainships between Social stratus. Sila appreaces were found tn polite soeiology tnd the sociology of trade unin fe Huy, 1969, and Van Outing, 196 tn the ecology o reion, such states analyzed the relevance ofthe churches forthe inivdual but not tei social relevance. We Suggested at he ime tha. na peiod of social change, he sociology of religion should shits atenton trom parispatin to sccuaration (Dabeaere and Lauwers, 1969: 122-128). But Lekman (1967.23) Wained guint a misundesianding of seeulatization “asa process of ‘eligi patolgy to be measured by the shrinking reah of te ‘hurches hich woul tthe task of th scilogit of eligion oan ‘tli of “he rational and clas ifeenees nthe prowess of eligicit fhe hinting cho he hres. This suuets the Seren fy ta on eu epi ine msec terms of val vee Seclrston hen joel to vine enomisin! or chuck partkpaton, hh wii propeed sit fo atenon, Hence we sald make 8 ‘ear dsinctonYeween les ecuazaton, and venga hat 8 Sane nivelverc in chris a denomnaons 5 of ete ont wi ia secretion {nr rlfeation ofthe socal order tat produces a alienated conscious: ‘ord ic expne te at dy hms rfc, The bun ‘Sts name whiner fre af erence, we would otjctive ate of sci fat) and Mary (eiaon & Ferd Mack equ religion wi alienation) (Marx, 1961b; 178379; and Calves, 1968 55-95) Societal Secularization Societal seculrzation defined in 4 broader theoretical perspective and no as 2 process of religious pathology refers to “Ihe sinking ‘elevance of the values, Intaionlised in chuschreliion, fr the ination and legtiaton of everyay ie in modem socley™ Ae ceding to Lucknann (196739 and 40), sch a definition also aes the ‘ueston of “what is that seculariation has tg about the Way th socially objective cosmos of meaning’ Sevulrzaton fs de Serbed ast latent process aswel result of delineate policy, Asan process, it isthe unintended consequence of etn thet fromete, in Lukmanian tens, function difeenaion, to we the Sierertiaton ‘of subsystems in soclly (exe evonony. educion, poli and fw) on te bass of their specie futons, wich are sully importa for society. Ths is consequence off among thes processes professionalzaon nthe medic! eld spevaleton snk {is profesionalization have reduced the place of eigon, fut this wat x ecase of any sr of manifest stack by that profession on relgion (F cous, such societal changes may’ also be te res of dlrs ‘tions fo rede, particular Ned the ipa of ligon Such wat the ease in Drkein's atom atthe lacston of the French ec tina sytem nthe ely 20h century. In is amalysis of Duhon’ ie and work, Likes underscores his ffs odie th esprit atu. Durem had fou at Bonet tn association of unversiy teachers and ston called La Jewesse aig and tn 1902 was appointed chargé de cours inthe Science of EEveaion atthe Sorbonne to replace the mn who Implemented the Fey Laws the central objetive of which was o eas erlional syst offs secular education tha! would secre the mor founda ‘ins ofthe Third Republic Durkhein’'s pedagogy lectures to Tate Schooteachens, hs forts develop a ational system of secur ede in, and his new republisan Meology consited his coun To tena reintpaton. Nize, Daves and etre pointed ut thatthe Sociology of Durkheim tiamphed inthe doles moma (each tan ing colleges), and hs ideas were conquer nstemetalydisen ated thoughout he school of France (Lakes, 1977: 320-360), Aceon ingio Lakes (oe: 359360)Durkin tele ht the eatin the sons of ily ean tema ey an pies and reps ul Deca ‘a suse ead eon, Teacher iol be moe we entre of ly. ly he She pel egal ad meal oh Tens he wy nh tee fran sacl enomem ae Forme Durkheim ao developed a new republican ideology that was both sciertifialy grounded and pedagngicaly elective. “What e produced ounted toa datnctive for of Hel and reformist seis famed in solidarse terms” (Lukes, 1977: 350) In evaluating his sucess, Likes (Goer 388) write: ‘One ey emer sce wa crits aggresive ecu, is Seieesh nd nrc dete ta wl ee andl om one wih rege. Cath ew of esing eon let ‘andthe srr uh tha ened by hr arb Boats or evl Dergson) tay tet soarze or moderize he aching ihe Chuck, Like his eqn ror colar an clos end, Oc the Hamel be hed that soa msl col a eres the sauce of bio Inthe case of Durem we can speak ofa mas pay of ie ing te sunatonal tem, Marg Lain nd the Mast pats aso IRepounded deh poly of lactation ofthe state. Acording 12 fare stat ht preappss selon ft yore nd eine Sac Mn 961s 450, Sn ven ns fist rele inthe Risch Zetung he oped the autonomy of poles Calvee 145: 61-63. This posi was ger ine by Let ex 1959: 71) an implied in {he USSR bythe dete om the Sept of the Church rm the State thu he Shalom the Charch Gana 19 18a ~The Ch shall Be eprom the Sa and rt 9h school Shall be separated frm he Chueh). ‘arkicin, Mary ad Lenin propounded he separation of rion from polis an education, Le ter Tanta ifereiation and tied imple ths pty. Thay te exam facts ina proc Ceo manifest social section, Lakanon ts enveuemly 0 ‘tenis inended tonto secular sok, and cect) a {toon of sockta soit Tuthermore sch gross of lsetion alo sinus counter icy I ration oie processes of Ikra, some churches have {Sporto an che wath ete nator ‘Tucieh,Pope Ps XI for example called scan oe an poles and ehacaton the penipa eass of th disturbed eonditons FRvwich we v's din bo enysicals he eco the oa tion of the “aposolte ofthe nity or Catholic Action” (MeLauhlin, 1057: 6:7. and 16-7). This ould be called a manifest policy of ante Iacizton, All in al, societal secularization is rest of manifest and ant processes of celrization an ofthe reactions thy provoke (Organizational Secularization ‘Secularization i term alo used inthe sense ofthe modenzation of religion. Lakes quit above, rte tht Durkhsim's view of ‘xing religion did noc allow bin to favor “ay utempt oscar oF ‘modernize the teachings of the Church” And Pfau o give another ample, has defined seculareaton as “ihe tendency of seein rele {ows movements to become prt of and ike tne worid™ (1956. 246) ‘his double meaning of scculrzaion” poses problems "Yinger discusses Berger's book The Noise of Solemn Assembles (1961) to clarify ths probe. Berger uses seurizaton to mean, 00 the one had, “nan elds of life's dcstons eared out without ele fc religion” what Vinge alls "the sil tionary ening of Sceuarizaton” or wh | peter to cll acetal secuariation~ andy 09 the other hand, te redefinition of rligion, "he inevitable adjsien of the church [beliefs and prcties} 10 dramatic changes in the word within which it wors"™™ which, Vinger peers to call "religious Shang" (1982: 69-72). Because ofthis ambiguyin he we ofthe frm, Berger, according 10 Vigor, must conclude that there i evidence of secslaiztion an non-secvirizaion tn the USA. Secularization 1 ‘ccuring ough the development of ecutralreligon an “Amerie way of ie" wth religious overtones Inthe churches of the USA, Ber ‘pr observes the deveopment of eur religion,°a religous aime ‘ono the same values held by the commnsnity at age Seo values (Can intense this-worines”,sseces compettvely achieved, “atv= Inn’, social adjustment ete) replace sac values (Berger 161739. 50), However, Berge so ascertains tat, wihin the USA, oe fads" ‘trong involvement of our eligi tee with our poll processes ad nstiutons, whieh he cals symbofe integration "a plital, soctal psychological eigion (oc: $1108) and which sa counter indica ion of secularization (Ving, 1962: 7). he seoms to me tht Berge ates 0 inate a proves of de sacralzation in American denominations - proses of egos ange in Vinge’ terms ~ and that asa result ofthis process al the hues sill malian thie conta syaoie potion. He makes this pot very clear in ashe book in which he compares Europe ed the nd Stes‘eee hax ccc en one (an a my re ‘Siu an mana nis (00 a those cna fo he ‘ork poses) Te taion 2 fret Ameri whee the bees i ‘roy move cou symptom, bt may be aed th hey vcd ines spt sty coming ly seal ied emsles, othe oem de Arian aes epee no ‘rion he ae unig theme foal scaliation (oe, vier tn Berger's American case is synonymous with a dectne in church a thadoxys what Luckmann has called the “ner secularization” of the ‘Asian denominations (1967. 33-17 and wich Ul organizational Sccuariton. Tis lapation to th euler values of soit only te type of socal changes euros may also react by seralizng pets of ther beliefs es, and mora standart tht would be jst he ppt of organizational secarztion Historical Note Secularization: Thus it cleat the concept of ecusization is being used in so- ology in dierent ay may rr deine in church involvement {0 the setuarzaton of socal susie, 010 religious anges ‘rignally, the Frenhman Longuevil, inthe negotiations tat le 0 the Peace of Westphal ntoduced the concept in 1688 (Nik, 1968 18-19) These negations were in nea of tert by whieh the cz tion of cetinsclesiastcl teres shat were being aed to Ba ‘enburg as compensation forts ertrilfsses could a he sane tie be donot and admit. Nik pots eu tat ove should ot be to sr prise bythe inrdtion othe term scolar av the notion sears Fad alzcdy been nine fr centr not ony to distinguish the scala frm the sre, but xpi onda s subordination abd depend. fence on theater “Ts the concept of secularization has long, istry. a Labbe ijk and others make It le tha the concept has always reine he ibious and consequently controversial meaning tha fad om the Stu (Ni 19 and bbe, 1973), Later, was lavoduced ito canon ino desrbe dispensation fom religious vows, ad tas also ink {o the Hews of the Enlightenment n England, th tn "sels ‘we elated to Holyoke's program a 1846 fran aggresive emancipe ‘on ply tht would fee ta secular fom "it imeevan testo church ft ligt Holyoke consequent pleaded for secular education (Nik: 1968: 24. In owen conury Ameria, “secubrin” ees 0 Secularization ‘A Sensitizing Concept The se ofthe tr "scueton” in sce douse wind cat the pro oie seston an etrsion ffeil {once tian sacha plier and exon oe whew on Sheps sphere: "sae cmap fr read eesti Utero, confoned wih new ene material aco etd istmenin They appl itn ony othe sca a a tend vidual eve, People were aid ob sslrzed when tel voce inthe chutes dele and when inporat tomato fhe couse ofife eg eh marae an! Bra = cue oe sare ie when fo and ewer popped chaehy Tis pe ss ‘As Bluoer comely emplsies, concepts aud to solve poe Sons (1993 157) Theexcson uf he eof sree Ye tious change an example of th: Benger ed to ove te gare ESntaieton bene th empl fac nthe US ad in atop Stugeatng “tat the European and the Arron exes epee “ations onthe sane undrying then of gba eclzaon®, whch Lick fad elle rape scan sd inalIn fc sciologsts ave wed scsrintion msn cone jv "the tars fener srs of reference ad uicance in approach tng empical insane, merely suggesting "arco lon eich to leak and rng on va gener sete of what relevant” (Bh, 19sa 2). As jared (197200 songs, such owes bone 1 ommon-sene inowledeo at let te very clove To como sese conus we ane sa ihe ce of sao, ae fmerges inthe everday wold. Once sch cones ae introduced tn Slee ty sta sew carer. As Blmer (169 161-162) suggested. “See concets havea eacer, changing thir meatng fom time 10 time accordanee wit the noducin of re expericees and ep Sagem ih noe Ba Vinge ied oth hanging meaning concep canbe very config se se With fhe tons of sclartato, wich forced Berge to conchae that ‘Americas bth secdarnd ad not ecltize "To prevent sch confusion, 1 propose to sate explicit erent ines te icp hn te lation 8 "vague mere since such usage Obes aig 1 Simulator hing: Rae aso our probing an Backs or imagination. “It tacomes only a device for endering or aranging ee [Peal inances. As such ts ot eed ad aay ga the emp Et imsances and tus frets the only tans of fs improvement aka Slycal to (Blumer 195419) In rer to improve te concept and Mork toward define conept (oc 7 and Ziseress, 1973: 204 3) wl conser oth the empirical and theoreti ties of see iacanion song tee dimension inorder to refine the analysis, to Suggest new problems, ido simulate new research, Secularization: A Mult-Dimensional Concept Secularization a a senlzing concep is mul-ensioal. We ds gui fat ype societal secularisoton thal refers fo factional liferentiaion process fe subsystems ae devsiood tha pelorm Aiterent inci and as sutra diferent. Religion becomes one suey algae thy and os overacig cla. Siet User sia. 30 in ara mens of ene cae ths ype the disengagement of society from religion", of flowin Parone an Bela he process of dileentiion. This view goes tack fo Duck (1968: 171-177) and canbe elt to Weber's analysis of Wester seit Indes, Detein's concept of dierent implies that soiey gradaly tes overall the "seer" functions previo ‘esformed y raliio, which Shiner (1967 216-215} all the "wanspo “Son” type of serazaton. This tansfomaton ofthe sacred domain imo secdlr lesions implies & "sacra of the wld” — Tt vedson Shines th wpe of secularization (a4:; 215-216) ~ which Weber described asthe cera asenchantnen ofthe wold, Mages the word is now based on technology and elelation, where pews ‘man had recourse to magic (Gerth and Mil, 1958.13 and Wala ‘ana, 1980). This i ako called the rainaiation of the isting spheres. The ink berween hse efferent aspect ofthe process of soc tal scuiarization is also docamanted in Shinar's (1967219) ww thy “Tiree of the processes discussed above could be enlace sgn «antl by the etm = seeaarzation since they are ot contrary ba, complementary: desacalizato, difeetiation ad wanspsition™ Two other types of seculaization should, alin Shines option, be sisingusted. Apart fom societal secularization a ates of le poe, cs of functions diferetaion, {vant to dtingish erganalonad seularisaton and individual scouarzrion. Inve seulrcaton ‘eters to individual beuvor and_messures the Jesee of norte ‘negation in eliious Boies. Isat ie othe accord betwen the noms of religious groups ~ in domains of hele, rituals mors cle ad the athudes ad conduct of heir members. Here Shiner (1967209 210) aks about the destin of religion or Jochstanration, Ogu ‘ional seulicaton, onthe oer hat, expeses charge occuring the posture of eigiouserarzaions churches, denominations, seta and New Religious Moverens (NEMS) ~ in mats of bit, morals {nd sta and implies aso Study of the decive and emergence oF religious groups. Tis Is the type of secularization That Shine als “conformity with this wodd™ (oc: 211212), ‘A Methodological Note in Support of the Multi-Dimensionality of the Concept of Secularization ‘Tie snction betcen he thre dinensions promotes | hope, cone ep larity and it also has metbodaogicladvanages, By distin sushing enpanizatona secusration and indvkalseulezaton fiom one another and from sola secilariation, we are ina beter ston fo stay the empirical relationships between soil sectares ‘on and organational sculrzton, between societal seulreaon and invidialseuirizaion; and between navi sulrizaton an ‘ranizatonal seularation Statistical data indeatingdtine inthe muber of church members tnd nore especialy of invelved church members, as well a opin poll dats indeating the detine of belt in charch docs, a fen sed as indiestore of “slbalseeuaization™ But tn the 1980s and 1960s, the USA the most "modern of Westem soles whee fa "ina ferentiation and vaoralzation ae most advanced” showedhigher degree of invavenent in hore religion than in Evo, Ts ‘wr wes scoring Yo one Cnenon sociation ere {itn and onan, the mos secular” society was the last ‘Seularad™ afcordng to anther dinersion, i iavidual Secular ization (church involvement Hs in hs cones that the noon of “mere! seulrzaton?” was develope, to make the theory without rrr! esi we he, ema oma pe ea a ce fareasoning Hy cling a decline fn church practice secuaization Sccilogiss wer thew enced to dsover such a deci in bghly ecu” counties, eure it wee highly diferentated and ‘ionalins However fing do soi te USA, where tis date ‘eves the “ponseularizton of church members a ly “secu Iti society. soclogie capsid this conaditory finding In {ers of te w-clled “intra seulrztion ofthe churches, THe Europe wie Bsus roe ern” Ameria By under recs of unalone socalled proce ee Fenton tcc acre here socal leon of arch ion sme nvr of ming Laotans 1967367, tnaking a distnton betwee individ scaariztion a sci ta sceulaveion and elite soularaton snd ifeetation Feely ~ Manin (197) advanced more sosiated explana {on'ehch ool ino secunt pacar ata complenes He sed rong ale’ thingy prs nivale Key plan hight of pace aie Sra eomen Sha fet ti hey ore ent sow or aalyteal purposes and in on to sty the epi relatos moe eTetoey nd 3b prevent being conceal) comand, "sosblops seen shake io exo {Sst dicing btmeen “express” and “pect” inde tom 1950, #833)" The prose Indore whieh esrb the “ining wa of soe scaraton, said Be base on pe instal ferent he developmen of iniaona vals Shennan he orzo ptr of hse tater, And preven conaninain, esses of tndvdal sedation and ‘Centar seul shoul ot bees scars facial scene, sah bins the pesion tht sce se ‘Sean outs Winton) scree, or nil ‘elon, Sh! th Speen "un the tae! tations of ‘gion cen ack pe support a est fhe churches’ Isso more natn (Ws, 11a 2) cul be empire tested teen, sc pata ctl regan ns om wmch have ving dost of flvetiaton, and on vrs specs of individual secuiation cou ~ if eoretty operationaied ty distinguishing terween expressive and pede incalors ~ be ‘tule, pot bil a pasar theory (eg Acquaviva, 1979) bu a theory based on hypotheico-deducve pocedues, Purpose of the Trend Report The sith ype of seculization tha Shiner detected is defined a & general conap of social change (967: 21620). Thie ion i ised on Beckers (1957 63) constuction of sare seca cin. tim which eters toa scle with specified epi ranging "tom SStitedaxinum rebctance to change ol! values to exinted tmasimam readiness to sek ne values Level of elven would then be measure in terms of "willingness andor sity to canes”, calming in “charge Torte ake Of change” (oc: 161). Sab & Sefton of sacred and. sears and. fe inpled mening of Seclarizon, i lo tbe found in Durthein’'s werk on religion Stred or conser things te biden to auch 10 deny 0 0 ‘te prion of rts x. proves the presece of ome- thing sce (Duel, 196: 244), De-scalzaton or seaaton imps then the possibiiy of erin willingness to change and 0 Conta. Reny” (1970) hs studied te npac of propesive. de ‘Sttnaton tthe ctl ira and roi of the Chuch Aogh sch vw of slr may Be apie Yo een and the churches, ts nota theory of hang spel late 1 elon bt rfer general theory of social change, appa to iret Intros and organizations (eg German 1568) Consequnly, 1 80 Pot inne a ston of tn ty. ‘What ined o do is 0 study secularization nts meron a a process of sce secnarzaon, conceptualize a "a process of fie Spheres (ich pois, education, economy, an seins) each devs ‘png is wn ronal rps the eecton of fe overarhng him of religion’, n ation, sll discs some stiles ofthe rel Som fetween soit elrization and oreo see te he oe and and between oct sexlronion nd dil Sszularzntion onthe ter. Bath topes, ogaizatonalseulreation fn ini seclaeation extend beyond the compas ofthis aly. SU vis thom only 30 far sty ae rele to sce Seal "beg wth a overview of silo! teres of seulacieatin. eck im summarize thei one, lig bigs heen them even ‘hugh some of them ae na say compile the general oto.In the next chapter, | cus certain theoreti! dcuties in labora ing scilogiel thoy of societal secularization and offer some ei fal remarks. The fourth an Fh chapters del wit the relaionship between soit secataration and orgnizatonal secularization he fhe hand and individ seclariation, on the oer. Some Tak be twee soit onstizationl and div sculiztion ae sig: std inthe final ape of pat ‘ne fer quaifeation must be made. The concept of seulrzn tion etployed by senor to explin simile process occa in fiteent soca setngs (Tamar, 1979) [nthe st prt init myself ton anlys ofthe tse of he concept of scuaaton in socologieal "dies inthe Wes | cxne to this contusion athe Tokyo macags the Confrence Incmtinale de Sciloge Religiuse (CISR) on 77-29 December 1978, where secularization as «cross-cultural coneept was Fete bya munter of scholars but defend by others amar 199 Rei 1979), This Tmttion should not detract from the purpose of he trend Report. As Matin correctly stated ‘hn alysis of be nial “oektrugh” i ly he cai par of 2 ‘bene ps tac hs eae ocean Chis cures, ‘ser he peste elton of Chetan ocean the crf the Teor san hie std ato ecules (97) ‘Theories of Secularization ‘The theories of culation eer to societal, organizational ain vidal selarizaion Let start with ocketalsculrzation Societal Secularization Scie eularationin Lckma’'sennlogy, “a resin which autonomous istaonal“ologis” replace, win ihe own min, an overachng and rascenint universe forms" Char religion, an “instar speciatisd socil form of ign is pase othe periphery of made ndustal tacts and we notes ie asoluion of he wana, cberent acted coon while In uta Melis, fused on acto enon i the speiaoed insttional spheres, re developed (Larkmann 1987: 101). According ioBergeritis [The proces by whic seta of ait ad ctr ae emoved m he bin fg an mss [mar Wes ‘oy eu mantel he exon tye Cheatin Chore of wea evn tue ir conte vcs (he ‘pean ete posi eis {82 emacpaton of cdcaon fom ces ahr, When te peat ‘amare ané yb, however py tt sean re an sti sewer proce, athe yo cl i ad ea Sots and may be ced neds of eis ee ia ae any Wer os pert ae ef eee zenro ny Slr pope ot wel 9 Te so Weber so Berger and Luckmann’s concep lest iiites thatthe ton of societal secularization implies a comparative historical an evolutionary spproch. The istitonally specialized, ronal, and Secular modem Taeologies re compared a overarching, coherent, transcendent, sacred cosmos. Religion lost social finction of social leyitimation| (sacred cosmizaton), and while religion ised tobe, x Wilson peo primary agency of social contol and of socialization, andthe Church Fad con over socialists, in recent times als has changed (19760: and 101,This process had already eon desibed by Durkheim (1964: 169 0} vet {ESI brace ns dsm porn oscil. Oral ‘onde teh ere et ore ‘sateen tin a ames set ae tem Ea re acknowledged fora thre Go, who Was Sa aman rsa, peony Be ‘Bendel to mena tb dpa, A Teast he contest Sanat oranda ata he ce we wpe pa man fron Theda realy fel et ss tes Re rmes mor sourse of spans cy. mst Sa a cain a d te Tee a TOLER origin of nil even iy hiked tthe unde Ss fe degen fsx nt tr ba ee ‘SRUSEEIB nl stony cnogh oak a ews character hat 0 Ss ncn abe comm tee gn ‘More expt than Durkin, Parsons (1966: 21-23) links soca ceo fo the pres of instftonl iferetaton: nsitution ae “Eveloped that perf iffeen urtons, and they become srry ‘iterene Darel summed up this social evoluton nis magisterial Shy on eligion flows" may besa hat nt all tbe great SEER Shattuons have been borin rela” (1963: 466), The econ ‘ny, pits, edveton and oer social istitatons evolved ot of hd, sort o Pagons, ifretation fed to an “adaptive oper Ing Inthe ne sre Pusan os ha wht Ne eas mary fictions ae better performed, and tha the orignal suc religion, undergoes los of functions, but, a8 a consequence of i {ratatolspcaization, to fs able to pro is primary Tontions beter : ‘The mote complex soci th s thus created requis a collective omar ~ Pons eas i "val pti” whic, not 1 {Setimze the subsets" wider vary of funtion, i expressed in more general fers I isin this content thal we can stat Bela’ cet of il cligion” (1967) (ef a Chapter 2 Civil igo Sn the integration of ce) ‘Durkheim also asserted that separ constiuted insions de \elop an ioresingy prone chara; an den we ay Tink wo Weber's rationalization proces (1947: 117). Action i efficiently organise, Recast action and the situations in wih aes place reconsidered to be calulble and controllable, Human behvio fs odes by ain ty developed standard and no longer by magia, inelelable powers tnd forces (Weber, 197317), The fot of societal secularization ae, ecoxting to Berges in the conor, specify athe scores ofthe ecm Ning ‘med the capitis nda pocecs. [ul esse var ‘Se for etl does pt seem beh nto of pt tipper rong nor he spe of ef ont sen, ta ese ofthe nose ope 1987 pp 3k and zatlon presupposes a high degrec of rationalization, not enly on the level of insta Si sf saconsens (Fane sae (ing pony of conan raion nt ony set Pertti bet e-guaing[-} A be mode ste lec {gy 10 ths end On the evel of sre, his cans above ale estab IStiment cs aoa buenas on he level of elo eas fe mairante epee age orn oer om the eos ote pote sphre na aerinecabe process Sf “aii e910, “The ratinsization process was no limited the economic and pola spheres ve aleady refed toslence “sun auton, Frorehiy seer perspective on the world” thi "amen the Imanpulive tite Towards the natural environment and ao toads the sical environment” (Martin 196% 110). Sclnce asa secular po tency hs diminished the pact ofthe theologies ook onthe world (Wilson, 1965" 63-64: 67 Mand ated the philosophical perceptions {oc 73-74) These changes completely reoriented. the educational Systm and education has pase tom rlgous contol (279) ‘Ashe sl came increasingly Sel opts Kea es p- Fopeate stabs anda the coef eaves shite ot ee [Gouemon cope (lest ate parilyo te erst of the Frincnnce of stl conto an ietetsngy sone chiea ‘ee vcs ne nares toed eam Poth ‘And no only wer church school paced by seul schools, but win secular and religious schools the significance of rigiouseducation and ists grey diminished (eg Bil, 1977: 818 and Bonielare 197840559, The gowth ofa pragmatic Welumchawng ao made incods nthe funy eg on ston eTectvenes of seal perorane. a Gt ont the use of scsi tecnigos to contol bith called by Some vatican "unnatural is cea evidence of the raion in mest ofthese rina istittonl spheres organizations develop (eg busines organs a ages) wah ndidals assume Positions and peso rls. The analy ofthese onions Ts {cermin by'anelicongslneae relatonship tle sec fr ‘ach sphere, unrelated 1 an overarching reaningsstem, sh each person is bit performs anonymous spell function, The eran Zalon supervises andi concerned excsvely with efficent tsk Perfomance the indivi feplacsabe person in operon to the ineeasing anonymity of apc roles ta are deter by the fumetinally atonal ntttions (Lacknan, 1967 96), What Wison (197Gb. 11 calls “ational enpical oetaton tothe word” the ‘ppose of a maicalciins een, presonats. Conta {Eccl and bureaucrat not moral oF righ “it fas become tm Personal and moral, a mater Torrone Techniques td wake Mia (o0 2) “he reationships hat develop here an bcome more and mor yp: cal forthe diferen ineonal apres re “eselischtich” Cones) or secondary They’, inde, positional conical fora i: trian oan to sepments of he person, and nsfrble The in Vidal so tongereegarded as an end in htsll as inthe Gemebe Soha, where the dominant eatonhips were “pinay” (Cooly). sffecive ttl tnd regulted by habits. "A community ely Ives fheevorfazeriatonhips of known persons [7] Save, fe conse involves he intact of rleperfamanees of known fleas? (iso, 197626), This bureaucratic pe of eelatonship extends int the social word iy ite, commerce, wee, schoo entesiinment aad ever te seighbotined ae basicly gesclchaflch, Wheres the fs instal feelin lt certain pcsnal bonds standing certain sectors of vert Gl incgrtion, eg” mislated vilages sail try a tespecable ‘erkingas, a arian a a md clas rca ond te second instil revelation, “ot which the ype nance might eectding 0 Martin. “te the advent of elector medi cn to bre al bos, ver time both have produced conlions of anonym an deerana ization, te weakening of horizontal bonds (eins of anemic) and te tbeaking of vera ons te inpat fas). peat oem wih mdr indy, ith ec ad Sen The itt Bonds of hl commu wns a Ms; Me broken up the sology a he ly enecinges Raper SORES 2a ic rome rm ‘iil grils: the modeatesaed oie 1 sults see ‘ele erent te conmanty of seal ken 8 a sopra y hob texters. Ando fe banshee shes sels expe eta pan tt pane he ‘eligion by the dectine of community: “My thesis is that secularization fe tion’ (0.c.: 265-266). = bends nd cil cota “heresy of Command he i linked to the fc that modem socks “o longer mad hs ‘other instittions, and the church an organization among others, Indeed We may conclude by ine a insttonl speciation ‘ot rg, ‘realty (Lackmann, 1967: 5-86),"has, the proper sphere of reigon snd its exganizatons is “private lite "Tis serepation of the puble andthe pevate sphere Is "gute "funtona” forthe naintenance ofthe hight rationalized axl of tmovem econo ae pole Inston” (lenge, 1967193). And ‘Shee relgon i defied as private mater, he church can “no longer fay oth sae o enforce it jrsicdonal clams” (Luckmann, 1967 59), The orignal json claimed by the “fii!” model of the ‘huh wo otal now Hf rasformed ao "asystem of mere reo Fie (1c 96 sn 100, manfsting sel ws, "pbleretoric and private ie” Berger, 1967133). "The oppestion pivae-pulic ls described in tomas of subjective, autonomy, tess, and communal srsu jetty, blgatoies, nol and Gevellschofichtes The” private sphere is consumer. tne, and the “autonomous indvdtl fs fre wo follow hs owe jective preference He maychoose om the ssorment of ulin Inetnings ashe see ft guided only by the preferences that re deter ‘nina by sci! biography” (Lacan, 1967-99), athe same way that he chooses fends a muclage paint neighbor goods ard se ‘ity bolas, a ar obie, an he lke, Tn oder to constuct his personal identity ands systen of ulate” signieance, a vary of odes svily avilable but none is ‘fi [.] Nave frotinely inert au sere. Iseo, a cern level of subjective reection fd choice determines the Toran o nial reigisity" (Id) Thus the “autonomous” consumer selects cei eligous themes from the avaiale soriment of “uinat” matings and builds tem ino a somevhat precarious private stem of “ultmse™ significance. Inia religion's no longer a epza ot approximation ofan“ al” move (2c 102) And according to research on church religion ove nthe as of choroid indivi ly hat eTetve proves of everyday ie the subjective sistem of “ultimate” sign {Stnce and hereto ofthe radon “ofl medal are congr Ee” (2: 10). Ar Berge (1967: 13-134) states he woking pty f reign hese tothe conaton ‘Focbwonde of fapmeelunivre fig te plauliy ste ‘which my some sc bes re tha tent Siete Imam ay seria ae a ston otal shares wh [Meche maton of te pve spe) the means ha elon eng ‘iki of paucity sactreefneaay ees const ‘he eosunn in inde man) be mld by eeking more aly ‘Ris! piuiiy svete ypialy, tse we the churches snd ote lunay aoc cad” primary ia the vate spo, oe, Ich eiches ero augmet fe sa and rst fe eg lasses aed xen ei of Seraton ‘The polarization ofthe sare elpion) and the secular (sacey) ‘ought abou by seit sociation, isthe reult of the changes ‘dette: dibonal versus comples pragmatic, and modem societies, ‘api and religious ners ronal and empire crenaons, ‘wearing stered casos ers nttonally specialized desogis fncsleulable magical powers and forces versurealelble and. con trllable actions and Stuations,tadiional values bersur secular av ‘orl abs versus legal routes religious ethic ora ister fesiical contol community versus Ceselchf ttl personal rl tionships wesw Specialized anonymous roles: face o-face ations Ivth knows people wera Sota nretion Between unknown role players fective vers convactua, formal, and arian elation {hips horizontal and vertical bonds versus anomie al sci cls fall workshops and oces versut large fates an burescacies the church as otal and oficial organization versus churches as vou fap) asteiaions. Polarization “beings abou « demonopotztion of relgus traditons and this, iso-at, leads toa lua station” (oe: 138), and "te reigios tration, which previously could be at thortatively imposed, now has to be marketed (oes 117) The ua ton ther de-bjetvizes the saered somos and kes tls plas bie even at he level whore it has to corpete with non eligi rival ‘An here the argumert moves nie detionof religous change result ing rors social changes, but sciongite seo serine the capacity of panizational eclazation secular the werd Organizational Secularization The socal changes that stimulated societal secularization were brought aout ty rational processes that extended fom the economic Ino the Seca Word, easing no sphere untouched even the religous splice had to rationalize. The plastic market station Toced the ‘eligousinsinsons to marke thelr commas, the eis ta tions And in order to achieve “result the sosi-reigious stratus ‘vere bureucratize, which simolted the profesional ation f rel ‘iow personel and ecumenicty (Berger, 1963, and 1967: 137-148), But the above expianaion is fo he expanded. As Bess sated, "star! phenomenon of such cope will tbe amensa to any mono causal exlanatons. In The Sacred Canopy he explores “the extent ‘wtch the, Western religious tradition may hve cored the seeds of Secuarizaon within ist and eoselyTallows Weber's stl, pa Scully The Protstan Ethie and the Spirit of Capital, to aralyze ‘he peculiar role Protestantism payed the establishment ofthe mod fom work (Berger, 1967 10-11; Webs, 1988, and Fascia, 1968),Sveti An Amit a oe Levels ‘But he also Tooks fr the ros ofthis development in the eliion of scien Ie config to Berger, I's double exodus — from Mesopotamia an rm Fay costed a break with an entire universe: “At the Ae of tc gion of anit Ire is the vehement repulsion of bt the Eytan and the Mesopotamian versions of cose rd, 3 ‘punt et was of eoure exted tothe re asite ndigenous ‘hte of Syie Palestine” (1967: 115), wien was “eosmologia” in ‘he seme ht tld fo make liferation between the haan and {he aural apres of empinl ely, and, moxe importa, which psted coninuity belwet the empirical an the suparempie! (oc Pape OW Testament 40 the Conary, "pests God who stands uae the sms, which i his cretion bat wich he confronts and ‘oes n permeates (ce: 115), The radial tanscendentliation of God ‘Seneca inte ection soy of Gene "We ind here expressed ‘er eleny the undaenal Bibi polarization between the wasn Yer Cou and man, with a thoroughly “omythelopzed™ universe fences them (oct TIP. Besides the tanscendetlzation mot ‘Berger a points owas hstrztion and the ranalization of ics, Teint be ai tha the romscndtaton of Go andthe concomitant “bchmmeet ofthe oi opned wp spacer hoya he wena ‘tht die and ham scone The feet ae pertomed by # Od sete ely cue te wild The ter prupyse a conical die tbe expan oan Nan apes the sr tor be fete oe of God fae 1. ‘And the mui of ete aint, closely related to both other ini wan “tarred by piety and prophet groups in the priestly ‘ve an the prophetic ehie (oc! 120-121) Cvistiaity as it finally Became dominant in Europe “represents & revopessie step i ens ofthe secularizing mois of Old Testament Felons, according 10 Borger (oc: 121-120) Although the ten ‘cebdent character of God was strongly asserted, the ation of incara {SS he Trintarin doctrine the anges and ss andthe glreation Or Mary as mediator and covedeemer, emgtholopzed™ the wor Because its pervisive strmenal sys provided "escape hues Canoficinm ‘alsarested the. proosst of ela! ratonaizton de (Ganiol by OW Testament peopey and retina ua, and con Tran tect fet the monaste ssi. "But wheres ican be plausibly apued th Chraiany, spectaly in is victorious Cathlle Form, revesed or a least seed the seculrizing mots of ans: Ceactatzaton and eta! rationalization, His canot be sid of the ‘Sat ohitorieaon: (ac: 122-123) And oe of the Church's central ‘races its tutional specaaion~ farher promoted the proses of sclarizaton As ashe tof society was defined as Epo’ provane aim. Wi he dsupaton ef Chesed “Eh ween athe ei be sli nd aed ‘Cendant waren out i ntton st he oul pope spa ie ihe opal eeapment of tay beso nc Cade Sioa ‘ecw kaon whch another "wr scaly then aap (34 ao so Tes TO, save The Protestant Reformation may be unesond 8 pone mergence of pecs those securing fees tat hades on. ‘inf ty Cuba, ant mem decvely teen the O1 Te thre “Ate cof simp, an be i tt Pra {Em cvested el mh at pale fom he ve st ce! and tno power cncombants of the sired mptey, mci and te! ta 8 1) Ware ene Aro Cc Eseohorang der el 858108 Rea T9T a ‘Winckelmana, 1980), oe [eres and “he dhencannent of he world othe eininton of maze fom tne word smplsherepision ogi” meng aon {te erancntl spares edsced fata he ret Stenoca meas ate tanner of cbt ony he aber re ‘tsa of The soley dessin tree eee Caio ‘8 Catalicim was Cavs “canplte climinaten of sven {rag the Church and he sacrament (Weber, 18 105) Wha to dsanpesred as Tre tee nev often ht nite Cal i word Sind cdg Ph “The gemine purine etd lis of eons ceremony the {ead a seed east iho ng a i ee ‘Sato id ep in{Weler 188 fos nem sson Wemyss ee hi exon by ing ac yal Sing oc faa Gene he an ins tlton th atlony Bet 98 25) oa athe rosot he pce of etl enon agus {sel frst he fomon she mode seated or Oc tea wee is ean eve ti ey tig wt mate fone We cot some tere tty einen ced stun fab grb pty ying tt hsricaly seni, Chicanos Screen gmedies oe Emthe fondapental reli Hews of asec testis. As Webet ‘Detar ado of anata evry iad ean Weber ell his objected ecorumie order an ion cage” fom which thes exaped. "Trday the ait of religous acetic Tater Fallys who knows? = Bas escaped the cage, But vitraus “pits, see rests on mesial furans, nests support no fongr"heber, 1958 181-182) THe raioniton proces inthe economic one brovght about luge Tactics and hogs barat resign mechan fu asin wc envi ec ee aol pe Sah Staton arangements fd thr opt ome ela istuons ‘ois pte, eduction, andthe fry. In fa soil Iie beeame tinted by geselchalice relationships: most verted and horizon toch bn we broke: Mano is oma atta ‘gn ich mma fs est fs mpet en soc. 1 ae fede to reas suo te fal, the pial spe, and tcl poupins What ipa dos ths exert on the eps bea iecofthe nll? Individual Secularization In the analysis of the “dehvsanization” ofthe 1h century, refer ences are senerally me to the detrszaton ofthe working lass. “Aho dese ofthis ter stile by several aus, a we shel Se below, declrsanization is generally wed to indie « drop in ‘hureh prctice and bois. In well krown article, McLeod (1980: 191-214) toed to point out the diferent eases Ut were at work in Wester Europe thd that varied in differen regions, Several of NS treuments cn be sobamed under he notion of sci secularization Some reer a tent proces of societal secularization, especialy the Eretking of Soclal and commons! bonds. He mention "the develope fara capitalism and ofthe rural poll and the growing c= trangement between the varius sections of te rl population” Co TOs) He deseribesdepesonalizion and uprooting of iy fe att ante 10 indesaizion, migration. povery, and cles antapnism, Inds coats between workers td owners destroyed harmonious renin inthe parishes and chapels (.c 20-208). er arguments Can better be regarded ss manifest proces of soca secular, fer Isezaton. The churches wore mostly inked To the mide and ‘per clases though franca dependence and is patra social logy andthe lower classes were arate tthe opposition, Soa ism wa gaining hold over the working cass a the end of the 1th century, and i most European counties, th sciist ears and setvins were aes. The scelarist policy of the soils! parties ‘lentes the workers from the chores, Bot i he sal 190 ty {he involvement ofthe Cua: Church inthe old order an healer: stn of the working lass from local pola! and Chistian tions fa nealy simulated the working clas in some cours to abandon the church and to move fo the ff polically Radical litraism and tcilism manifestly estranged the workers fom the shure, Indeed, ‘he wher wore aleady lately aerated om them The ink between seit! secularization atibutable to @Ialent or swaifest secularist policy and the individual abandonment of church practice encouraged sociologists ous decline of hutch nvolveret Sr indiestor of Secularization and caused them fo be pled abou he presence of high degre af hare practice i he highly ifr, reacted, rational, apd erellchaichsaciey ofthe USA. An cxample of isis Luskmann' (1967 29-35) eopelsion hat “The ost ‘moder ofthe entries under discussion, te United Sates, sos the Aiphest degree of involvement In church region” As aad sted ove, he explains it bythe neon ofthe “itera sectlrzation” of he ‘American ehuches: Toy the secs is of the Arian Drenm pede chutch eon, ‘Tareas social sn poche ncn wc he hres er foc amanactor sot ups che ed Inula be clered "sea thar than “gow the ‘ew the caches tena bald of ensches (ae 76. Inthe Faster European world tis of seculariantion ae lined {0 church practice and the alles ofthe peopl. A manifes policy of lication ins seulrized these soci. On the base of soesogisl Stes, theft i to evaluate the succes of eet and inst ‘ee pcs in “overcoming eign”This laczaton policy was based on Mist though For Marx (196th 378 he bask ela of eign that man made religion, {ot religion that made man” Religion isthe outward sign of rea iisery and potest agaist Religion i the sigh of creature op pressed by mitotane, bu tls "te opium ofthe people Religion pe torn af allenton par excellence (Calves, 196938). Hence tis inthe el nese! he people fo abelshrlgon “as an ilar hap Pines the opie’. This implies that aston that neds sions Shon te changed. “The erg of religion Is alsa nemo, the gue ofthe vale of tsar of wc lin is he hal (Mars, 19610 ‘Shon Marx's cre goes well beyond Bavers. In Zar Jadenrage he “wes. "the emancipation ofthe state om rego no the emancipe {on of the real man from religion” (I96la: 361). The privatization of religion Ts nt enoug the emancipation of man presupposes 3 real "Ehiguc ot relgon end alteration, which implies estgue of the real ‘void (19618: 379) Consequeny a Marxist wil build a social work That isnot based on oppression ands task of denouneing religion as thillsion subordinated To this “The rue happiness of Te people ‘auies tha rlgon beng an ilusory bls tothe peopl, be abalishe. {Fatenoanc the sions of our station fs a demand 1 renounce @ ‘Maron tht needs isons (bars, 19618 379). Abd in the Manifest der Kommamistocher Partl he and txgel lo expres te relationship ferwcen religion an oppression For the potartrlgon avs ard oral are, "as s0 mary bourgcos pedis, Behind wih jst 65 tary boorgois nest re de” (1989: 472), Lenin, to, believed tit the deepes os af lion ay in he so- cial oppression ofthe masses (Tmateyey, 1974 4) and, nthe USSR, ‘begun balding a sotety tha sould pot ned religion. Such a society troll both “private ownership ofthe mears of production” and is ndvancement becomes scenic controled proces. This makes it posible to prevent the nogative consequences wich often esl from Thespread othe est ethos of sensing production inthe capital SSehumties" (ee 4and 71). Bu, although "he Bolsheviks bleed that withthe abition of esnomie explain of man by man ligon| ‘would geal wither away they rized "tat the forces of ection Mould remain a work in Soviet seit during the early years f sociale Feonsracion’. Ara consoquence "they thought I nsessay to apt Imesoures to basin the dying out of religion YLane, 1978: 27), Hence they withdrew al soit support fom religion ard disseminated vigor (he scene educatonal tad ant-cigous propaganda The main provisions ofthe T918 detec on religion sel his policy. eta Finer he “tetom of conscience for individu wath a eavy emphasis fn ie righs of alts rater han ellovers™ and aso decreed that eae 0 Sena reign is “an ently private marr” the pracice of which shouldnt nerfre with the rights of ter people iize's oe ebligations" ‘Ate same ine they separated the church fom the sate and ro he ‘Schools (2c: 2). Lar elation confined "hs plicy of Gety {esting and conaling the aetvites of religous enganiatons and har members Tn addon,» miltant helt eanpsig was supported By tei propssanda and eatin (02-29) Mest sus of reign inthe USSR. now fc i seems tome, on ingividal bshavion membership figures, soi-demoerphic drow tion ard sol compostion of churches and secs andthe nature ofthe ‘egius commitment of tit members Lane, 197) This ses foe a conqience ofthe ft that nthe Soviet Union an ander. Sading of etigius phenomena“ sl ought fer the ead tional fom the soca if fa saci occ" 13). The sae can be sid of the sociology’ of religon of most othr count stats (2 Klokt, 1966 ond 1967 Let ws ake Balai a fat and yp example, Ocvkov has published in 182 the els af 'najor stay on religion and in 1968 one on town and village ie {isos 998h aod TBE). Accoding to Marsisteninst theo, & Sspotsis was format ha region io Bulgaria was doomed 0 pea av esl ofthe change fom a apt ascii sity Sich charge inpliod "ihe setlist ownerhip ofthe meas of prod tion and cansguently the disappearance ofthe “clases of expats wih ils the “taste oe roo of reign, “However th does ‘olen o te immediate and automate disappearance o gon ~ due tain to ft ht religion, ssh every ther man re of soi Hit oneses cern relative independence” (Oxhavon. 1978: 299 3100) The new economic bases alo changed fer component of he ie sock that have helped to overcome religion eicaen and Communication have raised tbe level of scenic and other types of Knowledge" and pies has hd effects on "he plea como: ‘ese whlch sof scene aur Paitin also privatize lion, ‘roving "s possibly forthe fonction of reign othe ext fo Which il constises «ned or part o the members of ow sate” (ees 300°30), “The Marxist-Leninist hypothesis is then checked, using s dependent ‘aables membership fn an commitment to regis ose. and ex ingen nis te sees vel fan en ibis atendance at ula meting, and tcl lve ote abot fice, Ochavkov ses as 4 res of Naas the “very rong inten of ils education According fo hi, felon Hinges ot ner the nance of rls pares a, paul, OF regions ‘ondpments,owe wf he fit tt by ie fe ipa dmeephic tein ioe whet pone fy wn ‘Sigs ti emo mre ese pam eon ony wl: oe pehDne ans pce hv os ey mens Se sity ee el avn et taneny cheer (of SN Soha whew cal cnly tease th he Blpen pope (it ote Gs tag of commer ws set co Foo wn Ochavhoy’s exlntion proves to be split when data fen Poland and th er easter toni states re cosided,Sieces Gat (1977.42) coroboat th ssncton teen thee! fee ten nd church comment bathe comparive sty reves hat tht ae ga dienes nde feiss commitment sone these ste Plan having th bight popoton of blvers He ug fe at uals or tan hose bas on te scene of ao Macias ay secu fr te. diences between. he Teipost Comment of eats of dienes socal ste such Sarblr might nde he pe of eo et na predominant pot tebe ave of conoid selon oe sin nd cps Sly, cdo ofthe Caches Coch Mest Poland) pails cuchsens Sd pubic relists “Fol ad Faso rnin of eis bee and values wit spec Mt ete bean pss fal shui ats hace isn ys piper anon in he clone opr fom he wettouht ou belt eyo 40), We shall come tack to the hype Ht expan feet church commitment th Estery Eomopesn ssa ums Al ha Sere tp ha snes em be tac betwen craton {nova Seureton Inthe Wen, the dele of chk co iment an socal carat an be expe by the sae po {Sint Ze sos changes hat bo he sv and commana ds Sn poi oppostonbtvean the ccs and ts new seis oF Sceliow Esh. Ars res del of church commiment 0 tan san nro soil seeslinon (ikon, 1962139) In Ester Europe the india conned foe the fmt bssbon of tel nailed soe wht th epost 0 of religion lal “presion"an "scmemic expliaion re sla and rig is keds an ison by Seni” acai propegnds Pvte icici stl survives: bt which sccring oe schemes of Fish musa, doomed tose, wis way veya {Sema depending ny among ote ange ereolonary Tato ch ad se nd fe ese com rae Ora tacos ‘So much, then the vey general and broad outine ofthe theories of secularization asa proces of social seclaization, and te ks beeen societal seslarization, organizational seculrzaton, and di ‘is secutsrization In the lowing chapters these terfes will Be {rely analyzed in more detaEpilogue Societal and Individual Socularization: A Relationship Societal secularization i consequence of the proces of functional «isfrenaton on the socical level an the autonomtzation ofthe soe tal subsystems. Dignosng the lose of religion's influence fn the 50> alle sceular word the members ofthe elglus substan were the Fis to talk about seculrzaten If sectlrztion is nly the patel ato of the genoa poseses of futon difretaton fn the li tows sub-system, shoul we then ean te fem? Sine the term pols fGwands a spol social Cont, «elpiouny based rence 10 Tunctonal nd than nthe religious mixed counts onary, the Nea nd United Kingdom (esp. 10.8. 20,1 and 17.7 per cond, Te clear that RCT eannot explain hese data, ‘The problem wih RCT i hat it measures religious pluralism and uses thet th competion. I we tke the Se of competion aer= ‘iy then RCT soul be extended. In many Europea cous there {S's compziion between churches and religous movements onthe Ope and ar socal movements wth and alii meaning ste, fom theater it then weave Bak onthe level ofthe tule rt [ain of society: binging actors ack in in the process of social ‘ecclrintian, On the level a he iid, one could use cas of the RCT to analy the effect ofthese socitl cont on individual sect larization. ut more important, instead of menuring only religions pluralism, ope shoud measur the inpact of competing meaning 33 {ems religous, aeigious and antrreligious~ onthe behav, the ‘pions and tite ofthe iil. By 0 doing. socilouss of ‘eligi might combine both torte approaches a maybe intr ttf them, This should bing further in understanding human bea forthan the ste discussion about which part he wor Europe or the USA isthe exception andthe apoditcSlF-afiaton tht one's approach isthe only val one dsryading the results of the eter Sppraches. 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I thee a ew human religiosity inthe making? “Tis aie wl ry to rng together wines, hikers bievers and pon Televen hula scent of rlgon, theologians, payebologit, So ‘Slog, phiowophrs and general wre, om dec cules and an tinge to offers trode penpatve on one of he Key ise of ow ‘roe caton inthe making Sere tor Gabriel Paco. Former Recor of he College of Ewope (Brags and Profesor atthe Conta Ewopoan Unverty (Sr) ‘No. Kare Doone AER, Seearzaian: An Anal a Tre Lawl, Putte tang, ass, 200, 2 priming 2008, [58 0:S20-98S1 'No2Pater Cid Oxune, Toward An African Tog he Iho ‘Coen Nora, PLE Peter Lang, esl, 202, SBN Sos 978 Nod: John Bossa FAs lashing Ctr. nang Nonwihstandng ‘Chron An Edy, PLE, Peter Lan, Bessel, 2002 ISBN, so-sn019e3$ [N°-4- liza CA J-VISUVALINGI, Balan tree proton pes, est es 0 Benes 8 Kamando, PLE Pee ang. ‘nls, 2003, 1S8N/90-201-173-7