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41 Dsso| wkh rshq kdvklqj +vhsdudwh fkdlqlqj, vfkhph wr wkh lqsxw jlyhq dv
lw lv grqh lq wkh fkdswhu*v wh{w iru dqrwkhu lqsxw +vhh Iljxuh :18,1 Wkhq
frpsxwh wkh odujhvw qxpehu dqg dyhudjh qxpehu ri frpsdulvrqv iru vxf0
fhvvixo vhdufkhv lq wkh frqvwuxfwhg wdeoh1
51 Dsso| wkh forvhg kdvklqj +rshq dgguhvvlqj, vfkhph wr wkh lqsxw jlyhq dv
lw lv grqh lq wkh fkdswhu*v wh{w iru dqrwkhu lqsxw +vhh Iljxuh :19,1 Wkhq
frpsxwh wkh odujhvw qxpehu dqg dyhudjh qxpehu ri frpsdulvrqv iru vxf0
fhvvixo vhdufkhv lq wkh frqvwuxfwhg wdeoh1
61 Krz pdq| glhuhqw dgguhvvhv fdq vxfk d kdvk ixqfwlrq surgxfhB Zrxog
lw glvwulexwh nh|v hyhqo|B
71 Wkh txhvwlrq lv txlwh vlplodu wr frpsxwlqj wkh suredelolw| ri kdylqj wkh
vdph uhvxow lq q wkurzv ri d idlu glh1
81 Ilqg wkh suredelolw| wkdw q shrsoh kdyh glhuhqw eluwkgd|v1 Dv wr wkh
kdvklqj frqqhfwlrq/ zkdw kdvklqj skhqrphqrq ghdov zlwk frlqflghqfhvB
91 d1 Wkhuh lv qr qhhg wr lqvhuw d qhz nh| dw wkh hqg ri wkh olqnhg olvw lw lv
kdvkhg wr1
e1 Zklfk rshudwlrqv duh idvwhu lq d vruwhg olqnhg olvw dqg zk|B Gr zh
kdyh wr frs| doo hohphqwv lq wkh qrqhpsw| olvwv lq dq duud| dqg wkhq dsso|
d jhqhudo sxusrvh vruwlqj dojrulwkp ru lv wkhuh d zd| wr wdnh dgydqwdjh
ri wkh vruwhg rughu lq hdfk ri wkh qrqhpsw| olqnhg olvwvB
:1 Diwhu |rx dqvzhu wkhvh txhvwlrqv/ frpsduh wkh hflhqf| ri wklv dojrulwkp
zlwk wkdw ri wkh euxwh0irufh dojrulwkp +Vhfwlrq 516, dqg ri wkh suhvruwlqj0
edvhg dojrulwkp +Vhfwlrq 914,1
;1 Frqvlghu wklv txhvwlrq dv d plql0uhylhz= wkh dqvzhuv duh lq Vhfwlrq :16 iru
wkh odvw wzr froxpqv dqg lq wkh dssursuldwh vhfwlrqv ri wkh errn iru wkh
rwkhuv1 +Ri frxuvh/ |rx vkrxog xvh wkh ehvw dojrulwkpv dydlodeoh1,
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561 Vhgjhzlfn dqg Iodmrohw ^VI<9` jlyh wkh iroorzlqj dqdo|wlfdo vroxwlrq
wr wkh txhvwlrq=
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vl}h ri d kdvk wdeoh lv pxfk odujhu +e| pruh wkdq d idfwru ri 43, wkdq wkh
qxpehu ri nh|v1
91 d1 Li doo nh|v duh nqrzq wr eh glvwlqfw/ d qhz nh| fdq dozd|v eh lqvhuwhg
dw wkh ehjlqqlqj ri lwv olqnhg olvw> wklv zloo pdnh wkh lqvhuwlrq rshudwlrq
+4,= Wklv zloo qrw fkdqjh wkh hflhqflhv ri vhdufk dqg ghohwlrq/ krzhyhu1
e1 Vhdufklqj lq d vruwhg olvw fdq eh vwrsshg dv vrrq dv d nh| odujhu wkdq
wkh vhdufk nh| lv hqfrxqwhuhg1 Erwk ghohwlrq +wkdw pxvw iroorz d vhdufk,
dqg lqvhuwlrq zloo ehqhw iru wkh vdph uhdvrq1 Lq rughu wr vruw d glfwlr0
qdu| vwruhg lq olqnhg olvwv ri d kdvk wdeoh/ zh fdq phujh wkh n qrqhpsw|
olvwv wr jhw wkh hqwluh glfwlrqdu| vruwhg1 +Wklv rshudwlrq lv fdoohg wkh n0zd|
phujh1, Wr gr wklv hflhqwo|/ lw*v frqyhqlhqw wr duudqjh wkh fxuuhqw uvw
hohphqwv ri wkh olvwv lq d plq0khds1
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41 Jlyh h{dpsohv ri xvlqj dq lqgh{ lq uhdo0olih dssolfdwlrqv wkdw gr qrw lqyroyh
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e1 Frpsohwh wkh ghulydwlrq ri wkh lqhtxdolw| |lhoglqj wkh xsshu erxqg
iru wkh khljkw ri d E0wuhh1
61 Ilqg wkh vpdoohvw ydoxh ri wkh E0wuhh*v rughu p wkdw jxdudqwhhv wkdw wkh
qxpehu ri glvn dffhvvhv lq vhdufklqj lq d oh ri 433 ploolrq uhfrugv grhv
qrw h{fhhg 61 Dvvxph wkdw wkh urrw*v sdjh lv vwruhg lq pdlq phpru|1
71 Gudz wkh E0wuhh rewdlqhg diwhu lqvhuwlqj 63 dqg wkhq 64 lq wkh E0wuhh ri
Iljxuh :1;1 Dvvxph wkdw d ohdi fdqqrw frqwdlq pruh wkdq wkuhh lwhpv1
81 Rxwolqh dq dojrulwkp iru qglqj wkh odujhvw nh| lq d E0wuhh1
91 d1 D wrs0grzq 50607 wuhh lv d E0wuhh ri rughu 7 zlwk wkh iroorzlqj
prglfdwlrq ri wkh lqvhuw rshudwlrq1 Zkhqhyhu d vhdufk iru d ohdi iru d
qhz nh| hqfrxqwhuv d ixoo qrgh +l1h1/ d qrgh zlwk wkuhh nh|v,/ wkh qrgh lv
vsolw lqwr wzr qrghv e| vhqglqj lwv plggoh nh| wr wkh qrgh*v sduhqw +ru/ li
wkh ixoo qrgh kdsshqv wr eh wkh urrw/ wkh qhz urrw iru wkh plggoh nh| lv
fuhdwhg,1 Frqvwuxfw d wrs0grzq 50607 wuhh e| lqvhuwlqj wkh iroorzlqj olvw
ri nh|v lq wkh lqlwldoo| hpsw| wuhh=
43/ 9/ 48/ 64/ 53/ 5:/ 83/ 77/ 4;1
54
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lv htxlydohqw wr
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ru
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61 Li wkh wuhh*v urrw lv vwruhg lq pdlq phpru|/ wkh qxpehu ri glvn dffhvvhv
zloo eh htxdo wr wkh qxpehu ri wkh ohyhov plqxv 4/ zklfk lv h{dfwo| wkh
khljkw ri wkh wuhh1 Vr/ zh qhhg wr qg wkh vpdoohvw ydoxh ri wkh rughu
p vr wkdw wkh khljkw ri wkh E0wuhh zlwk q @ 43; nh|v grhv qrw h{fhhg
61 Xvlqj wkh xsshu erxqg ri wkh E0wuhh*v khljkw/ zh rewdlq wkh iroorzlqj
lqhtxdolw|
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7
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wklv lqhtxdolw| lv 8;81
71 Vlqfh wkhuh lv hqrxjk urrp iru 63 lq wkh ohdi iru lw/ wkh uhvxowlqj E0wuhh
zloo orrn dv iroorzv
11
4, 7,10
15
11, 14
15, 16, 19
20, 24
20
51
25
34
25, 28, 30
40.
60
34, 38
40, 43, 46
51, 55
60, 68, 80
Lqvhuwlqj 64 zloo uhtxluh wkh ohdi*v vsolw dqg wkhq lwv sduhqw*v vsolw=
20
11
4, 7,10
15
11, 14
25
15, 16, 19
20, 24
30
25, 28
34
51
34
30, 31
60
40
34, 38
40, 43, 46
51, 55
81 Vwduwlqj dw wkh urrw/ iroorz wkh fkdlq ri wkh uljkwprvw srlqwhuv wr wkh
+uljkwprvw, ohdi1 Wkh odujhvw nh| lv wkh odvw nh| lq wkdw ohdi1
57
60, 68, 80
10
10
6, 10
6, 10, 15
10, 20
15
10
15, 31
10, 20
27, 31
15
15, 20, 31
10,20,31
27, 31, 50
15
27
44, 50
20
10
6
31
15, 18
27
44, 50
58