The Mechanical Translation of the Torah

The Torah in Ancient Hebrew

Edited by
Jeff A. Benner

Published by
Ancient Hebrew Research Center

Website
http://www.mechanical-translation.org

August 16, 2014

The Mechanical Translation of the Torah

The Torah in Ancient Hebrew

Contents
ABOUT THE ANCIENT HEBREW TORAH ........................................................................................ 3

....................................................................................................................................... 6
................................................................................................................................................ 44
.............................................................................................................................................. 75
........................................................................................................................................ 97
........................................................................................................................................ 128

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The Mechanical Translation of the Torah

The Torah in Ancient Hebrew

About the Ancient Hebrew Torah

The Waw and Yud
Until 1947, the oldest manuscript of the Hebrew Bible was the Codex Leningrad which is dated
to around 1,000 A.D. With the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947 we now have
manuscripts that are 1000 years older than the Codex Leningrad. While the Hebrew texts from
the Dead Sea Scrolls (2000 years old) and the Hebrew text from the Codex Leningrad (1000
years old) are very similar, there are differences. One of the largest differences is the vowels
used for the text. Throughout the Codex Leningrad vowel sound are represented by dots and
dashes placed above and below the letters. For instance, the Hebrew word for 'no', as it appears
in the codex, is ( lo). The dot above the letter aleph is called a hholam and represents the vowel
sound 'o'. These dots and dashes (called nikkudot, nikkud in the singular) were created by the
Masorites during the time the codex Leningrad was written. The Dead Sea Scrolls, written long
before the Masorites, used the letter

(waw, vav in Modern Hebrew) for the consonant 'w,' but

also the vowel sound 'o'. Throughout the Dead Sea Scrolls this word appears as

In the

( dawid). The dot, called the hhireq, below the

the Dead Sea Scrolls the name David is written as

Masoretic text the name David is written as

represents the 'i' sound. However, in

where the letter ( yud) is used for the 'i' sound.

From the vast amount of manuscripts unearthed in the Dead Sea Caves it has been discovered
that the letters waw and yud (and to a lesser extent the letters hey and aleph) were widely used as
vowels. When and why they were removed from the text and replaced with the nikkudot
appears to be a mystery. In the Ancient Hebrew Torah all of the hholam and hhireq nikkudot have
been replaced with the letter waw and yud respectively in order to attempt to restore the text to
its pre-Masoretic state. The reinsertions of these vowels will also aid in the pronunciation of the
text.

The Shin, Sin and Samehh

In the Modern Hebrew alphabet the letter shin ( )represents two different sounds, a "sh" and
an "s". To differentiate between these two sounds, a dot is placed above the shin in different
locations. For the "sh" sound, the dot is placed on the right ( )and is called a shin and for the "s"
sound it is placed on the left ( )and called a sin.
In most cases, words spelled with the sin ( )are more closely related in meaning with words
spelled with the samehh (). In addition, Hebrew words in the Masoretic text spelled with the
sin ( )in some places, are also written with a samehh in other places. For these reasons, Hebrew
words that are spelled with a sin ( )in the Masoretic text, will be written with a samehh ( )in

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The Mechanical Translation of the Torah

The Torah in Ancient Hebrew

the Ancient Hebrew Torah. As an example, in the Masoretic text you will find the name

(yisra'el/Israel), but in the Ancient Hebrew Torah it will be written as .

The Pictographic Script

Because the original manuscripts of the Bible are long gone there is no way to know which
Hebrew script was used. We can make an educated guess that most of them were written with
the middle Hebrew script (also called Paleo-Hebrew) while the older books may have been
written in the early (or pictographic) Hebrew script. The Ancient Hebrew Torah employs the early
Hebrew script for the sole reason that this script is the foundation to all later scripts. In addition,
each pictographic letter represents an object of action and provides the concrete foundation to
the words of the text.

Book Names
The Ancient Hebrew Torah uses the Hebrew names for each of the books. ( bereshiyt)
is Genesis; ( shemot) is Exodus; ( wayiqra) is Leviticus; ( bemidbar)
is Numbers and ( devariym) is Deuteronomy.

Chapter and Verse Numbers

The original texts did not include a numbering system for the chapters ( paraq) or verses;
these were added later for ease of finding a particular passage within the text. The Ancient
Hebrew Torah includes the traditional Hebrew Bible numbering system for the same reason.

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The Mechanical Translation of the Torah

The Torah in Ancient Hebrew

The Ancient Hebrew Alphabet

Jeff A. Benner

Early

Modern

Name

Picture

Meaning

Aleph

Ox head

Strong, Power,
Leader

Beyt

Tent
floorplan

Family, House, In

Gimal

Foot

Gather, Walk

Dalet

Door

Hey

Man with
arms raised

Vav

Tent peg

Zayin

Mattock

Chet

Tent wall

Tet

Basket

Yud

Arm and
closed hand

Kaph

Open palm

Lamed

Shepherd
Staff

Mem

Water

Nun

Seed

Samech

Thorn

Ayin

Eye

Pey

Mouth

Tsade

Quph

Resh

Shin

Tav

Man on his
side
Sun on the
horizon
Head of a
man
Two front
teeth
Crossed
sticks

Page 5

Move, Hang,
Entrance
Look, Reveal,
Breath
Add, Secure,
Hook
Food, Cut,
Nourish
Outside, Divide,
Half
Surround,
Contain, Mud
Work, Throw,
Worship
Bend, Open,
Allow, Tame
Teach, Yoke, To,
Bind
Chaos, Mighty,
Blood
Continue, Heir,
Son
Grab, Hate,
Protect
Watch, Know,
Shade
Blow, Scatter,
Edge
Wait, Chase,
Snare, Hunt
Condense, Circle,
Time
First, Top,
Beginning
Sharp, Press, Eat,
Two
Mark, Sign, Signal,
Monument

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The Torah in Ancient Hebrew - Bereshiyt

Bereshiyt / Genesis
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The Torah in Ancient Hebrew - Shemot

Shemot / Exodus
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