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Electricity Notes

The document provides an overview of electricity including its generation through the movement of electrons, key discoveries and inventions throughout history related to electricity, sources of electricity generation, how electricity is transmitted through power grids, static electricity, conductors and insulators, Coulomb's law describing the electrical force between charges, electric fields created by charges, and the definition of electric current. Key topics covered include electricity being generated by electron movement, the power grid system for transmitting electricity, and Coulomb's law quantifying the electrical force between charges.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
194 views35 pages

Electricity Notes

The document provides an overview of electricity including its generation through the movement of electrons, key discoveries and inventions throughout history related to electricity, sources of electricity generation, how electricity is transmitted through power grids, static electricity, conductors and insulators, Coulomb's law describing the electrical force between charges, electric fields created by charges, and the definition of electric current. Key topics covered include electricity being generated by electron movement, the power grid system for transmitting electricity, and Coulomb's law quantifying the electrical force between charges.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electricity

Sta%c Electricity, Electric Fields, Currents, and Circuits

What is Electricity?
Electricity is generated through the movement of

%ny charged atomic par%cles, electrons.


Protons = posi%ve (+)
Electrons = nega%ve (-)

electron

neutron

proton

Electricity Timeline
1752 Lightning Rod
Ben Franklin
1800 Electric BaMery

1920 Trac Light


GarreM Morgan
1927 Television

1805 Refrigerator
Oliver Evans
1876 Telephone
Philo T. Farnsworth
1879 Light Bulb
Thomas Edison
1988- AC Power
Nikola Tesla
1910 Flashlight
Conrad Hubert

1945 Computer

Count Alessandro Volta

Philo T. Farnsworth
Mauchley and Eckert

1954 Microwave
Percy Spencer
1955 TV Remote
Eugene Polley
1973 Internet
Vinton Cerf

1991- WWW

Tim Berners-Lee

Sources of Electricity
Thermal
Geothermal
Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind

The Power Grid


Energy from power sources is converted at power

plants into electricity and then put onto the Electric


Power Grid.

Electric Power Grid


Power Plants
Transmission Lines
Substa%ons
Power Lines
Transformers
Electrical Wiring and Circuit Box

Static Electricity (Review)


Sta$c electricity is the accumula%on of excess

electric charges on an object.

Electrons are transferred from one material to

another, accumula%ng charge.


Charge is conserved (e move from one object to
another)
Charged objects can aMract neutral objects
PHet Simula%on

Conductors and Insulators


Electrical insulators are materials in which charges will not

move easily, remain sta%c.


Ex. Glass, plas%cs, cloth

Electrical conductors are materials, such as most metals, that

allow charges to ow freely.

Insulator

Conductor

Electrical Force
Electrical forces must be strong because they can

produce accelera%ons larger than the


accelera%on of gravity.
Gravity is an aMrac%ve force

Electrical forces can be repulsive or aMrac%ve

An electroscope is a device used for detec%ng

electrical charges.

Charging by conduc%on
Why doesnt the electroscope have a plas%c rod?

Coulombs Law
Charges exert force on other charges over a distance
The closer together the charges the stronger the force between
them
Charles Coulomb measured the force between two charged

spheres. From his experiments Coulomb developed the


following rela%onship:

K=9.0x109 Nm2/C2

Electrons and protons have equal but opposite charge


Magnitude = 1.60x10-19 C

Coulombs Law (Practice Problem)


An object with a charge of -6.0x10-6 C exerts an aMrac%ve force

of 65 N on a second charge 0.050 m away. What is the


magnitude of the second charge?

Electric Fields
Michael Faraday developed the concept of the electric eld,
A charge creates an electric eld in all direc%ons. If a second
charge is introduced into the eld, the charges interact.
The electric eld is a vector quan%ty that relates the force
exerted on a test charge to the size of the test charge

Calculating an Electric Field


An electric eld, of charge q, can only be measured by the force

it produces on a test charge, q

The magnitude of the electric eld is measured in N/C


The direc%on of the electric eld is the direc%on of the force on

the test charge


Test charge must be small since it exerts a force on q as well

Calculating an Electric Field (Practice Problem)


A posi%ve test charge, 5.0x10-4 C, is placed in an electric eld

that exerts a force of 2.5x10-4 N on the test charge. What is the


magnitude of the electric eld at the the test charge?

Picturing an Electric Field

Picturing an Electric Field (Practice Problem)

Electric Current
The ow of charged par%cles is called an electric current (I)
Measured in amperes, or amps (A)
1 ampere is equal to 1 C/s (coulomb of charge per second)

The electrons ow from areas of higher electric poten%al to

areas of lower electric poten%al.

This dierence in electrical poten%al between two area where e

are owing is the voltage.


Measured in volts (V) which is equal to a J/C (Joule per coulomb of

charge)

Electric Current

Electric Power
Electrical power is the rate at which electricity (electrical

energy) is converted into another form of energy

Power is expressed in waMs (W) or kilowaMs (kW)


1 W = 1 J/s

Electric Power (Practice Problem)


What is the current through a 75-W light bulb connected to a

120-V outlet?

Electric Current
Resistance is the opposi%on to the ow of e-
Changes electrical energy into thermal energy and/or light
Measured in ohms ()
Wire is resistance greater for:
Longer wires
Thinner wires
Higher temperatures
Conductors have less resistance than insulators (Why?)

Ohms Law
Resistance is dened as the ra%o of the poten%al dierence, V,

to the current, I

Resistors are devices designed to have a specic resistance

Ohms Law (Practice Problem)


A transistor radio uses 2.0x10-4 A of current when it is operated

by a 3.0-V baMery. What is the resistance of the radio circuit?

Thermal Energy
Space heaters, hot plates, hair straighteners convert electrical

energy into thermal energy

Thermal Energy = power of system x %me run

Energy is expressed as kilowaM-hour.


(1000 waMs expended over 1 hour)

This is what we buy from the electric company

Thermal Energy (Practice Problem)


The resistance of an electric stove element at opera%ng

temperature is 11 .

A. If 220 V are applied across it, what is the current through the

stove element?
How much energy does the element convert to thermal energy in
30.0 s?

Electric Circuits
An electric circuit is a conduc%ng closed loop path
BaMeries are e pumps
They provide a voltage dierence to a circuit

Series Circuits
Series circuits
One path
Any break in the circuit & all devices go out
Current is the same throughout the circuit

Series Circuits Calculations


Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
Voltage drop for each Resistor is V1,2,3 = I R1,2,3
so, Vtotal = I R1 + I R2 + I R3
or, Vtotal = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
Itotal = V (R1 + R2 + R3)

Series Circuits (Practice Problem)


What is the current of the following circuit?

Series Circuits (Practice Problem)


What is the total voltage and the voltage across each resistor in

the following circuit with a 0.5 amp current?

Parallel Circuits
Parallel Circuit
Mul%ple paths
If a break occurs in one branch, the other branches stay on
Voltage is the same in each branch, but current and resistance

may be dierent

Parallel Circuits Calculations


V is the same across the circuit
Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3
since Itotal = V R and I1 = V R1
Then-

or-

Parallel Circuits (Practice Problem)


Calculate the total current of the circuit below.

Parallel Circuits (Practice Problem)


Calculate the current owing out of R3 then calculate R1, R2, R3,

and Rtotal

Combined Circuits
Circuits u%lizing resistors in series and parallel arrangements

require mul%ple to calculate the total resistance.

Combined Circuits (Practice Problem)


What is the total resistance in the circuit?

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