SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (DO-DOES)

Do you write an e-mail every day?

No, I do not write an e-mail every day. No, I dont.
Yes, I write an e-mail every day. Yes, I do.
Do you do the homework at home?
No, I do not do the homework at home. No, I dont.
Yes, I do the homework at home. Yes, I do.
Does Marcela write on the board?
No, she does not write on the board. No, she doesnt.
Yes, she writes on the board. Yes, she does.
Subject Pronoun
Tense

Auxiliary for Simple Present

I/WE/YOU/THEY

DO

HE/SHE/IT

DOES

USE:

Taken from the web.

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or
normal.
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.
I take the train to the office.
John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.
2. For facts.
The President of The USA lives in The White House.
We come from Switzerland.
3. For habits.
I get up early every day.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
4. For things that are always / generally true.
It rains a lot in winter.
The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.

Verb Conjugation & Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO).
In general, in the third person we add 'S'.
Subject
Verb
I / you / we / they speak / learn
he / she / it

The Rest of the sentence

English at home
English at home

speaks / learns

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.
go goes
catch catches
wash washes
kiss kisses
fix fixes
buzz buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.
marry marries
study studies
carry carries
worry worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

play plays
enjoy enjoys
say says

SIMPLE PAST TENSE (DID)

Did Manuela work in Italy three years ago?

No, she did not work in Italy three years ago. No, she didnt.
Yes, she worked in Italy three years ago. Yes, she did.
Did Marcela write on the board yesterday?
No, she did not write on the board yesterday. No, she didnt.
Yes, she wrote on the board yesterday. Yes, she did.
Did you do the homework last night?
No, I did not do the homework last night. No, I didnt.
Yes, I did the homework last night. Yes, I did.
Subject Pronoun

Auxiliary for Simple Past Tense

I/WE/YOU/THEY/HE/SHE/IT

DID

VERBS

REGULAR VERBS
PRESENT

PAST

IRREGULAR VERBS
PRESENT

PAST

Help
Study
Enjoy
Test
Miss
Decide

Helped
Write
Wrote
Studied
Run
Ran
Enjoyed
Take
Took
Tested
See
Saw
Missed
Decided
Come
Came
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past.

The spelling of the simple past form (-ed forms)

Taken from the web.

You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you
continue the lesson study the following examples and try to see how the
verbs are spelled.

Verbs ending in a...

1. silent e

2. vowel + y

3. consonant
+y

4. other
forms

marry =
close = closed
married
play = played
carry =
destroy =
die = died
carried
destroyed
phone =
show = showed study =
phoned
studied

visit = visited
miss = missed
watch =
watched
finish =
finished
fix = fixed
buzz = buzzed

The rules of the simple past tense forms:

Here are the rules:

1. Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and
past participle:
Example:
close=closed
2. Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past
and past participle:
Example:
play=played
3. Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple
past and past participle (the y becomes an i followed by /-ed/)
Example:
marry=married
4. All the other regular vebs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past
participle.
Example:
visit=visited
Special cases of the -ed forms:

Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)

If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word,

double the consonant
stop stopped
ban - banned
swap swapped

If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it:

open - opened (Here the stress is on'o', not the 'e'.)
offer - offered ( Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)

In British English we double the last l even though the last vowel is not stressed. Here are
some examples:

travel - travelled
cancel - cancelled
level - levelled
marvel - marvelled

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (WILL)

Will you do the homework at home?
No, I will not do the homework at home. No, I wont.
Yes, I will do the homework at home. Yes, I will.
Will Marcela write on the board?
No, she will not write on the board. No, she wont.
Yes, she will write on the board. Yes, she will.
Subject Pronoun
Tense

Auxiliary for Simple Future

I/WE/YOU/THEY/HE/SHE/IT
Subject Pronoun + WILL
S.P. + WILL
I
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL

WILL
Contractions with:
ILL
HELL
SHELL
ITLL
WELL
YOULL
THEYLL

FUTURE WITH: BE GOING TO (future for definite plans)

Are you going to do the homework at home?
No, I am not going to do the homework at home. No, Im not.
Yes, I am going to do the homework at home. Yes, I am.
Is Marcela going to write on the board?
No, she is not going to write on the board. No, she isnt.
Yes, she is going to write on the board. Yes, she is.
Subject Pronoun
Present)

Auxiliary: VERB TO BE (In

AM

HE/SHE/IT

IS

WE/YOU/THEY

ARE

VERB TO BE Present - (Am-Is-Are)

Are you a chemist?

No, I am not a chemist. No, Im not.
Yes, I am a chemist. Yes, I am.
Is Nicole an engineer?
No, she is not an engineer. No, she isnt.
Yes, she is an engineer. Yes, she is.
Are you in France?
No, I am not in France. No, Im not.
Yes, I am in France. Yes, I am.

Subject Pronoun
(Present)

Auxiliary: VERB TO BE

AM

HE/SHE/IT

IS

WE/YOU/THEY

ARE

Subject Pronoun + VERB TO BE Contractions with: S.P. + BE (Affirmative)

BE (Negative)

S.P. +

I
HE
SHE
IT
WE

NOT
ISNT
ISNT
ISNT
WE

YOU

AM
IS
IS
IS
ARE
ARENT
ARE
ARENT

IM
HES
SHES
ITS
WERE
YOURE

VERB TO BE Past - (Was-Were)

Were you a chemist 10 years ago?
No, I was not a chemist 10 years ago. No, I wasnt.
Yes, I was a chemist 10 years ago. Yes, I was.

I AM
HE
SHE
IT

YOU

Was Nicole an engineer 20 years ago?

No, she was not an engineer 20 years ago. No, she wasnt.
Yes. She was an engineer 20 years ago. Yes, she was.
Were Pablo and Michael in Europe last year?
No, they were not in Europe last year. No, they werent.
Yes, they were in Europe last year. Yes, they were.
Subject Pronoun
(Past)

Auxiliary: VERB TO BE

I/HE/SHE/IT

WAS

WE/YOU/THEY

WERE

Contractions with: S.P. + BE (Affirmative)

(Negative)

S.P. + BE

I
HE
SHE
IT
WE

I
HE
SHE
IT
WE

YOU

WAS
WAS
WAS
WAS
WERE
WERENT
WERE
WERENT

EXPRESSIONS USED WITH SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Last night
Yesterday
Last week
Last month
Last year
Five minutes ago
Two days ago
Four weeks ago
Eight months ago
The day before yesterday

YOU

WASNT
WASNT
WASNT
WASNT

VERB TO BE Future - (Will Be)

Will you be a chemist next year?
No, I will not be a chemist next year. No, I wont.
Yes, I will be a chemist next year. Yes, I will.
Will Nicole be an engineer tomorrow?
No, she will not be an engineer tomorrow. No, she wont.
Yes. She will be an engineer tomorrow. Yes, she will.
Will Pablo and Michael be in Europe in a couple of years?
No, they will not be in Europe in a couple of years. No, they wont.
Yes, they will be in Europe in a couple of years. Yes, they will.
Subject Pronoun
(Future)
I/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY

Auxiliary: VERB TO BE
WILL

PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVETENSE (ING)

Are you reading the science book now?
No, I am not reading the science book now. No, Im not.
Yes, I am reading the science book now. Yes, I am.
Is ugly Betty driving her car?
No, she is not driving her car. No, she isnt.
Yes, she is driving her car. Yes, she is.
RULES:
1. Drive driving
Take Taking
2. Run
Dig

Running
Digging

3. Die
Lie
Tie

Dying
Lying
Tying

SPELLING OF ING FORMS

If the word ends in -e,

drop the -e and add -ing.
Dance-Dancing.
Erase-Erasing.
Close-Closing.
Come-Coming
Take-Taking
Write-Writing
Erase-Erasing
Give-Giving.
Raise-Raising.
Paste-Pasting.
Live-Living.

1. Verbs that end in:

Consonant +E.

See-Seeing
Freeing.
Agree-Agreeing

Free-

Exception 2:
Shoe-Shoeing.
Canoeing.
Singe-Singeing.
Dyeing.

Ski-Skiing.
Canoe-

Tie=Tying.
Lie=Lying.
Die=Dying.

Two-syllable verbs:

One-syllable verbs:

2, Verbs that end in:

-IE

3, Verbs that end in:

Consonant+Vowel+Consonant

Exception 1: If a verb ends in

-EE, the final -E is not dropped:

OTHER CASES:

NOTE:
Do not be deceived by the following
verbs:

Sit-Sitting.
Put-Putting.
Get-Getting.
Plan-Planning.
Cut-Cutting
Let-Letting
Beg-Begging.
Drop-Dropping.
Listen-Listening.
Offer-Offering.
Open-Opening
Suffer-Suffering.
Begin-Beginning.
Prefer-Preferring.
Control-Controlling.
Forget-Forgetting
Panic-Panicking.
Mimic-Mimicking.
Picnic-Picnicking.
Call-Calling.
Comb-Combing.
Dream-Dreaming.
Loot-Looting.
Rain-Raining.
Raid-Raiding.
Bury-Burying
Destroy-destroying

Dye-

Change -IE to -Y, add -ING.

If a word ends in:

Consonant+Vowel+Consonant
double the last consonant.
Exception: -W and -X are not
doubled:
Plow-Plowing.
Fix-Fixing.
When the 1st syllable is
stressed do not add the
consonant at the end ot the
word.

When the 2nd syllable is

stressed add the consonant at
the end of the word.
For word ended in -IC add
-K+ING ending. There are not
too many of this kind.

All you have to do is to add

the ING
ending at the end of the word
and that's it.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (Have-Has)

Have you taken an orange?

No, I have not taken an orange. No, I havent.
Yes, I have taken an orange. Yes, I have.
Has Paula planted a new tree?
No, she has not planted a new tree. No, she hasnt.
Yes, she has planted a new tree. Yes, she has.
Present Perfect with: YET, ALREADY
Have you finished yet?
No, I have not finished yet.
Yes, I have already finished.
Subject Pronoun
Tense:

Auxiliary for Present Perfect

HE/SHE/IT

HAS

I/WE/YOU/THEY

HAVE
VERBS

REGULAR VERBS

IRREGULAR VERBS

PRESENT
PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPLE
Help
Written
Study
Run
Enjoy

PRESENT

PAST

PAST

Helped

Helped

Write

Wrote

Studied

Studied

Run

Ran

Enjoyed

Enjoyed

Take

Took

Taken

INFORMATION QUESTIONS (WH WORDS)

WHAT DO YOU DO EVERY DAY?

WHEN IS YOUR BIRTHDAY?
WHERE DO YOU LIVE?
WHERE ARE YOU FROM?
HOW DO YOU DO THAT?
WHAT IS THE WEATHER LIKE?
HOW OLD ARE YOU?
HOW MANY SIBLINGS DO YOU HAVE?
HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU HAVE IN YOUR WALLET?
WHO ARE YOU?
WHO DO YOU LIVE WITH?
WHICH COURSE WILL YOU TAKE?
WHOSE MARKER IS THAT?
WHY DO YOU WANT TO KNOW THAT?
WHAT IS THAT MONEY LOAN FOR?
WHOM DID YOU GO TO THE CINEMA WITH? / WITH WHOM DID YOU GO TO THE
CINEMA?

MODALS
COULD
COULD YOU GO TO THE AMUSEMENT PARK WITH LUISA?
NO, I COULD NOT GO TO THE AMUSEMENT PARK WITH LUISA. NO, I COULDNT.
YES, I COULD GO TO THE AMUSEMENT PARK WITH LUISA. YES, I COULD.
CAN
CAN YOU EXPLAIN TO ME THE ACTIVITY?
NO, I CANNOT EXPLAIN TO YOU THE ACTIVITY. NO, I CANT.
YES, I CAN EXPLAIN TO YOU THE ACTIVITY. YES, I CAN.
WOULD
WOULD YOU LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON?
NO, I WOULD NOT LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. NO, I WOULDNT.
YES, ID (I WOULD) LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. YES, I WOULD.
WILL
WILL YOU LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON?
NO, I WILL NOT LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. NO, I WONT.
YES, III (WILL) LISTEN TO MUSIC IN THE AFTERNOON. YES, I WILL.
SHOULD
SHOULD I GO TO THE MEETING?
NO, YOU SHOULD NOT GO TO THE MEETING. NO, YOU SHOULDNT.
YES, YOU SHOULD GO TO THE MEETING. YES, YOU SHOULD.
USED TO
DID YOU USE TO VISIT GERMANY ON VACATION?
NO, I DID NOT USE TO VISIT GERMANY ON VACATION.
YES, I USED TO VISIT GERMANY ON VACATION.
HAVE TO
DOES PETER HAVE TO DO THE HOMEWORK?
NO, HE DOES NOT HAVE TO DO THE HOMEWORK.
YES, HE HAS TO DO THE HOMEWORK.

THERE IS / THERE ARE

Is there a waste basket in the classroom?
No, there is not a waste basket in the classroom. No, there isnt.
Yes, there is a waste basket in the classroom. Yes, there is.
Are there (any) outlets in the classroom?
No, there are not (any) outlets in the classroom. No, there arent.
Yes, there are (some) outlets in the classroom. Yes, there are.

THERE WAS / THERE WERE

Was there a stapler in the stationary store?
No, there was not a stapler in the stationary store. No, there wasnt.
Yes, there was a stapler in the stationary store. Yes, there was.
Were there (any) hammers in the warehouse?
No, there were not (any) hammers in the warehouse. No, there werent.
Yes, there were (some) hammers in the warehouse. Yes, there were.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
Singular
WHAT IS THIS? (NEAR)
THIS IS A BOARD.

Plural
WHAT ARE THESE? (NEAR)
THESE ARE PAY PHONES.

WHAT IS THAT? (FAR)

THAT IS A LAPTOP.

WHAT ARE THOSE? (FAR)

THOSE ARE MARKERS.

CONJUNCTIONS (BUT, SO, AND, BECAUSE):

A part of the speech that connects sentences (connectors)

I
I
I
I

broke
broke
broke
broke

up
up
up
up

a
a
a
a

cup, but I fixed it with glue (CONTRAST).

cup, so I bought another one (CONSEQUENSE).
cup and I broke a plate (ADD INFORMATION).
cup because I dropped it (CAUSE).

Taken from: AMERICAN HEADWAY

2. I felt sick, so I went to bed.

3. I made a sandwich because I was hungry.
4. I took a shower and (I) washed my hair.
5. I lost my passport, but I found it in the back of the drawer.
6. I called the police because I heard a strange noise.
7. I ran out of coffee, so I bought some more.
8. I forgot her birthday, so I said (that) I was sorry.
9. The phone rang, so I answered it.
10. I told a joke, but nobody laughed.

SUBJECT

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
OBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE

POSSESSIVE

PRONOUN

ADJECTIVE
MY CELL PHONE IS
BROKEN

I AM A DOCTOR

TELL ME

HE IS A VET

HELP HIM
HE TOLD HER THE
TRUTH
JUST DO IT
THEY TOOK US
HOME

SHE IS NICE
IT'S SO EASY
WE ARE HAPPY
YOU ARE A
MANAGER
THEY ARE HERE

I LOVE YOU
SHE INVITED THEM

PRONOUN

HIS CAR IS BEAUTIFUL

THAT JACKET IS MINE

THAT BACKPACK IS
HIS

HER BOOK IS MISSING

ITS COLOR IS GREEN

THE DOG IS HERS

THE DESK IS ITS

OUR PARTY IS FUN

YOUR GIRLFRIEND IS
CRAZY
THEIR SON IS VERY
ANNOYING

THE MONEY IS OURS

THE HOUSE IS YOURS
THE MEDICINE IS
THEIRS

EXAMPLES: look how the pronouns replace the nouns.

subject+verb+object

Sarah helps John

She helps him

subjects

verb

object

Brent and Tom love mathematics

They
love
them

SAXON POSSESSIVE
Julianas car.
Mateos pencil.
Brians mom.
Carlos friend/Carloss friend.
The dogs collars.
Nutresas employees.
Peters and Georges project.
COMPARISON OF
SUPERIORITY
ER-MORE
ADJECTI
VE
OLD
CHEAP
NICE
BIG
PRETTY
MODERN
SIMPLE
BEAUTIFU
L

COMPARATIVE

EXAMPLE

OLDER
CHEAPER
NICER
BIGGER
PRETTIER
MORE MODERN
SIMPLER-MORE SIMPLE

Jack is older than Tom.

My car is cheaper than yours.
John is nicer than Peter.
This country house is bigger than that one.
Nicole is prettier than Sindy.
Your laptop is more modern than mine.
That task is simpler/more simple than this one.
That real estate agent is more beautiful than
yours.

MORE BEAUTIFUL

GOOD
BAD
FAR

BETTER
WORSE
FURTHER/FARTHER

This stereo is better than that one.

Camilo's family is worse than Peter's.
China is further/farther than Ecuador.

COMPARISON OF INFERIORITY
LESS
ADJECTIVE

EXAMPLE

OLD
CHEAP
NICE
BIG
PRETTY
BEAUTIFUL

Jack is less old than Tom.

My car is less cheap than yours.
John is less nice than Peter.
This country house is less big than that one.
Nicole is less pretty than Sindy.
That real estate agent is less beautiful than yours.

COMPARISON OF EQUALITY
AS/SO(Adjective)AS
ADJECTIVE

EXAMPLE

OLD
CHEAP
NICE
BIG
PRETTY
BEAUTIFUL

Jack is as old as Tom.

My car is as cheap as yours.
John is as nice as Peter.
This country house is so big as that one.
Nicole is so pretty as Sindy.
That real estate agent is as beautiful as yours.
COMPARISON OF EQUALITY
(Negative)
NOT AS/SO(Adjective)AS

ADJECTIVE

EXAMPLE

OLD
CHEAP
NICE
BIG
PRETTY
BEAUTIFUL

Jack is not as old as Tom.

My car is not as cheap as yours.
John is not as nice as Peter.
This country house is not so big as that one.
Nicole is not so pretty as Sindy.
That real estate agent is not as beautiful as yours.

SUPERLATIVES
EST - THE MOST
ADJECTI
VE
SUPERLATIVE
OLD
CHEAP
NICE

EXAMPLE

the oldest
the cheapest
the nicest

BIG
the biggest
PRETTY the prettiest
MODERN the most modern
the simplest/the most
SIMPLE
simple
BEAUTIF
UL
the most beautiful
GOOD
the best
BAD
the worst
FAR
the furthest/the farthest

Tenses:
SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE WITH: BE
GOING TO
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE

Tenses:
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE WITH: BE

Jack is the oldest in the town.

My car is the cheapest in the neighborhood.
John is the nicest teacher of all.
This country house is the biggest in the
countryside.
Nicole is the prettiest girl in college.
Your computer is the most modern in high school.
That book is the simplest/most simple in the
library.
That real estate agent is the most beautiful in the
agency.
You are the best friend around here.
Tom is the worst basketball player in the team.
Your house is the furthest/the farthest in the city.

ACTIVE VOICE
I buy a car
I bought a car
I will buy a car

PASSIVE VOICE

A car
A car
A car
A car
I am going to buy a car me

is bought by me
was bought by me
will be bought by me
is going to be bought by

I am buying a car

A car is being bought by me

I have bought a car

I had bought a car

A car has been bought by me

A car had been bought by me

ACTIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

GOING TO
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE

CONDITIONALS
1st CONDITIONAL: DESIRE
If I get the scholarship, I will celebrate
Or
I will celebrate if I get the scholarship.
2nd CONDITIONAL: ASSUMPTION
If I got the scholarship, I would celebrate
Or
I would celebrate if I got the scholarship.
3rd CONDITIONAL: REGRET
If I had got the scholarship, I would have celebrated
Or
I would have celebrated if I had got the scholarship.