Electronics World = ee 4-CHANNEL "ea STEREO er | a oye. ra = ~ J : Se : E ———— saan tT ) £ i i R V fot The New hy, 2 22) Surround Sound IF600 BUCKS WORTHOF TV SET AND ANTENNA AND STILL A Lousy PICTURE ! HERE'S AGUY {WHO NEEDS BELOEN ANTENNA LEAD-IN CABLE} Color or UHF set perfect? Antenna perfect? Then obviously there's a missing link. Check that antenna lead-in cable, Old, worn-out, weather-beaten cable, or the ordinary flat ribbon kind designed for black and white VHF, causes more fuzzy, distorted pictures than you can count. It’s your opportunity to upgrade these customers to a cable matched to their particular signal reception situations. One of Belden’s Big Four—the link to perfect reception. FOR CONGESTED AREAS... 8290 SHIELDED PER AOA In congested, in-city areas, stray electrial interference and noise are al their worst, For perfect, all82 channel reception—calor or B/W— replace old cable with Belcen's 8290 Shielded Permohm. Its aluminum Belafoil® shielging prevents pickup of ghost signals and electrical noise by the leacrin, Weather proof and water-praat. You ean tape it right 10 tte mast. Or instal ir underground, in conduits—even in fain gutters. olor ela | BR ‘untati sn counter aepeuee 250, 830" wpeFOR FRINGE AREAS. 8235 PR Antenna cable in uncongested or fringe areas picks up litle ‘lectrical interference, But does get alot of weathering, which degrades an alreacy weak signal, ‘These customers need encapsulated cable, Gelden 8285 Permahm. Its special poly { ethylene jacket pratects the energy fiels, regardless of weather Conditions. It delivers the strongest signal of any unshielded {win lead under adverse conditions, Requires no matching transformersand connectors. For ali82 channels, color or 8/W. f Seee ae =a on ene eshte erepoatiion | East wilt eS STS Tay 7 ‘Soprerweld: 2 conductors ebteeen vonguetars: foe FOR LOCAL BLACK AND WHITE $275 CELLULIN —— Cracked, corroded, weathered cable, full of dirt and ynoisture, loses signal strength; prevents any TV set {rom delivering 2 Gualty picture. Upgrade BV VHF and local UHF customers, long service life. And, i requires no end seating, ain om Augguavon seca acne Heys [| me PO? ay Lengtie ba a polyethylene achat with inert iP satcetiat potyetmtne cores" ees Gotan apartment or townhouse complex in your area? Motels for hotels? Or is CATV coming? Use Belaen’s new 75 ohm coaxial cable 8228 Ducfoll, Shielding is 100%—sweep tested 100%. Spiral wrapped drain wires provide long (ex ie. Small diameter saves space in conduit installations. Use Duofail for allcoaxial color and B/W VHF, UHF and CATV applicatians, fiasain Color [ Gee _| Sete | caeveade tonsths fa tt | | Bla ae S188 Tp ey 28] | | | Bou | | | \8 1 84 | | 8 if e \ | 1 | | | Tecent reprint article, “Electron Cabl wate: Belden Corporation, .0, Box SO7OA, Chicego lors 60680. Sure aie Sees a oe he ‘INGLE Wo, 444 ON READER SERVICE CARDOur oz. alarm will blast you with 8Ddb of the most irritating noise in the world. Nothing can drown out or cover up the per- ‘suasivoly piercing sound ofthe Mallory Sonalert®, Ie made to be heard. The light, compact Sonalert is of solid state design tor maximum eticiency and reliability and Fequires a litle as 3 milllamps current. No arcing. No RF noise. No mechanical woar Consider Sonalert foruse with elect’onic equip- ment where voltage control is critical. Because the Sonalert generates no AF, there is no danger of its Introducing extraneous and spurious sig- nals into the system. Important not only for use with vomputers, but with aircraft systems as Well. Other uses Include instrumentation, come ‘munications, medical electronics. Sound intensity range is 68db @ 6VOC to 8Ddb @ 28VDC. Sound frequency levels are 2800 hertz +500 Hz and 4500 hertz +600 Hz, dapend- ing on model For further information on the Mallory Soraier, ‘ask your Mallory Distributor for "idea folder" No, 8-408, Or write Mallory Distributor Products Gompany, a division of P. R. Mallory & Co. Inc., Indianapotis, indiana 48206, Nittyag MALLORY DISTRIBUTOR PRODUCTS COMPANY Batteries + Capacitors + Controls « Resistors + Semiconductors BHHRIAAE! Switches « Timers + Vibrators + ICs CIRCLE NO. 489 OW READER SERVICE CARD furcrRoNics WoRtDElectronies World THIS MONTH'S COVER symbolizes a topic that is causing much excitement in the high-fidelity industry today—4-channel stereo. There are a small number of 4-channel, 4:track reel- toreel tapes available from Vanguarg, one of which is shown on the cover. To play such a tape requires a spe: cial 4track, in-line tape head, such as the Nortron: ies record/play head shown. ‘Along with four loudspeak: fers you need four channels ‘of amplification, either from 2 pair of stereo amplifiers for from a special combina: tion unit, such as the Scott 499 Quadrant 4-channel ‘amplifier shown. This unit delivers 35 W/channel con: tinuous power and is priced at $600. An article on 4: channel stereo appears in this issue and a followup story Is due next month. OM, : ‘Smt Publisher LAWRENCE SPORN Baier Wan, A. STOCK Tecnica Editor MILTON 5, SNITZER Associate Bivors P. 8. HER. ‘MURRAY’ SUNTAG Gontributing Editors WALTER i BUCHSBAUM "ARTHUR H, SEIDMAN, FoRtsY H. BELT Art Edlor RICHARD MOSS Technical Mustrator kA. GOLANEK Advertising Manager JOSEPH €. HALLORAN Marketing Monager ‘ROBERT UR Auvertising Service Manager MARGARET DANIELLO Grow Vice Prasiient Electonics & Photographic FURMAN Hi, HEBB. Febevary, 1970 25 28 30 34 36 39 a2 48 74 76 56 4 12 15 Soe Da a ee aa ce Electronics World FEBRUARY 1970 VOL. 83, No. 2 CONTENTS Electronics and the Heart rev W. Holder Here ere some ofthe Intest electronic qulpment usec by the medeal profession to save and prolong Ue lives of vicims of heat disease, Recent Developments in Electranices Design and Construction of Regulated Power Supplies chow H. Duron Looking for 9 lov-esst, very stable, 20-ol, 1.Sampere_ reg. lated poner supey? he autor thraugniy describes the design a sotsiucton of e supply that has etter then I-pefeent regulation, Electronic Dice. w. For Buld this electronic die ar ruttte whee or use in bobrd games or games of chance. ‘Now G-E complementary SCR's ate uSed in in-counter cca to Tight indicator Iams Air Traffic Control Transponder Identifies Radar Targets 0. J. Hollord “This dovicn makes jie safer by allowing the a-tratfc controler to accursieiy gent the ada bls fom aircraft under his con. Four-Channel Stereo—the New Surround Sound Rober serionie Hybrid Technology Regains IC Spotlight totter sive Ferroresonant Transformer Improves Color TV Noi Ferexcy Color TV For 1970 Forest. Bell GEM, Test, Section $1 Diet Glose Portable Dual-Range IC Frequency Standard Frosh. Tooter EW Lab Tested ‘Marantz Nadel 36 Power Amplifiar Dust 1219 Automate Tut What Price Independence? os ve ‘Test Equipment Product Report ep Model 449 Semiconductor Cuvve Tracer Honeywell igtast 800" Digtal VOM. ere Mode! T1016 Tube foster MONTHLY FEATURES Coming Next Month 23 News Highlights Letters B4 New Products & Literature Radio & Television News 94 BooksBuild this exciting Schober Consolette Organ for only $1040! | Pattearensrerse sae ae ies ae You exer touch en organ ite this m store | {or less than $1800—and thre never hes been an organ ofthe Conolete I's grecell small Size with 22 such pipet, verte voces, fv cctave bigorgan keyboards, and 17 pods It Sings_and schmalzes for standards, por, of time faeries, speaks wih authority fr ymns and the ighe classes, all with rage of va ely and setisyng uteri you've never found before inan instrament under ehuch or theatre siz. f you've creamed of an open of Your om, to maka yur own bevtiul musi, even if yout fae or budget is Timed, you' get more oy from a Schober Conolette than anyother “tome sia” ogan=Xit of ot You can lear to play it. And you can build from Schober Kits, world famous for ease of Sembly without the slightest knowledge of ele. ‘yonies ac musi, for design and ports quality from the ground’ yp, and— above all—fer ‘be highest praise from musicians everywhere, Send right now forth flboolr Schober eatalog, Containing speciietions of all five Schober OF. ‘gan motels, begining at $49950, No charge, no ‘bigtion, Ifyou ike music, you owe yoursell @ Schober Organ! = eee | Schober or Ta West ot street New Yor Re ieee 1 Pes send me Senger Organ Calg and freien ample record 11 cloned please fs 1.00 toe (Pinch LI 4 i copsouitn | 1 1 1 I U I fesse kean ! ! I 1 1 — — "Flee ronies Word COMING NEXT MONTH SPECIAL FEATURE ARTICLE: IC MEMORIES In Part 1 of a two-part cris, Oale Mraath of National Semiconductor describes the technical operation of Integrated-cireat memaries. These nen devices, wich are fading wide application in st types af camputer systems, have at IC capacity of 256 to 2048 bits The eorelusing part wil appeat in our Ap sue ie x A sccumnner, sco RECORDING & TRANSMISSION Do on, Recklaghawen, Ht cats chef research engineer offers hiv analy of this newer decelohent in the Mice feld~che problems hich teil hase ta be soloed and possible Soluionss Don't mise this penetrating article, 1937—A NeW DEVICE To DETECT AIRCRAFT Harold A. Za, who until his recent ro- tirement wa Dirsctor of Research st Fort Monmouth’s Lab, recalls the hi toric May 28, 1937 demonstration of (ur early! radér and Heat detector ys tom. Tt all sounds rather primitive now, Atlee and, many more, teeing in the March issue of BLE THRONE but was @ tremendous breakthrough ay the world stood poised on the brink of World War 1 TELEVISION'S BUILTIN TEST SIGNALS yan Motes, of Meath describee how the ‘vertical-intercal test signale tars ped a TY reves ct he teed 10 evaluate TV" recelver performance and provide a quick alignment check of the set. COMPUTER TIME SHARING Wont your own computer? Hare are Some of the pertinent facts abou sime- Sarg stems that make @ computer avatable to you and informative articles will be yours WORLD». on sale February 19th ZIFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY wtons Zit President Wi. Bradford Biggs Executive Viee President Herahet 8, Serbin Senior Vice President ‘Stoney @. Gresnfald Senior Vice President Philip T. Hotere Vice Prenident, Marketing Pip Sine Bunaneial Vice President Matters. ms, 3. Vice President, Circulation psa wv en SEEN ters so Sow romortc, 13s meni oweranorncz Set em Frank Pomerants Vice President, Creative Services View President, Production Edward D, Muhifelé View President, Avlation Division Lewin tobingon Viee President, Travel Division Vice President” Sydney H. Rogers, Vico Presiden ss Ey ASE an pineal wie, toe ta aett a ESF, SOESt, colored 00302 Ble Rita i Se SATA ESAT Rios art ne eecompetin y etun onae and wi ag aas WoT Behe aras ware belie ‘and for payment &¢ postage im cash FLECTRONIES WORLDTV-Radio Station Engineers Needed—At High Pay! Television and radio broadcasting is growing at a fast pace. More and more station engineers are re- quired, at salaries of $800 to $1000 and more per month. If you would enjoy working in broadcasting and taking home a handsome paycheck for your efforts, investigate Grantham training. For 18 years, Grantham Schools have specialized in training for broadcast engineering jobs. To be a broadeast engineer, it is essential that you hold an FCC first’class yadiotelephone license. And to earn the big money in the better jobs, you need not only the license but also a solid knowledge and understanding of electronies. Complete theoretical and laboratory training is offered in resident classes in Washington, Also, home-study training is available from our Home Study Division in Hollywood. Both are G.I. Bill approved. For free information, write: Dept. B, Grantham School of Electronics 818 - 18th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20006 (Telephone: 202~298-7460) In ONE Educational Program Earn BOTH Your F.C.C. LICENSE And Your A. S. E. E. Viszocioe in Selene in Elactronies Enginsring) DEGREE Jn an clectronies carver today, an FCC license is impor tant — sometimes essontial — but its not enough! Without further education, you can't make it to the top. Get yout FCC license without fail, but don’t stop there. To prepare for a stil btter position, continue your electronics edu- cation and eara your Associate in Science Degree in Electronics Engineering, This is the common-sense approach for those who want to make both money and reputation in the expand- ing field of electronics. Also, it makes good sense to pre- pare for your.FCC license’ with the School that gives egree eredit for your license training and with the School that ean then take you from the FCC license level to the Degree level The home-studv program which accomplishes bot of these objectives is the Grantham Associnte-Degree Pro- ‘gram in Electronics Engineering, This educational pro- {ram consists of a tolal of 370 correspondence lessons, followed by a two-week period of review and evaluation Grantham School of Engineering « Established in 1951 « 1505 N. Western Ave. Hollywood, Calif. 90027 Telephone: (213) 469-7878 TSIRCEE NO. 101 ON READER SERVICE CARD very, 1970 at the School. The prerequisite for enrollment is high school graduation (or equivalent) and at least one full year of experience as an olectronics technician, Upon ampletion ofthe first 160 correspondence lessons, you are prepared for your first class FCC license and radar endorsement. Then, upon completion of the remainder of the program, you are awarded the ASEE Degree. This accredited ASEE Degree program covers a review of basic electronic circuits and systems, applied engi neering mathematics (including algebra, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and calculus), classical andl modern physics, technical writing, computer systoms, electrical networks, and semiconductor circuit analysis and design, "The ASEE Degee is awarded upon satisfactory eomple- tion of the 370 correspondence lessons and the nal two- ‘week residency at the School, For those who wish to continue their engineering studies beyond the ASEE Degree level, Grantham offers, a BSEE Degeee program in Hollywood. The Grantham ASEE Degrce ot oller equivalent background is pre requisite to enrollment in the BSEE Degree program. Accreditation and G.I. Bill Approval ‘The Home Stady Division of Grantham School af Engi= necting is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the National Honte Study Council, Both the Home Study Division and the Resident Division are approved under the G.I. Bll, and both divisions arc Jogally authorized to grant academic degrecs. . Mail the coupon below for our free Bulletin. Grantham School of Engineering“? 1505 N. Western Ave., Hollywood, Cal. 90027 Gentle Please mail me your free Bulletin which explains how the Grantham educational programy can prepare me forms FCC license and Atsociate Degfeo In Electronics Engioeting. T Xnerstd ne sfesman or counselor wil cali | | EW LAB TESTED REPORT HI-FI PRODUCT TESTED BY HIRSCH-HOUCK LABS Marantz Modi 16 Power Amplifier Dual 1219 Automatic Turntable Marantz Model 16 Power Amplifier Fos copy of manufacturer's brochure, circle No. 1 on Reader Service Card. N testing some of the better ampl ers recently, we have fond th four distortion-measuring equipment was not equal to the task of showing how goad tHe amplifiers really were, The residua) distortion level of our test equipment (about 0.06 percent), al- though more than adequate for most amplifiers, did vot permit ust mea Sure the distortion of amplifiers rated at 0.05 percent or less. One of the ear st amplifiers that Drought us face-to-face with this prob- Tem was the Marantz Model 15, which we tested in 1967. The company has now rephiced the Model 15 with a higher-powered version, the Model 16, ieee & ek value veortis-recie E which i rated at 80 watts per channel ontivaous poster obtput wie oth Channels dhiven into S-ohm leads. At full poe, for any frequency between 20 snd 20,000 He, its rated distortion fe eat than Oc percent, and is trp cally 008 percents input impedance 471000 ‘ohms, andi requires 39 audio input of about 1 volt for full Doser ot "The Model 16 consts of two com- pletely sepate nono. power np Jers, each wth its own power sappy Exch chanvel is contained in a Dade Fred housing that serves a6 30 ff cient heat radiator. The wse of separate power supplies guarantees that the power output and distortion of one mel will be unaffected by the ap- ng condition of the other channel We are pleased to note that Marantz does not use a “music-power” rating, for the Model 16, merely stating ‘equivocal that it will deliver Full pow er from 20 to 20,000 Hz with less than O.L-pereent distortion=a most conser Vative claim, as we found in out tests, The measitrement problem meii= tioned above has been solved by our recent acquisition of an ultralow dis: tortion andio oscillator and a distortion analyzer, manufactured in Grest Britain by Radford. This equipment has a 1e- sidual distortion of about 0,002 per- cent, and is, as far as we know, the ‘only commeisial test equipment capa- Dle of accurately: messixing distortion levels below 0.01 percent. AA its rated output of 80 watts per channel, Wwe measured ee harmonic distortion of the Model 16 at less than 0.05 percent from 20 w0 20,000 Hz, and Tess than 0.02 percent of all fre: quencies below 16,000 Hz. At half power oF less, the distortion was about O.01 percent at frequencies below 15,000 He With a 1000-H1z test signal, amplifier harmonie distortion was under 0.01 per- cent up to about 95 watts output, and 0.0025 per watt the distortion was maskod by feauieney noise, whieh was totally (Continued on page 68) ‘CIRCLE NO. 148 ON READER SERVICE CARD->Shocked? Don’t be, Does this man look like a criminal? He's not. This man is in the business of preventing crime. (One of the fastest growing industries today.) He’s a Radar Sentry Alarm dealer repre~ sentative, ‘What could this possibly mean to you? Perhaps nothing, On the other hhand, it ould change your entre life. As a Radar representative, you could make $1,200 a month if you sold only one system each week. Most of our dealers make much more. Two sales a week would net you $28,000 a year; five a week, $46,000 a year. ‘We make the finest solid state microwave burglar alarm system available; cone that’s easy to install and easy to service...for both home & business, ‘We're presently expanding our organization of dealer representatives. We'll ‘rain you, provide you with leads and offer continuing counsel. You can operate full-time or parttime, Later, you may want to expand and orga- nize your own sales staf. But for now, let's get better acquainted. Fill out the coupon. In a few days, you'll receive complete details about how you can live a life of erime-and makeit pay, handsomely. r | | | | | i 1 | i i Sentry Alarm. The Grinetaken RADAR DEVICES MFG, CORP. 22003 Harper Ave, St Clair Shores, Michigan 48080 Rush me RSA Disinibator Info Tonersand there is no obligation Name. “Adaress. EwaEXPERIENCE IS STILL YOUR BEST TEACHER NRI designed-for-learning training equipment gives you priceless confidence be- cause your hands are trained as well as your head. Learning Electronics at t home the NRI way is fast and fascinating. Read opposite page. OLDEST AND LARGEST SCHOOL OF ITS KINDYou get more for your money From NRI crore vac, more sous experience ‘30 essential to careers in Electronics. NRI's pioneering “discovery” method is the result of more than half a century of simplifying, organizing, dramatizing subject matter. In each of NRI's major courses you fearn by doing. You demonstrate theory you read in “bite-size” fexts programmed with NRI designed-for-learning pro fessional lab equipment. Electronics comes alive in a unique, fascinating way. You'll take pleasure in evidence you can fee! and touch of increasing skills in Electronics, as you introduce defects into circuits you build, per: form experiments, discover the “why” of circuitry and equipment operation. Almost without realizing It, the NRI discovery method gives you the professional's most valuable tool—prac: tical experience, You learn maintenance, installation, construction and trouble-shooting of Electronic circuits, of any description. Whether your chosen field is Indus- ‘rial Electronics, Communications or TV-Radio Servicing, NNRI prepares you quickly to be employable in this booming field or to earn extra money in your spare time or have your own fulltime business. And you start out with training equivalent to months—even years =of on-the-job training. NRI Has Trained More Men for Electronics Than Any Other SCHOOL «, ots count, tne number of indivi. Uals who have enrolled for Bectronies wth NRI could easily populate a city te size of New Orleans or Indiana- polis. Over three-quarters ofa milion have enrolled with Rt since 1914, How well NRI training has proved its Nalue is evident from the thousands of letters we re- ceive from graduates, Letters Iie those excerpted below. Take the fist step to a rewarding new career today. Mail the postage-ree card. No obligation, No Salesman will call, NATIONAL RADIO. INSTITUTE, Electronics Division, Washington, 0.C, 20016. Lev. yeh, Louis: G, Roberts, vite, Wonwos 8 arnpoian, hs feel Socioryworkor (UEQUBM te Senior tech: So en Amorican (RA icin st the U. OG fotecce co. MM oritincis coor now he's an Eee Glnated Science tronics Techsion with the Laboratory. Inno years he Sinetameetr cont See hom rceted ive pay raises, Says enemy ofteucingcould Roserte “ratbute my pres te improved” Sat positon tom tang Don House, Ronald L. Ritter Lubbock, tex.) or eatontown, OPE wer inic nic (Maga Ni receteg TD cen'sevicing IRER promotion be > Bere — ie NRI Communica: tion course, scoring one of the highest grades in Army pro: ficiency tests, He works with the U.S. Army Electronics Lab, Ft, Monmouth, NJ. "Through Nai, I know | gan handle a job months after completing NRI training. This former clothes salesman just - bought new house and re: ports, "I look forward to mak: Ing twice as much money as | Would have in my former work." of responsibilty.” [APPROVED UNDER NEW G1 BILL. If you served since January 31, 1955, or aro in service, chock Gl line on postage-free card. February, 1970 COLOR TV CIRCUITRY COMES ALIVE ‘a you burl, stage-by-stage, the only custom Color-TV engineered fey training. You grasp a professional understanding ofall color circuits through logical demonstrations never before presented. The TV-Radio Servicing course includes your choice of black and white or color training equipment. COMMUNICATIONS EXPERIENCE comparable to many months on the job is yours as you bulld and use a VIVM with solid-state power supply, perform experiments fn transmission line and antenna systems and bulld and work with an aperating, phonecw, 30-watt transmitter suitable for Use on the 8O:meter amateur band, Again, no other home:study school offers this equipment. You pass your FCC exams—or get your money back. c a ae COMPETENT TECHNICAL ABILITY can be instantly demonstrated by you on completing the NRI course in Industrial Electronics. As you learn, you actually build land use your ovin mater control circuits, telemetering devices and even digital computer circuits which you program to solve simple probiems, Ali major NR! courses include use of transis tors, solid-state devices, printed circuits, uYabwcrins: SBEcracuuan IN ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 4 Floors of Exhibits HEW YORK COLISEUM 50 Technical Sessions NEW YORK HILTON OIE IE mrennarone @O CONVENTION ana EXHIBITION MARCH 23-26, 1970 Monday Shroust Thurasay "CATALOG CLOCK MOVEMENTS DIGITS RESETTABLE INDIVIDUALLY in 30, 60 coll slloges, AC. UL Biers tewoue a0... aeHoUR Made io USA. SECOND BY SECOND 12 end 24 Hour READ OUT oiGiTAL cLocK PINs mes) Ria ea tel Tey uNCKE RO. 121 ON READER SERVICE CARD " LETTERS FROM OUR READERS MULTICHANNEL RECORDING To the Editors: [pve arson pe 4aoh i Sen jtember, 1969 issue, “Multichannel Ke- | cording for Creating the ‘New Sound,’” JGi0 wot carry the correct ttle, im: my | opinion. You should have called it * Problems with the Ampex MN-1000 16." The major portion of the article was, concenied with the operation of the An pex machine, ‘There are other 16-tack fecorders available: Gaussand 9M Com pany. So T think my title would jive been better. There was only» brief and sketchy deseription of some of the techniques ‘sed in moltichannel recording. Perhaps | this studio docs not utilize some of the “standard” procedures in use at most dios: phasing. (flange) lfects, de- layed echo and reverb, direct pick-up of | instruments, te No mention was made of the impc tance of a good producer or A&R man Most engineers today could not tum out | good product without the assistance of the A&R man, and if the latter knows | what he is doing the results can be beat | fa, Stoxry FeLonan Mastertone Recording Studios New York, N. Y. The Ampex machine eas used only ag an example. Space linitations prevented tus from covering. the other. stanlard techniques used. ‘Also while we agree that a good AtsR (artists and repertoire) man is important, twe ave sive that Sid Feldman would ‘gece with us that good engineering, in- hiding mastering and mixing,” are equally smportant in onder to get a good, tepequality recording, We should not overtook the importance of manufactur. ing andl production as well in obtaining ‘good, fal produc! that reproduces the artistry ofthe original perfariners.—Ea- tors. A UNITED SERVICE ASSOCIATION To the Editors T have read and sevread the great | editorial “A Plea for a United Service Association” by Mr. R, W. Woodbury on page 13 of the November, 1969 ise sue of your very fine magazine. It is a ‘most worthwhile article. His points ave very clear and we should take what he has said into very serious consideration and da something about i Tn the sixth paragraph, he clearly brings out a true statement about the professional service technicians being ‘ivided, This has been true froin the be- ginning of consumer electronics and 1 have personally been actively involve: in this field since 1926, Technicians. as a whole, have very strong individual. istic attitudes and most uncooperative ‘egos. No doubt there are many reasons for this attitade and it has been de- veloped over a period of smany yeas The service technician has been the “whipping boy” of the industry. He has been belitled, berated, downgraded, browbeaten, kicked, and booted by the press, the distributor, and the manufac fuer. The result has been a great exodus ‘of many good technicians from the con sumer electronies ficld and into the other fields of industrial and gover ment electronics. ‘However, we ean be somewhat op! istic, as a number of service associ ions “have been and are forming, throughout the nation, Here in Florida, for example, we now have a young, ax sgyessive organization, Florida Blectronie Service Association (FESA). Tt is com- posed of a number of local organizations ‘and individual technicians and dealers with strong, positive, cooperative atti- tudes. They aro knowledgeable and have good academic and technical back grouvds. They are seeking ways to etter serve the consumer, mamifactur= er, distributor, and of course each ther. ‘The many fanits of the servieing profes: sion can be laid at the feet of all of us in electronics—manufacturer, disibu- tor, dealer, and technieian—and not just one segment. How are we gping to attempt to sur vive? The only foresceable way is for each of us to da the following: 1. We each, as individual technicians or shop owners should jain a Joval organ: ization, For it to be successful each of us should take an active part in the argas- ization, We should attend all meetings and be heard. We should have open, friendly, positive minds toward our fel- low technician, shop owner, and dealer ig to work together with the Aistributor and manntactiver HLEcTRONICS WoRtD2 Al the local organizations should. Join a state organiation and actively ticipate in the state organization in brder to make it'a success forall con conte 3 The state organization show jin 1 tational group and work for growth tnd strengih. Only through a tong tated, natonal organization can we be Heard and work for the betterment and good ofall concerned 4. The national organizations we now haveareallfine, Tama CET and amen ber of NEA. I would be # member ot NARDA and. NATESA ‘but dont Know where to vite, I think NARDA, NATESA, tnd NEA should merge for their own good, ‘The -manufactorer Shotld endosse and publicize the CET Drogra, for whats good for the techn Eins good forthe consumer and ma acre Chamias B. Cou, J. Conch ne Gainesville, Fa, There's no doubt that a single, strong, unified national service association that could speak for all service technicians would be more effective than a number of separate organizations, For Reader Couch and others who have written to us, the addresses of NATESA, NARDA, and NEA are as follows: NEA, 12 So. New jersey St., Indianapolis, Ind. 46204. NATESA, 5906 S. Troy St., Chicago, IU 60629; ond NARDA, 634’ Merchandise Mart, Chicago, Ill, 60654. We are cer tain ‘that these organizations will be glad to send details ahout thelr opera tion,—Eeditors SPEAKER-MATCHING PROBLEMS To the Editors T would like to point out a slight error fn the article on speaker-matching prob- lems by Abraham Cohen in the October. 1969 issue of EW. Mr. Cohen makes a special effort to point out the fact that a dynamic loudspeaker has a frequency dependent impedance and behaves as fan induetor at high frequencies, How- fever, when he considers connecting & tweeter to a woofer, he completely ig: nores this fact and Calculates the eom- ined impedance ar if unly pure resist- ances were involved. Thus, if a tweeter whose high-frequency impedance is 8 ohms, is connected (through a capaci- tor) in parallel with a woofer whose 400-Hz impedance is 8 ohms, Mr. Cohen caloulates a resulting _high-frequeney impedance of 4 ohms. ‘The true imped- ance will be closer to 8 ohms, assuming that the woofer behaves as a pure in- uctance at frequencies above about 500 He, Tt has always been my understanding, that the inductor in the crossover net- work is not there primarily to match im- pedanees but to remove the high-fre- quency contributions af the woofer cone, Februsry, 1970 which is uot usually desigued to repro- duce high frequencies and, therefore, dos so. in an itregular manner and ‘with higher distortion. The tweeter then serves to make the system as eficient at high frequencies as at the lower fre- vencies, Tin many texts the weites imply that at the crossover frequencies the imped: ness to be used in calculating the com- ponent values are the rated impedances Of the speakers, but the true impedances at the orossaver frequencies ‘may be Unee or four times greater than the rated impedances of the speakers involved. Pelaps the diference is considered oo academic for practical purposes, but el theta good wossover network should be designed with a knowledge of the true impedances of the speaker used at the crossover frequencies Founest C, Gow | Milford, Pa j A portion of the reply from Author Cohen follows Editors To the Editors "The point raised by Mr. Gilmore is auite valid under many circumstances where the woofer has a sharply. sing Jmpedance. In these instances, the re | sultant impedance will be closer to 8 olhms rather than 4 ohms a indicated in the example given. However, one mist realize tht the rising impedance slope of cone loudspeakers varies widely, card the illstaton seems adequate fina fing the point that the ‘overall per- formance of such system must be considered as resulting from the combi- station of Bie speakers and the network rather than from the loudspeakers them selves While the paragraph referred to by Mr. Gilmore vas entitled “Impedance Corvetion.” the intent of the paragraph Svs not to infer that we were changing fhe impedance of, the elements for | tnnthing purposes, but for ensuring that | the final impedance of the woofer- | isveeter system continies to show the | saine 8 ohms over the operating zange| Telatvely independent of the operating frequency TT was ot feasible in a short article to explore al the intricacies of the ross over network, Hossever, where space 1 possible, these networks are treated uch more fully, with tention paid not Gnly to the electrical rollof of the Speaker, but to the acowstic rolkaff of the component itself ints acoustic baflle or hotn, For these details may’ suggest that Chapter 8 "Networks in Mul Speaker Systems” of my book “HiFi| Loudspeakers and Enclosures.” Second Eaton, published by Rider, be exam-| ined for & brosder picture of the prob Jem of crossover networks. 1 “AnmatianB. Cowen Seowset. N.Y. | ENGINEERS Evaluation and Test Manufacturing © Others Automatic Electric, a leading innovator of computerized elec- tronic switching systems and the largest producer of commu- nications equipment for the in- dependent telephone industry, has numerous entry level and ‘experienced technical positions available in the following areas: EVALUATION & TESTING Electronic and electrical en- gingers to initially Tearn the design of new electronic and computer systems and then perform prototype and/or field evaluation thereon. Entry level requirements — BS degree in EE, ET, or computer science with some knowledge of pro- gramming. Higher level posi- tions exist for those with ex- perience in electronic common control systems. MFG. ENGINEERING D. greed electronic or electrical engineers (new or experienced) initially learn new compu- terized electronic telephone switching systems, design test, equipment and astociated test procedures and troubleshoot the mass production of this equipment. ‘Additional Positions currently ‘available include: * Software and Hardware Design Engineers + Automation Engineers + Ceramic Engineers + Switching System Planning Engineers * Traffic Analysts If you are interested in a pro- gressive, growing company that offers well equipped modern fa- cilities, a policy of promotion from within, and a pleasant West suburban location (15 miles from downtown Chica- (0), send your resume in con- idence to: _ Larry Wisniewski Professional Employment Representative AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC ‘Subsidiary of General Telephone ‘Electronics| 400 North Wolf Rd, Northlake, I 60164 ‘an Equal Oppértuntty Employer” what next? after youve desigued 5 i general purpose vidicon cameras i e high performance vidicon cameras : é IR/UV sensitive vidicon cameras ‘ i tow lag, non bum PbO cameras i 2 tow light image orthicon cameras : 2 low light image isocon cameras i é integrating image orth systems F é < a silicon Ep 4. matrix “@ television camera 57 Dodge Avenue North Haven, Connecticut 06473 Phone 203-239-5341 ¢ TWX 710-465-3077 ‘Ow READER SERVICE CARD. heenmres a write or phone for 8¢-20 series camera brochure “= é ) aa SE } PROGR Cr iienbera tes Cable TV Moves Faster Than Ever Now sanctioned officially by the Federal Communications Commission, cable television is getting into hhigh gear. The biggest moves now relate to programming aiid getting into large cities. The term “CATV” 4s obsolete. The modern cable system is no longer a “community antenna” project. It's cablecasting—an ‘entertainment and information medium of its own. ‘The top-0 television markets contain aronnd 70 percent of the TV sets in the U.S. Although it's expen: sive to string cable in these urban localities, there are more customers per mile, Manhattan Cable Co, has almost 20,000 subscribers hooked on in New York Citys TelePrompTer, the other fraachisee in Mauhat. tan, ha about that many, Almost weekly. another rity ariounces it is getting ready for cable TV. Recent ones are Louisville, Ky. and £1 Paso, Texas ‘The Ture in such markets is more channels, There is equipment now to distribute 20 niore than present TV sets ean accommodate. We expect one manufacturer to soon announce a color re- ceiver designed especially for high-capacity cable systems—probably by the end of this year. And the set is likely to be for lease rather than for sale. ‘With that many channels, programs to fill them is the next problem. The FCC approves program origi nations, in fact jasists on it for systems with over 3500 subscribers. The cable owner can sell adventising time on channels on which original programs are shown. So, there will be money available to buy pro- ‘gram material One approach is syndication. HH & B Communications, the largest cable firm at present, is negotiating to merge with TelePrompTer, which is third largest. When the deal is completed, the new firm expects to develop & distribution arrangement by which new, fresh programs can be supplied to other cable systeins as well as its own. The FCC has already okayed microwave for relaying cablecasts, There's even talk of using a satellite for distribution, The plan is an ambitious projection, but it's likely to run into the same paucity of entertaining, ideas that plagues conventional TV. It won't be any easier to fill cable channels with lively material than itis to do the same for TV networks. Much ado has been made about pay-TV over cable. Until lacely, cablecasters said it wasn't yoing to happen. One reeent report has it that Television Communications, the ninth largest system owner, pto: poses @ per-channel fee added onto the monthly system charge if that subseriber wants channels with spe- cial programming. One channel would have three feature movies a week, another education and iustruc- tion, and s0 on, That’s pay-TV, however you disguise it Anyway, the fat is in the fre, This year will see, month by month, dozens of new schemes tried in cable TV, We'll 1y to tell you about some of the more interesting experiments in this column. channel Integrated Circuits Go Slow Vabewory, 1970 Three years ago, when RCA put the first integrated circuit into a television receiver, industry sratchers expected thet event to trigger a rush to IC's in all sorts of consumer products. It just hasn't happened ‘Oh yes, every few months, a new IC shows up here and there fr hi-i unit, a TV set, a phonograph, But that’s only a drop in the bucket. The Japanese, who usually jump into any new miniature technology with hroth feet, have shied away from this one, too. One Japanese firm displayed an allIG pocket-sized TV set last year, but nothing more has been heard or seen of it. ‘One factor is undoubtedly cost. And it’s going to take some momentum to overcome that holdback, If IC's were cheaper, demsnd would be greater. If demand were greeter, they would he cheaper, ec Integrated cireuits haven't had the fanfare the! aceompanied, say, the transistor when it began making inoads into home-entertainment electronics. No glamor has attached itself to the idea of having. set with Cs in it. Again, the round-robin syndrome may be partly to blame; 1C’s aren't popular because there aren't many of them used, and few of them are used because they're not especially popular. So, the rate of introducing and using IC’s that are consumer-oriented is slow. Motorola has done quite a bit to promote IC's in the consumer market. The HEP (for Hobbyist, Exper: imenter, Professional) line of low-cost IC's hes spread the word about IC's, RCA has distributed samplers and kits of hobby-type IC's; that familiarizes a few more people. Other companies have rushed into and Jacked ont ofthe consumer-product IChnsiness. Public's response to technical promotions has been sluggish. Tt looks like three things are needed to get an IC revolution under way iced. itis ever to come iabout at al, (1) We need products that are all-1C. Then buyers will look on IC's as more than just @ one: shot fancy. (2) We necd some real razzle-dazzle promotion to call attention to IC's, to alert the public to the advantages of IC's. (3) We need more kinds of 1¢’s for consumer products. This means IC-makers will have to stick their necks out, pushing lines thes are unprofitable for avhile. (That’s how the color-TV industry was built.) ICs are reliable now—more so than transistors, if failure statistics are to be be to start making the integrated circuit as popular as the tran red, Perhaps it’s time Two-Pole Convergence ‘There are fewer dynamic convergence adjustments Yhan usual on the new portable color chassis from Zenith, the 12A8C14. That’s because of a new two-pole convergence system. It also changes the old “cloverleat” appearance of the convergence yoke assembly on the neck of the picture tube. ‘The new convergence system is used with the 1SACP22 picture tube, which has the blue gen on bot tom (like other recem Zenith color CRT's) instead of on top. The former Zenith three-pole system has separate staticmagnet adjustments for ted and green, spaced at 10 o'clock and 2 o'clock on the picture- tube neck, The two-pole system has a single combined red/green magnet assembly located at the top. A red/green lateral magnet moves the red and green dots sidewaye, either away from or toward each other. ‘A red/green vertical magnet moves both dots up or down, Blue vertical and lateral magnets, located at 6 «'dock on the neck, work the same as before. The new system of handling red and grees eliminates some ‘of the red/green waveshaping controls on the dynamic convergence panels “Back to the Factory” Repairs From time to time, we investigate complaints we hear over and over from customers who buy home- entertainment equipment and the technicians who service it. One complaint that has come up @ lot lately refers to imported sets, particularly TV. The story goes something like this. ‘A customer buys an import brand (not a US-branded import). When trouble crops up, which happens just as often as with domestic brands, he tries to get his favorite service shop to repair it. The shop opera: tor often turns it down. If he accept it, then he may not be able to dope out some of the unusual circuits because he has no service literature for the set- If he does happen to find the trouble, and it’s some special part, there are none handy. Written pleas to the national service department of the importer (if it has one), asking for cixeuit and parts information— are, with few exceptions, ignored. Phone calls are shunted away from responsible executives by seeretaties or “assistants.” When the customer finally gets steamed up enough to take matters over, the best answer he can get is “Take it to our authorized service agency.” When, as often happens, the “authorized agency” doesn’t have parts or information either, the suggestions is: “Return your set to our national service depart ‘ment for repairs.” (That's usually located in the New York area.) This situation prevails whether the set is Jn warranty oF not ‘This philosophy of “taking care” of customer needs for service leaves a lotto be desired What custom- e+ is going to pack uf his color TV and ship it to New York or any other out-of-town point, for repair? What customer has the facilites, oz saves the carton? And, even if he does all that, how much damage is going to be done when it’s shipped back? And ho pays the freight? And who today will put up with the ‘weeks of waiting? That’s a lot of inconvenience. One improvement would be to make service information and parts available to independent shops that ‘are willing to work on imported sets. We'd be glad to tell our readers about any imposter who has really licked this problem, who does cooperate with independent servicers, who does have parts available quick- ly, and who has some convenient way for owners to get service when it's needed: Our inquiries haven't ‘turned up any like this so far. Parts Availability 16 ‘To clarify what was said about this in last month’s column: It i not fair to a technician who has to ser- vice a particulay brand of set when the distributor of ports for that brand carries only some of the replace- ‘ment parts, [ts also unfair to the TV owner who bought that brand and unfortunately he often blames the technician, There isno excuse a set owner will listen to: indeed, is there ony teal excuse at all? If the set is available, parts to repair it should be available. This is nat always the case, as proven by spotchecks we reported last month, Weeks of waiting—even days, for that matter, do cot set well with either customer or technician, Almost for sure, technicians are going to fall back on their chief weapon against such prob- lems: suggesting customers buy some other brand. a ELECTRONICS WORLDThe New 1970 Improved Model 257 A RE VOLUTIONAR y NEW TUBE TESTING OUTFIT esta aa ADAPTERS AND ACCESSORIES, OZ 7S BAW Ae Tests the new Novars, Nuvistors, 10 Pins, Magnovals, Compactrons and Decals, 1 More than 2,500 tube listings. Tests each section of multrsection tubes individually forsnorts, leakage and Cathode emission. Ultra’ sensitive circuit will indicate leakage up to 5 Megonme, 1 Employs new improved 434" dual scale meter with a unique sealed damping chamber to assure accurate, Vibration less readings. 7 Compete set of tube straighteners mourted on front panel, © Tests all modern tubes including Novars, Nuvistors, Compactrons and Decals. * All Picture Tubes, Black and White and Color ANNOUNCING... for the first time A complete TV Tube Testing Outfit designed specifi cally to test all TV tubes, color as well as standard. Don't confuse the Mode! 257 picture tube accessory components with mass produced “picture tube adap- ters" designed to work in conjunction with all com- Petitive tube testers, The basic Model 257 circuit was modified to work compatibly with our picture tube ac- cessories and thase components are not sold by us to be used with other competitive tube testers or even tube testers previously produced by us, They were ‘custom designed and produced to work specifically in conjunction with the Model 257, ETO c anaes 1 Single cable used for testing all Black and White Picture ‘Tubes with deflection angles 60 to 114 degrees, 1 The Model 257 tests all Black and White Picture Tubes for emission, iter-element shorts and leakage, reese 7 The Red, Green and Blue Color guns are tested individ- ually for cathode emission quality, and each gun is tested separately for shorts of leakage between control fig, cathode and heater. Employment of @ newiy per. fected: dual socket cable enables accomplishments of al moder S81" thplogs ‘Buction period of 94 years NOTICE SEND NO MONEY WITH ORDER PAY POSTMAN NOTHING ON DELIVERY Pay Cash or in EASY MONTHLY PAYMENTS AFTER 15 Day Trial! ACCURATE WSTRUMENT Co., INC. 2435 White Plains Road, Bron, Pease rush me one Motel 257 1 satisfactory} sere to pay a the terms specified at et, I aa satisfactory, | may stim Tor cancellation of seco Tryit for 15 days before youbuy.f completely satisfied remit $52.50 ! plus postage and handling charge, | may PAY = | 1 t (if you prefer | you MONTHLY ON OUR EASY PAY- ae MENT PLAN.) If not completely = satisfied, return to us, no explana: | tion necessary. 1 February, 1970 Or Sp Wong Oak here Sa een 10867 7“Get more education or get out of electronics | that's my advice.”February, 1970 ‘Ask any man who really knows the electronics industry. Opportunities are few for men without advanced tech- nical education. If you stay on that level, you'll never make much money. And you'll be among the first to go in a layoff. But, if you supplement your experience with more education in electronics, you can become a specialist. You'll enjoy good income and excellent security, You won't have to worry about automation or advances in technology putting you out of a job. How can you get the additional education you must have to protect your future—and the future of those who depend on you? Going back to school isn’t easy for a man with a job and family obligations. CRE] Home Study Programs offer you a practical way to get more education without going back to school. You study at home, at your own pace, on your own schedule. And you study with the assurance that what you learn can be applied on the job immediately to ‘make you worth more money to your employer. You're eligible for a CRE! Program if you work in elec- tronics and have a high school education, Our FREE book gives complete information. Mail postpaid card for your copy. If card is detached, use coupon below or write: CREI, Dept. 1102A, 3224 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20010. j CREI, Home Study Division McGraw-Hill Book Company 1102, 3224 Sixteenth Street, N.W. ington, 'D.C. 20010 Please mail me FREE book describing CRE! Progcams. | ‘am employed in electronics and have'a high school education: te __.state____z1P cove__ {TYPE OF PRESENT WORK. am interested in onic Engineering Technology Computers Electronics © Nuclear Engineering Technology ial Automationo NEW! Electronics Systoms En, oe ee erate ing APPROVED FOR TRAINING ER NEW G.l, BILL2 Second to one... I | TRACKABILITY CHART FOR MOLE ‘Measured At One Gram If it were not for the incomparable Shure V-15 Type Il IMPROVED) Super-Track, the Shure MSIE Hi-Track would be ‘equal or superior to any other phono cartridge in trackability .. regardless of price! The astounding thing is that it casts from $15.00 to $50.00 less than its lesser counterparts. And, it features an exclusive “Easy-Mount” design in the bargain. Trade up to the M91E now, and to the V-15 Type Il (IMPROVED) when your ship comes. in. Elliptical Stylus. % to 1% grams tracking. $49.95. Other models with sphesica styl, up to 3 grams tracking, as low as $39.95, ee MSIE HI-TRACK PHONO CARTRIDGE 182969, shure Brothers inc. 222 Hartey Ave, Evenson, lnc 60208 ‘CIRCLE NO. 108 OW READER SERVICE GARD ELECTRONICS WORLDMore on Home Video Recorders Continuing our coverage of home video recorder ouncements (see our January issue "Radio & Television New"), we were present when Sony Corporation unveiled for the American public wnat it calls “the most practical, economical, reliable, and easy-to-use Color Videoplayer in the world." Our opinion: Very good. If production models are as good as display models, you couldn't ask for better ualty. Scheduled to go on sale in Japan by late 1970 and ‘make the American scene in late 1971, # can be used with any standard colar or black-and-white TV set, Long time fapae due to Sony’s attempt to bulld up large Video cassette library by inviting TV-oriontad industries (movies, music, sports, etc) to make their programs available for TV audi- fences. . . . Each cassette will contain 900 ft of 94", two- soundtrack (stereo) magnetic tape, and can be pro- grammed to play up to 80 minutes. Projected 1971 price for Videoplayer between $350-$400 and §20 for an individual ‘cassette that, for a nominal fee, can be returned to pro- gram supplier for re-recording another program. For additional $109, adapter will be available to allow home recording of black-and-white or oolor-TV programe. Communism’s Loss—Our Gain Jn October 1969, thirteen years after Hungarian Revolu- tion, the original equipment used to establish standards: for storo0-FM broadcasting in US, was presented to the ‘Smithsonian intitution by G-E. What's the connection? Well, Antal (Tony) Cslesatka, advanced product engineer with G-E, who was rosponsible for development ofthe pilot-ione system that made stereo-FM broadcasting possible, was one ‘of the more fortunate individuals to have escaped Budapest fas the Ruseian tanks ontered the city. Equipment, presented to the Smithsonian by Mr. Csiceatka himeolf, will be placed fon public display along with other pioneering broadcasting achiovemente, Stork Outraces Electronics The premature birth of quintuplets to a London mother, Mrs. Irene Hanson, on Thursday, November 19, put engi- neers of three countries in a dither. The engineers, all ‘working for Beckman Instruments Co,, although aware of the imponding multiple birth, were caught with their equip- mont down when stork delivered two weeks carly. Babies had arrived but promised electronic instruments for moni- toting thoir physiological responses were still siting In ‘main plant in Fullerton, Calit. Cramming three days’ work. into theee hours, a team of scientists, enginoors, and executives miraculously completed the systems and sir shipped thom to London, By late Friday the units, teat use fa TV-like physiological aaciascope to disslay waveforms of each chila’s broathing, heartbeat, and temperature, and sound an alarm when trouble is indicated, were put Into ‘operation by the combined efforts of an English and French fengineering team. Seems like & message here-whereby mon of three different countries and two different cont nents can successfully overcome all barriers when con- fronted by a common humanitarian challenge, WWYV and WWVH in Transition Formals of radio stations WWV i Fort Collins, Colorado ‘and WWVH ix Maul, Hawail, which transmit accurate time land frequency information, are being reviewed by the Na- February, 1970 HIGHLIGHTS tional Bureau of Standards (NBS) for possible changes land modifications. To develop most useful format, a survey ‘of WWWV users is currently under way. Users of WWWV, who have not received questionnaire nd who wish to partici pate can, by writing to WWV 1969, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80302, Pollution Controt—Connecticut Leads Way Although we continuously hear admonitions about pollu tion, whether it be of the alr, water, or noise varity, very little Is actually being done about it on govornmontal lovel, that isuntil now, CBS Laboratories, under contract from Connecticut Research Commission and with full coopera- tion of Governor Dempsey and state police and highway departments, has developed a highway noise monitor that ‘measures noise levels that excoed an acceptable threshold while simultaneously producing a spit-soreen photograph of offending vohicle’s jicense and noise-level. recording What makes this nolse-abatoment plan unique is that Con- necticut will be the frst state to be able to actually produce pprima-facio ovidence that will stand up in court when @ river has been cited for violation of the State's trafic nolse ordinance. Tests are currently being conducted 10 dotermine maximum acceptable noise level that will be enacted into law by state legislature. Hopefully, ploneering ctfort by Connectieut to control insidious highway noise Pollution problem will act as a catalyst for davelopment of other pollution nontrat systems. New Cable-TV Association Head On January 1, 1970 Donald V. Taverner, Pittsburgh edu cational television executive, took over reins as presicent of the National Cable Television Association trom Fred erick W. Ford, who had been in office since 1965, Herald- ing choice made by NCTA Prosidential Selection Com- miltee trom some 60 persons considered for job as... the right man for the right job at the right time,” Mc. a. Wik liam Adler, national chairman of the NCTA Board of Di- rectors, announced Mr. Taverner's acceptance. Overseas Business RCA goes continental, Anticipating expanding European semiconductor market to approach $850-$700 milion in ‘sales by 1972, RCA recently started construction of a $10.7- million ullramodern semiconductor manufacturing plant in Liege, Belgium. Completion date, of what represents ACA's first electronics manufacturing Yfaciity on the European ‘continent, is. mid-1970, Facilities will provide Europoan ‘market with fatost semiconductor components usod in tele- Vision, automobiles, data processing, industrial, military, and aerospace electronic equipment. . . . America’s faith In South Korea paying off. Last November 10 marked open- Ing of Korea Eloctronics Industry Promotion Office at 1212 ‘Avenue of the Americas, New York and second step of an B-nation tour by 15 Korean electronics manufacturers. In- tent is to improve coordination of export and import op- portunities and to induce forsign investment in Republic's Growing electronics industy. Director of KEIPO, In Kyun Lah, attributes electronic industry's growth and its major role in Korean economy to government's Foreign Capital Inducament Law, which offers inyestmant Incentives. Amer- lean investment in Korean electronics industry accounted {or exports of $16 milion in 1968, aHow man’ conquest of the moo helped Scott develop the worlds most advanced AM/FM Stereo Receiver The billions of research dollars expended towards America’s race to the moon helped foster the development of many entirely new electronic devices. Alert Scott engineers realized that the adaptation of some of these de- vices could result in significant advances in the performance of high fidelity components . . .« realization that inevitably led to the development of the 386 AM/FM stereo receiver The 386 represents a level of sound quality and performance characteristics that is a giant-step ahead of any stereo component ever before available . . . utilizing entirely new features that help you control incoming sig nals with a degree of accuracy never before possible . . . incorporating new assembly techniques that guaran- tee superb performance over periods of time previously thought unattainable. There are 7 ultrareli- Quartz crystal lattice Higher power at low; Perfectuneacomput- Wire-wrap_ terminal able Integrated Cir. filter Fsection,never er distortion: The er logic module, de- connectionsand plug. cuits in the 386 before found ina re- shaded area indicates cides when you've in printed circuit more than in any oth’ ceiver in this price wherecompelitive re reached the point of module construction erreceivernowonthe class, ends the need ceivers tend to rob perfect tuning and result in the kind of market. These 7 cir of IF amplifier re- you of full response lowestdistortion, then reliability usually as cuits include a total alignment, and gives in the extreme lows snaps on the “Perfec- sociated with aero- ‘of 91 transistors, 28 very low’ distortion (organ, bass drum) tune” signal light. space applications. Giodes, and 109 resis. and high selectivity. and highs (flutes, tri tors! angles, etc.) © 199, 1, HL Sot, Toe 386 Specifications Total power (= 1 dB) 170 Watts @ 4 Ohms. IHF Dynamic power, 675 Watts/ 7 channel @ 4 Ohms; Continuous power, both channels driven, 42 Watts/channel © @ 4 Ohins, 35 Watts/channel @ 8 Ohins: Distortion < 05% at rated output; Eroqueney response (21 dB), 1530 KHz; IHF power bandwidth, 1825 KHz. Ppgeied esienion, wre oy FM usable sensitivity (IHF), 190V; FM selectivity, 42 dB. Price, $49.95. Hogee it canara Map ‘CincLe MO. 115 ON READER SERVICE CARD. 24 HLECTRONICS WORLD‘A surgeon it shown performing minor surgery to Implant @ cardise pacemaker system in hecrt ELECTRONICS and the HEART By FRED W. HOLDER /upsnisor Techical Wing, Benda field Ensneering Cor. Although electronic instrumentation has helped seve and prolong many a heart patient’s lije, the steady increase in deaths due to heart disease gives mute testimony for the nev the past ten years, we have learned enough to send J ‘aman tothe Moon and bring hi back, but we havent managed to slow the growth of heart disease, The death rate from heart disease has increased more than 15 percent over this period, so that more than half of all deaths in the U.S, are attributed to heart ailments. In Los Angeles County alone, heart attacks kill 30 persons each day. ‘The American Heart Association reports that 40 percent ‘of all persons who die from heart attacks do so within the first hour. Another 45 percent dio within the frst day. New technology is allowing somethiag to be done about this. For example, miniaturization has made electronic heart- care equipment smel! enough to be taken to the patient; sophisticated patient-monitoring and treatment equipment fs avaflable once the patient reaches the intensive-care room in the hospital; and the miniaturization, which made mobile heart care possible, now enables many heart pa tients to retum to a nearly normal, productive life. In this article, we will investigate some of these new items. Mobile Coronary Equipment In 1968, Schaefers Ambulance Service of Los Angeles adapted medical instrument tecka‘ques “developed by Februry, 1970 of further research along these lines. NASA for its test pilots to provide heart-rate information om ambulance patients to doctors awaiting their arzival at the Thospital. If the patient gives his permission, Schaefers’ at- tendants attach small bare wires @ his chest with a special gon. This gun sprays and dries a silver-glue combination to form electrodes for monitoring the electrical activity of the patient’s heart. Information from these electrodes is picked up by special electronic instruments and relayed, as an audio tone, by short-wave radio and telephone lines, to the UCLA Medical Center. At the Medical Center, the information is used to drive a standard electrocardiograph, record, providing a visual display of the patient's heart ac- tivity for the waiting doctors. With such advance inforrsa- tion available, the doctor can make the necessary prepara- tions before the pationt arsives and gai many valuable mine utes needed to save a life, In a similar move, Los Angeles County started operat ing a new mobile, electronically equipped coronary rescue unit i June 1968. This unit is expected to save the lives ‘of 300 Southern Californians annually, who might otherwise hhave died of heart attacks. This unif, called a myocardial infaretion rescue unit (MIRU), uses a General Motors Step- Van to house and transport the electronic instrumentation, 25Fig. 2 flock diogram of typical pationt-monitring system The electronic equipment used in MIRU is made by Dal- lons Instruments, a division of International Rectifier Corp. MIRU has a cardioscope, to display the patient's heart ac- tivity; a heart-rate meter with alarm settings to. trigger other equipment when an extreme is reached; and an elapsed-time meter to measure the crucial time between hheart beats. Information from these instruments is trans- mitted to a nearby hospital where a cardiologist diagnoses, it and radios instructions to the narse and technician in MIRU. ‘The cardiologist ean prescribe the use of a defibrillator, which gives an electria shock to stimulate heart activity, ot a pacemaker which either replaces er supplants the hearts normal timing mechanism. With such useful “tools” out in the field, the docior’s fight against a heart attack has a bet- ter chance of being won. Estimates show that MIRU will be able to answer the average call within 10 to 15 minutes. The actual value of MIRU will be determined during its two- year pilot program now under way. Hospital Coronary-Care Equipment Patient-monitoring equipment has proved to be of great value in the treatment of coronary patients, Intensive care Fig. 3. Arthythmia Monitor system, consisting of @ trond re Corder and orrhythnta monitor, recsrsr patian's hea! eciviy fond provides the necertry lars when arrhythmia occ of these patients is aided and indeed enbanced through the use of electronic instruments which continuously monitor various physiological parameters, such as arterial ana venous pressures, temperature, and respiration, Such systems are Hot new to the medical profession since some 400 hospitals, are currently using electronic patient-monitoring equipment. Such systems do not replace a nurse or any other member, Of the hospital staff, but serve to supplement the staff and, to inerease the nurse-to-patient ratio in coronary-care units, (of the hospital. Experience has shown that patient-monitor- ing systems reduce the mortality rate of coronary patients. Honeywell, Hewlett-Packard, and General Electric are among the fiims making patient-monitoring systems to pex- form the functions shown in Fig, 2. Most of these sys- tems are modular so that they may be tailored to ft the requirements of a specific hospital. Such systems normally consist of electrodes and transducers which attach to the patient and gather information for display and recording, ‘The signals from the electrodes and transducers are routed through signal-conditioning equipment where they are used, to drive display devices (both graphic and digital) and recording equipment. The signals picked up from the elec- trodes and transducers may be recorded on moving charts, or magnetic tapes and may also be routed to analog-to-digi tal equipment for conversion and further processing by co puter equipment and then forwarded to remote locations Where the data may be displayed for consulting physicians. ‘The newest patient-monitoring system from Honeywell consists af one or more bedside units and a central con- trol console (Fig. 1). The bedside unit provides an electro- cardiogram monitoring channel, an oscilloscope for di playing data, a beat-to-beat cardiotschometer, a precision meter display with high and low adjustable alarm settings, and a push-button controlindicator board. The bedside ‘monitor works in conjunction with the central control con: sole so that one nurse can monitor up to eight patients, The central console contains one or two multi-trace oscilloscopes to display data from up to eight individual bedside units; 2 direct-wiste recorder with automatic selection, control and identification features; and. keyboard and meter tical to those in each of the bedside units. Hewlett-Packard also-has a number of new modular pa- tient monitoring units, such as the Model 7803A Monitor- scope which provides one- or two-channel monitoring on a five-inch display. This display is large enough to be seen from a-distance and compact enough (less than % cubic foot) to be used at the patient's bedside or at a central sta- tion. The unit features automatic brightness control and two sweep speeds. ‘Another Hewlett-Packard unit, the Model 7825A ‘Trend Recorder, provides a 24-hour record of up to four physio- logical variables ona six-by-ten inch chart, ‘This compact unit (6%" x 7%" x 11”), weighing only 13 pounds, permits ‘wide Hexbility in chart format, For example, four channels may occupy equal portions of the chart, a single channel ‘may use the entire chart, or two channels may each appear ‘on one-fourth of the chart while a third channel occupies the remaining half of the chart. To ensure reliable, unat tended recording, the unit uses inkless electric writing to provide permanent, reproducible recordings. ‘When the Trend Recorder is combined with an arrhyth- mia monitor, the system (Fig. 8) provides the necessary alarms and & permanent record of the patients abnormal hheatt beats. The arrhythmia monitor measures the width of the over-all pulse, representing a complete heart beat (known as the QRS) rather thin the beat-to-beat interval, ig. 4. Clinical tals have shown that a widening of the QRS, is a more reliable indicator of heart arrhythmias than the detection of premature beats based on variations in the beat-to-beat interval, Finally, a coronary patient in intensive care must be pro- tected against electrical shock, because it has been found 26 FLECTRONICS WORLDthat a small current at the point of contact with the heart can induce ventricular fibrilation (the heart muscles con- tract independently and without rhythm). A new pressure transducer (Fig. 5) has been developed that provides elec- tical isolation of cardiac-catheterized (where a tube has been inserted into the heart through @ vein) patients. The electrical isolation provided by this transducer will not per- mit more than 0.5 microampere of current to flow with po- tentials up to 800 volts, which is well below the 10 micro- amperes considered safe, If the voltage should exceed 800 volts, a protective circuit in the transducer automatical- ly bypasses the excess current to ground. Portable Coronary Equipment When a coronary gatint’s heart slows down (known as heart block) or stops beating (known as Stokes-Adams syn- drome) because of damage to the nerve that pulses the heart muscle, it may be necessary to provide these electrical Pulses artificially to keep the patient alive. Stokes-Adams, disease was once invariably fatal. However, the advent of the electronic pacemaker changed all this, ‘making. it pos- sible to keep the patient alive with external electronic pulses, Today, thousands of Americans have been given a new lease ‘on life by electronic pacemakers such as those manufac: tured by General Electric ‘According to General Electric, approximately 25,000 peo- pple have had tiny electronic pacemakers implanted in their bodies since 1960. The smallest pacemaker now available ‘weighs about four ounces and fits easily into the palm of your hand. The unit consists of an electronic generator, powered by long-life mercury batteries, and two electrodes Which are attached to the heart muscle. The generator is normally set to pulse 70 times per minute but a unit is available which can be adjusted to 85 pulses per minute for younger or more active patients. Tin cases where treatment of the patient requires moni- toring of his blood pressure during his normal daily ac- tivities, the Remler portable blood-pressure recorder is the answer. This unit consists of an inflation bulb, a blood-pres- sure eu, » portometer to measure pressure, a microphone, an indicator light, and a tape deck (Fig, 6). The patient ‘wearing the blood-pressure cuff operates the blood-pressure recorder by systematically squeezing the inflation bulb wntil the signal light informs him that the upper range of pres- sure bas been reached. He then releases the pressure until, the signal light indicates that the lower pressure has been reached, The tape recorder, controlled by the inflation pres- sure, records the cuff pressure, artery sounds, and the heart rate, In this operation, the microphone serves the same pur- pose as the doctors stethoscope. ‘The information recorded by the tape recorder is trans- Jated into graphic form by a calibrated decoder in the Tabo- ratory to furnish @ permanent record which can be evaluated by the physician, Measurements made under these condi- tions not only determine the presence of hypersensitive com- plications, but are of signifieance in assessing the efficacy find dosage of medications, and can guide the physician in prescribing additional medication for the patient. ‘A new deviee for automatically recording heart-rate ac- tivity over a given period of the normal work day has been developed by T. E. M. Instruments Lid. of Sussex, Eng. land. This tiny instrument, known as SAMI/HR (Socially Acceptable Monitoring Insiruments/heart rate), obtains its signal from two adhesive chest electrodes. The electrical hreart-beat signal is amplified and filtered by the circuits in the SAMI/HR and converted to a constant-current charge pub. This pulse is recorded in an electro-chemical inte- grator or E-cell, manufactured by The Bissett-Berman Corp. of Los Angeles. The E-cell recordings may later be decoded by an E-cell replay machine to determine the number of times the wearer’s heart beats in a given period of time, Cumently, SAML/HR'S are being used in clinical follow-up, February, 1970 fn work study programs, and in estimating psychological stress. Professor William Einthoven developed the electro-car- dliograph almost 70 years ago and gave the world its frst heart-monitoring device, Since then, technology has come Jong way in the development of electronic medical instris mentation. But the continuing increase in the death rate from heart disease tells us we still have a long way t0 g0. waveform show- Sergeingcordiog catheterization.RECENT .. DEVELOPMENTS e= IN ELECTRONICS Nuclear Power on Moon, (Top left) The recent Apollo-12 mis» sion marked the first use of @ nuclear electric power system ‘on the Moon. The deviee, called SNAP-27 (Systems for Nuclear ‘Auxiliary Power), is @ radioisotope thermoelectric generator. or atomie battery. It Is designed to produce all the electricity for continuous one-year operation of the array of scientific Instruments left by the astronauts on the luner surfece. The generator, fueled with plutonium-238, is designed to produce 63 electrical watts of power. The unit is about 18-in high and 1G4in in diameter, including radiating fins, The spontaneous radioactive decay of the plutonium within its protective graph ite fuel cask produces heat. An assembly of 442 lead telluride thermoelectric elements then converts this heat—1450 thermal watts—directly into at least 63 watts of electrical energy. There ‘are no moving parts in the generator. Long, ribbonslike con necting cables interconnect the output of the generator to the ‘various experiment packages. The unit was designed by GE Flash Three Times for Highway Help. (Center) The stranded ‘motorist whose car is at the extreme left is being helped by 2 police afficer summoned to the scene by the flashing head- lights of @ passing motorist. The system was recently in stalled along @ 50-mile stretch of Interstate Highway 4 pass ing through Lakeland, Florida, Nang this stretch of road, there are 20 light detectors, mounted on aft poles, and lo: cated near major interchanges. Signs along the test section of road ask drivers who spot stalled vehicles to flash their bright lights three times at the next Flash sign. This gener ‘ates a signal over interconnecting telephone lines to a panel of lights end alarms at the local Highway Patrol station. The ‘trooper monitoring the panel radio-dispatches a patrol car to the area to investigate. The system was developed by All, while the interconnections were provided by GT&E. Presently ‘experimental, the system will be tested for a year. The in stallation was financed by the Federal Bureau of Roads, Passive Reflector for Microwave Communications. (Bottom left) This 30- by 48+t passive reflector has recently been installed near Anchorage, Alaska for a new microwave com- munications system. The huge billboardsike flat reflector is illuminated by a transmitting antenna some 7 miles away. It then redirects the 6700:MHz, 300-voice-channel signals to a receiving antenna which is located 48 miles away. Most of this, path Is over the waters of Cook Inlet, so that it would have been impractical to Install closely spaced active repeaters with ‘heir small dish antennas. The reflector is painted black to re- tard ice build-up in the severe Alaska winter. This turns the toflector into a blackbody radiator so that any sunlight that occurs is turned into heat and dissipated to melt the ice. The passive element bounces the reflected energy off at a horizon- tal angle of 36 degrees with respect to the incident energy, and it provides a gain of 118 decibels at the operating frequency. The reflector was installed by tne Microfiect Co, for RCA. HLECTRONICS WORLDVideo Mappers Aid Air Traffie Controk (Top right) The con: troller is watching radar bis from aircraft on a screen with ‘a superimposed geographical map, The video-mapper system scans a film negative of the map (up to 8 can be push-button: selected), and then transmits the resultant video for the radar display. Various landmarks, checkpoints, airways, and. air ports can be shown so that the planes can be located exactly. ‘The videomapper system hes been developed by General Time Carp. for the Air Force and Is now being produced fer the NNofth Atlantic Defense Ground Environment program for use in all NATO nations. The company has recently received a $2.8 million award from Air Force for a number of these systems, Solg-State Comes to the Farm. (Center) This new International Harvester farm combine uses @ dozen magnetic transducers, ‘and some 60 or 70 transistors and diodes to monitor such things as rotation speed of shafts, volume of material passing through the combines, pressures, and temperatures, Any ab. normal function lights one of a series of red warning lights on the read-out pane! in the cab. Since the operator rides in an air-conditioned, dust-proof, broadcast radio-equipped ca, he is isolated from many of the sights, sounds, vibrations, and smells that signal trouble or a need fo make an adjustment. The new solid-state monitoring system Is needed then to bring such important information directly to the attention of the operator. Electron Beam Used as Test Probe. (Below left) An electron beam is being used to test the connective wiring on a printed- circuit board, The beam first charges the circult and then scans the board. The secondary electron emission produced by the scanning is received by 2 special photomultiplier device and converted to the CRT display shown, Test points on the circuit are darkened on the display by the greater secondary ‘emission resulting from the initial charging. The white spots are points on the eireuit that are not connected to the selected Circuit. System is being used experimentally at IBM Laboratory TV in the Classroom. (Below right) A lesture Jn transistor theory is being given with the help of @ new instructional-TV system at Monroe Community College (Rochester, N.Y.) The system is said to be the most extensive ever installed fa a junior college; It has the capability of proviging up to 17 simultaneous programs. Programs can originate at any point fon campus and be fed vie a cable by two subcarrier channels to the college's TV center for distribution or taping. Equip ment includes 12 cameras and a dozen video-tape recorders, The cable system interconnects 156 classrooms, lecture halls, laboratories, and learning carrels. The elaborate instruction LTV aystem was designed by Jerrold Electronics Corporation.supply elt showing fier ciceai, Design and Construction of Regulated Power Supplies By RICHARD H. DUTTON Construction hints and design criteria for building some inexpensive, but very stable, series-pass regulated power supplies. The fabrication of a 20-volt, 1-5-ampere regulated power supply with a dynamic impedance under 0.4 ohm and with regulation better than I percent is described thoroughly. ply of one kind or another, Batteries are convenient for experimental and portable use but are not ade- uate when large amounts of power are required for ex- tended periods of time Most 2.¢- power supplies function with a simple rectifier and choke-capacitance or resistance-capacitance filter, The choke filter (Fig. 24) is bulky and relatively costly while the resistance filter (Pig. 28), to be really effective, wastes con- Siderable power. Neither power supply is regulated and, wwhon high currents axe drawn from the supply, outpat vo «ag falls while ripple increases. Some improvement in power supply output can be abtained by the addition of the simple ‘emitter-follower stabilizer shown in Fig. 3. However, the ‘output impedance of this device is still on the order of soveral ohms so that unwanted feedback and eross coupling can still ‘occur when several amplifier stages are placed in parallel on the same power-supply bus The power supply described in this article tends to over Ne all experimental projects need @ power sup- Fig. 2. Two fiter networks, (A) choke-capeciance ond (B) Fetistance-cgpacitance, commonly oxed with power supeles, Bet Be EBtver 4 £ Bo ay ayer (a) rig auteur (8) fixed type of emer follower te output af pewersupply unite Fig, 2. (al Ads come the disadvantages mentioned by being efficient, using ‘only inexpensive non-critical parts which ave readily avail- able, and by being of very low impedance and fully 1 lated. Using only spare puts, the 20-volt, Samp version described is presently powering both channels of a home stereo center with both the power amplifier and preamp power-supply lines connected in parallel. The measured power-supply dynamie impedance is less than 0.4 ohm, regu lation is better thaur 1 percent, and there is no trace of audible hhum, line noise, nor channel crosstalk Basic Cireuit Two wusual features of this power supply are shown in Fig. 1. First, no choke or smoothing component of any kind, cther than the usual reservoir capacitor and the regulator itself, is included. Second, series-pass transistor Q3 is used in the collector-follower mode instead of the more commonly SECTRONICS WORLDused emitter-follower configuration, thus contebuting quite Nvifeantly to the voltnge gain of the regulator loop and aintaning 4 low output impedance without the need for sil ptcaton stage Three hoy 0 Collage-amphifying stages, 01 and 3, with phase inversion geriog 108 oF. that deat intostage feedback i mien exten opt voltage by & sa tained How it Works ‘Transformer TI, diodes D1 through D4, and capacitor CL form a standard bridge-reetifor cireuit with reservoir capaci tor. Ifthe available transformer secondary is center-tapped, 4 standard fullwave configuration can be used instead of the bridge. The remainder of the circuit forms. the regulator proper with Ql functioning as a diferential voltage amplifier Any voltage change appearing. at the ‘op of the voltage dividers, formed by RI and RP and by D5 and R3, is sensed At the base and emstter of Q1, respectively. Since the emitter of Ol is connected to the votage source through zener diode DS, the full amount of the change appears at the emitter Decause the Zener maintains a constant voltage drop within its operating range. However, the voltage change atthe base of OLis les than the change at the emitter because of the voitage-divider effect of HY and R2. The vollage across the emitter-base junction of Ql is, therefore, the dillerential be- tween these two changes, resulting in Ql tending to camry more current if the output voltage falls and less if it rises “The collector evrrent of Q1 flows through Rd and throogh 5 which is in parallel with the base-emitter junction of Q2, ‘The change it the base of Q2.is erent amplified, in pphase, by emitter-follower action of 92, and appears as a Jarger current change at the base of 03. The increased cw rent in the base-emitter function of O3, originally eaused by the amplification of the drop in voltage at the output ter minal by Q1 and Q2, causes Q3 to conduct more, redueing the voltage drop beiween collector and emitter and. this effectively raising the output voltage by the amount neces: Sary to cancel out the original change. Since the loop is completely d.c-coupled and there are no RC timne constants, this correction is, m effec, instantaneous with only = rte residual change in output voltage, Basically, the oper tion can be compared with that of a high-gain power am plier with virtually 100 percent negative feedback, as show Inthe block diagratn of Fig. 4. Funetion of R6 At this point, to explain Uye function of RG, we must fest consider thease dre eth RG removed Then t suite on, the vectifed dic. voltage would appear across Cl, i Dall with the oad and 5, which oe in series: However, Frith dis setup there ts intially no vollage across the Wad ‘Agelt and OU remains cut off because of the absence of a iferential between its emsitter-base jnnction. As a result, no current will dow in the base-emitter junctions of Q2 and Q3 $0 that these transistors remain at eutafl- Consequently. 0 current will ow and all ofthe voltage will appear across the pas transistor, 08 This situation can be rapidly corrected by introducing suiiient voltage atthe base of Q1 to overcome the emitter: ihase junction bias and tum it on, As soon as QL tums on voltage appeits across the Inad and the normal loop. gain kes aver, stabilizing the output voltage atthe selected level, ‘The voltage required to turn 1 on can be introduced by a flashlight battery connected throngh a diode to the base of 1, with che other battery terminal grounded, At switelan ‘@urent wuld be drawn and then, during normal operation, the connecting diode would back-bias and disconnect te ba tery. However iis more convenient to tap the unregulated supply for the necessary starting potentis! by adding. Will AG in the creuit, the starting potential Is the vollage acauss C1, dropped by RG, Rl, and R2 and by R6, D5, and Februory, 1970 RB, to the base and emitter of Ql, respectively, Since te Zonet is initially non-conducting, nd A ts small Counpared to AQ, the diferential neross the emitter-base junction at QT js initially quite large, causing the supply to turn on very auiekly ‘Once the supply has tuned on, the vollage across the starter resistor (6) and therefore the current Uheough it drops to a very low value and has no elfecton the regulation or the output voltage, “This action emphasizes a couple of other things that can be done with the supply if we want to First, we can plice & normally open pushbutton, flay eon: tacts, photocell, oF other control device in seriex with RO Even though a.¢. power is applied, de, power will not come on ut the cottl device a state ther Healy of tmotely, and once on will stay on regardless ofthe operating Condition of the control, . A similar device across R2 can operate as a remote cut-off anil variation of R2, within the limits liscssed ter i the Anicle under “Construction Hints,” can be used. to adiust he output. vollage. Second, the ovtpit teratinals ean be short-cifeuted without causing any dainage since there js'n0 apactive storage at the output and. the current surge ‘ough the short circut wil ast only long enough for Ql to react and tum O2 and 3 off, However, if RG isin the circuit, the output vollage will be restored irmmedliately when the short or averloed condition is temoved. ‘This is very ipor- tant when asing the supply to power a construction project ‘where accidental short Creuits may occur Final Cirevit Design ‘The final circuits. Fige, 5 and 6, show three components not in the basie cicuit (Fig. 1). Although dhe eixeuit wil ‘work perfectly well without these components they provide protection against inadvertent thermal runaway. D6 provides A dee, bias on O2 which reduces the necessiry amount of Swing at the esllector of OL and thereby incteses the loop gain, At the same time, the potential drop across D8 varies Inversely us its temperature, Uns reducing the bias on Q2 find the eunrent through 3, asthe resistance of Q3 also falls with temperature. RT is a positive temperature-coeficient resistor whose value increases with temperature, thus having 5. Schematic diogtem ofthe 20-v0l, 1 S-ampere regulatedthe saune effect of reducing the forward bias. RB is a “power waster” and need only be used when the revtifed die. voltage at the emitter of 03 is significantly higher, with cespeck to ground, than the desired output voltage. By inserting RS the Power dissipation in Q3 can be considerably reduced while Twit affecting the regulation of the supply, because R8 is within the feedback loop. Construction Hints Parts placement for the construction of the power supplies shown in Figs, 5 and 6 is non-critical except that O3 mnvst be hv “nted onan adequate heatsink and be capable of dissipat if the maximum necessary power; that is, the product of Uh inact voltage actss O3 tintes the maninwin ensrent Unotgh it should be no greater than tke transistor power rating even though these two conditions are unlikely to ‘occur together. The voltage rating should be at least one and 1 half times the expected output voltage, or about 10 percent ‘geater than the no-load voltage across Cl, whichever is farger. 1 in doubt, select a “bigger” transistor and check it for leakage by connecting base-to-emitier, putting it in series with a miliammeter and, making sure @hat \be polarity is Correct, connect it aeross 12-volt battery. Tf the leakage current is less than | mA, mount Q3 to the heatsink, using an appropriate mounting bit and plenty of silicone grease, Q3 can be either silicon or germanium, ac~ cording to Which is handy, and either of the TO-3 or door Inobssize package. Silicon is preferred because of its higher temperature capability but getmanium is perfectly satstac~ tory if it js adequately cooled, Mount R7 and D6 to the heatsink about 1 to 1i inches from Q3, and on opposite sides ‘of it possible to. compensate for imeven heat distribution in the heatsink. Closer mounting. is permissible if space is particularly tight. Don’t uso silicon diode with a germanium transistor but, if you don’t have a silicon diode handy when Using a silicon transistor, use two germaniam diodes in series. Fasten diode D6 to the heatsink with a spot of epoxy or uso a small stud-mounted type. insulated from the heatsink swith « mica washer. A7 can be a bolt-on type resistor of any ‘alte that wil provicle a Voltage across it that is less than 0.5 volt at maximum current when (3s silicon, or less than 0.25, volt when Q3 is germaniom. R7 ean be replaced by either a I-ampere slow-blow fuse seated in a elip bolted to the heat nk or by about 15 inches of #26 magnet wire wound ‘round the body of a 2-watt resistor and epoxied to the heat sink, The other components should be mounted on a piece of phenolic, perfboard, etc. and spaced at least % inch from the heatsink. Using a separate heatsink, # necessary, inount the transformer and rectifier bridge so that they don’t eom- tribute to or are affected by the heat generated by Q3. Select a transformer that is rated to carry the maximum current sequired at a vollage rating about 5 volts higher than the maximum output rating, and connect st to the reetilier assem bly and to C1 Tf the voltage across C1 is much greater than 5 volts higher than the output voltage desired, calculate the value of AS that would be necessary to dino the additional voltuge at amaximum rated current, leaving about 5 vols zeross Q3. Use a high-watlage resistor for R8 and moune it whore if wil be adequately ventilated. The proper selection of RB will reduce the power dissipation in Q3 and lengthen its life. However, i RS isn't necessary then leave it out and connect the output terminal and diviges chains directly to the collector of 03. 02, ‘ean be ony convenient transistor of the same polarity and material ag Q3 and capable of providing the necessary base current to Q3. A collector current rating of 150 mA for Q2 is usually adequate The differential amplifier, consisting of Ql, RI, R2, RB, and D5 js the most sensitive part of the regulator and any drift im this area will canse a corresponding outpnt vollag’ change. It is more desirable to use a gensnanium transistor for OL because the jnetion potential is less than silicon. thereby requiring a smaller differential, However, when making an adjustable power supply use a silicon transistor and a trimmer to offset the increased differential For a ixed-voltage output the calculation of resistor values must take into account the junction differentials. Since 1 limits the collector current of O1 to less than 10 1, the trtn- sistor eurrent can be neglected when calculating A3. To cal colate R3 frst select a zener or reference diode with a zener voltage between one-quarter and three-quarters of the de- sign oniput voltage. High values within this range will improve the regulation slightly by increasing the relative base-emitter change across 1, while low values will reduce enor dissipation and long-terin drift. Make sure the rele tence zener is of good quality since the stability of this deviee dletermines the stability of the power supply. Subtract the zener voltage from the required output voltage and, using ‘Ohm's Law, calculate the resistance value of R3 that will ddraw the current which wift cause the zener to min about one= third of its maxinum rating, Do not starve the zener or its voltage will not be constant with time. ‘When building a variable supply, enleulate R3 so as not to cause more than 90 percent of the rated dissipation in the zenes at the highest voltage and not less than 15 percent at the lowest voltage. Use a T-watt zener for power supplies in the 12-voltand-up range and a dOd-inllivate zener for low voltages. Very low voltage supplies, such as a 45ovolt IC. supply, can use three or four forward-biased silicon diodes in sevies asa reference instead of a zener. Always be sure t0 use diodes of large enough eurrent capacity so that the eur rent through #3 will be atleast five times the emitter current of QL. Next, calculate those values of RI and A2 which, together, will permit. curent flow of 8 to 51a. atthe desived version of cesely veguleted powers Py. When remafe srt stop is nol Svired, lave connetans open; when “onned! NO. pushsbaen ot torminols in poral to n= femel push-button. If Toca start/stop vine, remove. push-tuttons leeds tena eal if renitance Is Twisted pair of leads, connected the foad, shold be wsod for sense dnd nogelive bus Tloatng, therefore either Bus founded. Al wansistors ELECTRONICS WORLDOUTPUT VOLTAGE. | RANGE OF TRaNS. ‘SEC, VOLTAGE FOR SINGLE-ENDED | ‘SUPPLY (nomial) Table 1. Allemate component yas for itp ater em or shown 7 output voltage while dropping a voltage across R2 thot i fequal to the voltage aeross Ra plus the junction potential of Ol. The junction potential will be between 0.2 and O.t volt fora germanium transistor and elose to 0.6 vot fora smal signal silicon transistor. Ignore the base current of Q1, since its too sma influence the calculation, Te is unlikely that calculated values for RI and R2 will exactly match the normally available quarter-watt 10-pereent tolerance resistor seale, so the trek isto inerease or decrease both ealeulated values in the sume ratio to the nearest stand- ards. Tf the tolerances add up incorrectly or the junction potential of QI is not quite what it was indicated to be, the power-supply output voltage wilt be slightly different from the design value, but otherwise operation will be normal If the discrepancy is troublesome, reduce the value of R2 by, say, 500 obs, connect « 1000-ohm miniature potentiometer in series with fi, and “tim” the supply to the desired voltage. Adjustable Supplies An adjustable supply can be obtained in the same way, Calculate the value of R2 alone, for the lowest voltage ob- tainable within the zener-current limits deseribed before and then the vale of R2 plus potentiometer that will give the highest voltage. The potentiometer can be connected either locally oF remotely. Ifa remote pot is used itis beter t put itin series with RI rather than R2 because then, ifthe remote line is opened, the supply will switch off rather than swinging to highest vollage. If more than one “range” is required, the zener diode can be switched. Use a make-before-break switch, ‘or switch the lower voltage Zener in parallel with the higher one so that the emitter of Q1 never loses voltage. I you wish to package the power supply for bench use, with meters, and without losing reyulaton ‘because of meter” impedance, simply connect the voltmeter across the output terminals and the cwrent meter within the feedback loop between the collector of 93 and the junction of RJ and DB. Jf RB is used, the meter can be placed on the side of R8 that js most con. ‘venient. The slight amount of current drawn by the voltmeter and. voltage-amplifier chains may shift the zero on the am- ineter a Iittle if itis sensitive enough, but this can be over- ‘come by resetting the pointer to zero with the power supply fn and no load connected. A 4327 pilot lamp, comected as, shown in Fig, 5, draws very itil current and provides a good, Visual indication of power-supply operating conditions, es pecially when meters are not included in the design. Dual Supplies Fig. 7 shows a dual poser supply with postive and nega- tive angpis symmetrical about the cominon polnt. Tis type of supply is useful for servo-motor drive and similar appli cations where symmetrical outputs are desized. It can also he used to power complementary.transistor type OTL audio smaplifess, permitting the normal amphfier output blocking ‘capacitor to be eliminated by connecting the amplifier to the positive and negative power-supply. terininals and. the spenker between amplifier output and power-supply come mon. Typical component values ate given in Fig. 7 for 6-0} Febrvery. 1970 ‘ZENER DIODE 400 mW RATING tems) von) 270 | 180 510 680 510 1100 “1200 | 1160 “2000, ) 3300 | 510 11000 operation and altemate component values for other popular ‘outpots ave listed in Table I, It is not essential that the post- {ive and negative voltages be equal but the transformer must bbe capable of supplying the total current of both halves at the voltage necessary for the higher output bus. Be sure that semiconductor ratings are adequate for the maximum voltage Ut can appear across them under “worst-case” conditions Transistors should be rated for at least 1.5 times the rm. voltage of the transformer secondary, as Should the capaci tors, with adequate rectifier pai. ratings as well. Multiple voltage supplies can be readily olitained by de- signing the regulator for the requirements of the main bus tnd theo using this bus as the input for one or more emitter- follower regulators of the type shown in Fig. 3. This method provides closely stabilized collector and base potentials for the emitter-follower, thus improving its stability over the umegalated input version by several orders of magnitude. ‘The current drawn from such a device should be small and nearly constant, otherwise it might be better to provide a separate fully regulated supply, in order to maintiin a low dynamic impedance. (Continued om page 89)Fe ol the electronic die, simply press the buon fora second or ‘and let go. One of six lamps wil ight up. ELECTRONIC DICE By R. W. FOX, Aoplcation Engineering Semicondctr Preduls Dept General EletieCo Design and construction of an electronic die using SCR’s in ring-counter circuit which is used to actuate indicator lamps. ICE are used in a multitude of gambling, board, asd Various fn games. In each case, the dice help us ‘enjoy these gumes by introducing the element of hance. The time has come for the “old-fashioned” die to catch up with the space age, soe present here a cet for dan electronie die, ‘With an investment of as litle as ten dollars and a few hhouts of time, you can make yout own electronic die of row Tette wheel. This die can be used in a game such as Monopoly 28.8 spinner in ater bowed games. Use it asa challenge to your friends to prove itis random, or as a source of rat dom numbers for mathematical analysis, as « roulette wheel (or a8 a wheel of chance like the one found at the local bazaar. Basically, this electronic die is @ low-voltage ring counter Fig. 1. Complete achemetic of Wiggertd sing counter cult thet cireuit. It isa series of identical circuit stages which tam ach ofr “on! and ‘of in a predetemined sequence, a given stage ison, it represents a given number. The bability of a given stage being on will be (1/n), where nis the number of stages if all stages remain on for the same Jength of time. This means that each number has an equal hance of coming np a winner. : In the heart of this circuit (See Fig. 1) is a complementary SCR, which has its gate tied into the anode. A new, inexpen- sive General Electric C1SY is used. Its unique characteristics ‘make possible the construction of this low-power ring counter \with only five components per stage, in addition to the load. iis interesting that the lamp loads (L1~L6) are in the gate circuits of the SGR’s rather than in the anode or cathode. ne For the 8 x & 3 ct | 50-60uF: ® a I eden \ air. = t Stee ae ee Lawn T I Saints tre ae eee ele Se oatae eae ST ae 4 Bane otisThe circuit can be classed as a triggered ring counter, that 4s, on each input pulse the ring counter steps up to the next stage. For example, if Q5 is assumed to be conducting, then current flows through £2 and the gate-cathode cireuit of the C1LY, Current also flows through R6, D2, and the anode- cathode cixcuit of Q5. Since the gate-cathode circuit of the C13Y is at low impedance when the device is on, C4 becomes charged to 12 V through R10 and RII This, then, sets the system for the next shift pulse at the base of oscillator tran stor Q3. ‘When a positive pulse appears on the base of Q3, the cur= rent through R6 is shunted away from Q5 and flows through the collector-emiter circuit of 3. Then, the anode current of 05 drops helow the holding current, the device turns off. When Q5 turns off, the gate current ceases and the gate rises to. potential of 12 volts, Since Ga is charged to 12 volt, the anode voltage of Q6 is now at « potential twice that of the sate. As this is the equivalent of a 12-volt gate signal, O6 tums on and starts to dischasge C4 through K11. The signal is removed from the base of 03 before C4 discharges below the holding eusrent of Q6; hence, Q6 remains on wit the next shift pulse at Q3, 100. mA l20v i 2 Power supbly can enligh calls or 2 Tanter baler comer exc i. 8. Diode-ronssir encoder permite display to resemble Face of te, Circa connected’ diet te Figs 1 cosh. Fou'Gerve sect ences co} anes atace) Februcry, 1970 ‘The shift pulses come from a relaxation oscillator made up of QL, Q8, and O4. When S1 is closed momentarily, CL charges through RI. When the voltage on Cl execeds the voltage neoded to trigger Ql, the SCR tums on and dis- charges capacitor C2 through R5 and the base circuit of 23. ‘When $1 is opened, the relaxation oscillator will continue to run until the charge remaining on C1 is insufficient to allow peak current to flow to Ql. At this time shift pulses stop and the “winning number” appears as the final lighted stage, By ‘changing the value of CI, the length of time of the “roll” can bbe controlled; the larger C1, the longer the roll Fig. 2 shows a simple power supply that can be used for the electronie die Randomness of the Ci Since the die is a ring counter, one winning number will always precede another specific one. However, the random ness is built into the circuit in another way. ‘The winning number is dependent upon several factors. First is the charge ‘on capacitor Cl, and second, the stage that is on when $1 is ‘opened. To make it extremely difficult to fx the system, the tume constant to charge C1 has been made long (with the values shown, about 2 seconds), This makes it dificult to ‘open the switch at a given spot on the charging curve, except at full charge, Since the ratio of C1 to C2 is more than 500- to-one, a 0.9% change in the voltage of C1 when the switch is opened will cause an extra step in the ting counter. To ‘charge C1 to a point within 0.2% of full voltage would take over 500 time constants or aver 26 minutes. ‘Another factor that determines which stage is on when the switeh is opened is extremely difficult to control. When the relaxation oscillator. is running, its frequency. is about 120 pulses per second. This means (Continued on page 79) 35 7= Air Traffic Control TRANSPONDER identifies Radar Targets By D. J. HOLFORD Description of the ATC transponder that allows the air traffic controller to accurately identify the radar blips from aircraft under his control. Editor's Note: The recent mid-air collsion over Indianapolis involoing a small private plane and an Allegheny Airlines jet, in which 83 persons lost their live, called attention to the ATC transponder. According to news reports, the small plane did not appear on the ground controller's radar. Had this plane been transponder-cquipped, as was the commercial jet, chances are that it would have been spotted so that the ac- ident might have been avoided. Some private planes do have radar transponders to produce an identifiable radar return on the controller's radar screen. However, since the cost ofthese units may be $1000 or more, quite a few private planes do not have them but instead rely on “see and be seen” visual fight rules, After the accident occurred, there was talk of requiring all planes that fly near major airports to be transponder equipped. As of thisturiting, the investigation is not concluded. growth of the wartime radar-beacon IFF (Identifica- tion Friend or Foe) system, which enabled military radar operators to distinguish between friendly and hostile radar targets, ‘The modem air trafic contvol system permits rapid iden fication, ease of tracking desired targets, and at the same time allows the controller to display only’ those targets with which he is concemed. It also permits the complete elimi tion of weather returns and false targets encountered with normal primary radar equipment. The system consists of a ground transmitter (interrogator), which transmits a coded signal to all aircraft, and an air bome transmitter-receiver (transponder), which receives and decodes the interzogation signal. If the. interrogation signal eontains one or move of the codes for which the tran- sponder is set, a coded reply will be transmitted. This reply is received and processed by the ground receiver and is used to generate a synthetic, readily identified target on the radar display. ‘There are available four different modes of operation. Mode A is the one presently used for civil and military air traffic control; mode B is coming into sse and serves the same function as mode A. Mode C, whieh will soon be enter- Te siz trafic control transponder system is an_out- 36 hig, service, wed for automatic reporting of sleerat alt toe, while mode D is rexerved for future development, possibly ns. data velay system Sequence of Operation ‘The trigget pulie to inate transmission, of the inter rogation signal is provided by the asmneiated radar systom (Gig. 1), Siw geeund-bved intenogator te pretriggered, that is, the Intemogition is trnsmited before the primary ‘dar pulse. This s ecestary because processing of the Sige nal by the tansponderlnvolves a ine delay which would test dhe tunsponder target being displayed sta diferent {and incorrect) vange than the esdar target, bor atop thie the ground-be tiggerThe pulse-repetition frequency of the interrogator is the same as that of the associated radar, The interrogstion signal consists of two 0.85-microsecond pulses, whose spacing is dependent on the mode of operation selected. In some cases a third pulse is inserted. it is desied to interrogate in more than one mode at the same time, the pulses are interlaced or transmitted alternate- 1y, All ground transmission takes place on a frequency of 1030 MH. The airborne transponder receives the interrogation signal (Fig. 2). Ifthe spacing coincides with a mode to which the transponder has been selected to reply, a pulse is generated and used to trigger the coding circuits, These generate a train of pulses appropriate to the reply selected by the pilot, or reporting altimeter in the case of mode C. At the same time 1 pulse is applied to a blanking gate, which prevents further trigger pulses from reaching the coder until eode generation is completed. This prevents garbling of the reply. The coder output is applied to the modulator and transmitted on a frequency of 1090 ME. One other citcuit of interest in the transponder is the over- interrogation control. This limits the replies transmitted to a number which will not exceed the duty cyele of the output tubes. If the number of interrogations becomes too great, 4 entoff signal is applied to the blanking gate in order to limit replies to a safe level ‘The ground receiver then amplifies the replies and passes them to aunt known as “dln? This renoes the now synchronous replies (those triggered by other interrogators From the defaiter the replies ae paased 40 a eotmmon de- coder, which decodes the basi signal to indicate that a veply is being received without indicating its code. The only codes which it will decode are those indicating a communications failure or an in-flight emergency. ‘After being processed by the common decoders, the sig- nals are passed on to the non-common decoders, one of which is provided for each radar display. These units decode only those particular codes that have been selected at the as- soeiated control box, up to a maxionum of 10 codes at each position. ‘The decoders generate synthetic signals which are dis Februory, 1970 Vertical pane bohind the scape ars the Cede-seltcioy wheels long with ment idemifications Fig. 1 Simplifed ck diagrom of ground installation. ck diagram of the airborne transponder niplayed on the radar indicator in the same position as the primary radar target, The coding employs a 12-bit information code, enabling 4096 diserete codes to be generated. The basic reply consists ‘of a pair of pulses, termed the start and stop pulses, separated by 20.30 microseconds. Between these pulses are the twelve 0.45-microsecond-wide information pulses, spaced 1.45 mi ‘exoseconds apart, (There is room for 13, but the seventh or center pulse is omitted in civil transponders.) The informa tion pulses are divided into four interleaved groups of three each, making up a four-digit code with each digit having a maximum value of seven. Code 7600 is reserved for notifica- tion of in-flight communications failure and 7700 For indicat ing an in-flight emergency; leaving 4094 codes available for routine assignment, ‘The start, stop, and information pulses are known as the pulse train, ‘When requested to “squawk ident” by the con- troller, the pilot pushes a button on his contzol bos, which for a period of twenty to thirty seconds causes aa additional pulse to be transmitted 4.35 microseconds after the stop pulse, This pulse is known as the “caboose,” or identifiea- tion pulse, It serves to generate a distinctive change in the displayed target, in order to provide rapid and positive ‘identification of #1 specific target. ‘The defruiter, which removes undesired replies, operates ‘on a storage system. The received signal is stored by one of a ppair of storage tubes and compared to the reply from the next interrogation. If the replies are identical and are from targets at the same position, they are passed on to the decod- ers. While this process is being carried out, the new reply is being written on the other storage tube for comparison with the next reply. If the replies are not identical, they are re- jected. A pair of storage tubes is provided for each mode in Control Box and Display Each trafc-control position has a control box which, in addition to conboling the associated aon-common decoder, provides for selection of the defruiter and of desired intero- gation modes. The contral box also contains a number of pilot Fights which indicate status of the ground equipment ‘The control boxes permit each controller to select a nom- Weer Fig. 2. Simplified fied by transponder ‘smaller, sngle-ala ‘blip produced by the primery roder. Without a transponder, there’ mey be he radar indication at all A. specie grovp the judaiion of ene con ber of codes (usually 10) for bis own use. This enables him to display on his radarscope only those targets in which he is interested. If desived, he may select display of all aircralt which are equipped with transponders regardless of code, or he may display only selected targets. Also, if requited, Ihe may display all targets but cause selected ones to be dis- played in a distinctive manner. This is achieved by causing selected targets to be displayed by two short lines (or s)_ and all other transponder-equipped aircraft by @ slash (Fig. 3). Other possible displays are the iden- Lification mark, where the space between the two slashes, fills in, This provides a very distinetive mark, enabling iden- tification of a specific target from among a group with the same coding One final display is the ewergency mark, which consists of two wide slashes similar to a double identifcation mark. This is triggered by reception of codes 7600 or 7700. Sit taneously with the display of the emergency mark, a buzzer sounds to alert the controller and one of two warning lights, fn the control boxes is illuminated. These lights carry the legends “Emergency” or “Communications Failure,” and, serve to identify which code is being received. ince the codes are not assigned in a random manner, but indicate information about the aircraft (whose control itis wader o its altitude), there may be occasions when a con- troller wishes to determine the code of an unidentified air- craft. Since itis not practicable for the controller to work his, way through 4096 codes, a means is provided for him to rapidly determine the code of unknown targets. The equip- ment consists of a four-digit readout indicator, @ light gun, ‘nd associated counting circuits. The light suin contains a photocell, and a light source which generates a small circle of light. Tn operation the light gun is positioned so that the circle of light surrounds the target. AS the sweep passes through, the target it causes the (Continued on page 78) ALECTRONICS WORLDFour-Channel Stereo -—the New Surround Sound By ROBERT BERKOVITZ / Acoustic Research, Inc If you want to be immersed and surrounded by sound or reproiluce the ambiance of a concert hall, try 4-channel stereo. Here are the principles and techniques used for a system that is causing much excitement in the high-fidelity industry. the recent Los Angeles Hi-Fi Show, is a tochnique of recording, broadeasting, and playback which permits Folinds to be presented to the listener from any direction in the horizontal plane. Although the resulting reproduction cannot match the resolution of which the ear and brain are able and is not independent of the acoustics of the listen- {ing room, the system works well and erentes an interesting illusion. The number of channels and the present state of eleotronie technology make possible 4-channel professional ‘and amateur recording systems, as well as home-playback ‘components which are within economie reach of many music listeners. Since multichamne! recording is not new, it is the possibilty of its availability to home listeners, and not the system itself, which is eusing ull the excitement. Pes stereo, an exciting new feature of Fig. 1. Seund-imoge mop for Jenlan Holl at New England Comtervatery of Music presanis the rant edge of the sage. The rd reflections from the. wall, Imusic vecordingr. The SEATING AREA ‘The importance of A-chaunel systems ean best be realized by considering the essential nature of high-Rdelity reeording and playback, Properly made 2-chanuel stereo recordings are capable of satisfying even critical listeners, as long as the roconling enginecr wishes to produce the effect, upon playbuck, that the instruments ure in the samme room as the listener. ‘The suecess of this illusion, however, involves, liminating from the recording the aoouisties of the record- ing hall. Otherwise, the presence of this reverberation, superimposed upon that of the listening room, would quickly Detray to the listener the artificiality’ of the presentation, ‘The apparent some of sound is limited, of couse, to a location’ (or locations) between the two speaker systems. But, sinee it is usually easy to separate these adequately in most listening rooms, the distange between speakers is nl, where AR fest mode 4-channe! oe iroucs of the hell experienced by Crewe,rarely « limitation in 2-channel stereo. ‘Limitations arise f we want to reeord for reproduce an acoustic fied, that is, to recente forthe steer te sensation produced by hearing the real perfor. hance inthe acousti setting of the con- Cert hall. The acoustic properties of any oom of hall are really the total effect of the time delays, amplitudes, dreetions, and frequency spectra ofthe reflections ‘of the original soomd as they come to the listener from the walls of the room (Fig. 1), The acoustic eld at the con- cert goer’ seat isa region In which not “only the sound level ut the ditection of the source of sound is constantly chang jing. Just as monophonic recording x able to produce only a linear aay of sourees, one behind the other, 3-chan. nel stereo can only represent a. plane With the edge closest to the listener formed by a line between the two speakers (Fig. 2) Sounds originating outside this sector may be recorded by using additonal ot ‘omidiveetional mierophones to mix this sound with that from the primary area being recorded. How- ever, this additional sound cannot be recorded in away which will permit it to be vecovered correctly, 38 t0 direction, by the listener; nor can any types or combinations of spesker systems or other components regenerate it from a 2-channel recording. To represent sound sources or their images in any ditecton with respect to the listener, more than two elements (micro- phones, loudspeakers) are needed, beotuse we need to sur- ‘ound the listener. We need a set of points which wall form a closed-plane figure, and two points will do no more than form a line, The closed figure requiring the least number of Doints i, of couse, a triangle. However, a tlangulur aay of speaker system has a somewhat smaller satisfactory listen- ing aru, and imposes rather diel domestic problens in terms of speaker placement, compared to a rectangular array. Four channels offer less resolution than an even greater number, of eourse, but four have the advantage of relative ‘economy and the possibility of using pairs of 2-channel components in experimentation, Such a system, by making possible the recording and playback of directional informa tion over the entire 360 degrees sorrounding the listener, ‘ean produce an excellent reproduction of the acoustes of a concert hall, about as effectively as two channels are now Je 0 represent one-fourth of this acoustic setting Tis reasonable to ask how the ext/brain system is ble to function as » ditecton-sensing mechanism using only two detector, if it is necessary to use at least three detectors © record the same information electronically. The answer, in Part is that the two biological detectors (cars) are constantly shifted by minute movements of the head, so wha they Sense sounds from more than two fixed positions. In addon, the shadowing eflects of the head and pinnae aid by causing spectral changes in sounds from some directions. Tis possible to use knowledge ofthe reverberant proper- ties of a room or concert hall to artificially prepare, with the use ofa digital computer, four-chnnel tapes which simulate the results which would be obtained by placing « sound source in such a concert hall ‘The programmiig Techaiaues for this are quite simple. By slightly “tampering” with the ata for real concert halls, acoustic presentations may be created which are enticely new, and perhaps impossible to achieve architecturally Tape as a Signal Source One of the fortunate aspects of 4-channel systems is that 20 Bethony Beardsles, sopra ‘chenrelrecrding by AR of "Philo ‘microphones wete used in ch nr gh wide spaced nl of Generel Theological Seminary, New York all ofthe components needed for experimentation are readily available, and have been for many years. Foremost among these is the multitrack tape recorder, available in many pro- fessional recording studios in 3-, 4, and up to 24-channel versions. Lower cost weelto-reel machines for home use are also now available, requiring only the added amplifier sd pair of speakers for a full 4-channel record/play system, An informal standard already exists for pre-recorded tapes for this use, in which channel 1 is left front, 3 is right front, 2 is left rear and 4 i right rear. Multichannel stadio machines are customarily used only to permit easier mixing and balancing of 2-channel releases, rarely and experimentally for multichannel playback o for Acousticaield recordings, The Gest 4-chinnel recordings of this type known 10 the author were made by Acoustic Re- search in 1968 at the New England Conservatory of Music, followed shortly by others, also produced by AR, at Harvard University’s Loeb Drama Center. In March, 1969, a 4chan- nel recording was made at the Eastman School of Musie by ‘Thomas Mowrey, at the author's suggestion. Later, Mowrey procced the fist recording in the AR Contemporary Music Project Series: 2 four-channel recording. of “Philomel” by Milton Babbitt. After heaving some of Mowrey’s Eastman tapes, Seymour Solomon of Vanguard Records made a series of tape recordings which were demonstrated to the press in June, 1969. ‘n'a parallel but unrelated series of developments, Colum- bia Records and CBS Laboratories investigators had prepared a number of 4-channel tapes from material originally record- ed for 2-channel release, Experimental acoustic-Reld re- cordings by Columbia began easly in 1969, and continue as Dart of a program of soaty and development of d-channel systems without specific plans for the future. Earlier exper'= rents thin those listed! here took place elsewhere bu this, to the author’s knowledge, is the most recent part of the chronology. The appearance of cartridge and cassette 4-channel tape systems will signify that manufacturers of recordings have serious expectations of the system, and these are likely to be rather straightforward modifications of existing packages in both cases. The cassette and caetridge present compatibility problems which do not arise in the case of the 4 eHybrid Technology Regains IC Spotlight By LOTHAR STERN/Mange, Technical Information Center, Motorola Semiconductor Products Ine. Hybrid IC's aren’t new, but a growing awareness of their potential, and the advent of new processing techniques gives renewed impetus to IC revolution. gated a technology called “integrated circuits,” # did 50 on a very modest scale. While thinking in terms Of depositing and interconnecting dozens of components on a single (monolithic) chip of silicon, what was actually produced was a number of hybridseireuits in which a number of individual difused resistors, capacitors, tran- sistors, and diodes are soldered onto a’ cortmic substrate (Fig. 1) and interconnected (with a gold-flm pattern and bonding wires) to form a functioning cireuit ‘As experience was gained and as manufacturers developed formulas for depositing and insulating active and passive ‘components in combination on a single substrate, monolithic circuits began to take over and hybrids faded into the background. But they didn’t disappear altogether. Although, waning in importance, the hybrids still provided certain advaniages under specific conditions. For esainple, they were easier and cheaper to build than monoliths if only small quantities were needed. The turn-around time from order placement to delivery of custom circuits was reduced considerably. They weie capable of perforinauce in some application areas that could not be duplicated with mono- Tithe cies. ‘Today, although technological maturity bas resulted in production monolithies with hundreds of interconnected parts, and thousands of parts in the R&D stage, hybrids are Still Very much in evidence. Even more surprising, they are suddeuly growing in importance-so much s0, that they are beginning to exert an increasing influence on equipment design and production. Why Hybrids? ‘The reasons for the strong resurgence of an all-but-dead A DECADE or so ago, when the industry first investi- hybrid technology are the same as those that kept it from being abandoned completely in the frst place—only with some new twists, It is suddenly dawning on manufacturers that, no matter how complex a monolithic chip, it will always be possible to make @ more complex circuit by putting two ‘oF more monolithio chips in a single package in the form of a hybrid structure, What's more, monolithic circuits ean be combined with diserete camponent chips, ¢.6., power transistors, to extend the performance capability of & single- package circuit. Finally, equipment manufacturers are find- ing that while they cannot normally make monolithic circuits, they can assemble hybrids with a relatively small investment in equipment. By doing so, they increase their “contributed value” to the equipment and reduce to a minimum the possibility of “leaks” of their proprietary desigas. Hybrids, of course, cannot compete with monclithics in the latter's own domain. Where 4 particular eireuit is tech- nically practical in monolithic form and is required in large ‘enough quantities for a production run, a hybrid would not, be economically feasible, But there are enough exceptions to these two criteria to make the hybrid endeavor one of the ‘most interesting trends in electronics today. Extending IC Capability Commercially, hybrid devices—as an extension of the microcirouit art—are available in varying complexity and a wide range of package types. Typical of a simple but useful circuit is the two-transistor, Darlington-connected amplifier (Fig. 2, top) which provides current gain of more than 1000 at curent levels of 5 amperes. The devie, type ‘MCH3005, is intended as a high-speed pulse power driver. Its packaged in a quarter-inch ceramie flat pack, similar to those used for many monolithie circuits; but no monolithic Fig, 1. Some examples of hybrids. (eA Ey 1 ih) stzcrRONICS WORLDotto dae expe of opting at thi igh a cament “An eximple of a more complex type of hybrid circuit is MCH1002P dual power driver (Fig. 2, center) which con- tains a separate monolithic dual logic gate two dlserete Dover transistor chips, and four resistors. Designed for relay or lampedriving appliations requiring up to 1 ampere of current, iis encapsulated in a 1d-lead (incline). plastic package measuring approximately a" % 182" x 4". Thus, Hybrid structuees are employed to provide small size and single-package utility in applications where the monolithic éannot meet technical requirements ‘Another application entegory dificult to service in mono- lithic form is microwaves, Here, again, gieuit-manufae- turers are timing. t0 ‘hybrids, “not only to save. space (compared with diserate circuitry) but’ also to shieve performance improvement as a result of chose component Spacing and reduction of parasites. A device ofthis type i the 500-MH2 amplifier (Fig. 2, bottom). Tt is anticipated that the microwave-microcircuit market will grow rapidly in the next few years and that only hybrid eicuits will be able to mect the cequitements in the foreseeable future. Made-to-Order Custom Circuits ‘The real impact of hybrid technology is not in the stan- dard civeuits being introduced as a result of this “mix and match” technique, but rather in the fact that a significant hybrid capacity will fee individual system designers from the restrictions inherent in monolithic IC capability. For example, the designer may choose ane or move standard monolithic IC's from the large number of catalogued items and have these combined with disezete component chips to obtain a specific function. A monolithic sense azpiir, in Conjunction with « couple of pov transistor ips, could provide enough power tip solenoids or perform other work functions, Simple standard digital building blocks, such a5 gates of fip-flops, can be combined in diferent ways for tatde-to-order functions that more elaborate monolithic c= Cuits cannot handle, A customer's needs can be met, even in Small quantities, because the job principally involves assem- bly and packaging operations using standard, inventoried components, True, uch a custom hybrid eireuit would prob- ably cost somewhat more than the same circuit in monolithic form (if quantity and technology permit monolithie fabriea tion) but it should be less castly than a similar eieuit built with discrete compon2nts. "Then, t0o, the much wider range of passive component values available with hvarid processes makes It practical to ccanvert many existing dise-ete circuits into hybrids, whereas the conversion io moi a,c sructures would require com- Februcry, 1970 ‘Advanced microwave (2 ‘440 Mit &f. power eveloped. sing, yb Fg. 2. Hybrid ecelts vary in complexity trom simple top) Baremisr, highecurent”| Darlington "ampitir, teeter Combination of monaifnic IC's and isrete chip. components fe "thottom) SOOM omplifiar ued In microwave, eldplete redesign of the circuit. Thus, an active hybrid eapabi- ity makes it practical to re-evaluate every remaining disereto circuit with 1 View towards microminiaturtzation and cost savings. tis not surprising that large semiconductor manufacturers should turn t© hybrids to augment their monolithic lives: With their normal inventories of monolithic 1G and discrete semiconductor devices, and their obvious capability Tor die bonding, wire bonding, and packaging, they claim to have an edge over other types of manufacturers in low-cost cus- tom hybrid production. And, on the basis of this claim, they are actively Soliciting such custom business. But not, all equipment manufacturers agree with this premise, This is exemplified by a growing industry demand for unencapsulated active and passive devices, called chips While semiconductor firms openly deplore this tend, they are quick to meet the market demand. So much so that today's equipment manufacturer can purchase, for assembly in his plant, not only a wide variety of diserete and inte- gated-circuit chips, but a whole host of matching diffused Fig. 4. Passive comporeats used in hybrid cele and fveilable ot hips are (op! rsistrs and alton) indore and Blm-type passive elements as well Some of these are available only through specially negotiated contracts with the manufacturer, but others can be bought just like any other standard catalogue item, Says Motorola's Tom Connors, the conductor Division's outspoken mar- Keting director, “I don't like selling chips. Its a nasty, uleer-ype business Many customers who insist on, buying chips dor't know how to use them, or how to test them, or how to work with them, This enuses a whole raft of eoramunications problems that drive prices wp. In many cases T could sell a completely wired circuit for the price I have to charge for the unencapsulated components lone. But as long as customers insist on buying chips, we right as well go whole hog and make it as easy as possible fon both of us.” To Connors, going “whole hog” means making available fas many chips as possible to as many customers as possible on a standard, off-the-shelf basis—accompanied by a data sheet with eomplete specifications. In this way the customer knows exactly what he is buying and the communications roblems that attend many’ special orders are reduced. To ste, more than 70 diferent small-signal and power sistors as well as a half-dozen FET's and a whole ange of Zener diodes have hecome standard data sheet items=and ‘other discrete components and even IC’s are being readied for this kind of off-the-shelf market. To make it easier for con- cems without chip-handling experience, some standard active eomponent chips are being made available in three ways: ‘with tbat! ata pods on pride. ‘hips to orm Aechip Ie Toco : it ie UEcTRONICS WORLDar (A) Gold matalization patterns for die fad wire bonding are screened nd fied 1, As ordinary chips, much as they are used in ordinary semiconductor packages (Fig. 3A), ‘2. Chips on channelswhere the chips are premounted and wire bonded onto a cartier which is then soldered onto the hybrid substrate. This makes chip handling much easier, although at a sacrifice of space (Fig. 3B). 3. Chips in carters that require no wire bonding on the part of the user. With such devices, the carrier is simply tured upside down and its posts are soldered directly to ‘metalized lands on the hybrid substrate (Fig. 3C). ‘As a further coucession to the hybrid market, Motorola hhas introduced a series of passive devices (Fig. 4), including not oniy resistors and capacitors, but film-type inductors #3 well, These were developed for the company’s inierual Iirovave hybrid effort and have joined the ranks of OEM products Problems and Solutions Emphasis on hybrids has contributed its share to the advancement of the technology. Although it is generally recognized that large-scale systems, at present, can be more easily implemented wath hybrid circuits than by increasing. the complexity of monolithie circuits, hybrids, too, have had their drawbacks. One of these is the fact that when a number of monolithics are combined on a hybrid-type substrate, the {interconnection of such devices by conventional wire-bond- ing techniques causes both economic and reliability. prob- Jems, due to the large number of individual wire bonds needed. An early attempt to reduce the number of wire bonds resulted in a technique known as fip-chip bonding, With this method, raised areas, or bumps, are manufactured ‘on the substrate (or on the chip) to coincide with inter connecting metalization pads on the chip (or metalized “lands” on the substrate), Fig. 5, By placing the chip upside down on the substrate (with the metalized surface facing, the substrate) all solder connections ean be made simul- taneously. ‘Although a number of different fip-chip techniques are February, 1970 (3) Conductive pose is used to seroen on Amplifier Strip. formed by depositing lacs film over bottom conductors and followed by concvctve film ever sass ‘desired value. the complete Lf amplifier sip package, used commercially, they have not received wide industry acceptance. More prominent isa relatively recent technique, developed by Weston Electric, called “bearn-lead techno! ogy.” With beam-lead technology, interconnecting wires for fan integrated circuit (or other semiconductor component) ire fabricated right on top of the chip itself and the ends of, the leads are permitted to extend beyond the boundaries of the chip, Where the device is incorporated in a hybrid cireuit, the heam leads are lined up with a conductive pat- tern on the substrate and, with appropriate equipment, are soldered in place in a single operation. ‘However, beam leads are not necessarily Iimited to inte- grated eixeuits. When intended for hybrid circuits, even discrete component chips, i., transistors, resistors, capaci- tors, etc, can benefit from this type of ‘construction—and, such devices are indeed finding their way into the market. It is true that they are normally more expensive than an ‘equivalent conventional chip, since beam-lead processing requires additional sequence steps, but mavketing, people are already projecting prices to be realistically competitive with other types as sales volume increases in the future. Still another method of circumventing. individual lead bonding is a process called “spider bonding,” developed by Motorola. Spider bonding, like beam leads, utilizes a set of Jeads from the chip for simultaneous attachment to a fm pattern on a substrate. Unlike the chemically processed beam leads, however, the spider-bond leads are mechan- ically affixed to the chip after the circuit processing is fin- ished. This is done automaticaly, of course, so that the cost {involved is nominal compared to the attachment of individual bonding wires. Although spider-bonding techniques are currently in large-scale commercial use for fabrication of, standard, plasti-packaged circuits, the process has not, yet been made available for chip-type components, Nevertheless, 4 has a good potential for hybrid-vineuit applications. Fabricating Hybrid Circuits ‘Apart from the various methods (Continued on page 53) 45Ferroresonant Transformer Improves Color TV By NEIL FERENCY/CV Product Manager, Sol Eetric, Div, of Sola Basic Industries Description of a ferroresonant constant-voltage transformer for home color-TV use that keeps the applied line voltage steady. 'N some ateas of the United States, day-to-day measure- sents of line voltage to private residences, especially those closest to a utiity’s distribution facilities, have re~ Dortedly been as high as, or higher than, 128 volts a.c, This frequently results in a short life eyele for coior-TV compo- nients, household light bulbs, and certain appliances with tesistive-type electric heating elements. On the other hand, hhomes located on the outskirts of a utility's service area have been reported to experience relatively low median line- voltage conditions, say approximately 108 volts a.c. This con- Cition has been found to reduce the effective strength of com. ponents found in color-TV receivers by as much as 60, percent. Consequently, to bring the picture quality of many Color sets on such low-voltage up to standard, maximum power adjustments are required that actually place more stress an these components Tn addition to basic line-voltage excursions outside the home, another factor considered detsimental to color-TV com- ponents are line spikes which are produced whenever other household appliances start up, eyele, and shut down. It is (easible for these line spikes to have magnitudes of 200 to 300 percent of nominal, depending upon the line supply volt age level stability, the foad the appliance requires for opera- tion, and whether or not the appliance is on the same circuit as the color TV, With the growing number of electra ap- ppliances in the home~air-conditioners, clothes dryers, dish, ‘washers, washing machines, ete.—power drain on many low- level distribution ines is too great for the supply, The use of ‘these appliances results in extremely low supply-line voltage Alps daring star-ug and only somewhat es severe dips du ing cycling, Although only a few milliseconds in duration, line spikes strain nearly all color-TV components to some extent, and, noticeably disrupt picture quality by eausing te hue to Fade and the picture to collapse, fp, and roll. Higher-than-design voltages into the rectifier tube—and possibly the CRT—are known to be the basic eause of x-tadi- ‘tion from color-TV receivers. With a line source of 198 volts 4c, the high-voltage input to the regulator tube in most new color-TV sets would be approximately 27 kV and in older or pethaps less expensive models the input could climb to as high as 33 KV. According to reliable industrial sources, the xeradiation threat increases roughly in proportion to the square of the voltage increase ‘To remedy some of the probiems caused by both over- and tunder-voltage conditions, a ferroresonant.constant-voltage Views of “Colervel ferorex ‘altege.ton snes emaved, poctor and thermal swtronsformer—fumilia: na variety of ind has been developed for home we. I applications— Constant-Veltage Transforn Dubbed “Colorvolt,” the aduptation consists of a basie ine dustrial core/‘coil/eapacitor assembly plus an automatic ther- mal switch (Fig. 1). The total unit is packaged in an attrac- metallic housing, with a woodegrain finish, The constont-voltage (or CV) transformer ia single-core structure with a separate capacitor that combines the func: tions of both linear renetor and sataable transformers, except that the Colorvolt units have a magnetic shunt path added (Fig. 2) ‘The shut cross section, with appropriate air gap, pro- vides paths for some of the primary and secondary’ flax to retuin directly to their respective windings without inducing coupling. When a capacitor is neross the secondary winding, as shown in Fig. 2, the voltage induced in the secondary by the primary fhus causes a capacitive enrrent flow in the sec~ endaxy. The secondary fis, induced by the secondary arn- perestums, is in phase with the primary flux, eansing a las Addition to oceut in the core under the secendary winding, Within this reinforcement, it becomes possible to saturate the core under the secondary winding only, the eore under {ie primary is operated well below saturation. ‘The Colorvolt’s magnetic shunt enables the secondary to act as a satnisble transformer, while the primary aots as a conventional transformer; result is that the primary doesn’t dlrnw excessive line currents, even though the secondary may be saturated. When the secondary’s center leg has een satorated, it operates above the nee of the magnetization curve (sce ig. 8) —hence, a large ehange in primary vollage, 42, pro- duces a small change in the secondary voltage, AE. Because ihe magnetization curve always retains a postive slope, there will always be a change of output vokiage with a elange in input voltage. The change, however, is at a much lower roportionate tate. ‘To rethice the totat amonnt of ontput vollage vaniation, a small winding om the primary, in series with but opposing the secondary winding, is added. Az the primary voltage in- ‘reases, voltoge in the compensating winding inereases, can- celing the voltage increase in the secondary winding. ‘Tests Performed To determinc the effectiveness of the ferroresonat trans former in protecting color-TV receivers, an independent testing nboratory ran a series of test "The results cleanly indicate that he TV’ set with Colorvolt was affected the least wher the varions appliances were Initially started mp. The worst ease example was when a ten- inch table saw was turned on which eased the voltage inpat to the set with the Colorvolt to drop from 117 volts to he- fswcen 104 andl 107 volts and the nntegutated set to drop € $9 volts. Under low voltage line conditions (106 volts). the clfect was more severe, with the input to the set with the Colorvolt only dropping to 98.6 volts and the unregulated set toa low 76 volt ‘The results of additional input/output tests conducted to determine the voltage regulating capability of the Colorvoll ave listed in Table 1. “Assuming then that the sadiotion problem is directly pro- portional to input voltage geing tothe high-voltage section of the receiver, Colorvole would alleviate the radiation threat by pulling voltages as high as 130 volts nc. down to within the nominal performance range of most new eolor sets Coneli A mode of the Colorvolt that the eoloe-TV receiver ean be plugged directly foto is available direct fron Sola Elec- tric, Div, of Sola Basie Industries, Elk Grove Village, 3. at a cost of $39.95, February, 1970 n L In the that the core avotore hey a magnetic hue! pth, wt the terondary to a er fs OR Ey OF 2, Ls | | | ioe | a ‘ad im svalvoing performance hours tot ‘of eomstentvoltage Wontlormer lrsen secondary » serund leg hes besh sfurates ‘ove the knee af the magrettaton carvale lege change im Primary voltage causer smell change In vacondary voltage sgulating capability. Table 1, Test seule showing" INPUT To CoLORVOLT Wace) ‘OUTPUT FROM COLORVOLT Wae) 130 3 125 3 120 113, 115 ua un me. 105, ios 300 1095 7Fig. 1. The "Fost-Beck" arrangement used by Motorola. (HE. year just past-the last of the sixties—has prac- tically broken the long chain of yearly increases in color-TV sales. The number of sets sold seems to have ‘ita plateau, Here's the statistical picture: 1964—1.4 million color sets sold 1969-5.7 million (est) At press time, final Bgures for the year aren't in, but the trend is fairly wel established. Sales through 1968 were erratic; that is, seasonal patterns ‘of prior years meant litle, Week by week, as the year pro- sressed, sales went above normal, then below, then igh again, then low again, Seasonal forecasts became tough, By mid-July, one thing was obvious: 1969 would be dis- appointing, in overall sales of color TV. Big yearly pains ‘were apparently at an end Market saturation can’t be blamed, at least not directly. ‘Tue, 97 percent of alll U.S. homes have television of some sort: But only 32 percent (a ite higher now) had color lst Tuy. ‘Some analysts say the actual market is saturated. Its a ‘matter of prices, Color sells best to middle- and upper-in- come groups. That market is near its limit-is in fact be- coming a second-set market, That explains the popularity of portable color sets. But medium- and lower-income families, still wait for an under-8100 color set. They'll have a long, wait. Others who study the color-sales picture blame 1968s “poor” showing on bad publicity. Servicing, warranty, x-rays =all got bad headlines. Worst was the xray thing. It ran cout of hand until late in the year. That's when the Bureau of Radiological Health finally did two things: (1) Established standards and procedures for measuring x-radiation from color-TV receivers, and (2) concladed there is no danger to the average viewer from normal colorset radiation. But nevspaper stories had taken their toll. Doubt-and. even outright fear of damage to eyes, skin, unborn offspring, sand health in general~kept prospects away from showrooms, Unfair and unnecessary though it was, the x-ray wony had a real dampening effect on color-TV enthusiasm. And it continues into 1970. Extra effort has gone into planning color sets for 1970, Prices age lower, ut arent much higher either. More meaningful, selling’ prices for color TV are rising much, slower than fer other consumer goods. Inflation is rolling along, but isn't affecting color TV too much. Tnstead of skimping and trying to lower prices for 1970, manufacturers—especally. lesser known ones-bave piled a COLOR TV for 1970 ‘on innovations to woo the hesitant buyer. Some chief at- tractions are discussed in this article, Solid-state is the big sword; and simplicity of operation is probably next in im- portance, giving rise to lots of automatic circuits. Finally. extra attention is being given to safety, dependability, and ease of servicing, ‘There's extra promotion effort too. There are lots more brands, and heavy advertising budgets are planned by those who will discuss it. Some are even boasting about it, to boost enthusiasm emong dealers (and attract more). Designers cater to every need, real or ereated, they ean think of. There's almost every sereen size (except, oddly enough, for those two favorites of long ago, 17 and 21). There are 9, 11, 12, no 13 of course, 14, 15, 16, 18, 1I9R (formerly 21 inch round), 20, and 23, A 10 inch is expected. (Editor's Note: The above are all actual diagonal picture sizes, which are apt to be an’ inch or two smaller than the diagonal measurement of the entire picturestube faceplate, as designated in the tube-type number. This is n accordance with a FTC ruling, wohich also permits picture size to be -iven in terms of square inches. For example, a 23-in picture 4s 295 sq in, a 20-in picture is 297 aq in, an 18-in picture ts 180 sq im, and a 14-in picture is 102 sq fn.) So, what to expect for 1970? Technical features, we know about. Sales are something else. Our educetod guess is that Sales will hold about the same, maybe rise just a litle. Its, pointless to expect a revival of the boom yeais. So let’ say. about 6 million sets will be sold in 1970. Now, if, you're selling or buying, here are some of the things you'll run into, ‘The Trend is Solid Transistors are what's happening this model year. The trend is manifest in several ways. In the fist place, there are more hybrids—receivers that use several transistors in jobs formerly handled by tubes. Only about 40 peroent of the color chassis listed in our 1969 model chart (January, 1969 issue) were of hybrid construction. ‘This year almost half are hybrids. (See January, 1970 issue.) More significant, the hybrids this year contain more t sistors than ever. In 1969 hybrids, transistors averaged only 18 per set. In 1970 hybrid chassis, the average is 29. There tue correspondingly fower tubes: they averaged more than in 1968 hybrid models, fewer than 12 in 1070. How come set makers stick with hybrids instead of going all-transistor? For several reasons. Cost is the most impor- tant. Semiconductor prices are lower than ever and dropping steadily, bat some transistors for color still cost more than tube equivalents Another reason: It takes time and research to design new transistor cireuits~and some companies are far behind oth- ers. With « basic hvbrid design, tubes can be replaced one or two at a time by solid-state designs. The expensive or cxitical stages are kept with tubes: horizontal sweep and high voltage, vertical sweep, video output, color-difference amplifies, blanker, and some audio-output and sync-separa- tion stages. The if, sections in hybrids are mostly transistor, Dut most vluf tuners are still tube versions. “Tooling, up is another holdback on all-solid-state color costs a lot of money to make drastic changes in assembly HLECTRONICS WORLDBy FOREST H. BELT/ Contributing Editor Part 1. More solid-state components and @ number of IC's, are being used in the new models. Here are circuit details. Tines and setsmakers understandably hesitate. The smal im. rovernent in performance and dependability doesn't sound, glamorous enough to be salable—except of course in models, that would be high-priced anyway, Tn the meantime, an occasional transistor or two is used jn tube chassis, Some examples: Dozens of receivers use a transistor or even an IC aft. stage. The Arvin 60K34 chassis has a transistor second video amplifier. Its 80K54 uses three transistors; one triggers a light to signify the need for fine tuning, and the other two are audio amplifier and output. In the Magnavox T940 chassis, predominantly a tabe de- sign, five transistors are used in the unique new automatic tint control (a.te.) board. (See article in September, 1969 issue.) ‘There are other examples. Motorola has @ two-transistor incushion-correetor stage in some versions of the TS-921 chassis, Packard-Bell uses a transistor for a noise inverter and gate stage in the syne section of its CQ-634 chassis; three transistors are used in the CQ-622 chassis, but no de- failed information was supplied for this chassis. Two tran- sistors in the Westinghouse V8001 chassis, an imported version since that company has decided to quit making its ‘own, are color killer and automatic chroma control (a.c-.) Despite the trends, there seems litte likehood of a grand rush to solid-state. Instead, set designers and manufacturers, continue to peck away at the vacuum tube, replacing it with transistors, integrated circuits, and other solid-state devices as they become available in dependable quantities and at practial prices. New AllTransistor Color Chassis You may recall that for 1969 there were only two transis tor color-TV chassis. One was the Motorola “Quasar” TS. 915/919 chassis series, a modolar design in which all stages relating to a function are groaped on a plog-in printed-cir- cuit module; Motorola scooped the industry back in 1967 \with its introduetion (for the 1968 model year). For the 1969, model year, RCA brought out its alltransistor CTC 40 (it hhasa tube bv. rectifier) For 1970 at least seven all-tansistor sets are promised Motorola’s popular works-in-a-drawer chassis, the TS-915 “briefcase” version, continues the same. The chassis is laid out vertically and Slides out to the front For easy access to both sides of all the modules. The early S010, which is electronically the same as the TS-915, was virtually dis- entinved over « year ago; its fat-chassis horizontal fayout wasn’t as popular as the TS-015. However, a new idea in chassis accessibility, called the “Fast-Back", has revived the TS.919, The concept, shown in Fig. 1, was tried suecess- Fully with lst year's TS-O21. tube type. Tt makes servicing, a5 convenient as with the “drawer” idea Also continued in 1970 is the now well-known RCA CTC 40. Almost no changes have been made, Technicians all over the country are atleast acquainted with this chassis, through an extensive program of seminars and clinics earied on by RCA field engineers and distributors. The CTC 40 contains the most unusual innovation of last year: a hotizontal-deflec- tion system using silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR) as the main sweep drivers, So far, no one has duplicated the Feat February, 1970 ‘The system works well as long as RCA hand-picked switch. ing diodes and SOR’s are used for any repairs. “The other five transistor color chassis promised for 1970 are from outside the U.S. Four are from Japan and one from Canada. At press time, none of the five és available in quan- tity. Two of the Japanese chassis are from Hitachi, the only company which supplied data on the new transistor chassis, One Hitachi set is a 14-inch portable, the CFA-450; the other, the CWA-200, isa 12-inch, Both use ordinary shadow- mask picture tubes, with colordot triads ananged about the same as in larger screen US. color sets One difference between the CWA-200 and what you might expect starts in the video if, amplifier section. See Fig. 2 There are four video if. amplifier transistors. Two of them amplify the entire video i. signal. However, past the sec- nd, the signal is split up. One of the third amps is aligned for a band:pass curve that accentuates the 45.75-MHz. 1 picture carrier and the vestigial sideband frequencies for about 2.75 MHz below it—down to about 43 MHz. Sound and chroma if, carriers are almost eliminated by this Lf stage. Tefeeds a video (or luminance, if you prefer) detector, which feeds video (Y) signal to video amplifiers. ‘The other, third video i. amp is aligned for a response that accentuates both 42.17 and 45.75 MHz. The 42.17- MBlz frequency, as you probably know, is the if. “center” for the color-subearrier sidebands, This video if. stage must algo pass the 45,75-MHz picture carrier so the subcarrier sidebands have something to “beat” against in the chroma etector that follows. ‘The 42,17-MHz sidebands become 3.59-MHz sidebands, From the chroma detector, the side- bands go to band-pass amplifiers as in any other color set. ‘The 41.25-MHz if. sound carvier also gets through the wide-band video ff, stage, In the chroma detector, it beats with the 45.75-MHz. if. picture carrier and creates a 4.5- MHz interearvier sound signal, just as in a conventional vvideo detector. (They don’t beat in the video detector of this set because the narrow bandwidth of the Lf stage preceding that detector won't pass the 41.25-MHz signal.) The 4.5- MBH signal accompanies the 3.58-MHz chroma sideband, through the first band-pass amplifer and then is taken off, and fed to the usual 4.5-MHz sound 1. amplifier stages. ‘There isn’t much information available at press time about the other two Japanese brands, Panasonic insists i will have, 4 9.inch all-transistor color portable ready for U.S. import ‘early in 1970, The company has displayed @ prototype Sony, too, has shown some 12-inch color portables using the unusual Trinitron color picture tube. The Trinitron uses shadow-mask construction, with grids instetd of holes, The color phosphors axe deposited in vortial stripes instead of ddot triads. The tube has only one gun but three beams. The set is solid-state, This is the third year Sony has promised, an alltransistor set for US. sale; a number of sets were in the country at press time. ‘A couple of other Japanese companies have talked about a set, but have neither shown a set nor given details. Haya- Kawa is one; it even described an on-screen indicator for setting chroma hue accurately. None of the sets was avail able at press time. Fig. 2. Video section of Mtaeht CWA-200 124i set THERE coe = eeeSe Fig. 8. Tronsslr demodulator in Sylvania D1? chassis apn 98021 and 98¢22 employs dualgele feld-eled lensslors cs shown bere Clairtone of Nova Scotia, Canada, bas shown a transistor color receiver dhat may be as big an event as the Quasar vvas. The unique feature f modular construction, The mod- ules are in the form of circuit cards, similar to those sed, in computers. These ave about 6 inches square, made of fiber lass, with etched wiring. The chassis frame is oblong, and horizintal, ad the cards slide into it verticals. The hoards, eight of them, contain 80 transistors and diodes and {our integrated clveuits. Claistone spokesmen exprest igh hopes the new MSS 71 chassis will be availsble, in 2 inet with e 28-inch picture tube, by early spring of 1970. And then there ore the many odds and ends of ew solid immicks, One example several transistor. vif tuners. For 1969 only eight brands of color sets had tran- sitor VDE tuners (whi tines have been solidstate since 1964). The 1970 lineup shovs 13 brands with transistor y.If, tuners in more than 30 chassis. That's a healthy crease. Here are the brands and the elissis numbers ‘Admiral—all K10 chasis Broadmoorall chassis Clairtone—MSS 71 Blectrohiame=C8 Hitachi~CWA-200, CRA-450 Mognavox—7936, TO47 Motorola—TS-915, TS-919 Packard-Bell~CQ.222, CQ. Panasonie—CT-23P, -24W, sta GaP, “G5, -091 50 a Philco-Ford—all chassi RCA-CTC 40, CTC 47 (2000 sees) Syloania—D12 Toshibaall chassis Some of these tuners inehide a varactor diode or a ack- wward:biased transistor junetion to control oscillator Frequen- ex with a dic. voltage from the at. system in the chasis ‘The Electrohome C8 chassis has a tuner that is complete: ly varnetor-tuned, A finget-resistance-activated diode switeh- ing system permits touch tunings a fingertip between a terminal and bus bar wiggers lumer logic circuits, which in the blink of an eye tone the set to the desired channel There are terminals for all twelve vhf, channel six addi tional ones permit a choice from among six pretuned u.h.l channels, ‘A special diode-switehed transistor tuner és used ina Tin ited-run ACA called the “2000” series, using the CTC 47 chassis, The chassis is put into a faney cabinet with a spe- cial high-brightuess color CRT, a special instant-netion re= mote-contral system, and a price tag of $2000, The advanced technology is interesting, Only 2000 are to be produced. ‘All of sudden, several chassis sport transistor eolor de- modulators. Tn past vesrs, demodulators have been limited to tube versions of several types, and a few kinds of diode demodulator. ‘One traisistor demodulator is shown in Fig. Syleania B12 chassis. Chroma sidebands are applied to bath Iases in parallel or in the same phase. The 3.58-MIlz caw. sighal from the reference oscillator is applied %9 the em ters, but itis phase-shifted abowt 80 degrees by Ci-L2. be- fore itis applied to 02, “Heve’s what happens, The highamplitude e.. signal ap- plied to the emitters drives each transistor as a grounded: base amplifier. The output, in the collector eircut of exch, ig-a large-amplitude 3.58-\t1z signal. Remember, though, the signal across R9 is 80 degrees out-of-phase with the sige nal across RS, Chroma sidebands in the base cireuit of euch “modulate” the 8.58-MHz.c-w. signals. The outputs ae df= ferent. however, beeause of the phase difference in the ew. signals The mixed signals are smoothed out by a low-pass filter in the output of euch demodubitor stage. All rf. produets Wf the mising are eliminated, and the demodulated ehyoma signal is passed along, to the color amplifier that follows. Th ‘coupling capacitors in Fig. 3 are C4 and GB. The signals OL produce, after filtering, a red or RY signal; the sigials ih O2, since the ew. has an S0-degree phase difference, pro- duce a blue or B-Y sygial Small portions of the color signals are fed back from the collector to the bases of the two demodulators. This is done. by resistors R10 and R12. 4 sample of RY signal is pl shifted by C7 and L5 and fed to the G-Y amplifier by C5. Ober chassis have tansistor XZ democh Broadmoor color chassis and the Phileo-Ford \9}T60.chas- sis use ciccuits similar to the one just described. The de- modulation angle may vary slightly, but is chosen to render Dest color for that chassis, The Achnival K10. chassis have transistor demodulators, too, working on the R-Y and B-Y axes, There's almost 1 dillerence in. oper ‘Thores something diflerent a the Packard-Bell 98C21 and 98C22. demodulators. They have field-effect transstors— duai-gate FETs, in fact. They're shown in Fig. 4, The ew. signal goes direétly to gate 1 of Q2 but is phase-shified by LL-C3 before it gets to Q1. The chroma sidebands are ap~ plied to gate 2 of hot FET's, equally and in the same phase Operation is similar to Fig. 3. All Zenith chassis for 1970, except the 1628C19, have an Integrated circuit for the color demodulator. ‘The IC is a Faishildl nA737. Operation is very much like the OLES type of heam-switehing demodulator. ‘The diagram is shown in Fig, 5. One set of switching amplifiers inside the IC reveives a ‘uxctRontcs WORLD 3s its in theTWO NEW BELL RINGERS FROM DELTA DELTALERT Ultra Sonic Silent Sentry System “The all new economical-to-use DELTALERT, is more than a total_ motion detection and intrusion alert system. Use ‘it as a convenience item to tum on ‘lights, ring bells, alarms or monitor any area, indoors or out Merely plug the system into ary wall socket and plug the light, bell or alarm into the back of the unit. DELTALERT's Extra Feature. variable Sensitivity control and adjustable timing features provide you the most advanced sentry system on the market. Unit comes In handsome walnut finish, complete with 110:130¥ drop cord, SPECIFICATIONS: 4 Ultrasonic Frequency: 35 KHZ ‘A Area Coverage: 10-30 feet (depending on environmental conditions such ‘a5 shape of area) ‘A Controls: On-Off Switch; Built in Timer; Variable Sensitivity Control 1 Geer ey ot Rom 1 Sovtneteoere: ow, vac ony SR OQH HIGH VOLT ANALYST Comms ppd. Complete Auto Analyzer F Delta brings you a new concept in automotive tune-up — The High Volt Analyst. A unique and complete auto analyzer, it provides al the primary advantages of @ scope and yet Is completely portable, SPECIFICATIONS: 25, of, fll scale Coll ranges) Dwell Meter Vous send’ 380s Low Voltage 22 3s of hl egal Fully protected fe © Sines SAW x BH X 3180 Mog. (ax center aE Pas aa & A Sica: as th Marues De Wont oy, 1m4y and aK AGS» bwelt 4, @ and 8 eyingers = vaste cries (8 Type AA cals) included, Comes completa with stancerd lead TERS Spe BRAM Ran tenon Teas $7995 wnie r=—---nr $5995 in DELTA: Please send me literature immediately | tam enclosing $___ for items checked. err ay BSS ns soem Hes can anes | Pease shi nedate fant | sires = as == February, 1970 cn | 7 WIDEET A PRODUCTS ine P.O, BOX 1197 + GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO #1S01 eaig, 5, Zenith calor demos Fip. 6. The ef. ompliter in RCA's CIC 40 is @ imple crit with duel-gate fels-efee Monsstor 3.58-MHz signal through C1 and terminal 5. Their job is to switch a pair of differential amplifiers alternately on and off, at the 3.58-MHz rate, Phase-shift network L1-C2-L2 alters the phase of the 3.58-MHz signal applied through C3 to terminal 4 of the IC. This phase-shifted signal goes to an- ‘other set of switching amps, which control a second pair of Ailferential amplifiers. Chroma signals are applied to terminals 2 and 3 of the IC, with both sides balanced to ground. Inside the IC. the chroma sideband signals ave applied to the two paits of Aifferential amplifiers in parallel, in the same phase. Since the halves of the differential amps are being alternately Switched off and on at 3.58 Mllz, their outputs are a prod- uct of mixing 8.58-MHz signals with the chroma sidebands What remains is a demodulated color signal. From the ifferential amplifier that_gets the ew. signal directly, a BY signal is developed. From the one that gets the phase- shifted signal through terminal 4, an BY signal results. A tesistive matrix inside tho IC extracts a C-Y signal, too. Ench color-difference signal is amplified by a single-ended fer inside the IC and brought to an external comes to terminal 9. R-Y to terminal 8, and GY to terminal 7, Resistors Ré, 5, and RG ave external Toad resistors for the color-diflerence amplifies. The 3.58-MEz signal is naturally eliminated in this bel- anced-type demodulator. However, a rather strong second ‘harmonic is generated near 7.2 MHz. That's the reason for trap chokes £3, L4, and L5 in the output circuits, Field-effect transistors, which we've alkeady mentioned in the Packard-Bell demodulator stage, are new to color 2 TV, We know of only two other chassis that employ FET's ‘The vf. amplifier in the RCA CTC 40 is a dual-gate field effect transistor. Its circuit is simple—see Fig, 6. The dual- gate PET is hike two FETs in “cascode.” The rf. signal is applied to gate 1, and is amplifed. A duc. voltage on gate 2 is for gain contol of the rf. amplifier. Notice that gate 2is, decoupled by 1000 pF of capacitance, but the coaxial capa- Gitor at gate I is only 5 pF—part of the input tuning Tho other chassis that has an FET is the Admiral K1O. ‘The feld-effect transistor isa reactance control stage for the 3.58-MHz oscillator. The dual-gate units in the RCA above, are insulated-gate FETs or IGFETs, The one in this Ad- rival chassis {s a junction FET, or JFET. Seo Fig. 7. In elfect, the n-channel of the JFET is in series with the 220-pF enpacitor. The dic. voltage on the gate, coming from the burst phase detector, controls effective resistance of the channel. When its low, the capacitor loads down the crystal. altering its frequency slightly. When it’s high, the eapacitor has little effect on the crystal, The staze’s nominal effect on frequency of the c.w. oscillator is set by the Reactance Ad- just control in the source circuit of the JFET. It merely sets, the bias voltage between gate and source. Speaking of new solid-state technology being used in the 1970 color chassis, the Broadmoor sets have something, that is a fist for color sets, as far as we can determine, There are ro tuned cireuity in the sound if. system. A diode de- teels the 4.5-Milz intercarrier as usual. The signal is then passed to an extremely high"Q” cevamie fiter and coupled by the filter to the integrated circuit that is the sound Lf amplifier. Another 4.5-MHz ceramic filter follows the IC. Its a special one, with a capacitance tap between the ceramic clement and ground. A pair of back-to-back diodes are con- nected to the tap for phase dotection of the FM sound. ‘A fairly recent solid-state device is the integrated circuit, Jn 1969, of 68 chassis surveyed, 16 had integrated circuits. This year we surveyed about 100 chassis and found 27 with IC's, On a percentage basis, that's very little increase. Ex- cept for a little inital glamor, 1C’s haven't added much to color TV. ‘The fact is, it is no more—and often less~expensive to do the job with other solid-state components, Only 13 that wwe know of use IC's. They are: Andrea, Arcin, Broadmoor, Clairtone (with four 1C’s in one chassis), Heath, Hitachi, Magnavox, Motorola, Fackard-Bell, Phileo-Ford, RGA (fist Drand to tse IC’s in evlor sets and with six in one chassis this year), Syleania, and Zenith. The circuits in which IC's appear are: sound if, and discriminator, sound if, alone, color demodulator, aft, &58-MHz oscillator, and remote receiver. One tuner-maker has an iutegrated-circuit tuner for vhf, but no setsmaker tas put it into a receiver. The future for IC's in color TV locks slow, at best. Next month, we will conclude this two-part article with descriptions of circuits that provide a number of automatic features in the new 1970 color-TV models, In addition, we will go into some of the new remete-control units. Finally, ‘we will cover the serviceability of the new color receivers. (Concluded Next Month) Fig, 7. Admiral uses JFET in reactance conto Bh iano ELECTRONICS WORLDHybrid Technology (Continued from page 45) of witing a chip into a circuit, hybrid cireuit constraction involves two. pri- mary. processing, techniques—thick film and thin film, These deal with the proc essing of the substrate itself and. govern the metalization pattern that intereon- neets various components as well as, in some cases, the fabrication of some, if not all, of the passive circuit elements ‘Actually, the terms thick and. thin films are not based primarily on the thickness of the fm) rather they de- seribe the processes used in their depo- sition. Thick films, for example, applied to the substrate by means of well-developed screen methods whereby a variety of resistive and dielectric inks, OF pastes, are deposited on a substrate through a fine metal-mesh sereen. The process may be done either manually, With the “squeegee that presses the paste through the sereen mesh operated by hand, or on automated equipme for large production runs. A. process Sequence for a typical, although simple, thickfilm circuit is shown in Fig, 6. By varying the resistivity or conduc- tivity of the paste, either resistive or conductive patterns may be deposited Resistor values ranging from about 1 ohm to several megohms can be ob- tained, Resistor tolerances of 5 to 10 percent are standard, but extreme accu racy may be obtained through sand basting or laser trimming after initial deposition. This is accomplished by removing parts of the resistive pattern until the desired end resistance is ob- tained, Sereened-on capacitors require two conductive layers separated by an insulating fl; values up to 10,000 pF can be deposited. For higher values, tiny ceramic or tantalum units are normally added in packaged form, a: though, if space is limited, chip-lype capacitors may be needed Basically, thin-film ctcuit fabrication fs similar {0 the thick-film approach, ex- cept that the metalic or dioletric lms are deposited on the substrate by more Sophisticated processes, such as vacuum evaporation, sputtering, gas plating, and a number ‘af other techniques. ‘The resultant lms are more closely con- trollable, resulting in greater uniformity, better definition, and improved geomet- Hie contol. Moreover, thin-film process ing permits the use of a number of different materials, thereby providing a ‘wide range of film characteristis. In- deed, by judicious combination of thi and thin-film passive components, dis Grete active ‘component chips, and ‘monolithic ereuits in a hybrid structure, it is possible to oblain extreme minia turieation and cost saving while ap- proaching the cireuitdesign flexibility Of discrete-component circuits. Februcry, 1970 Siapion ® Simpson’s NEW solid-state VOM with FET-Input © HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE... 11 Meg &2DC 40 Meg 02. AC © PORTABLE. .... battery operated ¢ 7-INCH METER.....overload protected Simpson’s new 313 gives you high input impedance for accurate testing of latest circuit designs. . . free of line cord connections. Over 300 hours operation on inexpensive bat- teries. And the new 318 is stable, which means positive, simplified zero and ohms adjustments. Protected FET-input handles large overloads. DC current ranges to 1000 mA. Sensitive Taut Band movement and T-inch meter scale provide superior resolution down to 5 millivolts. Write today for complete specifications. Complete with batteries, 3-way AC-DC-Ohms probe, 00 ‘and operator's manual aes gear lo GEF “OFRTHESHELE” DELWERY FROM YOUR (Ocal ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTOR ELECTRIC COMPANY sion 5200 W. Kinzie Street, Chicago, Ilnols 60644 » Phone (312) 379-1121, PORT DEPT, 400 W, Malton Stet Chicgn, Minis 60506, Cable Simao,Fhis is 30,000 solid state replacement parts.So is this. Tt used to be if you wanted to satisty everyone, you hhad to stock over 30,000 different solid state replace- ‘ment part, Well, everyone realized that was ridiculous. So some enterprising people came up with a bunch of universal replacements Then you only had to stock about eleven or twelve hundred. ‘That was a Jot better, but we still thought it was a litle ridiculous. So two years ago (when we went into this busi- ress), we figured out how to replace all 30,000 with only 60, Now all you have to do is stock 60 of our diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, etc, and you can re- pplace any of the 30,000JEDEC types manufacturer's Februery, 1970 part numbers, foreign types, ete., now in use, ‘That means you invest less money. ‘You don’t tie up valuable space You do away with complicated inventory control. And you operate mote efficiently. To make life even easier, we've got a new book that gives you all the cross references you need to figure out which part replaces which, Tes available from your nearest Sylvania distrib- utor ‘IE the whole thing sounds rather incredible, you're right, But why not give your distributor a call and let hhim marrow the incredibility gap, SYLVANIA (GENERAL THEFHONE &:81ECTRONICSa 5 OHN FRYE An attempt to understand why service technicians, as well as farmers and automobile mechanics, are so hard to organize. WHAT PRICE INDEPENDENCE? og. rain, and sleet, accompanied bby a bitter howling wind, made life miserable outside anid wied to follow Barney through the door of the service shop, when he retumed from a protracted trip to the whole- saler’s for parts. “Get stick in the snow?" Mae asked bis employee with ‘mock concern. “Nope.” Bamey replied, putting his showlder to the door to help the automatic closer shut out the buffeting wind, “I got stuck fn a discussion. You'l adot this is not the sort of day to make yon want to button up your overcoat and hury back out into the storm, and there was a whole gang of tech- nicians there sopping up free collec wind shooting the bull They started Lalking abont why service technicians were so hard to organize, Natwvally 1 bad to stay and give them the benef of my thoughts.” “Bint naturally!” Mac agreed with Wick sarcasm. “I hope you'll share those thonghis with ane for Pve a few ideas myself. What did you decide?” ““Pruthully, 1 can't say we decided anything, but several ideas eame out. First we agreed we're not alone in our stub: Dormiess. Other groups, notably farmers and automobile mechanics, also are difficult to organize; so we tried to dis- over what all threo groups have in common Unt makes hom resist organization=at least as compared with barbers, phimbers, eleetsicians, dock workers, tailronders, factory Workers, and other groups that seem to chimp together as cffortlesly as bitter partiles agitated in x churn.” “What did you conclude’ “For one thing farmers, mec niciats selon take up theit hin money, Not tht they have ans thing sganst money oF are averse to making same, I hasten to add; but the oxiginal pe tary aitrttion ofthe farmer, mechanic, otechnican to is life's work is scldom pecuniary, The farmer boeommes a farmer Decase he was reared on a farn or likes the oxtdoor lie. The mnechanic and the technician likely got ‘hooked! on their respective lines of work heeaxse they started fooling axotind with ears or radios and discovered these was something deeply satisfying about being able to anake broken or paotly functioning pioces of equipment work. Atv dim’ junip ta the conclusion there's anything wrong with this kind of anotiv tion. Tt probably is the moving force liehind every really seat scientist, surgeon, ancl inventor, A man must love his, ‘work to become a mustor at it.” “No argument,” Mae conceded. “The second thing is all three occupations are what you ight call oners’ The farmer works alone, with nature for his antagonist, He pits his brains and brawn against te flooel find the drought and the insects. He makes his own decisions and abides by the consequences. The mechanic with his bead inder the hood or sprawvied on a creeper beneath the car is, very much aware that its jsthe and the car. A wrench slips off and barks his knviekles; he swears soulfuly a agtease from his eyes; but he never forgets for a n ‘muist repair that perverse collection of urts and bolts of adit 56 was day in which oalng winter bard ll hs fangs [sit wes, and electronics tech ‘of work primarily to make personal defeat. And the techniclan working on an interrlt- tent is in precisely the same situation, No matter if he is standing elbow to elbow with other technicians, that TV se in front of hin is his responsibility. Its problems are his prob- Tems, and either he repairs st or acknovledges—at Teast to hinsself/—shanteful failure the Fellow on a production line does not have this feeling of lonely personal stuggle, He makes only a small contibu- ‘ion to the fnisied product and accepts only a small part of the responsibilty, if any. What fellow workers do on the aihead of hin affects the culty of his job, and what he does ‘vill be seen and criticized by those following him, He caunot Unk about his work without thinking about the group with hich he works; s0 organizing him is comparatively easy,” “It seems to me,” Mae said thoughtfully, “that what you are saving is that sone occupations, sich as those mentioned, Attract 3 particularly independent type of person, person ‘who enjoys working alone, who likes to make his own de- sions, and who is willing to accept a considerable amount of ‘ehurn Tor his work in the form of petsonal satisfaction with ‘what he is doing and freedom from interference.” “Hey, vou sare yon weren't there eavesdropping?” Barney demanded, “That's precisely the coulusion we reached. decided we were # pretty independent bunch of knuckl hieads who preferred having our individual technical ability recognized to having the cash ineome of the whole group roised. This has been just as true of farmers and auto me- chanics as it has of us, All three resent our low pay and Iack of recognition, but we're not willing to sacrifice our jealously guarded independence to get better pay. Like the ficroely ‘ndependent old river pilot, we have demanded that the boat, ‘oe ours to.rim as we please, even if that means minning i nto the bank!” “This is good?” “That's what we Gnlly got around to asking one another. We soon agreed it's becoming harder and harder to be inde- pendent. High cost of faim machinery, high taxes, the impos- sibility of securing farm labor, and low farm prices are mak- ing it virtually impossible to make a living ofa small farm, Complexity of modem cars with their tricky wheel suspen: sions, complicated automatic transmissions, air conditioning, ancl temperanental high-compression engines are forcing the ouve-man alley garages out of business. One man cannot do fenonigh service, ao matter have good he is, to eam a decent living and to allord all the expensive equipment required to ‘work on today’s cars. And we know the variety ané camplex- ity of modem electronic equipment is exerting the same kind of pressure onthe sal service shop, To be able to do s frst class job of servicing transistor and tube radios, black-and- white and color TV, AM and FM receivers and tiners, stereo suvd hi equipment, CB radios, automobile radios, tape re- orders and tape players, you must invest a small fortune in, equipment and service data, Technical competence cannot Substitute for this equipment ane cannot grow without it.” “Dor't forget,” Mac reminded, “the shop owner's dollar ‘income must keep rising for him to maintain the same stan- avd of service and of personal income, When he has to pay HLECTRONICS WoRLDtwo to three delius for a haircut, a dol- Jar and a half for a pound of steak, forty cents for a gallon of gasoline, and put a mortgage on the hovse before he dares call a plumber, eletrician, carpenter, bricklayer, or doctor, he begins to won der if his independence is worth the price he is paying for it—especially when. hhe considers the amount of time it took hhim to lesm his trade, the money he has invested in equipment, and the hours he works. "So why does he still shy away from joining an organization?” “A fellow at the store asked the same question of an executive of a service technician's organization. ‘The latter s8id one reason was many service tech nicians have an unfounded fear their lack of technical knowledge will be ex- posed if they meet and talk and plan together with other technicians, some of whom are more experienced, Service ‘organizations are designed to enable members to pull together, not to pit one member aginst another, and the least experienced member stands to learn the most from association. The second rea- son was the same the maiden lady gave when asked why she never married: ‘No one asked me. This man is con- vinced a grent number of service dealers have not joined an association simply ecause they have never been person- ally approached by an enthuslasic ‘member who could explain the advan. tages.” “Do you think these are the reasons only one out of four or five service tech nicians is a member of any organiza tion?” “They are nat the only reasons. Many technicians do not join because they are repelled by the squabbling that has taken place over the years among rival organizations, The name-calling, accu sations, and counter-accusations have bewildered and disgusted potential members. Also some of the smaller local organizations have tried to fix prices and. dictate hourr—a real hobgoblin, to the independent service technician. Finally, the independent technician wants to be shown the quid pro quo, as the lawyers like to call it. What is he going to get for his membership dues?” “Well, what will he get?” “A strong national organization can. do a great deal to improve the public image of the service technician~and be- Tieve me that image can stand it, Such an organization ean bring strong pres- sure to bear on the manufacturers to make their products more serviceable. It can protect his interest at all levels of local, state, and federal legislation.” “Sounds like a big order,” Mac said; “and I'm not sure but that the whole dis. ‘cussion is largely academic, Tt may well he the service fraternity has put off organization too long to save the in- dependent technician. Only in recent Febrvory, 1970 months have there be: figns the association ball 8 starting {0 fell but fora long time the independent technician hes been slowly but surely, going the way of the independent ro. ter, the Mom and Pop motel, the corner drugstore, and the small farmer. Inde- pendence fs rapidly becoming x luxury few workeis can afford, The moder ides isto work simply to make money to be used pursuing an interesting avoc tion, The old ideal of doing work you enjoy—combining your work and vour chief interest~is becoming less and less practicable” ‘More's the pity,” Barney comment-| ed. “However, if the independent tech- rnician goes down the draia, he'll not be the only loser. Manufacturers will be | In1948, University Sound made home high fidelity possible. | In1970, we made it perfect, |} 11948, University unveiled the ‘world’ frst populaay priced full fidelity speaker — the 6201, In 1970, University unveils the fines, fullest ling of component speakers Iisthe world. For example — forced to do their own servicing, some-| thing they really don't want. They know the advantage of having the service dealer as a buffer between them and late customers. If service technicians are forced to work in the service shops | ‘of manufacturers, they will be unionized just as are production workers and will demand much higher pay. This will result in greatly increased service cost which the manufacturer can either ab” sorb or pass on to the customer. Guess which be will dot If the independent closes his doors, wholesalers will not be far behind, Who will be buying replace- ment parts or general service data or service magazines? Each manufacturer will supply his own service department ‘with these materials tailored just for his ‘own produets.” “It seems, then,” Mac concluded, “that it behooves the service technicians, manufacturers, wholesalers, and pub: lishers to help the technicians crea strong, democratic national organization now. All will benefit from such a move, tand the customers will benefit most of all, Only a stiong, fully supported ser-| vice organization ean make electronic service work sufficiently attractive to hold the caliber of men we need to keep the electronic equipment of this elec: troniescoriented country going!” rts aera bree rear ie the full frequency range without di PaaS TaD Actas net [rire air i eselgicE) Camere Mees Renn Pare ieltacsu Te Deira eae Peaegar Ceca iatRADIO-TV ELECTRONICS ‘CATALOG your Buyinc cuipe ror ©! {DEPT.EW-2 3199 MERCIER ST, KANSAS CITY, MO. 64111 from Lampkin Laboratories DRM a ose aaa Genco Designed to meet today’s mobile-radio service needs — ke ONE PART PER MILLION ACCURACY! hk ALL-CHANNEL COVERAGE — TO 500 MHZ READ FREQUENCY DIRECT—NO CHARTS! ok EASIER — MORE FLEXIBLE — FASTER! $2390 F.0.8, Bradenton, Flaige For complete specifications — Mall coupon today Name adress City State Tp LAMPKIN LABORATORIES, INC. OIC ence Cua E ES Sy Four-Channel Stereo (Continued from page 41) Symphony Tia, long-considered one of the world’s finest concert halls, Optionafly, Hsteners may add one more channel to their 2-channel systems by tuning in WGBH on a mono: phonic radio and placing it at the back of the coom. Those ‘with no stereo equipment at all ean enjoy a xeverberant eliet by listening to WCRB ona monophonic AM radio and WGBH on # monophonic FM set. In addition, regular -chan- nel stereo reception has been improved as a direct esult of the work undertaken in the 4-channel experiments. (In New York City, WNYC-FM and WKGR have trons mitted a number of programs using 4-channel tape—Editor) The only multiplex FM system thus far proposed publicly has been that of William Halstesd, using additional subear- viets for compatible transmission of the necessary four chan nels, A compatible multiplex system would be superior to the {wvo-station approach for the Feasons outlined in the discus sion of tape above, since the listener with only one stereo system would then hea all the information presented. Auplifiers and Speaker Systems Since a 4-channel stereo system ean be thought of as four 2.channel systems, one on each wall of a room, it is not sur- prising that the same criteria as apply to the 2-channel tech- nique should also influence setting up a 4-channel system, However, the need to provide optimum results from all four irections simultaneously does make somewhat more care necessary in choosing and placing speaker systems, while some types of speaker systems miay not lend themselves to 4-channel use. IF audio systems which employ a “center- Al” speaker axe used, then eight speaker systems, rather than four, will be needed. Reflecting-type speakers, which create images which are intense additional sound sources, eause “sound effects” which do not result from reverberant infor- mation in the recording. Wiccophone satop in Boch Relinger Moteur of Harvard nd by‘The optimum listening area is that which includes the region in which the optimum areas for the four “pairs” of speakers overlap (Fig. 3). A simple computer program was Used to prepare the diagram showing ideal locations for Istening to acoustic-feld recordings with miniauin balance exror. The arrangement giving the largest effective listening atea for such recordings is a square, as large as can be ar- ranged in @ given roam, preferably: with the speaker systems near the comers, fr best channel separation and directional securacy. ‘ll rooms, including concert halls, tend to absorb high frequencies more than middle or low frequencies. As a result, the recording of a plano in a concert hall will contain an over-all deficiency of high frequencies when compared to recording of the piano made, say, outdoors at the same vol- ume level, This is because the sound in the concert hall is the total of dizect sound (coreet high-frequency balance) and reflected sound (attenuated high frequencies), while an anechoic recording contains only the direct sound of the | instrument. In reproducing the concert-hall recording, we wish to hear the balance as iis in the concert ball, that is, with slightly attenuated high frequencies. However, the room in which such a recording i played is also somewhat reverberont and therefore dilutes high-frequency content slightly further, It is therefore desirable to apply slight treble boost to compen sate for stening-room losses when playing acouste-Reld recordings made in the concert hall. If 2-chaninel recordings of the “presence” type are played, the treble boost should be emoved, and listening room acousties allowed to play thei normal part. ‘Acoustic-fild recordings are not the only kind which can bbe made with 4channel recorders, however. The least eitcal recordings, from the home listener's viewpoint, are those jn which each channel carries its own unique signal. In these tases, there is litle or no restriction on the type of speaker system which may be used, except for the usval requirement | that the speaker display scine semblance of accuracy ifthe | playbackis to vellect the intention ofthe recording’sproducss. ‘Naturally, all the speakers used will have to be in phase | with one another. To achieve this is a slightly more time- | Consuming activity than is the case when only two speaker systems need to be matched with each other Multichannel systems have been available before time, and several different formats have been proposed in th past! Usually, even when thiee or four channels were used, | these have Been proposed to cover only the front one-fourth | of the listening fled. Whether the most recent series of ex- | periments will lead to any more substantial development than the earlier proposals will undoubtedly depend to some extent ‘upon the public's zeaction to the 4-channel presentations itis | able to hear and upon the outcome of experiments made both * by professionals and amateurs. ‘Audio isa field which owes @ great deal of is vitality and | progress to individual efforts at exploration and development, | of which the Schefber-Mowzey 4-chunne! dsc fs only a recent example. Peshaps other individual Investigators, spurred by | industry interest, will now support and develop techniques | of 4-channel stereo just as they aided in the development of S-channel stereo a decade ago, a Eotrox’s Nove: Last month we promised our readers we twould keep them abreast of developments on 4-channel | stereo, Bob Berkovits’orticle n this issue ts such an al-inclu- | sive presentation that its rather dificult to say any more at this time, We liad hoped to include an article by Russ Molloy of The Telex Corp. also, giving his opinions on 4-channel stereo, but due to business commitments, his article has not ‘materialized. In line with Keeping our reatlors up-to-date, however, toe have planned a rather extensive story on 4. | channel stereo by Daniel von Recklinghausen of HH. Scott, | Inc, which will appear next month, February, 1976 Telex writes new specs on sensitivity and ruggedness in headphones. the Communicator Series HIGH SENSITIVITY AND LOW OPERATING POWER. The new Communicator Series of headphones is designed around a dramatic new driver unit that requires only absolute ‘minimal operating power. This added effi- jency allows for a substantial increase in nnsitivity without any increase in distortion, making the Communicator, Series the masi ive and versatile headphones available RUGGED. CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE. Un- like the soft aluminum or paper cones in mast of today's headphones, the Communi: speci Cator's rugged now cone f ma material that will provide peak without being affected by temperature. or humidity. This means that you get consistent, hhigh quality performance. day in and day out, Under the most demanding communications conditions. For more information on Telex’s new Com- municator headphones, contact your near- est Telex dealer 0! write, CIRCLE NO. 194 ON READER ©rnViCE CARD 39Second ina series... Can you solve these problems in electronics? They're a cinch after you've taken RCA Institutes’ new communications electronics program. It includes new preparation for the FCC license plus the assurance of your money back if you fail to get it. Tris one Is quite elementary. This one is more advanced. In this door belt circuit, which kind of transformer is T;—step-up or step-down? Note: ifyou had completed only the frst lesson of any of the RCA Institutes Home Study programs, you'd easily solve this problem. aig ‘umop-deig s:0Msuy eo ‘What is the total capacitance in the above circuit? Note: you'd know the solution to the problem if ‘you'd taken only the first two lessons in RCA's new ‘Communications Electronics Program. ‘These are the lessons that prepare you stop -by- ‘step for an FCC License. ‘This license is a requirement for sorvicing alt types af transmitting equipment and can nelp ‘open doors to jobs commanding high income in ‘communications, radio and broadcasting ‘aerospace, industrial automation and many others, For a rewarding career with good pay, take that first step now. Send for complete information— ‘mail the attached card. ELECTRONICS WORLDRCA Institutes Autotext learning method makes problem-solving easier... gets you started faster towards a good-paying career in electronics Are you just a beginner with an interest in electronics? Or, are you already making a living in electronics, and want to brush-up or expand your knowledge? In either case, RCA has the training you need. And Autotex!, RCA Institutes’ ‘own method of Home Training will help you learn more quickly and with fess effort. Select from a wide range of courses. Pick the ‘ane that suits you best and check it off on the attached card. Courses are available for beginners and advanced technicians. Electronics Fundamentals Black & White Television Servicing (Transistorized TV Kit Available) Color Television Servicing (Color TV Kit Available) FCC License Preparation ‘Automatic Controls Automation Electronics Industrial Electronics Nuclear Instrumentation Electronics Drafting Computer Programming Plus these new up-to-the-minute courses Semiconductor Electronics Digital Electronics Solid State Electronics Communications Electronics ‘Build and keep tls ‘valuable oseiloscope, Prepare for good paying Positions in fields like these Television Servicing Telecommunications Mobile Communications CATV Broadcasting Marine Communications Nuclear instrumentation § Industrial Electronics \ ‘Automation . Computer Programming Solid State Electronics Dratting Ip the new prencam on Solid Slate Cectrnies you wi study tlects of fomporture and ge characte a February, 1970 Variety of Kits—Yours to Keep A variety of RCA Institutes engineered kits are included in your program of study. Each kit is yours, to keep when you've completed the course. ‘Among the kits you construct and keep is a working signal generator, a multimeter, @ fully transistorized breadboard superheterodyne ‘AM receiver, and the all-important oscilloscope. ‘These 4 kits aro at no extra cost. Compare this, selection with other home study schools. Two Convenient Payment Plans Pay for lessons as you order them. No contract obligating you to continue the course. Or, you can take advantage of RCA’s convenient monthly payment plan. No interest charges! Classroom Training Also Avaiiable RCA Institutes operates one of the largest technical schools of its kind, Day and evening classes. No previous training Is required. Preparatory courses are available. Classes start four times a year. Job Placement Service, Too! Companies like Boll Telephone Labs, GE, Honeywell, IBM, RCA, Westinghouse, Xerox, and major radio and TV networks have regularly employed graduates through RCA Institutes’ own placement service. All RCA Institutes courses and programs are approved for veterans under the new G.I. Bill. ‘Send Attached Postage Paid Card Today. ‘Check Home Study or Classroom Training. Accredited Member Naticnal Home Study Council IF REPLY CARD Ig DETACHED, SEND THIS COUPON RCA Institutes Inc. Home Study Dept, 240-0020 ‘50 Weet 3 Stoet New York, N.Y. 10001 Please send me FREE ilusraled caver eslalo, Name. ae Address Ci 2. -ARGUE) OSE PETRY 9) Qo Ou $CA:1 Decoder makes pose reception of by neory 400° FM stone round the county. YOURE toner or receiver con recover hit Ndden” sic wih the simple edaiion of on sca Sircuity, (FETs, ICs, NPAC). Works with ony ually Fa Toner ot receiver Send Check or #0. for iter Sea-t (Wired, Seactx (ic, ott “upped with every order SCA Services Co., Inc. fox 601, Port Weshington, N.Y. 11080 cine. wo. 117°0N READER senviCe CARD H ENJOY THE “MUSIC ONLY" FM PROGRAMS M. A. D. MUSIC ASSOCIATED'S DETECTOR (NO GOMMERCIACS-NO INTERRUPTIONS BI rrvir conventional transistor checker { Gne if you want to get a quick reading of beta and leakage currents But if you want to really see how the | sess operates, you need a cw tracer, This device, working along with Jan oscilloscope, produces a display of the transistor’ V-T characteristics on the sereen, The most popular enrve tracer wwe know is a Tektronix nit that is Fairly ‘expensive, Now, along comes Eico with veal rst in the much lower-priced test- equipment feld with the new Madel 443 curve tracer. The tracer is designed for use with any generakpurpose oscilloscope. What It does isto generate a horizontal sweep Hl | signal proportional to the transistor’ BB | collector voltage along with a vertical Fy | sweep proportional to the collector cu |ront. At the same time, four levels or stops af base current are applied to the transistor under test. Each stop lasts for the duration of a single sweep. As a ro- sult, four V-I carves are traced on the J | oscilloscope and these curves depict a | family of characteristics ofthe transistor Alter the instrument is properly cai brated to produce a display of given size, {itis omly necessary to advance the con- «mn $aqso wireo $7500" B) cover $4.95 exrRa MUSIC ASSOCIATED Ns. o708 TEST EQUIPMENT Product Report Eico Model 443 Semiconductor Curve Tracer For copy of manujactwe’s brochure, circle No, 3 on Reader Service Card. trol that determines the size of the base- ‘current steps for the proper display size. Now, the transistor beta can be read directly on the curve-tracer control What is more, many other transistor characteristics,” ineluding leakage cur- rent, breakdown voltage, resistance, and’ beta lineaity can be determined ‘graphically right from the oscilloscope display. Separate tests are available for signal and power transistors. Signal transistors are checked over a beta range of 15 to 5500 at a voltage of 10 volts and maxi- ‘mum collector eurrent of 12 mA. Power transistors are checked over a beta range of 0 to 300 at the same voltage but with, maximum current of 1 A. ‘The curve tracer also does a fine job, of displaying the V-I characteristics of diodes. Both signal and rectifier diodes can be checked. Two basic tests are per formed: the peak inverse voltage and the forward current. Maximum inverse voltage applied to a diode is 1400 volts at L mA, while maximum forward our rent is | A. During the time that the high roverse voltage is applied to the diode tunder test, a flashing ueon lamp on the ppanel signals tts presence. At the same time, the user must press a momentary: contact push-button to apply the test voltage, so there is litle chance of get ting a shook from the equipment. When we used the curve tracer to check a number of similar rectifier diodes we had on hand, we were sur- prised to observe the variation in peak inverse voltages. Although our diodes were mited at a piv. of 600 volts and most of them checked out around this figure, we found one that would only handle 300 volts before breakdown oc- curred. Naturally, we discarded this one immediately ‘Two separate sets of transistor sockets and banana jacks are provided. The iv strument can be switched back and forth from one to the other when itis desired to match a pair of transistors In addition to the various switches tnd operating controls on the front panel of the curve tracer, the unit contains a small printed-circuit board on which are mounted 8 transistors and associated components, These transistors generate murctRonics WORLDFor the SERVICEMAN whois also a Businessman For the HOBBYIST who is also a Perfectionist The 1970 ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION & SERVICING HANDBOOK is the handy guide you need and will use daily. the Industry's “how-to” book for installing and 1g consumer electronics equipment. From the basic tools and test equipment to advanced techniques. Color TV... TV/FM antennas . . . Stereo HiFi... CB... Elec- tronics Ignition Systems... Radio and TV test equipment P. A. systems, All in clear, concise, compiote detail. KEEPS YOU AHEAD OF YOUR COMPETITION You'll find valuable special features in your 1970 ELEC- ‘TRONICS INSTALLATION & SERVICING HANDBOOK. Like a “Do-it-yourself” test: Can you qualify as an electronics technician? And up-to-the-minute articles on Mulli-set FM-TV distribution systems for home use . .. 1970 Color- ‘TVsets . .. How to add more speakers to your HiFi system. And many more, YOU'LL BENEFIT FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHERS You'll be advised on what you can—and can't—handle, based on the experience of experts. You'll have hundreds of charts, circuit diagrams and tables at your fingertips— all designed to help you do a better job in the Jeas? amount ‘of time, You'll become a better serviceman and a better businessman. Don't put it off. Start now to make every working hour more Profitable, Use the coupon to order your copy. Only $1.35, (GET THE DELUXE LEATHERFLEX-BOUND EDITION for jest $350 Postralot Pei GACTROMEE, ISTALATION & cf oe oy im a ae Brie) carters pent a a er canny chan cared TO YOUR Bring Your Reference Library Up to Date! i you've missed any of these current and previously pub- lished handbooks, a wide selection te stil avaiable, Just circle the corresponding numbers on the coupon below. ELECTRONIC EXPERIMENTER’S HANDBOOK~148 paces Sf the most fascinating and challenging constuction ao} ete for alectranic hobbyists 1970Winter-#97 1909 Spring—e0 1960 Winter—yas 1968 Spring—#84 Tose Winter—#50 1986 Spring—2#38 “008 Fall-#90 "1968 Fall_29 ‘TAPE RECORDER ANNUAL—Covers every aspect of t reeoraing .-plUs complete Buyar's guide a7o—#09 1963-281 STEREO/HIL-FI DIRECTORY-Giant buyer guide compete with photos, specs, prices, a7 1088-58 ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION & SERVICING HANDBOOK ~Covere all 8 arbas of consumer electronics servicing tor the sanicoman and hobby, 1909-89 1960-58 1067-40 COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK-Fact-packed pages for the CB, SWI, or HAM... plus ecuipment buyers guide. fee 1968-858 1960-50 98 1060-4062 Pet snd me ne 1570 ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION & SERVICING anoion "Tat te : a ead ids ater" ng 4 30 pt ete Vom ad ember tina sal i oh 9% 8 4 47 50 58 a1 86 est so man as 3) 98 a8 {am ening tt Mama ore iced inteDON'T SETTLE FOR CTU SOV) IGNITION SYSTEM installa y JUDSON ELECTRONIC MAGNETO Itoers the combined advantages of both the standard transstorized and capacitive discharge systems in one simpiied patented circuit. Provides better performance, a smoother run- hing engine and keeps your ear tune, Installed in twenty minutes, Write Today for Literature MR. SCA OPERATOR NEED A RELIABLE SOURCE FOR HIGH QUALITY, LOW COST SCA RECEIVERS, OR SGA DEMODULATOR UNITS? ‘A new a proven sub-cerrier demodul fon scheme using Ok established principles ‘eg now practical due to retent component developments and mass produetion. The resultant reduction in cost Is passed on to you. - - MODEL, scAce197, SINGLE FR Heda Sees TaP es ae {Geaetiy 1-8) SCAIBISY FM Receiver Feature: lange: $8, tp 108 Mitr 6 Frequency Field Aaja Pall soit Site Devices AE Stat 2S agg ¢hame Peseengy sh fae Hato UENCY FM ros Boas Baw ote Lapin SP here Steeda a a Sie Sortie Berne ehh entre Senay Sere meee an Selon Tana Comoany BO, Box 17% Smtr Cnn 04 eaZag Company, BO Bow 0 Tut ea 00 the various stepping currents applied to the transistors under test. ‘The Fico Model 443 measures about LTisin wide, 9-in deep, and just under 3-in high. 1 is furnished along EVERAL years ago at the IEEE Show in New York, Fatrchild cre ated quite a stir with a really low-cost (under $300) digital voltmeter. (See our July, 1967 Test Equipment Product Report.) Quite a few other manufacts cers have tried to crack what they con- sider to be a fairly lucrative test equip: ment market with an instrument of this type. A new instrument in this class is the Honeywell “Digitest 500” digital vom, Honeywell has had a “Digitest 333” before this (see our Apsil, 1968 ‘Test Equipment Product Report), priced at just over $500. But the new Unit i more compact, lighter in weight, and it sells at Jess than half the cost of the previous digital v.om. The Model | 500 is priced at $250. Honeywells Test Instruments Div. marketing people are very enthusiastic about the new instroment. They have predicted a sale of more than 400 of these units during 1970. ‘This would | rtise the company’s percentage of units sold in the 3-digit multimeter market to 40 percent oF more, compared with 18 peroent ast year ‘One look at the unusual appearance and styling of the Model 500 seems to indicate that it was not designed in the US. The instrument is actually 6 French design and was manufactured by Schneider Radio Television, Lery-Seine, [HERE ave stl plenty of tubes being used in electronic equipment, Even. though TV set makers are using more and more transistors and IC's these days, most of the color-TV and black-and: white receivers now in use employ vac- with a special engraved graticule for a Bein scope, in ease your scope doesn’t already have one. The tracer sells Jor $69.95 in kit form or for $99.95 factory- wired. A Honeywell “Digitest 500” Digital V.0.M. For a copy of manufacturer's brochure, circle No. Av Reader Service Card France. It was introduced exties in Eu rope and will be marketed in the U.S. by Honeysoell. ‘The 3-digit instrument has 17 ranges of ac. and dc. voltage, current, and resistance with accuracies ranging from 02 gereent to 15 percent, and low- range sensitivities of 100 microvots and 100 nanoamps. Input impedance is 2 to 50 megohms. ‘The wnit operates from LIT V ac, or 11 to 18 V dc. power ‘One reason for the size and weight reduction is the use of LSI (large-s integrated) circuitry. A 16-pin, Hine $C provides counting and logic funetions in addition to some analog-to- digital conversion and switching nor mally done by transistors. ‘The Model 500 weighs only 2 Ibs and is packaged in a case 9-in long, 54in, wide, and under 3.in high. The unit's smail size permits it to be held ‘easily in one hand and operated by the other. Yet the instrument is still large enough to permit the user to convenient- ly select the ranges and functions by means of its push-button matrix key board. Readout is on three Nixie-type indicator tubes mounted behind the sloping panel, The simplicity and ease of operation, as sell as its $250 price, should attract many users to this test in strument. A Mercury Model 1101C Tube Tester For a copy of manufacturer's brochure, circle No. 5 on Reader Service Card. tuum tubes and these will continue to be in use for years to come. That's why test- equipment manufacturers keep coming out with new 9: modified tube testers, such as the Mercury Model 1101 de- scribed here. ELECTRONICS WORLDThis new tube tester performs the usual short-cireuit and cathode-emission tests, In. addition, it uses a 12AU7 v.t.wim. eizeuit to check on grid emission and leakage of the tube nnder test. When the grid-emission meter seale indicates less than 0.5 microampere, the tube is satisfactory with respect to this test. A grid current of 0.5 to 2 microamperes indicates a questionable tube, while higher grid currents are excessive and the tube should not be used. Sockets are provided to test not only octals 7-, 8., and 10-pin miniature tubes, but also nuvistors, compactrons, decals, magno- vals, and novars. There are five other sockets on the front panel for use as pin straighteners. ‘The tester is light in weight (only 7 Ibs) ‘and the controls have been ar sanged for simple ABCD. operation. Hence, it should be possible to test all the tubes in a TV set in not much more than several minutes. As a matter of fact, it takes longer to look up the tube type in the data chart than it does to set up the tube tester to check a given tube Price of the Model LIOIC is $69.95, factory.wired. The company also. has available a subscription serviee to keep the tube-test data always up-io~iate. The price of this service is $4.50 for a year’s subseription, including the latest revised tube-dats chart plus all supple- ments, a February, 1970 | ALIGNMENT MODEL 812 (70 KHz —20 Meet ‘The Model 812 is « crystal controlled oscillator for generating standard signals in the alignment of IF and AF circuits, The portable design Is Ideal for servicing twooway radios, TV ‘color sets, etc, This model can be zeroed and certiied for frequency ‘comparison on special order. Individ- val trimmers are provided for each crystal, Talerance 001%. Output attenuators provided. Battery oper- fated, Bench mount avaliable. Complete (less crystals) $125.00 Write for catalog OSCILLATORS DESIGNED TO MAKE SERVICING EASIER BOTH NEW FROM INTERNATIONAL MODEL 814 (70 KHz— 20 Miz) ‘The Model 814 is identical in size to the 812. It does not have individual trimmers for crystals. Tolerance is 01%. Battery operated. Bench mount available. Complete (less crystals) $95.00 Both the Mode! 812 and Mode! {814 have positions for 12 erys- tals and the entire frequency range Is covered in tour steps. INTERNATIONAL CRYSTAL MFG. CO, INC. 30 NO. LEE © OKLA. CITY. ORLA. 73102