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Topic 10 Solutions Packet1

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Topic 10 Solutions Packet1

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& Solid, = Brass, * Metals © Solid. Most —_ 0 etaaea ee Re AB 2) © Parts of Solutions © Solute: © Solvent: "Water, OO + Nacls) + Na(oq) + faq) * Ex: NaCl dissolved in water + Necl= © Water = = Sodium © Dissolved = Separate = Boil Regents Questions + When a teaspoon of sugar is added to water in a beaker, the sugar dissolves. The resulting mixture is (1) A compound (2)A homogeneous solution (8)A heterogeneous solution (4)An emulsion + Assmall quantity of a salt is stirred into a liter of water until it dissolves. In the resulting mixture, the water is () The solvent (2) The solute (2) Dispersed material (AYA precipitate + Asolution (2) Will separate on stending (May have color (8)Can be cloudy (4)Can be heterageneaus + The process of recovering a salt from a solution by evaporating the solvent is known as () Crystallization @)Filtration (3)Reduction (4)decomposition | Qt Giveadefition of 2 mature. | Q2 Copy and compete these sentences about mixtures, ung the options given inthe brackets. | ‘Mintres are fay (eaayfhard to separate, ‘The properties of a mixture are (completely diferent thanJe mixture of) the properties of is separate parts, Samples of mixtures (are always the seme/may var) in ther properties, 3 Deline a solution, Qt 50g of salts dlmsived ina container of water ‘9 Name the solvent ard the solute inthis example, 1) The salt is ground imo emailer partices, ‘What effect would you expect this to have onthe rate at which the salt issolvest "01 Name another factor you could change to make the salt solve more quickly. QS A homogenous minture sa mixture In which the panicles of one substance ae evenly dispersed through the particles of anether, ‘9 Give a definition ofa heterogeneous mixture. 1) Give an example ofa heterogeneous miu of two liquids, QS Inthe boxes below, draw dlagrams using circle to represent atoms. | At last, @ nice easy page... Question on mixture area cinch compared to al those hon formulas and calculations onthe lst Page. Stil thas no excuse for slacking. The easy credits are worth just as much ae the hard ones ns re you get every enty cussion {00% MEP, Unit 10: Solutions 10.2: Solibiity of Solutions AIM: ‘© Solubility Factors a © Some. 0 Eras © Coffee: aan _——————_$__ = Sobbility PT re ce = Soluble: © Materials, ) © High, = Insoluble. Fee ee ee en © Low. © Factors Affecting Solbility (© Nature of solute end solvent + Like © Polar ‘+ Nonpolar = Nocl + Sodium chloride. © Water © Positive and = Now. = ck. * The attractive forces. + Tons stay Nonpolar solutes: * Fats © Water © Attractive et Fats will dissolve in. = Forces. © Grease. © Soap, * Grease, © Solubility Summary ‘Solute Type ‘Nonpolar Solvent Polar Solvent Nonpolar Polar Tonic © Temperature + As temperature. + Exception: + As temperature. + Bx Soda g © Pressure en + Pressure (e + Pressure Regents Questions + Nonpolar solvents will most easily dissolve solids that are (1) Tonic (8)Metallic (2) Covalent (4)Heterogeneous + Under what conditions are gases most soluble in water? (1 High temperature and high (B)Low temperature and high Pressure pressure (@)High temperature and low (4)Low temperature and low pressure Pressure + As the temperature of a liquid decreases, the amount of a gas that can be dissolved (1) Decreases (@)Remains the same (2)Increases + State the relationship between the solubility of sulfur dioxide gas and temperature. + Describe the effect on the solubility of KNOs(s) in water when the pressure is increased, Unit 10: Solutions AIM: ‘© Looking at Solubility © Table Reference Tables = Relationship, © Number: Each line. (© Table 6~ Solubility Curve Ditto = What happens to the solubility of most solids ‘as temperature increases? © Most solids. * Not all of the solubility increases when temperature increases? What happens? ‘+ Some solids * What do you notice about three of the lines? © Three lines © Conditions of Solubility + Position Sere + edding ee SP ee «Tf the temperature is. + Posirion + Supersaturated + Rarely, does the temperature of a solution decrease and crystals do not form and precipitate out + Solution, + Position + More, + Dilute solution, + 53 of solute in 1009 water * Concentrated solution ‘+ 80g of solute in 100g water ‘Solubility Tables - Table F ‘A reaction takes place. ‘State whether the compound is soluble or insoluble in water = Nec Bes + Potassium chlorate + Calcium sutfote = Agel Ba(OH)e + Lithium chromate + Ammonium carbonate w Determining Saturation of a Solution Adding a solute crystal to an unsaturated solution: + Tfit dissolves + Tf it precipitates out. + Tit causes ‘© Adding a solute crystal to a saturated solution: + Tf it precipitates out. somite sua 00g NEC! 4 _ | Saturated solution containing 100 mL H20 + § = ‘and 36.09 NaCl oo. F adgnact 400g Natl 400mL Ho are anced * Adding a solute crystal toa supersaturated solution: + Tfit (7) Regents Questions ‘+ What happens when a crystal of a salt is dropped into an unsaturated solution of the same salt? (1) Excess solute crystals form @) The crystals dissolve G) The eystal drops to the bottom, unchanged (4) The solution becomes colorless ‘+ What happens when a crystal of solute Is dropped into a supersaturated solution ofthe salt? (1) The crystal dissolves @ Excess solute crystals form G) The crystal drops to the bottom, unchanged The solution begins to boll ‘+ Which substance increases in solubility asthe temperature decreases? () xc0, eH @)KN0, (@) Naci +f solutions of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate remaining on the fier will be (1) Barium nitrate @) Sodium nitrate ) Barium sulfate @) Sodium sulfate ‘mixed and then poured Into a fier, the sold + ttt cette eons (1) Saturated with respect to both KCI and NaNO 0) ed tops nt marred tap oO (3) Unsaturated with respect to both KCI and NaNO : (0 spre ep eh a, ‘Table F Fj Solubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions = ons That Form Soluble Compounds | Exceptions Lions Gar eve) ssmmentum (NH) nia (NOS) Iydrogen (HiC05) chlonts (GO) ons That Form Exceptions carbonate (COs) | when combined wath me Ions or emmonium (NED shromate (GO, ‘whom combined with Group 1 fons, Ca, Mg, or ‘emmonium (NEL,*) phosphate (PO, ‘when combined with Group 1 uf fons or ammdaium (NE) sulfide (9) ‘when combined with | {ont or emmoninm (NB?) (OH) ‘when combined with Group 1 aeons, Gene seer ‘ammonium (NE") spate semen SS Goal Solubllity Guidelines: Page Overview: ‘This table is used to determine whether a particular compound is soluble or insoluble in water (aqu. —) ‘solution. If en insoluble eubstance is formed in the reaction between two aqueous solutions of diffrent salts Gonie compound) itis called a precipitate and settles tothe botom of the container. The Table: c ‘The top chart shows ions that form soluble compounds with some exceptions noted. The bottom chart ‘show ions that form insoluble cr nearly insoluble compounds with some exceptions noted. Some general rls for solubliy canbe stated using information frm tha able: ~all compounds contsning Group 1 fon are soluble in wat, ~ll compounds coining ammonium, nites, cea, iyogen carbonate, chlorate and perchlorate ion are soluble in wate. ‘Be vary careful to note the Exceptions columns. Many questions onthe regents involve these examples, Adiitional Information: +The halos are negative ions formed from Group 17 elements, known asthe halogens. + Since a relatively large amount of soluble substance may be dissolved in a given emount ‘of wate, hote solutions may be concentrated strong solutions), + Since only a small amount of an insoluble substance dsclves in given amount of water, ‘thee solutions ae dite (weak solutions), * Soluble ions substances (nts) dissolved in water form solutions tht readily conduct an clecticcurent. They ar refered to a strong electrolyte. ‘+ ‘Ths notation (following th formula ofa substance indicates thatthe substance i a solid oF ‘nae in apreciated tention) oowing femal dot x aoe solution ofthat sobstance (soluble in water). ‘+ When an insoluble mbstanco (precipitate) is formed, it may be separated from the rest of tho solation by the process of ftrtion, Howeve, «soluble soitecanaotbe seperated from tho solvent by filtration. Page .\ ‘Solubility Guidelines Sel, === Set 1 — Solubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions ===. 1. .cconding to Tab F, which ofthese salts is least soluble in water? q@uct Ora, @Rca Pech, a 2. Which compound is insoluble in water? (BS, @) KC, @acd, G8 aha ‘3. Which ion, when combined with chloride ions CF, forms on ‘nslube substance in water? QF yt “DM zs a 4. Based on Reference Table F, which of ‘thes stuated solution has he lowest ‘concentration of dissolved ions? Once @MsChiea) @)NICL (ea) @AsChea) ao ‘5. According to Refrénce Tele, which of thos compounds is most slubo st (298 K and 1 stm? " ‘YAS — G)MgCxO, Dbl PCO, i (6, Based on Reference Table F, which salts the most soluble? (Ast — Zao, @Ase — (#)K,S0, ens 17. Based on Reference Table F, ‘hich compound could form ‘concentrated solution? (AgBr © @)Ag,CO, @Ascl (4) AgNO, vo © Which componnd whe tied in wr ‘will not pass through filtor paper? ()Nect—G)Mg(OR), @NBs — @LC i 9. A student observed the following reaction: AICI,(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)—> AMOE),(0) + 3NeCKaa) ‘After the products wee filtered, which ‘substance remained on the fer paper? (Net @)AIC, @NOH HAO, = 9_ 10, Which barium st is insoluble in water? ()Baco, 6) B(CIO), @Bac, (4) BNO), = 10__ ES a] ‘pet Sa oe Solubility Guidelines Page i\o ‘Base your ewer to question 11 using the inftrmation below and your knowledge of chomisy. Tina laboratory ctv, 0.500 ince of NaOH) is pallydasolved in dite water to fxr 400, mliites of NaOH) This olton i thn wed to ttt olution of INO, (0g) 1.) Identify the negative ion produced whan the NaOH() is dissolved in distilled wate. 8) Author student substtated Mg(OH), for NeOH to make a solution to be use in this titrtion. i ‘Which compound would be more soluble? ‘Base your mawers to question 12 using th inftrmation below and your knowledge of chemistry. (Calcium hydroxide ia commonly known ws agricultural lime and is used to adjust the soil pH. ‘Befure th lime was added toa field, the soil pH was 5. Afr the lime was added, the soll wnderwent 1 100-fold deorease in hyroninm ion concentration. 12.) According to Reference Table Fi calcium hydride soluble in water? ‘) \dentfy another hydroxide compound thet contsine a Group 2 element and is soluble in wate, 13, Give a statement on the solubility of PH(C,H,0.),. | Page Solubility Guidelines: Samaconen, ont ey 3é ‘Solute per 1009 ot HO (9) Besssags ‘0 10 29 50 40 60 @o 70 e0 90 100 ‘Temperature (°C) «olution ‘homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, A solution has two components, the insolved substance, called the sluts, and the disolving enbstance, called the solvent. In mast solutions, ve solvents water and these ae called aqueous solutions (aq). Temperature is one factor that determines se solubility ofa solute in water. Ifthe solute ia a gx, preasure os well as temperate, dvermince the ofubity of that solute, The solubility of a solute as function of temperature gives rise toa solubility he Tables ‘wa able shows the mass of rofut (solved substance), in grams (g), that ean be dimolved in 100 g of 1,084 fmcton of tempertire, From the intersection point of solubility curve ad a given temperature 1, reading directly to the loft gives the amount of hat solute, ing, needed to sturata 100g af 2,0 at tat temperatre. A strated station contains the maximum amount of tht sot that can bedselved in 00 nofB,0 ot that temperate, An equlibium exists between daslved solute and excess undissolved © ‘na pturatd solution —— Solubility Curves: Page \f Fat cn compe ‘Since the solubility of sold alu increase with temperature, ifthe solution is cooled sufficoatly, solute say star to drop out or precipitate out of solition. The resulting solution i then a saturated solution, {fhe amount of solute dissolved in 100 g of H,0 is below the amount read from the solubility our. at ‘that temperstare, the solution is unsaturated, ‘Ifthe amount of solute dissolved in 100g of H,0 is grester han that anount read ftom the solubility curve ‘at tet temperature, the solution is supersaturated, ‘The graph shows tha the solubility of sold solutes in H,O generally nzeatee as tho empeainrsincoate, ‘wile the solubility of gues (HCL, NB, and $O,) decreases as the texpertae increases, {ths amount of H0 i diftrent fom 100g, the amount of solu nexied to satis hat amount of FO ‘wil change scoordingly. Por example, if $0 g of H,O ie used, ake haf the amount of solute as read fom ‘the table, 1200 g of HO is ued, take twice the amount of solute as read from the table Adtional Information: : + Aolution is homogeneous since the solute is ditebuted unifernly throughout ‘The dissolved soit insolation canot be separated ftom the solvent by tation. + Acuparstaratod solution i very unstable, Any disturbance, such a ting orading « ‘yutl ofthe slut, will eso the exces shui to rytallize or drop out of solution, forming a saturted solution. *+ "The presence of solute ries the boling point of th solvent and lowers the freeing pont ofthe solvent, ‘+ Imuing this tle, be sare to uso the corec solubility curve andthe comect temperate line. + Pressure has a nopigibe effect on the solblty of a old in water. However, an increase In pressure increases the olubilty of «gus in water and a decrease in presure decreases ‘the solubility of gas in wate. ————— ES Page ‘Solubility Curves Sees ‘Sane nope SSS set 1 — somnbitty Cove ‘ite, aquooes potassium nitro sofution is best clasified aaa (1) bomogensous compound (@) bomogencons mixture ) heterogeneous compound @) hoterogeneons mixta 1 + According to Reference Table G, ‘which substance forms an wnsaturated solution when 80 grams of the substance In added in 100 grams of H,O at 10°C? ox @ NNO, @KNO, NaCl 2. 1. satumed solution of NaNO, i eopared at 60°C using 100. grams tf wate Aa this olution scone to 10°C, NaNO, precipitate (tes) out of the solution. The resulting solution ‘a saturated. Approximately how many ‘gams of NNO, otld out of ho original solution? (Msg GAS sig His 4, One funded grams of water is saturated ‘with NE,Clat 50°C, According to able G, if the temperature is lowered to 10°C, ‘what isthe total amount of NF,Cl that ‘wil precipitate? 50g G)305 Mig S08 Joona 5, aged on Reference Table G, whats ‘hé maximum numberof gms of KCK) ‘hat wil disolve in 200 grams of water 850°C to produce a eatunted solution? (38 G)58g @2s Os ‘a 6. According to Reference Tie G, ‘which soltion is eturated t 30°C? (1) 12 grams of KCI, in 100 roms of water @) 12 grams of KCIO, in 200 grams of water (@) 30 grams of NaCl in 100 grams of water (4) 30 grams of NaCl in 200 grams of water 4 Apoltion tat i a ego mat be (Q) conceited 3) arte (2) dilute (G)unsaturated 8 ee TEEETEnEEEnEEEEREEE Sennen somwoz ‘arene campy Solubility Curves: Page Z0 9, What ooours when NaCl) is added to water? (1) The boing pont af the soltion increases, andthe freezing point ofthe solution decreases, _ (@) The boiling point af the solution increaog, end tho freezing point of to solution inereace. @) Tho boing point ofthe solution deoreases, andthe freezing point of the solution decreases. (4) The boiling point ofthe solution decreases, andthe freezing point of the solution increases. 9 10, According to Reference Table G, how many grams of KCIO, must be dissolved in 100 grams of H,0 at 10°C to produce a eturated solution? ‘Base your answers to question 11 on the information below and on your knowledge of chemistry. ‘When cola a type af soda pop, is manufactured, CO,(x) is dissolved in it, 11.) A capped bote of cola contsins CO,(g) unde high pressare. When the cap is emoved, lho doospreasure aft tho slubiliy ofthe dissolved CO, 1) A gla of cold cola set to stand $ mimes at room tempertae. How doos tempest ; aif the solbilty ofthe CO,G)? 6) Inthe accompanying space, draw a set of ‘mx08 and label one of them “Solubility” ‘nd the other “Temperature.” ) Draw a line to indicate the solbiity of (CO,(q) vermus temperature on the axes eown in pat c. 5. Page 7\ Solubility Curves: 2. Given the data blo below showing he solubility of lt X: ‘Temperature (C2) ‘Mass of Solute per 100 g of HO 10 ena 25 0 30) 8 CO 107, 10 135, 6) Which salt on Table G i mos likely tobe alt X? 15) On the graph below, scale and label the axis inclnding spproprats units. Solubility of Salt X 0 1 2 3 40 6 6 7 80 90 100 ‘Temperature (°C) ) Plot the data from the deta table, Surround each point with a emall circle and draw a bostft ‘curve forthe solubility of salt X. 4d) Using your graph, predict the solubility of eal X at 50°C. {Ifthe preenure on the salt solution was increased, what affect would this prosure change ‘have onthe solubility ofthe salt? Leen nn EEEEEEEIIEIEEEEEEEEEEEEEEIS fear Solubility Curves. Page 22. ‘Solubility Worksheet 1. Determine ifthe compound is soluble or insoluble in water: ‘NeOH BaCO (NHDPO, CalCaH Oda Ast SOs). cass (NCO, Kel NaCl 5. Solubility Rules In an aqueous soltion of potassium chloride, the volute is @a @K @xka — @)HO (Diinear”~ @)symmetical © @)polar__—_(4) nonpolar aged on Reference Table F, which ofthe following setuid slutons would be (he leas concentric? (0) sium lie (2) copper) suas (2) potassium sulfate (4) barium sulfate ‘Based on Reference Table F, which sults least shible? (1)PeCO;@)NaxCOs " G)BaCh (4) CaCe ‘Based on Reference Table F, which of the following compound is least soluble in water? (NaCl @)PoCIO, @Naceo, Peco, ‘Acconting to Reference Table , which substance is most soluble? (AgI—@)CaS0,G)PHCL_-—_ (4) (NEL).COs Solubility Table Questions | Which compound’ solubility decreases most rapidly asthe tempersture changes from 10°C to 70°C? (NEC @NH ECL (KCL ‘A solution contains 14g of KCl in 100g of water at 40°C. What isthe minimum ‘amount of KCI that must be added to make this «eaturats solution? 4g ie 258 At 3. Which sult has the greatest change in solubility between 30°C and SO°C? (ENO, @KCI_ NaNO, (@) NaCl ‘Which ofthe following substance is last soluble in 100g of water st SO°C? (NCL @KC NHL HCL 3. How many grams ofthe compound potassium chloride (KCI must be dissolved in 200g of water to make a saturated solution at 60°C? 30g @) 45g) S6E_ A) 905 . Which amount of« compound dissolved in 100g of water atthe stated ‘temperature represents a sohtion that is saturated? (1) 20g KCIO at 80°C @ 40g KNO; st 25°C @) 40g KCI at 60°C (60g NaNO; at 40°C Name: What's this Stuff? Big Picture: Bonding affects Solubility | Appearance | | | } | Ercan | surface of « small beaker | | | | | Drop ina sail | 1 | spoonful } | ‘Remove from water | { T ‘and put substance | | |inta plastie dish Conclusions: Polar covalent substances will dissolve in polar covalent water ‘Non-polar substances will nat dissolve or become wet in polar water, ‘Soluble or insoluble ‘Homogeneous or See heterageneous mixture ‘Bond Type ‘Temperature: Hot water vs Cold Water. Add d spoonful of the Purple substance to ‘two different beakers that contain different temperatures and observe. What is the Relationship between Temperaturé and Solubility? 7 Clean up: BO NOT. THROW INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES INTO SINKS! ‘1b solbty tend contin, wat the tot ber ‘ftgans ofeompound Xt wil care 30, pre | ‘water at 6°07 os ow @n oe |. Which nto grant chang nsobbty teen 30Cand 30°07 ENO, ®) Nevo, @ xa @ wet ‘4 Accartng the Refine Table, wich ofthe {allgnngwbeences est sole a 10 guns of Bop asec @ xa ©) we @ ict xa ‘Aan bined te lowing dim a chomiy ‘aber. é | grxms of XNO,7100 gof #0) | o i sell slals) a 6 ‘Bose on Refrene Tabla, which of the als ems to beinerer? oa os @2 oF 6 Accorting to Refeeoe Tub, a tempers change ‘Bom 10°C w 30°C would hve th act tb on te schnity f @ mc © xe @ Kao, © 80, Atha temper insane fom O° to 25°C th emt ‘GENE, ht oan be dima in 100 ge of wer (C1) decent 10 gems C2) inert by 10 gm (©) dear 40 gra (4) foraee by 40 pm 1. Aacorng to Ratrece Table , wt th spent ‘ides bawomn ho ect fC, a ENO, ‘obo 100 gems of wea a 40°C? @ 178 Oa @2s Oo 9, Which of oats sted below is moet she st °C? ) MNO, - © xa @ ENO, @ xc Page 27 18 Aaa etl ly fe ‘epee nd ten ood Retiree ety {Sel The nons daa ble open below. ‘gofealt por 10 g of mater or a8 30 40 +e ‘What Seno te? (© potas siteas (2) pote chor sodium horde (4) emma cide +11, Aosrding wo Rafrers Tab , how doo dares in ‘spree om 40°C 20°C ec hs elt of Nejeakcr (0) he out 0, deren, athe roby of KCL dcr (0) “Toes of NE, docreuss, end the ‘ehly of KCl nese. 1, The paph alow repens nr oily coves Which ‘curve bet sepa he obo gu in water? ‘GRAS OF SOLUTE/I000 H,0 15, Which compound aa rein 100 grams of water aor @ 5 ©) x0, @ mec ome 16, Bauedon Rafrene Table, what th xin ‘sober of grat OF KCL) tat wl sl 200 gra ‘wrt 50°C to prodace ema elton? 585 © a5 as @us 17: Actas nance wide he re to ‘Sino (@) sdinaligdd 0) ht na td @ painaligd (Hold nl 8 Th nulty of ait ingen volume of water epee ply on the (Q) soe mea fn at crys @ tempera of te wate (GY sent that ed water ae etirod (@) pres onthe erie oft weir = Se ey cugetepancefi aa @ wc Oa @ 2:0 ee 20. A gas le most oc aa E Q) high Ss 00 ies omen ©) tow topo ghee (4) low temperstare and low prea Unit 10: Solutions 10,4: Concentration of Solutions * Concentrated: ©. There are different ways to express the concentration of a solution + Molarity + Measures the number of + Table TORT = Molarity (M) = x + What is the molarity of a solution that contains 4.0 mol of NaOH in 050 L of solution? + What is the molarity of a solution containing 82.0 grams of Ca(NOs)e in 2.0 liters of solution? @) + Percent by Mass + the + Similar to percent composition Formula: + What is the percent mass of sodium hydroxide if 2.509 of NoOH are added to 50.0 g of water? Regents Questions What is the percent mass of NaOH is 12.59 s dissolved in 100. g of water? ¥ What volume of 3.0M HCl contains 0,20 mol of HCI Y What is the molarity of a solution that contains 24g of NaNOs in 200mL of solution? @) ¥ How many grams of KNOs are present in 250mL of 2.0M potassium nitrate solution? + Percent by Volume + When, + Ex. Rubbing alcohol = 70% isopropyl alcohol by volume = the rest is water’ + Percent by volume, Formula: ‘= What is the percent by volume of alcohol if 50.0mL of ethanol is diluted with water to form a total volume of 300,mL? = Parts per Million + Similar to + Parts per million (ppm) + Useful for: Formula: + Approximately 0.0043 g of oxygen can be dissolved in 100.mL of water at 20°C, Express this in terms of parts per milion, + Preparation of a known Concentration + What mass of sodium carbonate is required to prepare 2.00L of a 0:250 M. sodium carbonate solution? + How to make that solution + Add 53.0 g of sodium carbonate to a 2.001 flask + Add some distilled water and swirl until the solute ved and mixed + Fill with distilled water to the mark on the neck of the flask + Stir ogain + Ttis easier to mix a solution when the flask is not full. Then fill the flask once it is mixed ¥ Describe now to prepare 500, ml. of 4.0M NaOH(aq). Show any calculation. Bw

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