Audi

torwagenwerke AG, a joint-stock company in Zwickau

(State of Saxony).
After troubles with Horch chief nancial ocer, August
Horch left Motorwagenwerke and founded in Zwickau on
16 July 1909, his second company, the August Horch
Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued him
for trademark infringement. The German Reichsgericht
(Supreme Court) in Leipzig,[16] eventually determined
that the Horch brand belonged to his former company.[17]

Audi head oce in Ingolstadt

Audi AG[1] (pronounced [adi age]) is a German

automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes luxury automobiles. Audi
oversees worldwide operations from its headquarters in
Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. Audi-branded vehicles are
produced in nine production facilities worldwide.
Audi has been a majority owned (99.55%) subsidiary
of Volkswagen Group since 1966, following a phased
purchase of Audi AGs predecessor, Auto Union,
from Daimler-Benz.[11] Volkswagen relaunched the Audi
brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series.
The company name is based on the Latin translation of
the surname of the founder, August Horch. Horch,
meaning listen in German, becomes audi in Latin.
The four rings of the Audi logo each represent one
of four car companies that banded together to create
Audis predecessor company, Auto Union. Audis slogan is Vorsprung durch Technik, meaning Advancement
through Technology. However, since 2007 Audi USA
has used the slogan Truth in Engineering.[12] Audi is a
member of the German Big 3 luxury automakers, along
with BMW and Mercedes-Benz, which are the three bestselling luxury automakers in the world.[13][14]

1
1.1

Audi Type E

Since August Horch was banned from using Horch as

a trade name in his new car business, he called a meeting
with close business friends, Paul and Franz Fikentscher
from Zwickau, Germany. At the apartment of Franz
Fikentscher, they discussed how to come up with a new
name for the company. During this meeting, Franzs son
was quietly studying Latin in a corner of the room. Several times he looked like he was on the verge of saying
something but would just swallow his words and continue
working, until he nally blurted out, Father audiatur et
altera pars... wouldn't it be a good idea to call it audi instead of horch?"[18] Horch!" in German means Hark!"
or hear, which is Audi in the singular imperative form
of audire to listen in Latin. The idea was enthusiastically accepted by everyone attending the meeting.[19]
On 25 April 1910 the Audi Automobilwerke GmbH
Zwickau (from 1915 on Audiwerke AG Zwickau) was
entered in the companys register of Zwickau registration
court.

History
Birth of the company and its name

Originally in 1885, automobile company Wanderer was

established, later becoming a branch of Audi AG. Another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi,
was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimler's four-wheeler.[15]
On 14 November 1899, August Horch (18681951) established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld
district of Cologne. Three years later in 1902 he moved
with his company to Reichenbach im Vogtland. On May,
10th, 1904 he founded the August Horch & Cie. Mo-

The rst Audi automobile, the Audi Type A 10/22 hp (16

kW) Sport-Phaeton, was produced in the same year,[20]
followed by the successor Type B 10/28PS in the same
year.[21]
1

Audi started with a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model 1.3

Type A, followed by a 3,564 cc model, as well as 4,680
cc and 5,720 cc models. These cars were successful even
in sporting events. The rst six-cylinder model Type M,
4,655 cc appeared in 1924.[22]

HISTORY

Post-World War II

August Horch left the Audiwerke in 1920 for a high position at the ministry of transport, but he was still involved with Audi as a member of the board of trustees.
In September 1921, Audi became the rst German car
manufacturer to present a production car, the Audi Type
K, with left-handed drive.[23] Left-hand drive spread and
established dominance during the 1920s because it provided a better view of oncoming trac, making overtaking safer.[23]

1.2

The merger of the four companies under the logo of four rings

IFA F9

Like most German manufacturing, at the onset of World

War II the Auto Union plants were retooled for military
production, and were a target for allied bombing during
In August 1928, Jrgen Rasmussen, the owner of Dampf- the war which left them damaged.
Kraft-Wagen (DKW), acquired the majority of shares Overrun by the Soviet Army in 1945, on the orders
in Audiwerke AG.[24] In the same year, Rasmussen of the Soviet Union military administration the factobought the remains of the U.S. automobile manufac- ries were dismantled as part of war reparations.[25] Folturer Rickenbacker, including the manufacturing equip- lowing this, the companys entire assets were expropriment for eight-cylinder engines. These engines were used ated without compensation.[25] On 17 August 1948, Auto
in Audi Zwickau and Audi Dresden models that were Union AG of Chemnitz was deleted from the commerlaunched in 1929. At the same time, six-cylinder and cial register.[24] These actions had the eect of liquidatfour-cylinder (the four with a Peugeot engine) models ing Germanys Auto Union AG. The remains of the Audi
were manufactured. Audi cars of that era were luxurious plant of Zwickau became the VEB (for People Owned
cars equipped with special bodywork.
Enterprise) Automobilwerk Zwickau or AWZ (in EnIn 1932, Audi merged with Horch, DKW, and Wanderer, glish: Automobile Works Zwickau).
Main article: Auto Union

to form Auto Union AG, Chemnitz. It was during this period that the company oered the Audi Front that became
the rst European car to combine a six-cylinder engine
with front-wheel drive. It used a powertrain shared with
the Wanderer, but turned 180-degrees, so that the drive
shaft faced the front.

The former Audi factory in Zwickau restarted assembly

of the pre-war-models in 1949. These DKW models were
renamed to IFA F8 and IFA F9 and were similar to the
West German versions. West and East German models
were equipped with the traditional and renowned DKW
two-stroke engines. The Zwickau plant manufactured the
Before World War II, Auto Union used the four inter- infamous Trabant until 1991, when it came under Volklinked rings that make up the Audi badge today, repre- swagen controleectively bringing it under the same
senting these four brands. This badge was used, however, umbrella as Audi since 1945.
only on Auto Union racing cars in that period while the
member companies used their own names and emblems.
1.4 New Auto Union unit
The technological development became more and more
concentrated and some Audi models were propelled by A new West German headquartered Auto Union was
Horch or Wanderer built engines.
launched in Ingolstadt, Bavaria with loans from the BavarReecting the economic pressures of the time, Auto
Union concentrated increasingly on smaller cars through
the 1930s, so that by 1938 the companys DKW brand
accounted for 17.9% of the German car market, while
Audi held only 0.1%. After the nal few Audis were delivered in 1939 the Audi name disappeared completely
from the new car market for more than two decades.

ian state government and Marshall Plan aid.[25] The reformed company was launched 3 September 1949 and
continued DKWs tradition of producing front-wheel
drive vehicles with two-stroke engines.[25] This included
production of a small but sturdy 125 cc motorcycle and
a DKW delivery van, the DKW F 89 L at Ingolstadt.
The Ingolstadt site was large, consisting of an extensive

1.5

Modern era

complex of formerly military buildings which was suitable for administration as well as vehicle warehousing
and distribution, but at this stage there was at Ingolstadt
no dedicated plant suitable for mass production of automobiles: for manufacturing the companys rst post-war
mass-market passenger car plant capacity in Dsseldorf
was rented from Rheinmetall-Borsig. It was only ten
years later, after the company had attracted an investor
that funds became available for construction of major car
plant at the Ingolstadt head oce site.
In 1958, in response to pressure from Friedrich Flick,
then their largest single shareholder,[26] Daimler-Benz
took an 87% holding in the Auto Union company, and
this was increased to a 100% holding in 1959. However, small two-stroke cars were not the focus of DaimlerBenzs interests, and while the early 1960s saw major
investment in new Mercedes models and in a state of
the art factory for Auto Unions, the companys aging
model range at this time did not benet from the economic boom of the early 1960s to the same extent as
competitor manufacturers such as Volkswagen and Opel.
The decision to dispose of the Auto Union business was
based on its lack of protability.[27] Ironically, by the time
they sold the business, it also included a large new factory and near production-ready modern four-stroke engine, which would enable the Auto Union business, under
a new owner, to embark on a period of protable growth,
now producing not Auto Unions or DKWs, but using the
Audi name, resurrected in 1965 after a 25 year gap.
Under the terms of the sale, Daimler-Benz retained the
old Dsseldorf plant, which survives to the present day as
a centre for Mercedes-Benz commercial vehicle assembly.
In 1964, Volkswagen acquired a 50% holding in the business, which included the new factory in Ingolstadt and the
trademark rights of the Auto Union. Eighteen months
later, Volkswagen bought complete control of Ingolstadt,
and by 1966 were using the spare capacity of the Ingolstadt plant to assemble an additional 60,000 Volkswagen
Beetles per year.[28] Two-stroke engines became less popular during the 1960s as customers were more attracted
to the smoother four-stroke engines. In September 1965,
the DKW F102 was tted with a four-stroke engine and a
facelift for the cars front and rear. Volkswagen dumped
the DKW brand because of its associations with twostroke technology, and having classied the model internally as the F103, sold it simply as the Audi. Later developments of the model were named after their horsepower ratings and sold as the Audi 60, 75, 80, and Super
90, selling until 1972. Initially, Volkswagen was hostile
to the idea of Auto Union as a standalone entity producing
its own models having acquired the company merely to
boost its own production capacity through the Ingolstadt
assembly plant. Then VW chief Heinz Nordho explicitly forbade Auto Union from any further product development. Fearing that the companys heritage would disappear underneath VW badge engineering, Auto Union

3
engineers under the leadership of Ludwig Kraus developed the rst Audi 100 in secret, without Nordhos
knowledge. When presented with a nished prototype,
Nordho was so impressed he authorised the car for production, which when launched in 1968, went on to be
a huge success. With this, the resurrection of the Audi
brand was now complete, this being followed by the rst
generation Audi 80 in 1972, which would in turn provide
a template for VWs new front-wheel-drive water-cooled
range which debuted from the mid-1970s onward.

Audi 80 assembly line in Wolfsburg, 1973

In 1969, Auto Union merged with NSU, based in

Neckarsulm, near Stuttgart. In the 1950s, NSU had been
the worlds largest manufacturer of motorcycles, but had
moved on to produce small cars like the NSU Prinz, the
TT and TTS versions of which are still popular as vintage
race cars. NSU then focused on new rotary engines based
on the ideas of Felix Wankel. In 1967, the new NSU Ro
80 was a car well ahead of its time in technical details
such as aerodynamics, light weight, and safety. However,
teething problems with the rotary engines put an end to
the independence of NSU. The Neckarsulm plant is now
used to produce the larger Audi models A6 and A8. The
Neckarsulm factory is also home of the quattro GmbH,
a subsidiary responsible for development and production
of Audi high-performance models: the R8 and the RS
model range.
The mid-sized car that NSU had been working on, the
K70, was intended to slot between the rear-engined Prinz
models and the futuristic NSU Ro 80. However, Volkswagen took the K70 for its own range, spelling the end
of NSU as a separate brand.

1.5 Modern era

The new merged company was known as Audi NSU
Auto Union AG, and saw the emergence of Audi as a
separate brand for the rst time since the pre-war era.
Volkswagen introduced the Audi brand to the United
States for the 1970 model year.
The rst new car of this regime was the Audi 100 of 1968.
This was soon joined by the Audi 80/Fox (which formed
the basis for the 1973 Volkswagen Passat) in 1972 and

4
the Audi 50 (later rebadged as the Volkswagen Polo) in
1974. The Audi 50 was a seminal design because it was
the rst incarnation of the Golf/Polo concept, one that led
to a hugely successful world car.

HISTORY

era Silver Arrows.

Through the early 1990s, Audi began to shift its target

market upscale to compete against German automakers
Mercedes-Benz and BMW. This began with the release
The Audi image at this time was a conservative one, and of the Audi V8 in 1990. It was essentially a new engine
so, a proposal from chassis engineer Jrg Bensinger[29] tted to the Audi 100/200, but with noticeable bodywork
was accepted to develop the four-wheel drive technol- dierences. Most obvious was the new grille that was now
ogy in Volkswagen's Iltis military vehicle for an Audi incorporated in the bonnet.
performance car and rally racing car. The performance By 1991, Audi had the four-cylinder Audi 80, the 5car, introduced in 1980, was named the "Audi Quattro", cylinder Audi 90 and Audi 100, the turbocharged Audi
a turbocharged coup which was also the rst German 200 and the Audi V8. There was also a coupe version of
large-scale production vehicle to feature permanent all- the 80/90 with both 4- and 5-cylinder engines.
wheel drive through a centre dierential. Commonly referred to as the Ur-Quattro (the "Ur-" prex is a Ger- Although the ve-cylinder engine was a successful and
man augmentative used, in this case, to mean original robust powerplant, it was still a little too dierent for the
and is also applied to the rst generation of Audis S4 and target market. With the introduction of an all-new Audi
S6 Sport Saloons, as in UrS4 and UrS6), few of these 100 in 1992, Audi introduced a 2.8L V6 engine. This envehicles were produced (all hand-built by a single team), gine was also tted to a face-lifted Audi 80 (all 80 and 90
but the model was a great success in rallying. Prominent models were now badged 80 except for the USA), givwins proved the viability of all-wheel drive racecars, and ing this model a choice of four-, ve-, and six-cylinder
the Audi name became associated with advances in auto- engines, in Saloon, Coup and Cabriolet body styles.
motive technology.
The ve-cylinder was soon dropped as a major engine
In 1985, with the Auto Union and NSU brands eectively choice; however, a turbocharged 230 hp (170 kW) verdead, the companys ocial name was now shortened to sion remained. The engine, initially tted to the 200 quattro 20V of 1991, was a derivative of the engine tted
simply Audi AG.
to the Sport Quattro. It was tted to the Audi Coup,
and named the S2 and also to the Audi 100 body, and
named the S4. These two models were the beginning of
the mass-produced S series of performance cars.

1.6 Audi 5000 unintended acceleration allegations

Sales in the United States fell after a series of recalls
from 1982 to 1987 of Audi 5000 models[30] associated
with reported incidents of sudden unintended acceleration linked to six deaths and 700 accidents.[30] At the
time, NHTSA was investigating 50 car models from 20
manufacturers for sudden surges of power.[31]
Audi Quattro

In 1986, as the Passat-based Audi 80 was beginning to

develop a kind of grandfathers car image, the type 89
was introduced. This completely new development sold
extremely well. However, its modern and dynamic exterior belied the low performance of its base engine, and its
base package was quite spartan (even the passenger-side
mirror was an option.) In 1987, Audi put forward a new
and very elegant Audi 90, which had a much superior set
of standard features. In the early 1990s, sales began to
slump for the Audi 80 series, and some basic construction problems started to surface.
In the early part of the 21st century, Audi set forth on
a German racetrack to claim and maintain several world
records, such as top speed endurance. This eort was inline with the companys heritage from the 1930s racing

A 60 Minutes report aired 23 November 1986,[32] featuring interviews with six people who had sued Audi after
reporting unintended acceleration, showing an Audi 5000
ostensibly suering a problem when the brake pedal was
pushed.[33][34] Subsequent investigation revealed that 60
Minutes had engineered the failure tting a canister of
compressed air on the passenger-side oor, linked via a
hose to a hole drilled into the transmission.[32]
Audi contended, prior to ndings by outside
investigators,[31] that the problems were caused by
driver error, specically pedal misapplication.[31]
Subsequently, the National Highway Trac Safety
Administration (NHTSA) concluded that the majority
of unintended acceleration cases, including all the ones
that prompted the 60 Minutes report, were caused by
driver error such as confusion of pedals.[35] CBS did
not acknowledge the test results of involved government

1.7

Model introductions

5
A 2010 BusinessWeek article outlining possible parallels between Audis experience and 20092010 Toyota
vehicle recalls noted a class-action lawsuit led in 1987
by about 7,500 Audi 5000-model owners remains unsettled and is currently being contested in county court in
Chicago after appeals at the Illinois state and U.S. federal levels.[30]

1.7 Model introductions

Audi 100 C3, sold as the Audi 5000 in the U.S.

agencies, but did acknowledge the similar results of

another study.[33]
In a review study published in 2012, NHTSA summarized its past ndings about the Audi unintended acceleration problems: Once an unintended acceleration
had begun, in the Audi 5000, due to a failure in the
idle-stabilizer system (producing an initial acceleration of Audi TT
0.3g), pedal misapplication resulting from panic, confusion, or unfamiliarity with the Audi 5000 contributed to In the mid-to-late 1990s, Audi introduced new technolothe severity of the incident.[36]
gies including the use of aluminum construction. ProThis summary is consistent with the conclusions of duced from 1999 to 2005, the Audi A2 was a futurisNHTSAs most technical analysis at the time: Audi idle- tic super mini, born from the Al2 concept, with many
stabilization systems were prone to defects which resulted features that helped regain consumer condence, like the
in excessive idle speeds and brief unanticipated acceler- aluminium space frame, which was a rst in production
ations of up to 0.3g [which is similar in magnitude to an car design. In the A2 Audi further expanded their TDI
emergency stop in a subway car]. These accelerations technology through the use of frugal three-cylinder encould not be the sole cause of [(long-duration) sudden gines. The A2 was extremely aerodynamic and was deacceleration incidents (SAI)], but might have triggered signed around a wind tunnel. The Audi A2 was criticised
some SAIs by startling the driver.[37] The defective idle- for its high price and was never really a sales success but it
stabilization system performed a type of electronic throt- planted Audi as a cutting-edge manufacturer. The model,
tle control. Signicantly: multiple intermittent malfunc- a Mercedes-Benz A-Class competitor, sold relatively well
tions of the electronic control unit were observed and in Europe. However, the A2 was discontinued in 2005
recorded ... and [were also observed and] reported by and Audi decided not to develop an immediate replaceTransport Canada.[37]
ment.
The next major model change came in 1995 when the
Audi A4 replaced the Audi 80. The new nomenclature
scheme was applied to the Audi 100 to become the Audi
A6 (with a minor facelift). This also meant the S4 became the S6 and a new S4 was introduced in the A4
body. The S2 was discontinued. The Audi Cabriolet continued on (based on the Audi 80 platform) until 1999,
gaining the engine upgrades along the way. A new A3
hatchback model (sharing the Volkswagen Golf Mk4's
platform) was introduced to the range in 1996, and the
radical Audi TT coup and roadster were debuted in 1998
Audis U.S. sales, which had reached 74,061 in based on the same underpinnings.
1985, dropped to 12,283 in 1991 and remained The engines available throughout the range were now a
level for three years.[30] with resale values falling 1.4 L, 1.6 L and 1.8 L four-cylinder, 1.8 L four-cylinder
dramatically.[38] Audi subsequently oered increased turbo, 2.6 L and 2.8 L V6, 2.2 L turbo-charged vewarranty protection[38] and renamed the aected models cylinder and the 4.2 L V8 engine. The V6s were replaced
with the 5000 becoming the 100 and 200 in 1989[31] by new 2.4 L and 2.8 L 30V V6s in 1998, with marked
and only reached the same sales levels again by model improvement in power, torque and smoothness. Further
year 2000.[30]
engines were added along the way, including a 3.7 L V8
With a series of recall campaigns, Audi made several
modications; the rst adjusted the distance between the
brake and accelerator pedal on automatic-transmission
models.[30] Later repairs, of 250,000 cars dating back to
1978, added a device requiring the driver to press the
brake pedal before shifting out of park.[30] A legacy of
the Audi 5000 and other reported cases of sudden unintended acceleration are intricate gear stick patterns and
brake interlock mechanisms to prevent inadvertent shifting into forward or reverse. It is unclear how the defects
in the idle-stabilization system were addressed.

2 TECHNOLOGY

and 6.0 L W12 engine for the A8.

Brussels, Belgium, acquired from Volkswagen in

2007 (A1)

1.8

Changchun, China since 1995

Audi AG today

Gyr, Hungary, (TT and some A3 variants)

Jakarta, Indonesia since 2011
Martorell, Spain shared with SEAT and Volkswagen
(Q3)
In September 2012, Audi announced the construction of
its rst North American manufacturing plant in Puebla,
Mexico. This plant is expected to be operative in 2016
and produce the second generation Q5.[44]
From 2002 up to 2003, Audi headed the Audi Brand
Group, a subdivision of the Volkswagen Groups AutoAudi Q7
motive Division consisting of Audi, Lamborghini and
Audis sales grew strongly in the 2000s, with deliveries to SEAT, that was focused on sporty values, with the marcustomers increasing from 653,000 in 2000 to 1,003,000 ques product vehicles and performance being under the
in 2008. The largest sales increases came from Eastern higher responsibility of the Audi brand.
Europe (+19.3%), Africa (+17.2%) and the Middle East In 2014 most of the Audi dealers in UK falsely claimed
(+58.5%). China in particular has become a key mar- that the Audi A7, A8, and R8 were Euro NCAP safety
ket, representing 108,000 out of 705,000 cars delivered tested, all achieving ve out of ve stars. In fact none
in the rst three quarters of 2009. One factor for its pop- were tested.[45]
ularity in China is that Audis have become the car of
choice for purchase by the Chinese government for ocials, and purchases by the government are responsible for 2 Technology
20% of its sales in China.[39] As of late 2009, Audis operating prot of 1.17-billion ($1.85-billion) made it the
biggest contributor to parent Volkswagen Groups nine- 2.1 Bodyshells
month operating prot of 1.5-billion, while the other
marques in Group such as Bentley and SEAT had suf- Audi produces 100% galvanised cars to prevent
[46]
and was the rst mass-market vehicle to
fered considerable losses.[40] May 2011 saw record sales corrosion,
for Audi of America with the new Audi A7 and Audi A3 do so, following introduction of the process by Porsche,
TDI Clean Diesel.[41] In May 2012, Audi reported a 10% c. 1975. Along with other precautionary measures, the
increase in its salesfrom 408 units to 480 in the last full-body zinc coating has proved to be very eective
in preventing rust. The bodys resulting durability even
year alone.[42]
surpassed Audis own expectations, causing the manuAudi manufactures vehicles in seven plants around the facturer to extend its original 10-year warranty against
world, some of which are shared with other VW Group corrosion perforation to currently 12 years (except for
marques[43] although many sub-assemblies such as en- aluminium bodies which do not rust).[47]
gines and transmissions are manufactured within other
Volkswagen Group plants.
Audis two principal assembly plants are:

2.2 Space frame

Audi introduced a new series of vehicles in the mid-1990s

and continues to pursue new technology and high performance. An all-aluminium car was brought forward by
Neckarsulm, Acquired from NSU in 1969 (A4, A6, Audi, and in 1994 the Audi A8 was launched, which introduced aluminium space frame technology (called Audi
A7, A8, R8 & all RS variants)
Space Frame or ASF) which saves weight and improves
torsion rigidity compared to a conventional steel frame.
Outside of Germany, Audi produces vehicles at:
Prior to that eort, Audi used examples of the Type 44
chassis fabricated out of aluminium as test-beds for the
Aurangabad, India since 2006
technique. The disadvantage of the aluminium frame
Bratislava, Slovakia, shared with Volkswagen, is that it is very expensive to repair and requires a speSEAT, koda and Porsche (Q7)
cialized aluminium bodyshop.[48] The weight reduction is
Ingolstadt, Opened by Auto Union in 1964, (A3,
A4, A5, Q5)

2.3

Drivetrains

7
(only the entry-level trims of the A4 and A6 are available with front-wheel drive), in contrast to MercedesBenz and BMW whose lineup treats all-wheel drive as
an option. BMW did not oer all-wheel drive on its V8powered cars (as opposed to crossover SUVs) until the
2010 BMW 7 Series and 2011 BMW 5 Series, while the
Audi A8 has had all-wheel drive available/standard since
the 1990s. Regarding high-performance variants, Audi
S and RS models have always had all-wheel drive, unlike their direct rivals from BMW M and Mercedes-AMG
whose cars are rear-wheel drive only (although their performance crossover SUVs are all-wheel drive).

The Audi R8 uses Audi Space Frame technology

Audi has recently applied the quattro badge to models

such as the A3 and TT which do not use the Torsen-based
system as in prior years with a mechanical center diersomewhat oset by the quattro four-wheel drive system
ential, but with the Haldex Traction electro-mechanical
which is standard in most markets. Nonetheless, the A8 is
clutch AWD system.
usually the lightest all-wheel drive car in the full-size luxury segment, also having best-in-class fuel economy.[49]
The Audi A2, Audi TT and Audi R8 also use Audi Space 2.3.2 Engines
Frame designs.

2.3

Drivetrains

2.3.1

Layout

Audi A4

For most of its lineup (excluding the A3, A1, and TT

models), Audi has not adopted the transverse engine layout which is typically found in economy cars (such as Peugeot and Citron), since that would limit the type and
power of engines that can be installed. To be able to
mount powerful engines (such as a V8 engine in the Audi
S4 and Audi RS4, as well as the W12 engine in the Audi
A8L W12), Audi has usually engineered its more expensive cars with a longitudinally front-mounted engine, in
an overhung position, over the front wheels in front of
the axle line. While this allows for the easy adoption of
all-wheel drive, it goes against the ideal 50:50 weight distribution.
In all its post Volkswagen-era models, Audi has rmly
refused to adopt the traditional rear-wheel drive layout
favored by its two arch rivals Mercedes-Benz and BMW,
favoring either front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive. The
majority of Audis lineup in the United States features
all-wheel drive standard on most of its expensive vehicles

Volkswagen Group W12 engine from the Volkswagen Phaeton

W12

Further information: Audi production engines

In the 1980s, Audi, along with Volvo, was the champion of the inline-ve cylinder, 2.1/2.2 L engine as a
longer-lasting alternative to more traditional six-cylinder
engines. This engine was used not only in production cars
but also in their race cars. The 2.1 L inline ve-cylinder
engine was used as a base for the rally cars in the 1980s,
providing well over 400 horsepower (300 kilowatts) af-

2 TECHNOLOGY

ter modication. Before 1990, there were engines produced with a displacement between 2.0 L and 2.3 L. This
range of engine capacity allowed for both fuel economy
and power.
For the ultra-luxury version of its Audi A8 fullsize luxury agship sedan, the Audi A8L W12, Audi uses the
Volkswagen Group W12 engine instead of the conventional V12 engine favored by rivals Mercedes-Benz and
BMW. The W12 engine conguration (also known as a
WR12) is created by forming two imaginary narrowangle 15 VR6 engines at an angle of 72, and the narrow
angle of each set of cylinders allows just two overhead
camshafts to drive each pair of banks, so just four are
needed in total.[50] The advantage of the W12 engine is its
compact packaging, allowing Audi to build a 12-cylinder
sedan with all-wheel drive, whereas a conventional V12
engine could only have a rear-wheel drive conguration
as it would have no space in the engine bay for a dierential and other components required to power the front
wheels. In fact, the 6.0 L W12 in the Audi A8L W12
is smaller in overall dimensions than the 4.2 L V8 that
powers the Audi A8 4.2 variants.[51] The 2011 Audi A8
debuted a revised 6.3-litre version of the W12 (WR12)
engine with 500 PS (370 kW; 490 hp).
2.3.3

includes dual electrohydraulically controlled clutches instead of a torque converter. This is implemented in some
VW Golfs, Audi A3, Audi A4 and TT models where DSG
is called S-tronic.

2.4 LED daytime running lights

Beginning in 2005, Audi has implemented white LED
technology as daytime running lights (DRL) in their products. The distinctive shape of the DRLs has become a
trademark of sorts. LEDs were rst introduced on the
Audi A8 W12, the worlds rst production car to have
LED DRLs,[52][53][54] and have since spread throughout
the entire model range. The LEDs are present on some
Audi billboards.
Since 2010, Audi has also oered the LED technology in
low- and high-beam headlights.[55]

Fuel Stratied Injection

New models of the A3, A4, A6 and A8 have been introduced, with the ageing 1.8-litre engine now having been
replaced by new Fuel Stratied Injection (FSI) engines.
Nearly every petroleum burning model in the range now
The DRL in an Audi A4 B8
incorporates this fuel-saving technology.

2.5 Multi Media Interface

V8 FSI engine
Multi Media Interface-Menu on Audi virtual cockpit, Audi TT
Mk3

2.3.4

Direct-Shift Gearbox

At the turn of the century, Volkswagen introduced the

Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG), a type of dual clutch transmission. It is an automated semi-automatic transmission, drivable like a conventional automatic transmission.
Based on the gearbox found in the Group B S1, the system

Starting with the 2003 Audi A8, Audi has used a centralised control interface for its on-board infotainment
systems, called Multi Media Interface (MMI). This came
amid criticism of BMWs iDrive control. It is essentially a rotating control knob and 'segment' buttons designed to control all in-car entertainment devices (radio,

9
CD changer, iPod, TV tuner), satellite navigation, heat- 5 Motorsport
ing and ventilation, and other car controls with a screen.
MMI was widely reported to be a considerable improve- Audi has competed in various forms of motorsports.
ment on BMWs iDrive, although BMW has since made Audis tradition in motorsport began with their former
their iDrive more user-friendly.
company Auto Union in the 1930s. In the 1990s, Audi
The availability of MMI has gradually ltered down the found success in the Touring and Super Touring cateAudi lineup, and following its introduction on the third gories of motor racing after success in circuit racing in
generation A3 in 2011, MMI is now available across the North America.
entire range. It has been generally well-received, as it requires less menu-surng with its segment buttons around
a central knob, along with 'main function' direct access 5.1 Rallying
buttons with shortcuts to the radio or phone functions.
The colour screen is mounted on the upright dashboard, Main article: Audi Sport WRC results
and on the A4 (new), A5, A6, A8, and Q7, the controls In 1980, Audi released the Quattro, a four-wheel drive
are mounted horizontally.

Models

Main article: List of Audi vehicles

3.1

Current model range

The following tables list Audi production vehicles that are

sold as of 2014:

Walter Rhrl with his Quattro A2 during the 1984 Rally Portugal

(4WD) turbocharged car that went on to win rallies and

races worldwide. It is considered one of the most signicant rally cars of all time, because it was one of the
Main article: Audi S and RS models
rst to take advantage of the then-recently changed rules
which allowed the use of four-wheel drive in competition
RS Q3 Concept
racing. Many critics doubted the viability of four-wheel
drive racers, thinking them to be too heavy and complex,
yet the Quattro was to become a successful car. Leading
its rst rally it went o the road, however the rally world
3.3 Electric vehicles
had been served notice 4WD was the future. The Quattro went on to achieve much success in the World Rally
Further information: Audi concept vehicles
Championship. It won the 1983 (Hannu Mikkola) and
the 1984 (Stig Blomqvist) drivers titles,[76] and brought
Audi is planning an alliance with the Japanese electronAudi the manufacturers title in 1982 and 1984.[77]
ics giant Sanyo to develop a pilot hybrid electric project
for the Volkswagen Group. The alliance could result in In 1984, Audi launched the short-wheelbase Sport QuatSanyo batteries and other electronic components being tro which dominated rally races in Monte Carlo and
used in future models of the Volkswagen Group.[59] Con- Sweden, with Audi taking all podium places, but succept electric vehicles unveiled to date include the Audi cumbed to problems further into WRC contention. In
A1 Sportback Concept,[60] Audi A4 TDI Concept E,[61] 1985, after another season mired in mediocre nishes,
Walter Rhrl nished the season in his Sport Quattro
and the fully electric Audi e-tron Concept Supercar.[62]
S1, and helped place Audi second in the manufacturers points. Audi also received rally honours in the Hong
Kong to Beijing rally in that same year. Michle Mou4 Production gures
ton, the only female driver to win a round of the World
Rally Championship and a driver for Audi, took the Sport
Data from 1998 to 2010. Figures for dierent body Quattro S1, now simply called the S1, and raced in the
types/versions of models have been merged to create Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. The 1,439-metre
(4,721 ft) climb race pits a driver and car to drive to the
overall gures for each model.

3.2

S and RS models

10

MOTORSPORT

5.3 Touring cars

In 1990, having completed their objective to market cars
in North America, Audi returned to Europe, turning rst
to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) series with the Audi V8, and then in 1993, being unwilling
to build cars for the new formula, they turned their attention to the fast-growing Super Touring series, which are a
series of national championships. Audi rst entered in the
French Supertourisme and Italian Superturismo. In the
following year, Audi would switch to the German Super
Tourenwagen Cup (known as STW), and then to British
Touring Car Championship (BTCC) the year after that.
The Fdration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA),
having diculty regulating the quattro four-wheel drive
system, and the impact it had on the competitors, would
eventually ban all four-wheel drive cars from competing
in 1998,[79] but by then, Audi switched all their works
summit of the 4,302-metre (14,114 ft) Pikes Peak moun- eorts to sports car racing.
tain in Colorado, and in 1985, Michle Mouton set a new
record of 11:25.39, and being the rst woman to set a By 2000, Audi would still compete in the US with
Pikes Peak record. In 1986, Audi formally left interna- their RS4 for the SCCA Speed World GT Chaltional rally racing following an accident in Portugal in- lenge, through dealer/team Champion Racing competing
volving driver Joaquim Santos in his Ford RS200. Santos against Corvettes, Vipers, and smaller BMWs (where it
swerved to avoid hitting spectators in the road, and left is one of the few series to permit 4WD cars). In 2003,
the track into the crowd of spectators on the side, killing Champion Racing entered an RS6. Once again, the quatthree and injuring 30. Bobby Unser used an Audi in that tro four-wheel drive was superior, and Champion Audi
same year to claim a new record for the Pikes Peak Hill won the championship. They returned in 2004 to defend
their title, but a newcomer, Cadillac with the new Omega
Climb at 11:09.22.
Chassis CTS-V, gave them a run for their money. After
In 1987, Walter Rhrl claimed the title for Audi set- four victories in a row, the Audis were sanctioned with
ting a new Pikes Peak International Hill Climb record several negative changes that deeply aected the cars
of 10:47.85 in his Audi S1, which he had retired from performance. Namely, added ballast weights, and Chamthe WRC two years earlier. The Audi S1 employed pion Audi deciding to go with dierent tyres, and reducAudis time-tested inline-ve-cylinder turbocharged en- ing the boost pressure of the turbocharger.
gine, with the nal version generating 441 kW (600 PS;
591 bhp).[78] The engine was mated to a six-speed gear- In 2004, after years of competing with the TT-R in
box and ran on Audis famous four-wheel drive system. the revitalised DTM series, with privateer team Abt
All of Audis top drivers drove this car; Hannu Mikkola, Racing/Christian Abt taking the 2002 title with Laurent
Stig Blomqvist, Walter Rhrl and Michle Mouton. This Aello, Audi returned as a full factory eort to touring car
Audi S1 started the range of Audi 'S' cars, which now rep- racing by entering two factory supported Joest Racing A4
resents an increased level of sports-performance equip- DTM cars.
ment within the mainstream Audi model range.
Audi Quattro S1 driven at the 2007 Rallye Deutschland

5.4 24 Hours of Le Mans

5.2

In the USA

As Audi moved away from rallying and into circuit racing,

they chose to move rst into America with the Trans-Am
in 1988.

Further information: List of Audi vehicles (Le Mans prototypes)

Audi began racing prototype sportscars in 1999, debuting at the Le Mans 24 hour. Two car concepts were developed and raced in their rst season - the Audi R8R (opencockpit 'roadster' prototype) and the Audi R8C (closedcockpit 'coup' GT-prototype). The R8R scored a credible podium on its racing debut at Le Mans and was the
concept which Audi continued to develop into the 2000
season due to favourable rules for open-cockpit prototypes.

In 1989, Audi moved to International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) GTO with the Audi 90, however as they
avoided the two major endurance events (Daytona and
Sebring) despite winning on a regular basis, they would However, most of the competitors (such as BMW, Toylose out on the title.
ota, Mercedes and Nissan) retired at the end of 1999.

5.5

American Le Mans Series

11
entries retired before the end of the race) while breaking
a new distance record (set way back by the Porsche 917K
of Martini Racing in 1971), in 2010 with the R15 TDI
Plus.[80]

Audi R10 TDI

Audis sports car racing success would continue with the

Audi R18's victory at the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Audi Sport Team Joest's Benot Trluyer earned Audi
their rst pole position in ve years while the teams sister car locked out the front row.[81] Early accidents eliminated two of Audis three entries, but the sole remaining
Audi R18 TDI of Trluyer, Marcel Fssler, and Andr
Lotterer held o the trio of Peugeot 908s to claim victory by a margin of 13.8 seconds.

The factory-supported Joest Racing team won at Le Mans

three times in a row with the Audi R8 (20002002), as
well as winning every race in the American Le Mans Series in its rst year. Audi also sold the car to customer 5.4.1 Results
teams such as Champion Racing.
In 2003, two Bentley Speed 8s, with engines designed
by Audi, and driven by Joest drivers loaned to the fellow
Volkswagen Group company, competed in the GTP class,
and nished the race in the top two positions, while the
Champion Racing R8 nished third overall, and rst in
the LMP900 class. Audi returned to the winners podium
at the 2004 race, with the top three nishers all driving
R8s: Audi Sport Japan Team Goh nished rst, Audi
Sport UK Veloqx second, and Champion Racing third.

5.5 American Le Mans Series

Audi entered a factory racing team run by Joest Racing
into the American Le Mans Series under the Audi Sport
North America name in 2000. This was a successful operation with the team winning on its debut in the series
at the 2000 12 Hours of Sebring. Factory backed Audi
R8s were the dominant car in ALMS taking 25 victories between 2000 and the end of the 2002 season. In
2003 Audi sold customer cars to Champion Racing as
well as continuing to race the factory Audi Sport North
America team. Champion Racing won many races as a
private team running Audi R8s and eventually replaced
Team Joest as the Audi Sport North America between
2006 and 2008. Since 2009 Audi has not taken part in
full American Le Mans Series Championships, but has
competed in the series opening races at Sebring, using
the 12 hour race as a test for Le Mans, and also as part
of the 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship season
calendar.

At the 2005 24 Hours of Le Mans, Champion Racing entered two R8s, along with an R8 from the Audi PlayStation Team Oreca. The R8s (which were built to old
LMP900 regulations) received a narrower air inlet restrictor, reducing power, and an additional 50 kg (110
lb) of weight compared to the newer LMP1 chassis. On
average, the R8s were about 23 seconds o pace compared to the PescaroloJudd. But with a team of excellent
drivers and experience, both Champion R8s were able to
take rst and third, while the Oreca team took fourth. The
Champion team was also the rst American team to win
Le Mans since the Gulf Ford GTs in 1967. This also ends
the long era of the R8; however, its replacement for 2006,
called the Audi R10 TDI, was unveiled on 13 December
5.5.1 Results
2005.
The R10 TDI employed many new and innovative features, the most notable being the twin-turbocharged
direct injection diesel engine. It was rst raced in the
2006 12 Hours of Sebring as a race-test in preparation
for the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, which it later went on
to win. Audi has been on the forefront of sports car racing, claiming a historic win in the rst diesel sports car at
12 Hours of Sebring (the car was developed with a Diesel
engine due to ACO regulations that favor diesel engines).
As well as winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2006
making history, the R10 TDI has also shown its capabilities by beating the Peugeot 908 HDi FAP in 2007, and
beating Peugeot again in 2008, (however Peugeot won the
24h in 2009) and, in a podium clean-sweep by proving its
reliability throughout the race (compared to all four 908

5.6 European Le Mans Series

Audi participated in the 2003 1000km of Le Mans which
was a one-o sports car race in preparation for the 2004
European Le Mans Series. The factory team Audi Sport
UK won races and the championship in the 2004 season
but Audi was unable to match their sweeping success of
Audi Sport North America in the American Le Mans Series, partly due to the arrival of a factory competitor in
LMP1, Peugeot. The French manufacturers 908 HDi
FAP became the car to beat in the series from 2008 onwards with 20 LMP wins. However, Audi were able to
secure the championship in 2008 even though Peugeot
scored more race victories in the season.[82]

12
5.6.1

5.7
5.7.1

6
Results

World Endurance Championship

MARKETING

6 Marketing
6.1 Branding

2012

In 2012, the FIA sanctioned a World Endurance Championship which would be organised by the ACO as a
continuation of the ILMC. Audi competed won the rst
WEC race at Sebring and followed this up with a further
three successive wins, including the 2012 24 Hours of Le
Mans. Audi scored a nal 5th victory in the 2012 WEC
in Bahrain and were able to win the inaugural WEC Manufacturers Championship.

5.7.2

2013

As defending champions, Audi once again entered the

Audi R18 e-tron quattro chassis into the 2013 WEC
and the team won the rst ve consecutive races, including the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans. The victory
at Round 5, Circuit of the Americas, was of particular
signicance as it marked the 100th win for Audi in Le
Mans prototypes.[83] Audi secured their second consecutive WEC Manufacturers Championship at Round 6 after taking second place and half points in the red-agged
Fuji race.[84]

5.7.3

2014

For the 2014 season Audi entered a redesigned and upgraded R18 e-tron quattro which featured a 2 MJ energy
recovery system. As defending champions, Audi would
once again face a challenge in LMP1 from Toyota, and
additionally from Porsche who returned to endurance racing after a 16 year absence. The season opening 6hrs of
Silverstone was a disaster for Audi who saw both cars retire from the race, marking the rst time that an Audi
car has failed to score a podium in a World Endurance
Championship race.

5.7.4

5.8

Results

Formula E

Main article: Audi Sport ABT Formula E Team

Audi will provide factory support to a Formula E team in
partnership with DTM team Abt Sportsline. This team
will be called Audi Sport Abt Formula E Team in the
inaugural 2014/15 Formula E season.[85] On 13 February 2014 the team announced its driver line up as Daniel
Abt and World Endurance Championship driver Lucas di
Grassi.[86]

The old logo used by Audi (19852009)

The Audi emblem is four overlapping rings that represent the four marques of Auto Union. The Audi emblem symbolises the amalgamation of Audi with DKW,
Horch and Wanderer: the rst ring from the left represents Audi, the second represents DKW, third is Horch,
and the fourth and last ring Wanderer.[87][88] Its similarity to the Olympic rings caused the International Olympic
Committee to sue Audi in International Trademark Court
in 1995, to which they lost.[89]
As part of Audis centennial celebration in 2009, the company updated the logo, changing the font to left-aligned
Audi Type, and altering the shading for the overlapping rings.[90] The revised logo was designed by Rayan
Abdullah.[91]
Audi developed a Corporate Sound concept, with Audi
Sound Studio designed for producing the Corporate
Sound.[92] The Corporate Sound project began with
sound agency Klangernder GmbH & Co KG and s12
GmbH. Audio samples were created in Klangernders
sound studio in Stuttgart, becoming part of Audi Sound
Studio collection. Other Audi Sound Studio components
include The Brand Music Pool, The Brand Voice.[93]
Audi also developed Sound Branding Toolkit including certain instruments, sound themes, rhythm and car
sounds which all are supposed to reect the AUDI sound
character.[94]
Audi started using a beating heart sound trademark beginning in 1996. An updated heartbeat sound logo, developed by agencies KLANGERFINDER GmbH & Co
KG of Stuttgart and S12 GmbH of Munich, was rst used
in 2010 in an Audi A8 commercial with the slogan The
Art of Progress.[95][96]
6.1.1 Slogans
Audis corporate tagline is Vorsprung durch Technik,
meaning Progress through Technology.[97] The Germanlanguage tagline is used in many European countries, in-

6.3

Multitronic campaign

13

cluding the United Kingdom, and in other markets, such 6.3

as Latin America, Oceania and parts of Asia including
Japan. A few years ago, the North American tagline was
Innovation through technology, but in Canada the German tagline Vorsprung durch Technik was used in advertising. More recently, however, Audi has updated the
tagline to Truth in Engineering in the U.S.[98]
6.1.2

Multitronic campaign

Typography

Audi Sans (based on Univers Extended) was originally

created in 1997 by Ole Schfer for MetaDesign. MetaDesign was later commissioned for a new corporate typeface called Audi Type, designed by Paul van der Laan
and Pieter van Rosmalen of Bold Monday. The font began to appear in Audis 2009 products and marketing
Audi Centre Sydney, Zetland, New South Wales, Australia
materials.[99]

6.2

Sponsorships

Audi sponsors Bundesliga club Bayern Munich

Audi is a strong partner of dierent kinds of sports. In

football, long partnerships exist between Audi and domestic clubs including FC Bayern Munich, Hamburger
SV, 1. FC Nuremberg, Hertha Berlin, and Borussia
Mnchengladbach and international clubs including
Chelsea FC, Real Madrid CF, FC Barcelona, AC Milan, Ajax Amsterdam, Queens Park Rangers F.C. and
Perspolis F.C.. Audi also sponsors winter sports: The
Audi FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is named after the company. Additionally, Audi supports the German Ski Association (DSV) as well as the alpine skiing national teams
of Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, France, Liechtenstein,
Italy, Austria and the US. For almost two decades Audi
fosters golf sport: for example with the Audi quattro
Cup and the HypoVereinsbank Ladies German Open presented by Audi. In sailing, Audi is engaged in the Medcup regatta and supports the team Luna Rossa during
the Louis Vuitton Pacic Series and also is the primary
sponsor of the Melges 20 sailboat. Further, Audi sponsors the regional teams ERC Ingolstadt (hockey) and FC
Ingolstadt 04 (soccer).[100] In 2009, the year of Audis
100th anniversary, the company organises the Audi Cup
for the rst time.[101] Audi also sponsor the New York
Yankees as well. In October 2010 they agreed to a three
sponsorship year-deal with Everton.[102] Audi also sponsors the England Polo Team and holds the Audi Polo
Awards.[103][104]

In 2001, Audi promoted the new multitronic continuously

variable transmission with television commercials
throughout Europe, featuring an impersonator of musician and actor Elvis Presley.[105][106] A prototypical
dashboard gure later named "Wackel-Elvis" (Wobble
Elvis or Wobbly Elvis) appeared in the commercials
to demonstrate the smooth ride in an Audi equipped with
the multitronic transmission. The dashboard gure was
originally intended for use in the commercials only, but
after they aired the demand for Wackel-Elvis fans grew
among fans and the gure was mass-produced in China
and marketed by Audi in their factory outlet store.[107]

6.4 Audi TDI

As part of Audis attempt to promote its Diesel technology in 2009, the company began Audi Mileage Marathon.
The driving tour featured a eet of 23 Audi TDI vehicles from 4 models (Audi Q7 3.0 TDI, Audi Q5 3.0 TDI,
Audi A4 3.0 TDI, Audi A3 Sportback 2.0 TDI with S
tronic transmission) travelling across the American continent from New York to Los Angeles, passing major cities
like Chicago, Dallas and Las Vegas during the 13 daily
stages, as well as natural wonders including the Rocky
Mountains, Death Valley and the Grand Canyon.[108]
As part of 2014 model year Audi TDI vehicles launch
in the US, 3 television commercials (The Station, Future, Range) were produced. In the 60-second 'The
Station' ad, a woman at a fueling station reaches for the
diesel pump to ll up her Audi A6. In a dramatic fashion, unsuspecting onlookers race towards her and they
can't imagine the luxury vehicle is in fact a diesel. The
spot ends with the tagline Its time to rethink diesel
join the club. The Station appeared on primetime network and cable 2013 fall programming including Agents
of S.H.I.E.L.D, Modern Family, The Big Bang Theory,
Hostages, Sons of Anarchy and NBC NFL Sunday Night
Football. The 15-second Range ad demonstrates the
potential to drive from New York to Chicago on a single

14

tank of gas, covering a range of approximately 790 miles.

In the 15-second Future ad, viewers see the potential
for clean diesel as todays leading alternative fuel solution
and an intelligent choice for those on the leading-edge.
Audi TDI provides drivers with 30% better fuel economy
and range without compromises on performance and design. In addition to the three new television spots, Audi
also tried to dispel the most common myths of diesel gas
station availability, the smell and perception associated
with an older generation of diesel vehicles, weak performance in a series of four online video shorts that would
roll out over the next two months on the Audi YouTube
channel (http://www.youtube.com/audiusa). The spots
also will appear on The Washington Post and Slate.com
in a custom user-generated content hub through 2013-1031. In addition to standard and high-impact ads, the content hub features custom videos, articles and infographics, along with relevant social conversations. The Audi
TDI clean diesel campaign also features print ads that reinforce the message the future of fuel is here now. Print
ads would roll out in select automotive bu books in fall
2013.[109][110] 'The Station' ad was premiered in Canada
in September 2013.[111] 'The Station' (also called 'The
Moment of Truth') ad was produced by Venables Bell &
Partners, Biscuit Filmworks, Final Cut.[112][113][114]
As part of 2014 model year Audi TDI vehicles launch
in the US, the 'Truth in 48' driving challenge took place
from Audi Pacic dealership at Los Angeles to New York
in 48 hours or less, began at 9 a.m. PDT on 2013-09-07.
The Coast-to-coast attempt used 2014 Audi A6 TDI and
Audi A7 TDI and a 2014 Audi Q5 TDI crossover as the
support vehicle, with teams of eight noted hypermilers
and four journalists.[115][116]

6.5

Audi e-tron

The next phase of technology Audi is developing is the etron electric drive powertrain system. They have shown
several concept cars as of March 2010, each with different levels of size and performance. The original e-tron
concept shown at the 2009 Frankfurt motor show is based
on the platform of the R8 and has been scheduled for
limited production. Power is provided by electric motors at all four wheels. The second concept was shown
at the 2010 Detroit Motor Show. Power is provided by
two electric motors at the rear axle. This concept is also
considered to be the direction for a future mid-engined
gas-powered 2-seat performance coupe. The Audi A1 etron concept, based on the Audi A1 production model,
is a hybrid vehicle with a range extending Wankel rotary
engine to provide power after the initial charge of the battery is depleted. It is the only concept of the three to have
range extending capability. The car is powered through
the front wheels, always using electric power. It is all set
to be displayed at the Auto Expo 2012 in New Delhi, India, from 5 January. Powered by a 1.4 litre engine, and
can cover a distance up to 54 km s on a single charge. The

REFERENCES

e-tron was also shown in the 2013 blockbuster lm Iron

Man 3 and was driven by Tony Stark (Iron Man).

6.6 In video games

Audi R8

In PlayStation Home, the PlayStation 3's online

community-based service, Audi has supported Home
by releasing a dedicated Home space in the European
version of Home. Audi is the rst carmaker to develop a
space for Home. On 17 December 2009, Audi released
the Audi Space as two spaces; the Audi Home Terminal and the Audi Vertical Run.[117] The Audi Home
Terminal features an Audi TV channel delivering video
content, an Internet Browser feature, and a view of a
city. The Audi Vertical Run is where users can access
the mini-game Vertical Run, a futuristic mini-game
featuring Audis e-tron concept. Players collect energy
and race for the highest possible speeds and the fastest
players earn a place in the Audi apartments located
in a large tower in the centre of the Audi Space. In
both the Home Terminal and Vertical Run spaces, there
are teleports where users can teleport back and forth
between the two spaces. Audi has stated that additional
content will be added in 2010.[118]

7 See also
Wanderer (car)
DKW
Horch

8 References
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15

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10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Audi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi?oldid=651113348 Contributors: Mav, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Yooden, Roadrunner,
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Bernardd55, Widr, Princip1, Helpful Pixie Bot, Picoz, BG19bot, Ukn75, 42GeoCPU, Hs19833, Yerzhan28, Lawandeconomics1, MXL52,
Jle65gts5260, Aswinbahudana, TheriusRooney, Puerling, Op47, Miniotx, Altar, Carnity, Calvin Winstanley, MonkeyKingBar, NotWith,

10.2

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19

RBNORTIN, Visuunome, Wilwhymurmoe, Dirk P. Hebel, Battlestar59, Carsenegame, BattyBot, Laln93, Ramona ch, AshveenBansal, Angelice2, ChrisGualtieri, Rajakarier, ZappaOMati, Danny258, Garamond Lethe, McKane4, Stmauritz, Tharkibo, Thetruthhurts88, BrightStarSky, HJawad, Susiloajja, Dexbot, Comm2007, OfTheGreen, Daddi1991, Mogism, Makecat-bot, Johndoe876, Audiluver, Lugia2453,
Frosty, Jemappelleungarcon, Intolevel, Eprimucci, Urmamapus, Tslivka1, 069952497a, Timaytim, Aaron duncanson, Rootcore9, Seqqis,
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Umar fe, Quenhitran, Werddemer, Sanjay.antre5, Formula1stunter, Speedy Question Mark, Anarcham, Samuel Adams Joseph, Professer
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Happybabbymo, Vp734, Caterham305, GavinGoodian, Billywhite34, Peter238, Unician, Iconnor13, Michaelbang3, Subhan Riaz, Audi95,
Boootyjuice, Andrusjaan, Adevine627, Azizaliyah, Mytegre and Anonymous: 1045

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File:2007_Audi_R8_Engine.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/2007_Audi_R8_Engine.JPG License:

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