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Rules

This document defines key statistical concepts used to analyze and interpret sample data, including: - How to calculate the population mean, sample mean, range, deviation from the mean, mean squared deviation, variance, and standard deviation. - How to calculate a standardized score and value using the standard deviation and mean. - How to calculate the standard error of the mean, confidence intervals, and small sampling errors using the standard error and confidence level. - How to calculate sample sizes using standard errors, confidence intervals, and proportions. - How to calculate critical values and test hypotheses using z-scores, t-tests, chi-square tests, and expected vs observed frequencies.

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24 views2 pages

Rules

This document defines key statistical concepts used to analyze and interpret sample data, including: - How to calculate the population mean, sample mean, range, deviation from the mean, mean squared deviation, variance, and standard deviation. - How to calculate a standardized score and value using the standard deviation and mean. - How to calculate the standard error of the mean, confidence intervals, and small sampling errors using the standard error and confidence level. - How to calculate sample sizes using standard errors, confidence intervals, and proportions. - How to calculate critical values and test hypotheses using z-scores, t-tests, chi-square tests, and expected vs observed frequencies.

Uploaded by

Shanta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Xi

Population Mean, = N
Sample Mean,

Xi
n

X=

Range = largest value smallest value


Deviation,

di = xi x

Average Deviation,

(xi is the number, x is the mean)

(Xi X ) = 0
n

(Xi X )

Mean Squared Deviation,

Sample Variance, S2

Population variance,
Sample Variance

(X X )2
1 Xi X
Sample Standard deviation nS=
n 1

S2 =

2
Sample Standard deviation S = S

2
Population Standard deviation =

Standardized score and value z =

Standard Error of the Mean S x =


Confidence Interval,

= X a small sampling error

SMALL SAMPLING ERROR = Z cl S X

Small sampling Error, E = Z cl S X


Confidence Interval, = X

Confidence Interval, = X Z cl n
zs

Sample Size Formula, n =

Standard Error of proportion, sp =

pq
n

or
p( 1 p)
n

Confidence Interval of a Proportion,

p ZclSp

Z 2 pq
Sample size for a proportion, n =
p = Estimated proportion of success
2
E
q = (1-p) or estimated proportion of failures

Critical Values of

Critical Value Upper Limit = + ZS X or + Z

S
n

Critical Value Lower Limit = - ZS X or - Z

S
n

Observed value of Z, zobs = sx

Alternative way of testing Hypothesis Z obs =

X
SX

Confidence Interval Estimate Using the t-distribution (t test) = X tc.l . S X


Upper limit = X + t c.l .
Lower limit = X tc.l .

Alternative Univariate Hypothesis Test t-Test tobs = X


(O Ei )
Chi-Square Test = i
Ei
x = chi-square statistics
Oi = observed frequency in the ith cell
Ei = expected frequency on the ith cell

SX

Chi-Square Test Estimation for Expected Number for Each Cell Eij =
Ri = total observed frequency in the ith row
Cj = total observed frequency in the jth column
n = sample size

Rt Ct
n

S
n
S
n

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