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SPFirst-L05 EV1

The document discusses periodic signals and harmonics. It introduces concepts like fundamental frequency, harmonic signals, and how frequency can change over time in signals like chirps. It demonstrates these concepts using examples and MATLAB functions for analysis like specgram.

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kewancam
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31 views

SPFirst-L05 EV1

The document discusses periodic signals and harmonics. It introduces concepts like fundamental frequency, harmonic signals, and how frequency can change over time in signals like chirps. It demonstrates these concepts using examples and MATLAB functions for analysis like specgram.

Uploaded by

kewancam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Signal

Processing
First

Copyright Monash University 2009

Lecture5
PeriodicSignals,
Harmonics&
TimeVarying
Sinusoids

READING ASSIGNMENTS
ThisLecture:
Chapter3,Sections32and33
Chapter3,Sections37and38

NextLecture:

FourierSeriesANALYSIS
Sections34,35and36
Copyright Monash University 2009

Problem Solving Skills


MathFormula
SumofCosines
Amp,Freq,Phase

RecordedSignals
Speech
Music
Nosimpleformula

Copyright Monash University 2009

Plot&Sketches
s(t)versust
Spectrum

MATLAB
Numerical
Computation
Plottinglistof
numbers
3

LECTURE OBJECTIVES
SignalswithHARMONIC Frequencies
AddSinusoidswithfk =kf0
N

x (t ) A0 Ak cos(2 kf 0t k )
k 1

FREQUENCY can change vs. TIME


Chirps:
2

x(t) cos( t )

Introduce Spectrogram Visualization (specgram.m)


(plotspec.m)
Copyright Monash University 2009

SPECTRUM DIAGRAM
RecallComplexAmplitudevs.Freq
1
2

Xk

4e

j / 2

7e

250

j / 3

10
7e

j / 3

4e

X k Ak e j k
100

1
2

100

j / 2

250

x (t ) 10 14 cos(2 (100)t / 3)
8 cos(2 ( 250)t / 2)
Copyright Monash University 2009

Xk

f (in Hz)

SPECTRUM for PERIODIC ?


NearlyPeriodic intheVowelRegion
Periodis(Approximately)T=0.0065 sec

Copyright Monash University 2009

PERIODIC SIGNALS
PeriodicsignalrepeatseveryTsecs

x (t ) x (t T )
Period:=minimumT
Example:

x (t ) cos (3t )
2

T ?

T 2
3

T
3

Speechcanbequasiperiodic
Copyright Monash University 2009

Period of Complex Exponential


j t
x (t ) e
Definition: Period is T
x (t T ) x (t ) ?
j ( t T )

j t

e
e
e j 2 k 1
jT
e
1 T 2 k
2 k 2
k = integer

k 0k
T

Copyright Monash University 2009

Harmonic Signal Spectrum


Periodic signal can only have : f k k f 0
N

x (t ) A0 Ak cos(2 kf 0t k )
k 1

X k Ak e
N

x (t ) X 0
k 1

Copyright Monash University 2009

1
2

j k

X ke

j 2 kf 0t

1
2

1
f0
T

j 2 kf 0t
X ke

Define FUNDAMENTAL FREQ


N

x(t ) A0 Ak cos(2 kf 0t k )
k 1

fk k f0

(0 2 f 0 )

1
f0
T0

f 0 fundamental Frequency (smallest)


T0 fundamental Period (largest)
Copyright Monash University 2009

10

Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs)

3rd

What is the fundamental frequency?

Copyright Monash University 2009

5th

10 Hz!!!

11

POP QUIZ: FUNDAMENTAL


Heresanotherspectrum:

4e

j / 2

7e

250

j / 3

10
7e

j / 3

4e
100

100

j / 2

250

f (in Hz)

What is the fundamental frequency?

100 Hz ?
Copyright Monash University 2009

50 Hz ?

50 Hz !!!

Greatest
Common
Divisor!!!

12

IRRATIONAL SPECTRUM

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP
to get a PERIODIC SIGNAL

Copyright Monash University 2009

13

Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs)


T=0.1

Copyright Monash University 2009

14

NON-Harmonic Signal

NOT
PERIODIC
Copyright Monash University 2009

15

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Now,amuchHARDERproblem
Givenarecordingofasong,havethe
computerwritethemusic

Can a machine extract frequencies?


Yes, if we COMPUTE the spectrum for x(t)
During short intervals
Copyright Monash University 2009

16

Frequency is the vertical axis

Time-Varying FREQUENCIES
Diagram

Copyright Monash University 2009

A-440

Time is the horizontal axis


17

SIMPLE TEST SIGNAL


CmajorSCALE:steppedfrequencies
Frequencyisconstantforeachnote

IDEAL

Copyright Monash University 2009

18

R-rated: ADULTS ONLY


SPECTROGRAMTool
MATLABfunctionisspecgram.m
SPFirsthasplotspec.m &spectgr.m

ANALYSIS program
Takesx(t)asinput&
ProducesspectrumvaluesXk
Breaksx(t)intoSHORTTIMESEGMENTS
ThenusestheFFT(FastFourierTransform)
Copyright Monash University 2009

19

SPECTROGRAM EXAMPLE
TwoConstant Frequencies:Beats

cos(2 (660)t ) sin(2 (12)t )

Copyright Monash University 2009

20

Amplitude Modulated
Radio Signal
SameasBEATNotes

1
2

1
4j

1
2

cos(2 (660)t ) sin(2 (12)t )

j 2 ( 660 ) t

j 2 ( 672 ) t

j 2 ( 660 ) t

e
1
2j

j 2 (12 ) t

j 2 (12 ) t

e j 2 ( 672 ) t e j 2 ( 648) t e j 2 ( 648) t

cos(2 (672)t 2 ) 12 cos(2 (648)t 2 )


600 12 f c f

Copyright Monash University 2009

21

SPECTRUM of AM (Beat)
4complexexponentialsinAM:
1
4

e j / 2

672

1
4

e j / 2

648

1
4

j / 2

648

1
4

e j / 2

672

f (in Hz)

What is the fundamental frequency?

648 Hz ?
Copyright Monash University 2009

24 Hz ?
22

STEPPED FREQUENCIES

CmajorSCALE:successivesinusoids
Frequencyisconstantforeachnote

IDEAL

Copyright Monash University 2009

23

SPECTROGRAM of C-Scale
Sinusoids ONLY

From SPECGRAM
ANALYSIS PROGRAM

ARTIFACTS at Transitions

Copyright Monash University 2009

24

Spectrogram of LAB SONG


Sinusoids ONLY
Analysis Frame = 40ms
ARTIFACTS at Transitions

Copyright Monash University 2009

25

Time-Varying Frequency
Frequencycanchangevs.time
Continuously,notstepped

FREQUENCYMODULATION(FM)

x (t ) cos(2 f c t v (t ))
VOICE

CHIRPSIGNALS
LinearFrequencyModulation(LFM)
Copyright Monash University 2009

26

New Signal: Linear FM


Called Chirp Signals(LFM)

QUADRATIC

Quadraticphase

x (t ) A cos( t 2 f 0 t )
2

FreqwillchangeLINEARLY vs.time
ExampleofFrequencyModulation(FM)
Defineinstantaneousfrequency

Copyright Monash University 2009

27

INSTANTANEOUS FREQ
Definition

x (t ) A cos( (t ))
d (t )
i (t ) dt

Derivative
of the Angle

ForSinusoid:

x (t ) A cos(2 f 0t )
(t ) 2 f 0t
i ( t )
Copyright Monash University 2009

d (t )
dt

Makes sense

2 f 0
28

INSTANTANEOUS FREQ
of the Chirp
Chirp SignalshaveQuadraticphase
FreqwillchangeLINEARLY vs.time

x (t ) A cos( t t )
2

(t ) t t
2

i ( t )
Copyright Monash University 2009

d (t )
dt

2 t
29

CHIRP SPECTROGRAM

Copyright Monash University 2009

30

CHIRP WAVEFORM

Copyright Monash University 2009

31

OTHER CHIRPS
(t)canbeanything:

x (t ) A cos( cos( t ) )
i (t )

(
t
)
dt

sin( t )

(t)couldbespeechormusic:
FMradiobroadcast
Copyright Monash University 2009

32

SINE-WAVE FREQUENCY
MODULATION (FM)

Look at CD-ROM Demos in Ch 3

Copyright Monash University 2009

33

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