AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

EXAM REVIEW

The AP Exam
2 hrs, 15 mins
Section 1: MCQs
60 minutes
75 questions

Section 2: FRQs
75 minutes
3 questions

50% MCQ
50% FRQ

Section 1: Multiple Choice

Tips
Scores are based how many you get right
No points are deducted for wrong answers
So ANSWER EVERY QUESTION- dont leave ny
blank!

Section 1: Multiple Choice

Tips
Read carefully!
Eliminate as many answer choices as possible

Section 2: Free Response Questions

You have 75 minutes to answer all 3 questions
You should spend 25 minutes on each
Read the question carefully before you
answer.

Section 2: Free Response Questions

You must write in complete sentences, but it
does not need to be a formal essay.
If you are given three parts to a question
(A,B,C) organize your answers in the same
way
You may NOT bullet your answers even if
they ask to list.

Practice FRQ: 2010

The population pyramids above represent two countries at different stages of the demographic transition
and economic development.
Part A (2 points)
Explain the demographic characteristics of each country above with respect to the demographic
transition model.

Must mention Stage 2 (second or early expanding stage) AND elaborate briefly about its
characteristics, such as high birth rate, falling death rate, youthful population, developing
country.
Country A
It is not acceptable to suggest Stages 1 or 3 for Country A.
Must mention Stage 4 (fourth, final, or low stationary stage) AND elaborate briefly about its
characteristics, such as low birth rate, low death rate, aging population, developed country.
Country B
It is acceptable to mention a possible Stage 5 (fifth stage) for Country B.

Part B (2 points)
Discuss ONE positive impact of EACH countrys population structure on its economic development.
Country A
Expanding or large workforce
(1 point)
Youthful population, which can spark creativity, receptivity to change, etc.
Less need for immigrant labor
Less need for elder social safety net (e.g., Social Security)
Country B
Educated (skilled, experienced, etc.) workforce
(1 point)
Low youth dependency ratio
More women in the compensated workforce
Tendency to spend discretionary income on needs other than education
Might need immigrant labor, which would allow citizens to take higher-order jobs

Part C (2 points)
Discuss ONE negative impact of EACH countrys population structure on its economic development.
Country A
High youth dependency ratio
(1 point)
Strain on resources, the environment or society owing to rapid population growth
Low literacy rate for women
Fewer women in the compensated workforce
Country B
High elder dependency ratio
(1 point)
Possible future labor shortage
Greater need to fund elder social safety net (e.g., Social Security)

Exam Scores
5

Extremely Well Qualified

= an A in college

Well Qualified
= a B in college

Qualified
= a C in college
Possibly Qualified
=aD

2
1

No recommendation

Unit 1
Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives
5-10% of the AP Exam

The 5 Themes

Location
Place
Human/Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions

The 5 Themes
Location
Absolute
Relative

Place
Human/Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions

The 5 Themes
Location
Place
Toponyms- place names
Site- location based on characteristics
Situation- relative location

Human/Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions

The 5 Themes

Location
Place
Human/Environment Interaction
Movement
Migration
Communication, transportation, trade

Regions

The 5 Themes

Location
Place
Human/Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions
Formal
Functional
Perceptual

Scale

Small scale = small

detail
Large scale= large detail

Large-scale

Small-scale

Important lines of latitude

Equator: 0 degrees

Tropic of Cancer: 23.5

degrees North

Tropic of Capricorn:
23.5 degrees South

Arctic Circle:
66.5 degrees North

Antarctic Circle: 66.5

degrees South

Parallels are circular

lines used to indicate latitude

important lines of longitude

Prime Meridian: 0
degrees (runs through
Greenwich, England)
International Dateline:
180 degrees
Time Zones: every 15
degrees of longitude
equals one hour

Time Zones

http://www.timezonecheck.com/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12849630

Geographic
Information
System:
a collection of
computer hardware
and software that
permits storage and
analysis of layers of
spatial data.

Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962

The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport
improvements have shrunk the world.

When contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually

disappears.

Distance Decay

Thematic Maps

Dot Map

Contour or Isoline map

Cartogram map

Proportional symbol map

Cloropleth map

Flow line

World Population Cartogram

Space: Distribution of Features

Spatial DistributionThe regular arrangement of a

phenomenon across Earths surface.

Three features
(1)Density
(2)Concentration
(3)Pattern

Diffusion
The process by which a characteristic
spreads across space and over time
Hearth = source area for innovations
There are two main types of diffusion
(1)Relocation
(2)Expansion

The Cultural Landscape

A unique combination of social relationships and
physical processes

Each region = a distinctive landscape

People = the most important agents of change
to Earths surface

Unit 2
Population
13-17% of the AP Exam

Density
Arithmetic
Total pop/total land area

Physiological
Total pop/arable land

Agricultural
Farmers/arable land

Population Pyramids

 90% of all people live NORTH of the equator

2/3 of the worlds population is concentrated
in four regions:
East Asia
South Asia
SE Asia
Western Europe

World Population Density

VIP Terms

CBR
CDR
IMR
TFR
NIR
Dependency Ratio
Demography

The Demographic Transition

Fig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from
high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth
rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population
growth is most rapid in the second stage.

Theories of Population Growth

Thomas Malthus
1798
British economist

First critic to note

that the
population was
growing faster
than the food
supply

Exponential vs. Linear Growth

Population increases = GEOMETRIC
(exponential growth)
Food supply increases = ARITHMETIC
(linear growth)

Population Issues and Policies

Aging population
Overpopulation

Migration
Immigration
Emigration

Ravensteins Laws of Migration

1885- British
Most migrants = young, unmarried, males
Most move to places that are close, to cities

Global Migration Patterns

From Asia to Europe
From Asia to North America
From South America to North America

 INTERregional between regions

INTRA-regional- within one region

U.S. Immigration Patterns (3)

Colonization
Emigration from Europe
Immigration since WWII

Unit 3
Cultural Patterns and Processes
13-17% of the AP Exam

Schools of Thought

Environmental Determinism
Possibilism
Environmental Perception
Cultural Determinism

Concepts of Culture
Non-material vs material
Acculturation
Assimiliation
Transculturation
Syncretism

Language
Chinese = most spoken (as a first language)
Indo-European languages = 50% of languages
spoken in the world
Tree Branch group language

 Lingua franca
Dialect
Pidgin

Religion
Universalizing
Christianity
Roman Catholicism
Eastern Orthodox
Protestant

Islam
Sunni
Shiite

Buddhism
Mahayana
Theravada

Ethnic
Jewish
Hinduism
Chinese Religions
Shintoism
Shamanism

Pop VS Folk

Unit 4
Political Organization of Space
13-17% of the AP Exam

Territorial Morphology
Shapes of states
Compact
Prorupted
Elongated
Fragmented
Perforated

 Exclaves
Enclaves

Microstates

Worlds System Theory

Core
Semi Periphery
Periphery

Dependency Theory
Many countries are poor today because of
their colonization by European powers

Geopolitics
Organic theory
Heartland theory
Rimland Theory

Capital Cities
Primate city
Biggest city in a country- more economically
powerful than any other city in the state

Forward city
Built to achieve some national goal
Brasilia
Saint Petersburg

CentriFUgal vs CentriPETAL

Devolution
Balkanization
Centrifugal forces

Supranationalism

United Nations
NATO
NAFTA
European Union 27 countries
Only 17 use the Euro

Benelux
OPEC

Unit 5
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
13-17% of the AP Exam

Agricultural Hearths
Root/Vegetative
Seed

Agricultural Revolutions
1st Agricultural Revolution
Domestication

2nd Agricultural Revolution

1600s- Western Europe
Enclosure movement

3rd Agricultural Revolution

Late 1800s
USA
Industrialization of Farming Process
Agribusiness

Types of Agriculture
Subsistence
Commercial

Von Thunen: Agricultural Location

Theory
19th century- German
economist

Von Thnen Model

Fig. 10-13: Von Thnens model shows how distance from a city or market affects
the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform landscape and (b) one
with a river.

Example of Von Thnens Model

The example shows that a farmer
would make a profit growing
wheat on land located less than 4
kilometers from the market.
Beyond 4 kilometers, wheat is
not profitable, because the cost
of transporting it exceeds the
gross profit.
More distant farms are more
likely to select crops that can be
transported less expensively.

Application of Von Thnens Model

Von Thnen based his general model of the
spatial arrangement of different crops on his
experiences as owner of a large estate in
northern Germany during the early nineteenth
century.
He found that specific crops were grown in
different rings around the cities in the area.
Von Thnen did not consider site or human
factors in his model, although he recognized that
the model could vary according to topography
and other distinctive physical conditions.
The model also failed to understand that social
customs and government policies influence the
attractiveness of plants and animals for a
commercial farmer.
Although von Thnen developed the model for a
small region with a single market center, it also
applies to a national or global scale.

Green Revolution
Part of the 3rd Agricultural Revolution
Started in 1940s
Hybrid seeds and fertilizers
Higher-yielding varieties of wheat, rice, and
maize crops
Successful in India
Many criticisms

Unit 6
Industrialization and Economic
Development
13-17% of the AP Exam

Types of Economic Activities

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary

Industrial Revolution
1750s-1850s
England
Coal and Steel
Industry = textile
Fueled by mercantilism and capitalism

Ford Production

Webers Least Cost Theory

HDI- Human Development Index

Life expectancy
Average educational levels
Standard of living
GDP
Total value of outputs of foods and services
produced in a country over one year

North-South Divide

Unit 7
Cities and Urban Land Use
13-17% of the AP Exam

Walter Christaller (1930s)

Used to describe the pattern of urban places

Central Place Model: Variables

Hinterland = rural areas serviced by central places
Threshold = minimum number of people needed
Range= maximum travel distance
Spatial competition

Rank Size Rule

nth largest citys population size = 1/n the size
of the regions largest city popultion
4th largest city = the size of the regions
largest citys population size

Megacities
Over 10 million inhabitants
NYC
Mexico City
Cairo
Jakarta

Borchert Model of Urban Evolution

Studied US cities:
Sail-Wagon Epoch (17901830),
Iron Horse Epoch (18301870), characterized by
impact of steam engine technology, and development
of steamboats and regional railroad networks.
Steel Rail Epoch (18701920), dominated by the
development of long haul railroads and a national
railroad network.
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (19201970), saw growth in
the gasoline combustion engine
Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?), also called
the High-Technology Epoch

Basic vs Non Basic

Basic = brings money into an urban place
Automobile manufacturing

Non-basic
- shifts money within the city, but doesnt
bring money in
-service jobs

Concentric Zone Mode

1920s- 1st one- Chicago- Ernst Burgess

Sector Model
1930s- Hoyt

Multiple Nuclei
Ullman and Harris-1945

Urban Realms-1970s
help explain the growth and
importance of suburban areas

Bid Rent Theory