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It may excessive reactive power in various ing a variety of ingenious techniques to make ively, but at a price of providing greater operating margins and 5 can be effectively utilized with prudent needed bas sing the lines with larger conductors, and use of one of the FACTS Contr: lers to enable corresponding power 10 ow through suck tines under normal and Méchancalevitching aces tobe sep rapid response power ele Te must te emphasized shot PACTS iam contig ecology, and not a one Section 12 Flow of Power in an AC System ; 3 ‘The FACTS technology is not a single high-power Controller, but rather a collection of Controllers, which can be applied individually or in coordi ‘others to control one or more ofthe imerrelated system parameters mer ‘microelectronic chips and clement for 8 variety of i FACTS technol step-by-step manner ‘Some of the Power Electronics Controllers, now folded into the FACTS concept predate the introduction ofthe FACTS concept by co-author Hingorani tothe technical community. Notable among these isthe shuat-connected Static VAR Compensator (SVC) for vottage control which was first demo tap changers and phase shifters. However, the unique aspect of FACTS technology ji umbrella concept revealed the large potential enhance the value of power advanced ideas to make it eneration of engineer rs, who will selhiak and re-engineer the future power the implementation of FACTS t logy, proven through HVDC and Power semiconductor devices continue ‘advance, the cost of FACTS Controllers will continue to decrease. Large-sale use fof FACTS technology is an assured scenario. 1.2 FLOW OF POWER IN AN AC SYSTEMGonz PUP “AAW O5et but 8oddng “(c'T ygnonp 1 1 2seo poy ul suraul Aq “si|}onuon S14 2déi soos aya jo ato mous (BYE poe ITT samndiy "sk: {iq potopio s© swoy so40d Y>HH UO 3 seauestp B40] Uoqh parapisuo> rat} —— "Sinan souwpadt sayy 243 pur aouepodst>yp 2800190 ayy jo fedeo ruosina 2perddn 0} aaruoou ue 2q 10U pIno 2:24, “Pape, tou s red souepadun so¥y ayy uno was9 suped yi0q Uo ZutpEO] 1} Moy 19M0d 7 aseo ojdums Kian v 9p ‘sued jonesed UI Mold JOMod LZL 4 u soy saod uaxoun pue soy doo| sou Jo saqu peor soe) ot ave olay “oo vey! 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Alternting current trensssion $9 ‘ncorporating power electroni-based and ether static controls o enhance control ant fer capability. iy " in this definition of Which are not based on provide control of ene or ‘Shunt Connected Controllers Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM): A Static synchronous generator oper ated a @ shuntconnected site var compensator whose capcitve ar dnductveoeqpue urreecan be cuntrolied independent ofthe ae sysom voliege age de capacitor adjusted as required to serve as a voltage source for the STATCOM can be designed to 88 an active filler to absorb sys. tem harmonics STATCOM as defined above by IEEE of the broad based shunt connected Controller which iactu Power source o the injected current may include active power. Such a Static Synchronous Genertor (SSG); A sate selfcommutted ener sapplied from an appropr 2f adjustable multiphase cuipur votages, which may be coupled to an ac power ttm for ‘he purpote of exchanging independently conuolable real and react power ‘or absort power. energy including 4 battery, flywheel. superconducting magnet. large de Storage capacitor, another Section 17 W Brief Description end Definitions of FACTS Con Jerge enough, could deliver MWS: The converter can connected, hyristor-con ous manner by borial eanductoe contra! inductorwhose ion operation ofsnus au nos ont for potatos 9g ene ues Beso ® ‘aut 919498 Buunp 2D SIDA Jo suontuyed pur vondeoadl jem LT WoDOS 20 doup 28000 (onnsse) yo wodiuo> tod Pos kauod uo 0 5209p nod oy (onus pn anna junto» pur ym ss ‘Gio nye pours ¥0559) sormsu2duoy so movonyout, Wm UNS 98 Paseg-soistihy ‘inst toms © Jo Bunun 2fK-kq-2}K9 soon Meloy oungunp © Sump nue Sutosoue w fo wonoane owod 9 fo wcxozpans pro or portcs 4} pa Pvpnnssorsutys poroaornonys ¥ days posmbos oo offue Satay UA UOIY UF DAS 270 sou 24 fo sae ses oun pain sun ‘swonesapsua. wai joven puerdoo00D SIV wT Hiden(Chapter 1 FACTS Concept and General System Considerations thelines The 1PEC rructure may leo inchudea STATCOM, coupled tthe IFFC'scommon eD1 9NPIY = sou] jo apes8dN, ‘uonesousd mou unis w Knanxey se1e=l8 pHiold « “apis qnog go siwaurauinbos antoso1 uonezeued i240 BuIseal20p 1009 aM mno4snomy: pessnosip 2g INH SIB[IONUED SIVA snoUeA Jo S119 ADOTONHOAL SLova Wold SLI43NZG TTEISSOd 40 LSMNOZHD e'L 1 snide uw passnostp axe atau ‘shoy saMod aanzeat Ie ssaide8 om JO apauuos 2 ut suowpuos nosuon Sup sug e s80190 80900 20 donna apse eoupoypnas-oinutys ¥ IADL) 12M T3004 Po Stojonuen 12M0 ¥Z'E ‘amod aasi2ea1 pur apinoid 01 paussep 2q ues Yoga oqjonitog satis Jo 1d20U02 posed ‘apo J0 $021 10} 188] ano anes ssaxddns we [A211 J2pl0 Us o1san36 ‘amod fou SNUEOUIUSIS #4 0} AACY PINON AOWN aHt ai8ejon aun samoy AjrearumeUAp 01 19pr0 Uw Yous JOIsAKA asimuagio veo pry 's ssojde,euou “yeroua8 uy Tonoy Bu Pa Aojompay SLOW. 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|uyp Ke sonpod or {uu uonnsunfsoo ut NOILWHaNaO HVA 27aVTIOWNOD 40 SGOHLAW 2'S WODLWIS PU" IAS sHOIEsEaduD wunyS aHEIS WLS JOD owle Shunt Compensats: SVC and STATCOM sw gure $7 Basi tir cone reactor (a). fring dey ange cont (0). 208, partes Warton (0) valve, That is, the delay angle a defines the prevailing conduction angle a: o = =~ 2a Thus, as the delay angle increases, the correspondingly increasing offset results jin the reduction of the conduction angle o ofthe valve, and the consequent reduction fof the reactor current. At the maximum delay of o = 3/2, the offset also reaches ‘maximum of ViaL, at which both the conduction angle and the reactor current become 2210, The reader should note thatthe two paremeters, delay angle a and conduction angle o, are equivalent and therefore TCR can be characterized by either of them their use is simply a matter of preference. For this reason, expressions related to the TTCR can be found in the literature both in terms of @ and o- It is evident that the magnitude of the current in the rexctor can be varied continuously by this method of delay angle control ftom maximums (a = 0) to 2210 (a= a ted in Figure 5.7(c), where the reactor c together With its fundamental component é,(a), are shown at various delay angles, a. Not however, that the adjustment of current in the reactor cun take place only once in each half-cyele, in the 2er0 to 3/2 interval or "firing interval") Ths restric tion results in @ delay of the attainable curtent control. The worst-case delay, when ‘changing the currem from maximum io zer0 (or vice versa), is a haf-cycle of the applied ac voltage. ‘The amplitude /(a) of the fundamental reactor curven as a function of angle a: a) can be expressed tutoy= 2 (12a Lanza) (350) Section 5.2 m Methods of Contollable VAR Gen “nore (isthe amplitude of the applied a 12), normalized to the m against delay angle 19 Figure 58 I is clear from Figure 3.8 that the TCR can control the fundamental current ‘continuously from zero (valve open} reactive admittance, Thus. an eff be defined. This admittance. as 65a). 4e ie)= 2h (1-20 tan2s) Evidently, the adi current Lela) ‘The meaning of (5:5) can be defined which de’ in the TCR at a gi applied voltage an ‘of the power componer bbe operated anywhere 1c Ba) varies with vin the same manner asthe fundar © 10 20 50 40 50 80 70 80 80 (deg] eure SA Amine vrtion ofthe fundamental TCR casei be day‘sBuputm porsouuos.o%m YOU. © Burzuorseseyo oso wey somoy Kperotted axe 2ueq>s sy) smo [EUOwepuny p28 wanusixoW 249 OF 199dsas Yim ts 3012") 24 le ays 60m SU) UP “L's 28NBLg WI sto! ‘posn axe so32094 Pa “Ors aindy ur» ysurede ‘waza ay Jo 1ussiod 6 passaidys ‘sluouLzey af Jo uonetzE 2pr “ORT ATT + He = watagH ‘uy &q possaidxo se “v afBue yo uorsuny § a eo espe a4 Perov are SL po su Sf > suowebuewe yno.19 asind-zy 10} wasqe aie 4) S) « swishs peouereq s aaa ° asaydeg 10} wasqe are 6) ©) aa [ot x oreos} 7 (04 x aeos} ® ogee jo sovemupe= 1g on OL 10 aoueupe xe = ™%g t 4 a fe al WoDLvas pve OAs stonsuedies tongs apeag S364 oa or 20 AVA aAgeONIND 1 SONY ws YoHDS‘Chapter 5 a Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM ting the method of conrling four TCR banks ie haan eden. Section 52 Methods of Controllable VAR Generation wet 63) TTsc"on TSC ‘ollre--.:. ,RaRaRearRrvrXreeooooo fais © sao aptaoid Yeo UPA ISL & ‘uos igh ai s80158 9801106 940 UDG fy 40 01 Jonba 51 aBeyyon soUsede> yo > aq 0} jenbe sowosaq aBerjon 9e snosUAUESU! 2p UE jo09 a4) Uaty “(A > 2A) aBeyon 98 y8>d 24 Ue) J9K0| st a0 Tenpisar ai soseo ayqissod (Je 49409 sopnu 2IduNs oy “UD9s SY “BT'S Ot ty przuewusns aze sorpede e Jo SUIKDUNS 2 bse rrés0,eeSenp ogee) ris eect ni est 1390 UWA 2IQEHONVED 10 SPAIN M ZS LOR=ES s= 1 =0 a pafseypsip sqenzed e pue Any © ue (e)ci's ain soe st ane 98eyjon 28 paydde om pur 2¥n110n einoexa 2q 01 2484 Pabzeyosip 51 5 aun vr pon woamiag soues 4p fo anyon xvod: wou ayn ss0x98 af arouuoosp 242 "Buiss0% oige wana &q 0182 wauina Aue ve pa8uoyo she Berjox sosioede oui ‘108 ayy Jo fesouray 1oud [parauuoosp 9q Uso yaueAG ISL UL ) asean ¥enfon out jo opnadure ou, WOOLVAS pul DAS siorsuadwo; wnYs ang mS sarde4D istase Chapter 5 Case tivo =v ie + v oo - Ne then icev 5 EF te _ or My 20 — v bron a | v : ase 2:¥5> le then ao | eae igure Vomax = vottage limit | Jemax = current limit Be = admittance of capacitor Shant Compensators: SVC and STATCOM Section 52 Mf Methods of Controllable VAR Generation ass 5.2.1.3 Fleed Capactior, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor Type Var Genera ‘basic var generator arrangement using a fixed (permanent th a thyristor-controlled reactor (FC-TCR) is shown funs ). The current in the reactor for partially, by a filter network that has the necessary capacitive impedan: fundamental frequency to generat the eactive power required, but it provides & low impedance at selected frequencies to shunt the dominant harmonics produced by the TCR. “The fixed capacitor, thyrstor-controlled reactor type var generator may be con sidered estentilly to consist ofa Variable reactor (controlled by delay angle a) and ith an overall var demand versus var output p)As seen. the constant eapachive var genera ‘opposed by the variable var absorption (Qu) of to Yield the total var output (Q) requited. At the maximum capaci the thyrstor-controle rating ofthe reactoris greater than that ofthe capacitor), the induct larger than the capacitive current, resulting in a net inductive elay angle, the thyristor controlled reactor conducts current Over at ‘igre S18 Banc FC-TCR type sae var generator andi var demand vers vt ‘up chartersowed ma ada OHO a 0 07 FA UIA oes AmB 1 ° i soyoedeo jo couemmupe = 9 ‘eourwupe ennonpuy xew = "4g quay weune engonpuy = "7 ‘mun wouno onnoeden =O) "9 afBue Asjap Suny o1 Buspuodsatt09 Bey ‘uodsuen amp 517 pue yueysuco ute w st ‘sowe1ado wiojsues aoeyde'] ayy S15 2194 snovon ‘jon amp Jo wad aq) WO ,Suynseouy, (so1un0> v “F') yno4> Baw & Aq fydams pauIULeap ways $f YUENsCT ‘34 0) Surpuodsaiso> affue érjap ayy “(9 = 0) a~8ue sndwoo pu sossoooido.syu © as 0} s|ypeoidde pay ¥ yusumo vopeospsuapn pds af wonemdhte» 3 5: Uony Pa 24) ‘souataynp au of fenbe st eqn indino ea aatronpur wnuseeds ur SunMsaN“eAsaIU ot woneeusn wVA ataetoutes jo spomiaW a Z's HORDE WOOLWIS pH AS Slowesuadwa5 runs 2uE§ mS sde4LES 19 oy (Chapter 5 mt Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM Section 5.2m Methods of ‘The transfer function Gt approximation for the ex Jb writen in singer om by sing fist ode =m Losses ¢ OTe imistic and could be misleading by yielding a sn that obtainable with the exact term (and with the Fed oss due he Apcessary cancelation ofthe faxes csactor urrent the frequency and T's the period time of the pulse TCR arrangement (threeidentical TCR ‘because the turn-on and turn-off ‘over the same maximum time intervalsestablished forthe base sx-pulse TCR. However, the smoothness and continuity of transiting from one curreat level to another would namic compensation of power progressively improve withthe pulse number. In system studies, for simplicity, single ndby losses and pre ‘one percent of rated capacitive output). These ‘outptt (reduced current) inthe TCR and, 5.214 ThyristorSwitched Capacitor, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor Type Var Generator. 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LOL) IER YY “MOL a4 J0 53850} poppe ayn 218 a1OMI 50] Pony StI OL TUNOWE powy w hq aseaI0U WROOLIS pur DAS sHoreuséuOD ways anHIg m6 J1dEH vor———— eee eee eee 16 Chapter $ m State Shunt Compensators SVC and STATCOM the de current source, ¢ of the practical advantages voltage-tourced converters offer, in this and other chapters dealing with FACTS Controllers, only this type of converter 1S considered, and treated only tothe extent necessary to convey the operating principles and characteris icular Controers discussed. (For operating and a is referred to Chapter 3.) However, the opera charac generally remain lmplementation would be based upon current-sourced converters discussed in Chap. ter, 25 (EMF: system vi current I drawn by the synchronous compensator is dete System bus v as Coupling Transformer 7 Machine synchronous x reactance plus transformer leakage inductance E—E (50) Excite Pigre $28 © poverpenertion by a rain spchronous compensator (conden Section 52 @ Methods of Contoable VAR Generation ter the system voltage V, tha of the internal voltage E, and the 1 {synchronous machine reactance plus transformer leakage reactar seactanee) X' I circuit reactance pls system shor! vee ar ‘The corresponding reactive power Q exchanged can be expressed as follows: operating under-excited) produces 2 lagging curcent, that 1s 2 reactor iaductor} by the ac amount of ral power of System bus v as Coupling Transformer I X Transformer leakage inductance Mo DC-AC Switching converter [el Vdequaisno nding ‘aBeyon nding. ep eclag pede ss po ao 7 “aBueyoxe 1amod or oe sd a Bu0UN nooo Bue weeps oo oe cr ou) euro, nda ap oy 1 sad snoouroet af obo 28 andino 2¢ ou) ye samod sno 1a a SJayza4409 J0 Mo cptsod uoneueydxa sip 01 ay oy ssaN0d or wonese499 KW 2AHIOHBRD 1 MPOMN ZS LORS o6puq asindzt aBpuqssindxis ap) ronoj-oan “eseyd-sony, © fenarom)‘aseud-seiuy ‘eseud-o(6uIS P qe 2 ae "a andyno yeuy 2tq sonposd 01 ‘stusuod09 241 ils Aensn "pourquios uoqy pu ( ‘107 st s8ueyoxa 19404 aanoeo ay “98eI}0a WaIsAs 98 9 JO 04 OF nbs 1 enon indino ain Jo apmaydute 9) Jf sOmod (sanepar) aanreas sQLOsge Jan3AUOD WODLVIS Par DAS sHows¥aduog 1unys 29816 w ¢ Jey et1m Chapter 5 m@ Static Shunt Compensators SVC and STATCOM were pure sine waves (which coneition is approximated systems). Thus, in order not to violate the equality of in powers, the converter must draw a fu ‘J current from the de storage ‘capacitor that provides a constant voltage termination at the input esence of the inp pple components ofthe outp ither for the output voltage or for the input (de capacitor) current. However, by combining a numberof these basic converters into amulti-puse structure (andor sing. appropriate pulse-width modulation—PWM.—or other Wave shaping techniques), the ‘output voltage distortion and capacitor ripple current can be theo any desired degree. Thus, a static (Var) gener ennverter, vould produce sinusoidal output voltages, would draw sinusoidal reactive currents from the ae system and zero input current from the de capacitor. In practice, due to system unbalance and other imperfections (which could increase the ac power fluctuation considerably), as well as economic restrictions, these ideal conditions are not achieved, but can be approximated quite satisfactorily by appropri structures and wave shaping techniques so thatthe size ofthe de cap twansmission applications remains relatively small, Ina practical converter, the semiconductor switches are not Jessless nd therefore the energy stored in the de capacitor would be used up by the internal losses. However, these losses can be supplied from the ac system by making the output voltages of the converter lag the acsystem voltages by a small angle. In this way the converter absorbs asmallamount of real power from the a system to replenish ts internal losses and keep the capacitor voltage atthe desiredlevel, The mechanism of phase angle adjustment can also be used to control the var generation or absorption by increasing or decreasing the capacitor voltage, and thereby the amplitude of the output voltage produced by the converter. (Recall that the amplitude difference between the eonvester output voltage and ac system voltage determines completely the magnitude and direction of the reactive current low, and thus the var generation or absorption produced.) The de capacitor also has a vital function, even in the case of a perfect converter, ia establishing the necessary energy balance between the input end output during the dynamic changes of the var output Its, of course, also possible to equip the converter with a de source (e.g, @ ‘of with an energy storage device of significant capacity (e.g, a large dc capacitor, or a superconducting magnet). In this case the coaverter ean control bot ive and real power exchange with the ac system, and thus it ean function as a Static synchronous generator. The capability of controlling real as well as reactive power exchange is a significant feature which can be used effectively in applications requiring power escllation damping, leveling peak power demand, and providing rupted power for ioads. This capability is unique to the switching con- verter type vat generator and it fundamentally distinguishes it from its conventional thyristor-controlled counterpat. converter tor in normal 5.2.2.2 Basie Control Appros ies. A static (var) generator converter com: prises a large number of gate-controlled semiconductor power switches (GTO thytis. tots). The gating commands for these devices are generated by the internal converter control (which is part of the var generator proper) in response to the demand for reactive and/or real power reference signal(s). The reference signals are provided by le VAR Generation m 1. from operator instructions and system vari the furetional operation of the STATCOM, ‘The internal control is an integral part of the converter. Its matt function is to ‘operate the cpnverter power switches So as fo generate a fundamental output voltage ‘waveform with the demanded magnitude and phase angle in synchronism with the ac system. In this way the power converter with the internal control can be viewed 36 @ sinusoidal, synchronous voltage source behind a tie reactor (provided by the Teakage {inductance of the coupling transformer) the amplitude and phase angle of which are colled by the external (STATCOM system) control via appropriate reference signal(s), ‘There are many tasks the internal control executes in operating the power switches of the converter which are not important {tom the application viewpoint ‘These are mostly related to keeping the individual power semiconductors within their ‘maximum voltage and current limits, and otherwise to maintaining the safe ope of the converter under all system conditions ‘The main function of the internal control, 28 stated above, is (0 operate the converter power switches s0 a8 to produce a synchronous output voltage waveform that forces the reactive (and real) power exchange required for compensation. As les, which the magnityde and phase angle of the required output voltage provided by the external control and generating 8 set of caordinat (gating pattern”), which determines the on and off periods o converter corresponding to the wanted output voltage. These ing waveforms have defined phase relationship between them, determined by the converter pulse nuinber, the method used for constructing the output voltage waveform, and the required angular phate relationship between the three outputs (normally 120 degrees) ‘The magnitude and angle of the output voltage are those internal parameters Which determine the real and reactive curren draws from. and thereby thereal and reactive powerit exchanges with the acsystem Ith for reactive power exchange. ie. its strictly operated as ast the reference inp the internal control derives the necessary magnitude and an voltage to establish the required de voltage on the de capacitor since the magnitude of the ac output voltage is directly proportional to the de capacitar voltage. Because ofthis proportionality, the reactive output current, as one approach, can be controlled vi(VL0) I ‘qpet_[Oviput vonage] magnitude io lo= !op* loa) Irmer_ | Tapnitude Converter} vylz) ‘computation {Energy storage gure 32 Main funtion of se intern conven eon(D7enA fA} [28 ef wan eeD oof HP ‘dooy eyndwoo 3390) wauno “982d ‘enoeey at reson fom = FU se TAL sem NTT JA (2=19)upp = (0) = 404/04” rodog . ae (e>0>0) tod U a 24.050 T T T 8 10 Jousn=a oMRIANED VA 2011009 Jo sPOMTOHY Z's HOHDDS sousey+yn=(op—)% 4 XY | Ray —a) i ay+a) (ops [ol OUS (Or HAalor+ HPA ops —>D7— TTT Tos eno VO We “ToT (DT evyny % wwusa=a vussin9 anion 0 ‘snouOMpuss w $0 Pamain 99 YOUAAOD [ana ‘0 sn pue WOOLVIS pu DAS sHOIBEUREwIED WMS BH8HG mS J9NdEED ee14 ‘Chapter 5 A Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM voltage of the converter and the acsystem voltage needed for charging (or discharging) se ofe capactor tothe de voltage level required. Accordingly, angle ais summed qo bt0 provide angle 8+ a, which represents the desited synchronizing signal tage reference ‘min order to supply tsiaternal losses. As the block diagram illustrates, put currents Gecomposed into reactive and real curfent components. fe compared to the external re com the de voltage regu gna are converted into the magnitude and a te drive derived. Note ‘a de power supply Jn), together with the prevailing reactive current losses and active power compe the output voltage generated, demand, would determine the magnitude and an land thus the real and reactive power exchanged Jie Magnitude] and angle ‘computer Section $2 Ml Methods of Contrallable VAR Generation 15 gs of the converter, as i (Note that there would also be a low voltage—about 02 pu. at which the would be able to absorb the necessary real power from the ac syst tion, which are not possible with the naturally commutated CRS and, ‘TSCs. Another significant reason is that only about 15% change in the Vax = voltage limit Imax = Current limit Irax=! max =! omax Noman“uaishs 104 nde 1) 81 uosea) uP 3H, y4) aouepadiat 2jgeuiea st yu ofge 1 Mes I Yat soanos 2Beyon snowoay>uAs ® p> 219038 104 244) 19L0AU09 pooinos~ su onesoue AVA 20 109 10 SPOHDWN mw E'S HOURS Tayndui0o ‘aybue pue| epruuoeyy ! i raya rons 28 ayy gry paueyaxo J9m0d 2a yeu 24 pure yeas ayn soup pue ‘puetap at ‘Bueypea 49M0d [891 pO1s9p 24 SIEDIPU! PION. jeuioixe ue 0} pauiuins oq plnom aDUoi9421 Veuoyur ose 10742029 srouDay-uAs 2} & 8 IBEI018 K1208 10 Jouranuoo ay) avezado pins au4>s onuod [BUIRTE! sy) TEAR gd oy tn drysuone=t ouodo 2504, 301919109 ss 9094) WO) jap anole 38008 9P SL, 7A jnmo indo ayaa 3qp "2°98 e' adi wp 40} fondo yewsonut 2M ‘soups somod J9}:anu0> oy a1tiodo 01 ave enprasput aup sapiaoad ated otf soiesado » + 9 affuy ‘souaiojas uous Teudis Surzwosypuxs poutsop ayy suasordos ys "D + @ afBuE 2pinox ao ‘pani: jon 2p a4) oy ronDede ox vr16 (Chapter 5 a8 Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM. response | would be marginal because the "RUTSC var generator does not significantly change with e by the converter-based var genera- losses (consumed by duvdr and di ly dependent on the characteristics of the power semiconductors em- ployed in the converter and the number of swtchings they fundamental cycle. The loss characteristic shown employing dovies with a voltage rating of 48 kV fof 4 KA, operated at 60 Hz switching frequen the low switching frequency, only about one- Losses (% of rated output) (100 Mvar, 48-pulse converte) 10 Total Converter ‘Transformer Intertace os Magnets voltage applications. The losses ofthe interface magnet converter structure and operating mode emplayed. ‘The above loss characteristic gives an indication for the the design ofa high-power converter. The application of PWM would al fication of the interface magnetics. However, the ‘modulation to improve the frequency spectrum of th presently lesemiconductorsis evident from the above data, ASexplained in Chapter 3, the teh in rapped energy stored in the leakage indu ‘wansient vollage appearing across opening semiconductor high-frequency and high-energy carciee component, and. in general, the cont both the com expected to be 5.2.3 Hybrid Var Generators: Switching Converter with TSC and TCR, ne converter-based var genes ‘maximum reactive power: in other wenncouvis syed a = oo “a1oy) "7250 s0re22U98 sea Jo adéy 2 se1gu38 1a 24) 30} yndut 294919q91 A id dino asoya ‘Sioves0Ua8 zea aners axe (WOD “LV1S) sovesuaduio snouorysus aneig pue (5.A$) sorestodutos ie, one WODLWLS ONY OAS “SHOLVSNAUNOD HVA DILYS E'S (ma 4 Satie pepo pa (s) svat 42h oper pny pes pra s9HM809 POO Sau @ © sey mncains, Ae ances, 9 [noowas| uf] voosne] wer ae .— our WOOLVIS PUP DAS stowwuNtOD 4, 2g m CS HOMES “(eset se a ~e™ 3 meneoun| omen) me) 2 __\ mu enone xe =) a sgn = Woanwis| cays aang ‘1 umoys 20 sonsusrseinup tndino Jes snsiea sso] aaneIUasaxdas puE 1g 998, UE WOOLVAS pu® DAS ‘lowsvaduog wnYS anEIS mS 11404 wrTABLE 51 Comparson of Site Var Generators {YAR seston TORFC Te Vel and V.0 carat Conall peda Max comp. coreat propor ‘onal o system valge ‘Ma exp va tp de eases wih the sabae of Velnge decrense. Flight sro output, Coser detese smth ap ui inne Internally gh (ange pa. "TCR. Regus sighcae fiteong Morsonic preration Mar, toe. day “ramsen behavior wer se Poe (FC causes taint F 1 a¥napsed ve aBerjon aut Jo igo seuniaa} 3 ye 38 aananpur 10 sannpedea) s2Mod yndino aatoeas i i : ' : B "kat Z9pun Woy zoqod paseo S a : = 3 anchno oan em 94 2uyap YIU) Zoyesaduro> fp 10] sTUaWaLINBAD [01}U0D aK ‘2 Jo stewie) peo} porsojas pue syuiod areipauus paltsap a ure URW 01 $8 05 Y2OHION UL ‘urnods azine of ove soltagernrsponue TSCASR) ‘Conroe impedence Macon set propor Maca. vr atput de- rensrwith the square of| Neloge dcrent, Low lesa 270 outpat Tower nese steph wih ep. output Inernaly very ow. Reso ances (od eaten iia to) may necessitating (Can be neutral (Capsctore foliage) egg il oa fgg @ Bos i gee & gees ay able Gl Hu gece a anf dri fide a Hit qi oF z £ yarns © TERISC Conia mpodnece Max cmp caret propor ‘onal system volge a cap. vor output de ‘Genes wih he agua of ovage decree Law lois a 00 tp. ‘eth cap. output smootly ‘i oput Internally tow (all 2 "TCR. Reaves feng One ole (Camb neural (Capac “a be eithed ut 0 mi tetiages) ae (way) [WODIVIS] 20% i 2 af ; Fi iP al e Ef i t of ‘ypc Votiage Source laied independent of utp decreases ine ih voltage decease Toses cease sooty output Cane internal very low {espe lee! con Serer) May rege Ae espe “Trends to damp ransens. {Low impedance vliage fours) era 0801, £ : é i : 2 es 8 guy tang ot Jorn = Pn jo=-Ap aan soley 9ped watchs somog 89) tapHta Bunesuadisos Bej04 worssqusuen jonwOS 0: pafojdua soino $e am se storesueduzoo aes amt antoedes winuxeus von yal soresuaduioo &yo fuer Sunesodo 2e0uy 244, “1 ‘sip 10} suoseai yes94as are a1syy,yuassn> Sumesuadwoe> ayy (ta uonsodosd uw {ue 0} pawojre st aBerjox yeuruucy ayn sa4pes 1Nq “OrEINBAL aBeI}OA poseq YOL-OSL seueRWOD on 7g s0}e16U06 wen HON) ones ¥, qout\s Bursou09 ayeudosdde ue 10 apmoyue ayy ut wor 241 JO 3ndin0 2H, nue pur 44 apmydure Burkes Aeroued w Aq poz! -sojoereyo aq ueo waisiss9xod ayy yo%a afer 08 eu ay (319"BuNyD 1 anp $1 oui ut Woneites souepadust 2g) 7 > wonuny © WRODUVAS PHe AS sHoIRaduIOD HEMYS 2nEIS w 5 21404 maChapter 5 A Stati Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM me, ‘A general control scheme, + controlled impedance type or # converter: Shown in Figure $48. represented by & The power system, generator with # generally Varying rotor angle 6, lance Z (inelading the generator and transmission line impedance) power system can bechar frequency andampliied uy aPL (proportional integral) control " or ed-loop controled Via loys 0 iat Static (var) compensator P20 Converter TSC-TOR ‘based pure £48 Genel contra scheme eee Section 53 fe Var Compensators: SVC and STATCOM 1 A regulation “dro ‘ween static compensators as well as othes vohage regulating devices normally ‘employed to control transmission voltage. The desired terminal voltage versus output current characteristic of the compensat can be established by a minor contro} as shown schematically ia Figure 544. As compensating current x/ with an ordered pol ' Vorage ressuna) VrsdVy ‘cuts Power sysom creas |wep bras 30g 9's ah owosnseon im “dy wes 22100088284” sopopbon, Fo}—fe) ”% wi, swoqter 38°84 9861708 souaiojax oq) pu 4 9fex]0r reusonut oy Jo suser uw ops emnBL4 wou possaidxo 99 40 s8uer Sugesodo se2uy 249 Uy wy oy uonesusduca’ MOU 1 uy p07 mY uy 207 = RODLVIS PUP OAS suoEsUEdIOD se, 5S MES BOREAS ‘ssuvmiopiod syueup au, Suny 241 WP OAS pUE WODLY.LS 242 28UEI Sunezado 2824 24% 10 2PIIEG S'S od uspuedaput “ad “(OAS te Sf sonestadino> 2% ) sorerquad sea ada (OS, AOD) aovepaduy afgediea # Jo 3569 24) UL JOMNPUL 10 souDedeD poxy v Jo JeuIEL susduion ap (ows ‘jes jeuRBOU st wos) 38 (srs) 4q pouyop 1 2d0}8 wonesB0x 241% “(>TS) HT ors) oma =A RODS POR DAS soresUadi yNgS IHS w 5 148K aChapter $m Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM, against the Then the minal voltage AV the ampl tem voltage AV can be expressed in the ay (527) where 6 (9) (520) (621) and 7; = main ime constant depending, generator (typically 2.5 ms im Z (reactive part af 58): given by (5. also employed inthe range of 301070 ms (20 4eycles fm impedance variation ain ‘dependent on the achievable a Section 53 m Static Var Compensators: SVC and STATCOM as th. Refer to Figure 5.47 where the phase angle character = jo) versus frequency for the previously established transpor (TSC), T; = 2.79 ms (TCR), at 7) = 05 ms (converter) Toop ain versus frequency, determined by the product unity with the maximum system impedance (weak HX versus f plots shown in Figures 5.4 strong system (X = 4. the gain m: » the gain at 180° phase angle) is almost ~20 dB and even the weak system (X= 9.522) acomfortable gain margin of about —10dB ismaintained. By contrat, as the Bode plots in Figures 5.50(a) and ( the TSCTCR- based SVC (T; = 5.55 ms), even if the baadwidh i fimiced to 35 He (Ty = 35 ms) would become unstable (the gain becomes positive at 180 degree phase angle) a8 praett 9 the converte.aurypeus 9) Liev oy (Behe WoOLMs stesuedico 1 od, on 91 “swaysks 86M Due BuoNs ujoq Yam UOnesedo 2IGEIs 10} yIpHMPUER LINNEY oo ouuuoreg © ete . spo = 1927 suy= i (waouvis) su 0 = "24, (OAS HOLOSL) su 965 = 254% ° (wo3sAs 6uons yu) Sye0 =(ds)» (worsks ¥2aM) Z29'6 = ishs Buous) Weep = Mx Tokar ' HH Ean faa foe = e a Papi ueo (pueden) 206 910084 (ary =x) Euate-wms () ICONS sresueWOD eal. ar WODLVAS ue 3AS sHOWesuedatoD HEA, anes MES vORRES MODLVLS Pat DAS soIRHHEdDAD UNIS anmIg mS NEeND est nn a190 (Chapter 5 Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM ‘yp ccompanssir SVC (FSCITCR) (3) Sytem: svong (X= 4751) anise) | Ta Folng,,= 209 WLP = 1848 sn eaa@on ~270| 1 0 Al 100 "Woectoonserest:SVCCTSCTCR) (0) Syston wook (X=.822) T;= 0605 ee epee Bibi = Baia WLP > MW Section 5.3 Static Var Compensnors: SVC and STATCOM wo put aay sate | va Fl esata ths, 7 rar vou: [pnaZ ong] poets For uncompensatd ‘apability of the compensator ean be exploited by increasing the the fixed voltage reference signal Vs, bee derived from the rate of change of transmitted power, line current or system the angular change of the disturbed machines.on tapiita dy erenbou abe (yaresa 0s Fusprosd ot vonuppe ut Burdusep woney9s0 ronipuoa wars atseUkP apusy 03 kypgedes 28 snoraaud ayy WOHH UPIAD SY jado) onsesou 100 YES a oan pao «dues 1) cor WODLVAS POF DAS sHovemEdoD 19 aNS WES WORDS torleni ~ 419] neva oil epe = 934 j|_fouenbos, ET ptm enba =p. salen wat nog oreo sore.9v0B ie oe ones. a =e 7 sursao0.| f ee 4ag+4h |Bunseou! Wipes “7 oe dap t4A WODLVAS Pu DAS ‘oresuaduoy onus aHeIE MS Je 61Oe Section 5.3m Staie Var Compensators: SVC and STATCOM 195 the output current to inerease from the steady-state value /§ to fo andthe compensator assumes working point 2 on the V-/ curve. However, since le: > ‘fe is generated within the var reserve control loop, which, ‘The operation of the simple var reserve control described is illustrated in Figure 5.56. Assume that the compensa le of the terminal ina glossary manner control system include: face between high-power, high-voltage semiconductor Figure 55 implementation ote axcenupe annpedeo oxy # stosay “si pus 8 ) 90 Pesodion Sut DAS 2) WODLVAS 7 3s snoyaud ay) UY papiroud suoneUE|dx9 Jo ss6q 24 UC) ‘OAS GNY NODLVIS N33AL38 NOSIVANOD Y's 1 pue sodosd soyesuadwoo 24 ro AS PAP WODLVIS wa9Hi9g vouRHUEdNED mFS HONDAS do kq payuouroydy 1s PUR saayea ay) oF soymanduca aye fujendo ones sadaos oy) osaaue Ue aS SB owsous LD Soe > vavOs ueroued |=} _ JOWuoU STEN on Danis = > MSI | uw istin desecns | — “pss uate veauoo Ten09 | uw f—fewory | owssuedtion|” |" AS a [Pare waists panseon ae yp 7280 1am [rae ar) Lip weoe amonns 155 aha ee i fo f SRT taso|_ wn o,f aeaRe donot oyerousb iia oto "eu0)| Goo uoyerbar = erz| 610" WOOLVIS pue OAS sHoreRUaduog 1aRGS anEIS w 5 2xdEK18 ‘Chapter 5 m Static Shunt Compensators SVC and STATCOM {a) STATCOM (b) svc Transient rating (lctsec) ‘Transient rating a) Tee Capacitive Inductive Capacitive Inductive igre $59 V1 charter ofthe STATCOM (a) and ofthe (SVC) supetior to the SVC in providing voltage support under large system uring which the voltage excursions would be well outside of the li STATCOM to perform in variety of applica as an SVC of considerably higher ‘As Figures 559(a) and 5.602) ilustrate, the power semiconductors used, have an increased transient rating in both the inductive (a) STATCOM (SVC sy acont rating (fe1s0c) "Qc imax 0 Oi “OG Domax rrex Capacitive Inductive Capacitive Inductive Section $4 i Compensation between STATCOM and SVC requiring a forced shutdown would likely ooc 5.42 Transient Stability ‘The ability of the STATCOM to mat system voltage aso makes it more effective 728181 28P "WOOLWALS 2% ‘uno sy “useu Ajqeys watsuen axp sepiioud ‘aut mod wweisuo> 24p ax0qe PUP ‘una g snsioa g 241 mojoq Poze papeysun BUUTEUIN! UL y 2 we -juaxaud *hypnuatod ‘poe Kouoroyja ways 19Kod Buypoudu awoueyus -aors aq doy (01 somod 28 $e 1 “od Saf ase 01 sof ogg ued $8 wos, BeR WOOLVS 2120) sqews sprite jo 19p10 (OAS 20 J0 PUP WODLVAS 20 JO snaI! LaNOd a : ng) secOEseYD YONA) ‘DOHA JoysuUN aA UL FL Weise sum yp $3 wodsu "poarosqo oq samod yuesuoo 241 AS Pu WODLVAS HaomI9g wonesUDdIOD Wm Y's HOND=S ]299p 01 SUES uD PUD-Burpues aq isos e Be] 4p OF aM 'y WEN LOY Hon SoULO2—9 roMod p. sd90% WOOLVIS ‘apizedes umuneous ay [HU 1219 Snston g Yam LOWS 1odpiu fap ue 2 Soaeyag AS 2p 24H IMI WODLYLS 2M (Q)I9'S a1nB1g UI DAS UE 305 UO o> 104 ‘iedeo snowen 18 (9pou! uiypeurons fenen oe 2059 afue uoLstusue ayy suse BNODLVIS Pu DAS sHosuadt> runus aneIS mS JEONcr mma (Chapter $m State Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM ' 1 Compensation between STATCOM and SVC m3 ive sequence sytem voltage (which he thitd harmonic has clearly no 1 be forced to low by the: would be switched on whenever sup(us energy at those terminal is detected (by, ©, ge during single-phase fa the increase of de voltage). trated in Figure 5.63 where one foreach phase. Consequen ig currents in each pi anced ac system), the STATCOM was pr capacitive compensating currents with the maximum magnitude of 20 p.c, but with fin ‘ - = sete omponm fe a ee harmonic current component. Bao gure S49 Waveforms laseating the person of aSTATCOM (without ni sles ingest) ding ane following ae to rod fal at he replated basyuo pur puewop uodn WOOLVAS 241 2508209 Spinotd iets =H Ht spedeo paqnins WODLVAS © J0 Uor yueyo0W pu REL. 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U7942N0H pako|dus si )UKS OJaAe JO POX Sousnistamcupe ‘2]qeuteigo wonerous8 ojuowsey ison 24) Kj[e22028 put LoUOAUOD aM) Jo LOHAN VA.1s99 211 sopyaoud apous Sunezodo su, "poudde rou s}jonuos aAeifon aeeyd-ofSus s8ejon indino aanp amp yoy uF apow Sunje1odo 249 0} patejas st anoge pozuoRerey WOOLYAS 2M Jo JoINeYoq yesmeU 24, (ajdwoxo aanensng samy ui pasn nd 9 UeKd 49Mo] 198 9q AjfeIOU PINK “suoseox 1wiouo99 30} WOOLV.AS 24} JO Ht TUSLIND-19A0 ap aoHAeAd UL eR PAIOU 29 pinous 1) Angugels woisks 01 ainquiue> Ape218 pynoo ‘Butzeaq> yynoy 18 asuodso1 SE) SWODLVIS 241 8} 241 Sutnp vioddns woysks Juons apiaoid ues ‘paurevurew uonesuadwoo annvedesotp Kq2uny qn us paouapin2 se" WODLWLS 210 “puey somo aq) uo -(wars4s 9) ul Wosaid syusuodioo ayaudewIONDDq> AuuiNO: pue OOLVAS PoP 34S ‘oresUadaD LUNES 9neS w 5 121404Chapter 5 m Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM for dynamic competion an othe elements fe feady sate var demands, Another reson for Ccorsinaion st minimize the steady tt loses inte compensator and the overall Persp var ouput coordination may follow diferent strategies. nthe simplest fo itmay be nothing more tan the previo described va reserve conto wich oes ouput ofthe sts compenstoroceurn toa spect (or adontble) var reference icant var demand change in tbe power sytem. Wit his rangement of peti amount of fat compensation capacity i enforce by an ol action, but the stedy vr demand i let or ene “eter cann the powerstem (which nay include generator voltage regulators, ayer nous compensators (condensers), and mechanic itched capacitor and reactor ants acvated by ender. and overage relays) Yo prove ‘Anequaly splot philosophically oppo poly stole he atc compen str pick op the reactive compensations reguied, Out provide an lr sigs 0 the power stem dpatcher it a specie var output beneeded le fo the tlaputcher to delenaine wher the compensator shuld Leep providing the compere SStlon or other avaabe means sol be brovsht in serston ina more rigorous coordination scheme, he compensator would contro num ter of dead capacitor and enctor banks wih he overall aie var ost, Tat ini the capative output of the compensator would exeeed a preset level for 8 ‘peste time dustin, then the compensator control Would act, in a pede Imned sequence, the mechanical swtched capacitor beaks unt ouput of the CGrmpecatr reduced beow ta evel Simiary an exes in ndtv ar cutput Soult itt he sytem connection of capacitor bank and requed sctuate Inappropriate numberof mestanclly-mitched reactor banks In wrovidng arate coordnaton, ue atnton mst pai to the capabi. Sos of the mechan svtches with egard to the equeny of operation nd, the lnttion of pose sore Crrent A mictoprossor ted contra is lly ths mont conenen for moioring switch satu rng omchng bir, ad fetngovral coordination according to exabished prions and compencatin pol Bergmann, Bawards, CW, et 1419, CIGRE Study Commitee 14, Documast No.1 Gyvgyi, L., “Power Elect i Var Compensators,” Proceding of * Paper SPCC TI. i, Sune 8-10, 1976 ‘presented Reprinted the IEEE Tran. Ind. Appl, Grup Let al, “Advan Static Var Compenstor Using Gate Turf Thyrsor for Caen ener eee aw [AC Transmission Lines by Synchronous Voltage Soutees.” JEEE/PES Summer Meeting, Paper No. 93SME31-IPWRD, 1098 tie Thyistor, Controlled Shunt Compensa IEEE Trane. PAS, vol. PAS99. 00. 5 les and Applications of State, Thy 5, vl. PABST. no, 5, Septet “Bales of Fn Transmsion >-Contalle Shunt Comperss. io Systems for Fectric Usity Applia- No. 91 SM 397-0 TWRD, ive Power Control, The Cominittet-on (CEA). 1984 Systems, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982, Mor S etal, ~Developmentof Large for Improving Power Sytem St SoWMTes 1. 1992 Povh. D.. and Weinhold, M. “Ect Computer Simulation of STATCON,” tn Conference on Power System Transients, Lsbon. pp. 397-402, September 1995 Schauder. C.D. eta. “Development of 2100 MVAR Static Condenser for i ‘of Transmssion Systems,” JEEE/PES Summer Mecing ‘Schauder.C. D.and Mehta H, “Veetor Analysis and Cont Conference on AC and DC Transmissi fiom No. 385, pp 286-272 1991 Schauer. C. D. et als “Operation of #100 MVAR TVA, STATCON.” IEEE/PES Winter ‘Meeting, Paper No, PE-09-PWRD-0401-1957, Schweickardh, H.W. etal, “Closed Loop Control of Static Vat Sources (SVC) on EHV “raasmission Lines,” [EEE/PES Winter Mecing, Paget A 78 13541978, Sen, K:K.."STATCOMSTATic synchronous COMpensator: Theory, Mode tion.” 99WM706, Proceedings of IEEE/PES Winter Mecting. New York, 198 Sumi. Y. eta. "New Staie Var Contol Using Force-Commutated Converters." JEEE/PES Winer Power Meeig, Paper No, 81WM2266, 1981 le Var Generator Using Set Commatated Converters TEEE/PES Winter Power Mecing, Paper No and Applicapmwe 8 aftos “Aymaess ywoysuED “ar jouod Toone Uy onpsoyo Auda s1 uoResuodion aunys aanDeod youn ¢ s2Idey> UI WMOYS sem AT NOLWSNadiNOD S3IUag 4O S3ALOZPEO 1 OSSS puke OSOL ‘OSSL ‘9809 ‘sioyesuadiuog SOEs ONeIS ee ° | pe “i Eee a0 Caper 6 m State Series Compenstors: GCSC, TSSC, TESC and SSSC Seaton 61 m Objectives of Sees Cmpenstion a Concept of Seriés Capacitive Compensation . pm Yn «) a= px" “ des behind series capacitive compensation is o decrease dhe overall ven he end tothe rosiving epé, Pavan agin’ 9) “The reactive power supplied by the serie cspacitor canbe expresied a follows: = Xe 0 con: 7 Oe = Pom BE AG cond) 6) "The effective transmission impedance X,, with th seres capacitive compensation sc pren by Xg= Xo Xe 61) « compensating capaitor y= (0X oa Yshonene An egaly siete isthe dere of series compen keXdX OSk<1 ©) Assuming V, = V; = Vin Figure 6.100), the eur Corresponding rea) power transmitind, can be deri Xo x1 KB Kole Do‘g sordue G poUgS o OSSS PU" D694, D881 ‘DEON sowed eases 246g w 9 eIdeND ama fa ) Chapter 6 Sti eres Carper: GCSC, FSSC, TSC and $5SC develerates and angle 5 decreases (didi < 0), the electe power must be decreased to balance the Insufficient mechani around the steady-state value Py fated the oxcillation. Wavetorm c shows the applied v ive compensation, k, applied. AS seen. & is maximum when dlde > 0, tive line impedance is mpedanee is maximum) tminimama and maximum values). Indeed, this ype is the most effective for damping lncge oscillations. However, damping Sy small power oscil atively lage series compensa~ jon of k in sympathy with the generator angle or power, may conly in the 1970 Generating Station in southern Nevada. Theoret tion between a series capacitor compensited ensitksion fine, osilating st | Undamped 60 Z > pt t Undamped as the conse, ‘quent mutual 1 phenom. enon of subs A capac ion line (including emer leakage inductances) forms 3 AVEC = J V¥oLN, where total reactance ofthe line at Tes the reserance of the series capacitor and X the fundamental power system freque ine current results in a corresponding subharmonic feld in the machine Which, 85. rotates backwards ce fe < fl, produces an alternating itference frequency generator set gcharical chromous resonance In order ta be of controlled series iy improvement and ‘compensators can meet in the subharmonic frequency range o ing acion. 6.1.8 Summary of Functional Requirements. ‘The series compensator problems may be ‘Fixed or controlled series eapat the end-voltage v s and prevent voltage collapse. Series compensation, appropriately contalled to counteract preva nt stability improvement for post-faul machine ems21d a RTS PATS ‘pesey, hq posodord s01sede> s3425§ pol a9 ip (e)s9 ang uy UNONS 2661 BISIONNO si 3a i wag EK isda an) o> OISHSUL OTD AeIOUAR EY ue we ye put (ud (0899) soyoedeg seu25 porjonued-oisuAUL OLD 179 anes aca Jo auerstH no-wrn 241 no ou Kpeotenone foado yh Jo Mek : iso} a}OA Joyeoede> a4p JoADuDUN (VOLE (OIE 4 eat potion oromdns sf eae OLD Sur “fSU5Hb de> paxy unm sion utdedo pue Sysop 941 'afmnos soIDeTES 5H 2 pus om onond og En SHOLVSNad09 Salus ‘51 2afea Sif dolly pur “om s soupede> 241 ORE BdAL SONVOSAMI 3TEVIEVA 779 cc usm 0) Gnigedes ayp seq ety (yrs 10) Sajea (suapeamba 10) TORK OLD © wom joesuaduroos919s Pue yun 34) U99IIq ap yas Saas at 2axt0¢ e470 P>|JoxUOD vse 10 s9uEPEdt ‘st 'po2puy soresuedauoo sotie8 Buipuodsaiso0 t 2aey sro esuad09 n ‘dejo pu aouennaps am qiog ew sins AxDordoor sry "WON stonpede> pagaassorsisin sfoydiao Yor ‘2u0 sioyesuadwod ruEys poseg-S1ON, ‘29)3 saad "wap oy saypeosddy seq owt ase tay 'gsardey UI PAQUSSP SW uonesuadwog sales oiqei}onuon 0 Souapouddy £19 ‘uosagpp fiqesapisuo> 210 sowwsuod 2128 J0 sada ont 4: Jo sotusIoEsEY> 2OUeMIO}IOd oma) pu Zanpeo; say SuifeueC suorpUOD Kus ae ‘sqred pouyapard sa10 moy taxed jm00 sotios payionnuoa owes swaIsKS sou jy axayype 03 aouevesos snouorypusqns fo s8uep OM NO squie pandds 29 ues wonesusdoo so. potonue> pue paunionns ied in Figure 6:7(a reactance X; is selected $0 a8 to produce the rated compen: 1, Voom = Xe ne AS CUeEEDE Tai 5 increased toward ina. the turnoff delay angle i incase fo Teduce the duration eee eee =gght-Sy-tsin2y 0 © 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 907 (de9) Rigor comnens of te se capacitor voage Whe um ttoyordes mousey emus ‘9899 em oor0sd 0} Axessan0u oq Sens pjnow f 9204 Uy ‘sn, “anja parvoUtI.D ase 2 0 PMC 9 HS Teqrered aun pue a sone afeyos ot MOF Tonpuo2 01 BATEA OLD 9iN 40} UBtY O01 94 Aez=UO8 pInom s194:N9 a ry ar) ‘seoureqmisip 2o{eul s9tf0 ple syne; aur Zutnp 3491289 90H wnwyxew poses We 0 : 20 yourwou axp weYp sous SpuEsyTURIS oF pasodue ag =D doqy pur SBu : porwalob! o40y 0 Poxfabas wayo 218 SIOTeSUDdwOD SOUD$ ‘suo! Wess SBOLR ( > SOS RX aaqea OLD 24t fa possedsg ‘ ‘uy uogs sf apous wontesuaduioD 2 aan au] snsion “yndano 168 pa searoun Win Bois Suy2suod09 dss oH ISD oyoedes ay ut so “#9 2un4y ur & asuede poriold unos s “98 1 suoresuadwog sug ok, ouepoday gee m 79 HORS 9888 bu 9S ‘OSS, "SOO SHoHESUaNoD SOUS anes wg EEE a2 (Chapter 6 i Static Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TCSC and SSC Section 62 M Varible Impedance Type Series Compensators ma agement {Cogether with a back-up mechanical the defined voltage and current ratings of neon delay angle : negative voltage half-eyctes, only odd harmonics are generated. The amplitudes ofthese are a function can be expressed in the following fo { Losses] ea) os. 14 [sin ye0s(ny) — nos ys ze compensation mode is shown in , is bypassed by the GTO valve valve is open and the capa 8 and voltage compe action within the rating should be appres 3s shown in Figur ‘ ZS XN DOLE Lp go” 457 go” 78 as a protection measure, then the voltage across agen for the capacitor and the parallel connected valve, Thus, in practice it would usually be necessary to protect the GCSC$$$ ny “uns sensed sug PENDING ISHS 28K OF MBL i uogenpas uoey asoupe oy Aessabor, 2286 9599 pmsewacs-os sno) foyoo jo pou sa ae 6 ma "AeA TEE, Aijeamiey,, sere miwwoo aayea OWA Y ‘aajee sorstity Buypdodsaszoa 2x9 uo Hayuama £4 passedéq [Parioeur lorsedeD SEUSS 10 soquT susduioo oo] (gyms, fos passediq 29 uefe pynoo soysede> oun YoIyso4e Sejap aut au pue 2nJ&4 94 40s eyon timate aup Barqnop “2BeI]o% Joysede> ay) soy “oraz uatino v ye yo sum aafea 201SsK4) PUONUEAKOD 24 Vay “UONDES IX ‘uiao4s se “won ppe uy “20810 aye) pInoys sJo-usm sado1d ayy 2s2qH 0552 OBUITOA ayy 2faKo aauienb @ 40 a10jaq afoK9 asUNB w 494H! $1n2>0 YOK 1 "0122 a8R30n JO \aondon 2,4 8 st yuasaN9 auy 242 ra 1 roaen 91260524 5 9 uss inom saysuesg jjjered jo (ow) uot; a20u ou fyjensn) saqumnu jeus Ayeameyase AU Suosear o4iouo39 40} aloya UDWSBUEE YJ, 21 OF SeI}UOD UE “IEE ZION ‘o8my08 Sut tu yo s0¥2e) © hq paonpos PDL paroutonoed (2 a) Joa a payed pours TTS wows9s of SoU paye9098 Hy, Jo UoRaNp=r an 305 ) passed ate 386 paiostue> 124) 30 3.0 Togs) EMULE a1 5 1 eoonsodoud peter 2x8 3895 [paxsouos say95 2:00 30 210} 0} : Isotuyor © 29 Aets pur ‘a¥eIueApesip ojwouos9 wweaylutis ou St 2224) “Pa ee ‘sowsuadwon sus adh sounpada samen w 79 WORHS D896 pu D504. ‘98S1. "9590 sHoresUadinog sauas seg m9 ACEH, weChapter 6 M Scatic Series Compensaters: GCSC, SSC FCSC and S8SC Section 62 af Variable Impedance Type Series Compensators as and the success {rom this maximum 6 zero, ‘only when the ent can cause a ainable With the prevail ‘ele, which would set the theore teract subsyn- ively long switching delays en- not counterproductive, except yesubsynchronous frequency band, Therefore, the pure TSSC 10 would not be used in critical applications where a high degree ired and the danger of subsynckronous resonance is present ‘could be applied for power flow com ve impedance current, 4Xe = produce, on the of decreasing line ingreased toward I, thyristor valves is shown in Figure 6. bypassed by the th ly bypassed by the r feduce the overall capacitive reactance in step-like mann tain the Compensating voltage with increasing line cutrent. The | thyristor v percent of the rated var output, versus line current characteristic of the TSSC operat ‘The maximum rated 3 compensating mode is shown in Figure 6.12(a2) for zero voltage injection values for which the thyristor 5 are byp: aintaining maximum rated voltage injection. | specitic 9 Fe progressively b ' defined as a function of time. Outside the defied 1e TSSC js applied to maintain the i against excessive current and volteg ted compensating reactance at any line current up tothe rated maximum, capacitor and the parallel v power circuit offers new and performance characteris of the series compensator. 6.2.3 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) ‘SW [saliowed town ont g=0 Pure 6 rom be resin ofposzonas ag i sonisede ‘1 sancinics '20:n06 101 ne pe) aE "ay sowaedeo att Soiieyo sup pue 2nsod 8 ost aon soyoede9 ag 40-3 Jo eet SG "U8 SY ideo oui Jo vod aAqeou 94) wos} Parnseou! % ye do pouan 2q 0} St se oypedes Sunesuaduoo sous yom pony aut sso1se a ade[oe ssonpord Sais “onion sossisi oun yey Suns “2olrouanto® 20} 4>I4h "E19 BUMBLE UT UMOUS |, gesesen “ps0s0 Luotear ongoedeo| :vojBex aagenpur 9 8 8 g > we weg | | sp rw z FA, Z 2 2 W2n5ns"y / | & 201 poy uo‘erso| e =('0Fx:90ueU 2x = (0): a 7 pete 4 a << | wi wa ssojpsuaduog suog aK souepaday aaeuen a 79 IAS OL. ip jo souepaduar ayy yous wI woUIoBUEAIE Jg>q, JERSE 3 "YOL PAi Aq passedg yoyo ust soyedeo 2yp asdy'9 = PI PX ~ TXYPXTX IO nies uamarana sy Suyovas ‘exriompur sowooog (@)54x “Igo, 9 JO a0ctpadeat aN (py Surseoneq * ied nun (uonestadusoo axqede> $9195 39 22.%3p amp "sony ouypodut aaniaede wMUNUW SY SOS8901 36] ¢ ‘4p Jo dsssous ose ay 0% sowsede> a4-Jo para ayy wos} paunseaw affue Aelap ay stm pue “7m = TY a9) Pm ae ayy ‘(ag's) wouy “ox9q4 (ors) =e aa Poel peneattiey ns-Apeoys ag" afbue Aetop 44 aK ‘syqeues disnonurnuco w st Kousnbou; wos reyasuTEpURy 2x YP YL B's WdOD se ‘20uIg "YOU, atp Aq soueriseden Suupsuadwoo anny ayy Farina pedea a|qeures fgnomuzjuca © aptsoid 0 S88 PU" ISD ‘9SSL "989during the second eve ‘waveform symmetrical the zero axis can be produced, a ied in Figure 6.16, where the relevant current and voltage waveforms of the TCSC operated in the capacitive region are Saowz. Section 62 a Vasiable Impedance Type Series Compensators we ime duration of ag ‘dependent primarily on fon the magnitude of the ine current. If Xz Xr. then the reves ind the periodie voltage reversal produces a square wave across ‘added to the sine wave produced by th ‘Thus, as capac Componentisuce, asine wave whose amy Of the prevailing line current, and the square wave whose m For a finite, but approximately f= VLC. .¢ conduction period of the TCR increases tage become increasingly dependent on the ent. ‘hat this is in contrast to the TCR opetation in the §UC eavironment, where the voltage zero crossings ave‘singulanly determined by Substantially consiant applied voltage and are, therefore, independent of the delay ‘and conduction angles of the TCR.) "The reader should appreciate that the impedance Significantly alter the physical operation of the TCSC, provided thatcomtontis yas gO. 2 49 panoqyse aq wes wonesudunod aatdedeo soU9s aIgEHIEA Atenononues uipraosd Jo axtfolgo euruo ayp ew axoge UMOYS wa>q FEY IT ‘qenwensqns ‘24 pinow.3ynsar pu 2q1 Y9AOMOH "POE pouiad reuoprsues © 2q pinom 2:24) Sen jouv0o ofaue Aap |BuoNuDAUED v JE Se OAEYEG PINON 30 ydourouespe aseyd pordde oun tum AteA pjnom pouad sq) pue (2) ‘onpuoo 10 940 29014 ye) pynom sTesi9491 Bevo ay YO. eaUOEIG PH “paupeat s sa] aBerfos 1280 pausop owoedeo ait ‘anamoyy “2208 arog 28> Jo a8sep rao ogy WaKN 2-4 -oe= 90g | =2 1 FT | ro soresueduo soung ody, sovapodioy geen mt 79 UONIES 2 butane seu om 0 sox) eo ovo Buse 2 a9 09 ‘iowa songs soyoee> 24) ys s ‘pu auaLN 2a 4) 01 asx aseyd » sxonposd wo mest soe sop fa pee a8 son snr abe) put ao 10, ‘pede> (pra) poops asus ca 20, em spa SeNPrad> 3 i \poseened AS 888 Pu” 980.4'9S81'9509 sHOISHOdOD saUAg aNFIS wg TPEma ‘Chapter 5 I Static Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TCSC and SSC Ungorent Section 62 M Variable Impedance Type Series Compensators oy i \o7 “TOR gating contr t } i a ft a “| ve) crises vue ‘The compensating voltage versus line curr and then they decline asthe conduction angle is con ) to keep the capacitor voltage constant, below the maximum sy Figure 619% Decreave of the cpactorvltage by reading the Volts reversal 9x bank by i impedance is due (0 the additional decreases to zero), The current supplied from the parallel capacitor. Thus, the capacitor valeage willtange in propor tegral of the reactor current, reversing its polarity (from negative to i Losses] os: actual impedance of the capacitor.coum 2yy oe sou. Ka poveaae seyon oom eruROC 729 OME , uy o EN ow mn ba oponvooun ayy ‘ion aus ofr 900 | DSL. AN song ap Jo 2onepadan euanbasy worsis aun "My" oy soyaade> ayy 30 29USpodat Aavabasy waisks 9p “AO y woloq Tob 2484 You 590 situ hue 129 a 2p WE amy porns 5 uns 2a) GD, x sou oonepada wry uaaos 2 anoge somuouney pur “Guonbayy 2 ‘quouney ay} Jo S9pmatusews ain WeWp poasosqo oq UES “A 2up a pouysp se juan auy Zankren 2941 pasn) EET = 2/7 40d PIX vouurey Sisofut Ay, 3M9 Jo wonINpUCD eRNFEd BUM “ISL AL wwonesodo sseddg ul (sayrasg dngoeq & ga) nos ADA. 907 Ke 30 (2942049 esudkg ded yseds parsHBn ‘eiowsaule AOW “F3) sz ‘uoresuaduny sauog aAAL souepaday aquUEA m9 HONS FA 290 wopesarduoo vu, asurvie posoroid st 55, au ‘som, Suneiodo payrods djtes 01 swtatodwoo ISI, 10 8030s wmnemeuStess309u at) 9URILOI9p OF SuOHpUo> DSO HLL suoreMp 2um aypads 30} pouyap “sfunar ywsuis pue Fel ‘988101 paammbst Aten st OSSL am ta umoys 9 apour Farerado sors SauonpuoonChapter 6 Static Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TCSC and SSSC the effective cepacitor imped: ina modular TSC ive impedance may. range, Vawever,certain technical cussed at the end of Section 62.1, J ~ fu Variable in series with the (SSR) on the use of find ag effective mettod for the dampin NG. Hingorani proposed a th (see Chapter 9 for NGH 1 voltage component of the synchronous power frequency. Thus, the discharge resistor (in series with a reactor), operated synchronously with the power system frequency in the region near the end of the half cycle on the capacitor voltage, as illustrated in igure 623, The NGH Damper cleary interferes with the process of subsynchronews Figure 625 Basic NGH SER Dame. Section 62 m Variable Impedance Type Series Compensitors a oscillation build up since the eapacitor voltage cannot respond naturally to 2 subsyn chronous line cursent. The actual effect of the NGH Daraper on the capacitor volta 120 He to drcharge the capa the 60 Hz power frequency. The figure NGH Dasiper 2 He sna een to 4s to be in (or almost in) phase with the corresponding subsync tine oa ‘an be expected thal this synchronous chayge fevers in the NGH scheme, will interfere withthe normal response4 ut antes ay) JO spearoWUt BuryBOIG ayy Jo/pUE YosianpLeD ain 2uN=P 99 INO (OSS4, ‘DSU. “9SIH) HoIeS repad 2um Saars904 [os1U09 | 10 poyinads ysdwoooe 01 s¥ Of souvpoduss ‘9804 pue ‘9881 ‘9890 20} sowouds jos1U09 Sunesadg oIsea $7'9 s21d (990) saNDeED SOURS POI nau snouostpusqns 2p 40} 2569 Bupy}puoD @ SoyeuI Ose SuoR pO tmzist snowonypussqns J9PuN IS. PUR aWDYs HON ef $0 2O1NGIq LL ‘ujesode pue swuowey IRF HOU, 2 ene paresado 2 pinom wu) Jo Kygeqord sopesusdwo: «= ssoresuoduag sous adKy souepaday =1geuieA WL Z9 VOIDS ‘yue uonpuos sy AJsn0s oF MAY ABuise2!Ou) 8 2) fo sBuissos9 ote7 91 punoie povoniod Aijeotniauurss 2q 0} st ued Teo} 941 afBue wortaMpuoD a4: “spLom soMlo UI “Sue AeFOP Bumteso1d pam a1 ¥ saysgpisa wonedissip BEC HON 2 SEIN * ‘ourpadta a jrsoede Satins 247 S01DE POU 10 vouesedo au) usam79q jayesed v MIP 0} 10p10 UL on 9588 poe 9S ‘DSE1 "ISO stowmadoIaD soUNG aHEIg M_YDTRUD $$ $<‘Chater 6 m State Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TESC and SSSC --ff---: ower frequeney) component of the > basic functions: synchronization to the line cutrent, tun-0n oF angle computation, and gate (Grin) signal generation. These functions ou uoIsemusueN og1 YAH sumpexpenb wt Asuanbasy woIsks 9 wourepury aq) ye erjon areydosdde we 2onposd o} Aus st ede sou2s 243 Jo novonppusqas 0} SunusaL WOK 24etU o} pea KouDahex, orsexeys Kousnbau) snsian aouepaduy sop ¥ceG2 0 S04 00 epads su8n g Jo wonesuedwion snouonypassqns amy tr pede sauas paqjonuo> snoxsoad ou) u poesnost pausop ayn Bexysydua0o0e w 350d ow Seuss om Jo ansuaizerey> fouImb233 4 uowtesuaduson sus 10} aamos 28.) je (20399) 30 252 wapoxd -ojeu (gs) asnos ‘eu>quos pazsnos-s8eson 8 ey (2's Wrto9g 998) 2104 ut pas gESS 099g 5 ‘SYOLVSNAEWOD salHas AdAL UBLUSANOO ONIHOLIMS £9 om sowestadueg s9u2g ad] rauaduog BaNpMG €y wOND2S sfupiow ont seyos snes “pad 00 938.9501 249) 09H oI WHI sjyscucrpe] Tues ose ‘0009 ah pease po a0 Soouetied Apeoys v youre st Joytys aseyd axp Jo andino lwoR221100) 188) {198 s edo waists poxsap 24) 40) vay sousneya1 auto} A8ex[08 Auresuadiuo9 10 2ouepaduat ‘aamipedeo yenpe ayp so1edwion you 10 doo} woneindax q popmoud dyensn “479 omLy UL -puodso1109 2 o. 1990499 UO. papuewap DSSS PUP ISDL “SSL “DEIN SHOvesuadwoy sourg sneg mg IEEChapter 6 W Stic Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TCSC ane S$SC 3 the synchronous voltage apability, sponding line current a idee seties capacitive compens a6 explained previo creasing the veltage across the given impedance of the physical ate power transmission can be estab- ‘compensation is provides by 2 synchronous ac voltage source, Figure 631, whose output ly matches the voltage of the series gece 630 Bas cache yen with & and ascited paso! nga ‘Section 6:3 Seitehing Converter Type Series Compensators Ga tne voltage across the inductive tion has the same effect as ifthe reactive line impedance was increased, ns, a generalized expression for the injecied voltage. 6.3.2 Transmitted Power Versus Transmission Angle Characteristic expressed for ¢ ewonmacine system a8 follows =H sina +¥ v, cose pa Vsind+ Ev,cos$ ‘k For this comparison, k is chosen to give the same maximum power a8 the SS With corresponding V,. That is, at 8 = 90°, k = 1/5 when V, = 0.353 and & when V, = 0.707 Comparison of the corresponding pl igures 6:32 and 6.33 cle ercentage o the SSSC can ansmitted by the uncompensated line at a given 8 and, by co asyd ui 955 901 Aq porsolurta 3 9g) gus 3312801 uD Buzarooau ayp £q pouddns Q) 1owod amen 2M rokod pontusuent “Roib BNOT-ONRBOU | Moy somod eanrsad vopeunés™ ‘siuonesuodiiog | seyuonwevciog we ‘uoresvadweg sousg ad JoussH0) dumps M £9 HOBOS seca fueseads muse ao donoey ousumied ee sss ou Ma potaced a Somme Jood pone, 9 amt ‘uoqesado ureiujew of ‘so9so} su yo Aiddns e110} “aaunds Jamod fewoyxa ue sauna 197 10 KJUIDIA 21 UI PLE Ty ION so “o8 PUeals='n 4 eee or 2 soot, X + gus X = ay Loro= Ivey ¢ A 2A te 88S PH ISI ‘D881. 2890 sorESUEdINED S312§ 2NeIS m9Chapter 6 a Static Series Compensators: GSC, TSSC, TCSC and SSSC “Apart from the bi-tirectional compensation capability she basic operating char- acteristic of the SSSC also suggests @ significant difference between the bebaviors of ble line reactance that the e produced by the pendent of network the voltage Vy acx injected by the SSSC, ovine ven Iv = ¥, = 2¥ sia the ac system (— ine curtent Up 10 its sper ‘mode the SSSC can maintain the rated cap in the face of changing line current theor the major power components of the SSSC must be rated for these currents and for the relevant maximum voltages. ‘seen in Figure 6.35 that an SSSC of 1.0 p.u. VA rating covers a cont Sesto 63 m Switching Converter Type Series Compensators ae YK Losses my %) te os, % os x 2 fixed capacitor, as iustrated in Figure 6.36, where an SSSC of OS p.u. VA rating is combined with a fixed capacitor of 05 pu. VAC rating to form a continuously Veomp=—il Xc+ Va i Yu — Oy Xe OY X [0.5 p.u. } = [eae] se igre 636 Hybrid compensation scheme consiting of 4 05 pu, Axed eapaor snd'a03 pe S85Csoresuadung sous ad 2 888 PHS 282. ‘D881 ‘9598 torHDdwIND soH95 2NEIS MD osepatel and RU) sin 5+ X(1 ~ £08 3). addition to the reactive compen: th that developed across the tive voltage drop on the PQ (eu) 207° Section 6:3 M Switching Converter Type Series Compensators 25 tusimizing loop power flows by balancing Bot the real and reactive power ows of pate! tes “The recordings, obiine from the TNA sim compensate bythe SSSC wil tion of he ine feactance and restanc phate A togeter wih the corresponding ex ower P together vi jon of a 10 machine system f dynamic system stahiliy, combined with simultaneous active power exchange can al JroRuLo} e ygupe plnoa SG STN “waisks omod aq) Jo 1IOqpUEI Bu) WOH} otho uy so1gvonbor} snovosypussuod We ynasto YOYS ¥ se Te HOH now warsks samod 94) “28 ‘sfeyioa Kousnbayy entoMEp Pewunys azo seat nibedeo 9p 24) pe saaqea Jou21u09 Sreqmaia pinom siouoduroo yaassNs Way sauaTOUKSZOdns pue “ans Oya Pu “(oH Ut ‘hue usabayy snovosjouds aq2 2 2aq0d agnae24 urBueyoxd 29 PINON ZayFOAUOD 2 ‘aq monuoe syorendosd andi jeprostuss poreuatsop 217 aonpord cy aa3s0d TPF Hy 001 sosU 10 ‘ao 001 sdxP 2BEH}05. ju09 sayoAuoo ath ft */ Kouba ndeo aut eg f4uo paioddns st Yous 39124009 DSSS 201 Sy oH9adoo amp yo sjearuos oe ayy ye Sutsrodde Janus 2p ayn Yost Moy Im *f AoUENbes] 30 wauodinoo wenn 38 we U2 psbuosar snouostouKsqn Suump *f Aouonbory ways feoueyew 240 18 208d Turye ss9o038 woweNPOM aH jauoduse> snowozspuss ayy or aonEppe ut “Afaanodsor "f+ vakszodns pu -ap 9 ‘my Jo s(2ura3 ane Uo “ue1mn> cd woresuaduog souag Ky nsaaueg FumariMg m E'9 VRS re pofuryoxo fxd sonpedeo 9p a3 patio 158 9g 1 2] VOISSMOSP sa jo asodnd aq 0s sss Manse & yo 1o1Ney>q SnouosyPUsSARS ay) aou=NYUT AiqEs}aou00 Kew jado au win wayshs 28 243 ‘arenguy of sourpadus a ajqvun sf SSS me Yons “éqtuanbasuo.y 8 aoisnpay RWS & Yo yyy SUNIL 'BeyOA 2p suotaeset Souanboxy susi34 2ouepadua mndino uy annipede> sopiicud SSS oun Lawn fouanba3y sip ssoxse dsp aBeyor wuourepury st mq Te ve pantiodo ‘s8s aun Jo uons2[9 yo om xp YIM asueuosar snoUOLYDUAsgns 0} Sun ayenvos-1owsakm patauuos[aesed & £q pag kousnbay snoverpXsans weNOD 9 uy JowDedeo saps 21p yo anstoraereyp Aouanibasy UDHOqUE snouea ie ay, yo somepadust ays oAaMoHy o0d Pi Auanbayy waisks reyuouepany ay: ye aouypadi aay oanoear aq ssosze Bojan yoryeI2KH 0} auaddO 2803[0a Sunesuadio> © apyaoid 0} st onsede> sotseF 241 Jo woNauny POUSSp aH, oueuosay snovosyoutsans of Ayunuuy 6-59 {485 ABsou9 aM 6a parediesip 9g pINOM OHH YORK D888 pue 98D4,‘9SSE ‘ISON sHorEsvaduuoy saUss ones m9 JeNdEHD eeeee 286 Chapter 6 W Static Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TOSC and SSSC ee-phase for power exchange important in the present hase. For purely reactive power exchange, hasor the line current vector. the ae terminal power of be Maintuined precisely at zero, absolutely irrespective of the nature he de capacitor thus sees no charging currents during abnormal ‘magnitude of the voltage vector, represent Ereely coors device cannot eonteibute ower oeilation berweer ‘While the general bby Basic physica a converter would naturally gene and be neutral to subsynchronous resonance. Although not yet proven, ry likely that the SSC, due to the fast, almost instantaneous response of the voltage soutced converter, can be €01 to be highly effective in the active dentping of ibsyuchronous oscillations brought about by conventional serie capacitive power ow contol or ther cegusivelnciens ae ap ie control itself malfune 1 all actively controlled systems and a Section 63 W Switching Converae Type Series Compensators 29 of control robustness, control redundancy, and protection, whict are not ehe subject of this book. 6.36 tntemal Co ity of the compensating ‘based on the syochsen0us voltage source conc ‘momentary real power exchange at the ac terminals to charge or discharge the de capacitor.) An example for soci am indirectly conrolled converter is shown in ral volage variation, requires @ Although high-power ditectly controled converters are m limplement than indirectly controled converters (becaise the injected compensating voltage to the line current by a phase-locked loop which, after a +x/2 or ~x/2 phate shift, provides the basic could also be opers ‘The compensating voltage, of reference ¥, is compared fed ditference (err ). Depending on the the measured magnitude of the injected voltage uy and added, asa correction angle Aa; to the synchronizing y of Say, angle 8, and consequently the con:———————————————_————_— (20 Jo fonwoo yeurarxo 24) 504 pay>ear EDs ay.) “passTOsIp AoyesUDdMIOD seuss Jo sodA) ye 40} ates out 30) 1 ire soseeuadaos yp Jo wonszedo jeuowtoaryaqt sap i Svat sty, "29ue;2e01 10 aFeyJos Sunesuladwe> pansop ays ZuUgop aouD.2}0s nd 198 payarado aq pue uowesuadatoa axyiowas $2198 apiaoud URD Te suo.vsNadmioo anuovay ‘SIMs HOs TOULNOD (WALSAS) TWNHADG #9 ((sossoy soaauoo oq ystuaqdas or works 99 aq Woxr uondiosge ‘fGsous ainsuo oy 2a esto dentessghs ews © 9 S pinow ats kpeais ug rue "g =" 2IOW plRoys 19pEeH ayf) “28e}[0n sOusedeD 2p a4} jo uoNE|APOLY WanbasIos 2x4 PUP siuododuloa yWaxmn9 aul stouOuoUseqns Jo a0U96e4d o43 ut OUONbayy wrDysKe saad 2tp ye afeyjon Sunsuaduo> yepiosnurs 2 Sunssado 1 0 poBzeys soNBede> 9p a4) Burdoay 10} pu AUN 243 jo UOR 1p 9 Sosa 9555 ou: oy ste anos yori eau 9 ABR ~ aus sevanveg , Danae | se poe eng op lA TaINTLOT 010016 ‘aBeyon HEI Jonnoves ¥ reo al ose suoresuadiue; aanovay sotng 05 Jos1099 (way) WOT m 59 WOREES -ssuodanoa 12mod je3 euonido aq) 203 sfunuoxa zesod jeer aya souULsD}9p wasn Um] Du tata Gouin) PT 4 PH] aauosojo4 aBerfon [eX [fexoA0 OU) PUE ( sou Joy aueyxo Tomod aanoea1 2) somuMIDIOp Wa4sno SU am Mh aot yo sansa ered 49 eon Suds Bue ma somod quosqe 01 Assaoau 23 oystiqesaas sie® aBerjon STB “2502190P 10 ynsa1 8 SW “soysedeo ap 241 wos; wasks > ap ay 10) wassls 2” 242 wosy Zod i ys aseyd SH “Bomsod aseyd Zu 30 7/44 10 wos? uaa ouy Sunreaand aut oy DedsoH Wt poUUs aq tm Pa 280140% odaoo 247 *kq>t04“puP PapIeIa! 10 paouRAPE 29 fe s[eUdIs ANP a1 299% sagas poyoi99| acer vast Tear SSS PUE DEOL ‘DESL "ISH ssoresuaduOD soues aHMIS wD Ad=HD$s: GCSC, TSSC, TSC and S85C Section 65 a Summary of Choracteriies and Featunes 20 260 (Chapter 9m Sais Series Compons ‘The principal function of a series reactive ow control i Operating ‘© Mode Selection Mth compensator jon (to achieve maximal power transmission ing over Which the associated es york variable (Ny, oF eas and Burrent processor seg ie sled sleet Te teamed ere damp subsy seh as system 1. The SSSC is capable of internally generating a conicllable compensatingseivadu sot a9e9 0 neers yeaa au pe shes por oss 20 Seon Seneandacs eno ana 9am oso9 Ossi. OsOL osss seumyad pur sornseroeieys yo CEUIENS M9 ¥ORDES T amp jo "wd cp 40) pares ‘sowsojsuen Suydno> e sonnbos sss auLL "2oepsa10 jox1u0> pue swwowennbex uoneinsur Aeron yay ‘Ponos aut uo pares] sxe jor1v09 pute wHaisKs Buyoos aL tH 40} oqo ase Sot Suez janes W21an9 pue Besos lwory280 104d durep ueo soyesvaduroo ad aouspodia aqeuses a, sBulms Sewedkass w any aug wou] 19a0d Yeo! Ayddns Bue 9999 om Jo 207 Jo Apuapusdapor sdiuns sxiaupur pue sanjpedes [eonu: 2888 Pu¥ D891 ‘DSSr ‘9800 sloweadwoD satAS aN=AS M9 s81dEHDCChapiar 6 & Susie Series Conpensiior: GESC, FSSC, TCSC end SSSC GCSC losses would be very low, independent of the line current, since the semiconductor valves would be noncondoctive. With controlled compensating voltage, the losses would not be preponiona) to, bur would be a function of the line current, and for the TSSC they could reach 2 maximum value of about 03%, for the TCSC about 0.4%, and for the GCSC about O6ee. With this operating mode, the SSC losses would be proportional to the line current and would reach a maximum of about 0.9% ai rated line current ‘The V-F characteristics of the major series compensators, operated in voltage compensation mode, with the corresponding loss versus line eurrent characteristics, the reader's convenience in Figure 6.14 REFERENCES ‘Agrawal B-L. ot ‘and Subsynchronous Resonance Studies.” Proceeding of Flexible AC Sransnissn Syoem (EACTS) Conference, Boston, MA, May 1992. 1“ Advanced Series Compensation (ASC) SteadyState, Transient Stability, Angqust, Let al, “Dynamic Performance of TCSC Schemes,” CIGRE Paper No. 14-302, 1996, Angqust, Let al, “Synchronous Voltage Reversl (SVR) Scheme —A New Conta Method {or Thyistor Controlled Seies Capacitor,” EPRI Conference on Flexible AC Transmizion Systems (FACTS 3): The Faure of High Valuge Tronemison. Bolimore, MD, etober 5-7, 1984. Bowler, C E. J, et al, "FACTS and SSSR-Foous on TCSC Application and Mitigtion of SSR Problems,” Proceedings of Flexible AC Tronsmutsion Systems (FACTS) Conference, Boston, MA, May 1952 (Chr N, etal, “Advanced Series Compensation with Variable fnipedance.” EPRI Cohfeence ‘on Flesble AC Transm ‘Cincinnati, OF, November “A Gate-Controlld Series Capacitor for Distribution Lines,” CIGRE [North Sut Interconnection — Application of Thyristor Controlled AGRE Paper No, State Synchronous IRD, 1983. Ireeratinal Sympaium on Electric Energy Conversion it Power Systane Paper No. T-P. 4, Cap, 1,298 Gyogyi L., “Solid-State Control of AC Power Transmission.” EPRI Conference on Flexible ‘AC Tranemision Systems (FACTS): The Faure of High Voliage Tronartssion, Cincinnati, ‘OF, November 14-26, 1990 Syochronovs Series Compersator: A Solid-State Approach tothe ‘Transnsion Lines, "IEER Tram ou Power Dever), vt. 12, 0.1. ir Compensation of AC Transmission Lines by ‘Summer Meeting, Paper No. 338M Hedin, RA, et a. Compensai “Schemes” FEEE/PES Summer Meeting, Peper NO. 54 SM S38 PWRS, 194, Hingorani.N. G..et al "Prototype NGH Sybsynehronous Resonance Damping Scheme. Part, Field lsalation aad Operatiny Experience,” [EEEIPES Winter Meenng, New Orleans, 1987. References 268 Hingotani, N. G.. "A. New Scheme for Subsynchronous Resonance Daring of Torsionat ions and Trensient Torgue,” Pat I, EEE Trans. PAS.100, no. . April 1981 S.G. etal, "A Stability Model foc Advanced Series Commpensstor(ASC},” IEEE/PES ‘Sunumer Meeting, Paper No. 95 SM 4D4-4 PWRD, 1995, Karady, GG. cla), "Continuously Regulated Seties Capsetor,” JEEE/PES Summer Meeting, Paper No, 92 SM 392-9 PWRD, 1992 Larsen, B, Vvet al “Characerisies snd Rating Considerations of Fhyritor Controlled Series Compensation." IEEE/PES Summer Meeting, Paper No. 98 SM 433-3 PWRD, 1993 Dyat, Suet al, “Effectiveness of Thyristor-Cootrlled Series Capacitor in Enhancing Power ‘System Dynamics: An Analog Similation Study,” [EEE/PES Summer Meating, Paper No, 93 SM 4325 PWRD, 1993 Bast, J ct ty “Thyristor-Contested Series Compersation Prototype (stallaton atthe ‘Jatt $00 kV Substation," JEEEYPES Summer Meeting, Papet No. 94 SM 476.2 PWRD, 1994 Piwko, R. 4, et ab, “The Slat Thyristor-Contrelled Cpaciter Projee:—Design, Instalaton, “Testing,” CIGRE Paper 14-104, 199 sS8C— Static Syachronous Series Compensator: Theosy, Modeling, nd Applica TEEE Trans. on Power Deivery, vo. 13,no. 1, January 1998, ‘Torgznom, D. R. (Convenor), “Thyristor-Cantrolled Series Capacitor.” Working Group 14.28 CIGRE, 1997 mn." IEEE/PES Sumer Meaing Paper Ne. 92 SM 457 PRD, 1992, J.J ,"Case Stes of Contentional and Novel Methods of Reactive Power Coottcl jon System,” CIGRE Paper 3802, 1986 Vienaya ‘on am AC Transm $e awat OsoL pur 9As "2 Siovwsuadu aar.oeas soya ave ssoos3U0> ayy ‘parezedas are sonutiqedeo aso dnos3 yxy au) uy ramod yeas Buey>x0 pov fowod aan2eo1 9e10U08 0} Suen ay) SUIOI9p YoRyM suoyeusesed Hurst ouy UoWRuELED saitp 22 Jo 240 uo Ajjenpeaspur Bunse siojes1UOD “siexteys oasxp smomoud ays wy Nowonaow.ni +2 (Odell) 40)109U0D MO|4 JOMOd SUILS}U] pue (94d NM) 4a11]0nU0D MO|4 JOMOd POy!U issoyesuadwuog PeuiquioDSection 82 I The Unifed Power Flow Conwller 298 26 Chapter § mt Combined Compe uy axles | tac capacitors or reactors. However, the real \ hem, by the 2 system a | P= vit sin| = 8) \ pol xT | reso Sta ou the STATCOM tie is analogous to the back-to-beck HVDC and is not ‘reated in this book. 82 THE UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER ‘The Unified Power Flow Cont The UPFC was devised for the ipt'was proposed by Gyugy! in 1991, ‘and dymamic compensation of acSee 1 ie jadino> a7mWRp 1U08 SUT TERT WF HasTADP SEM Dalat AL (gan) ssHenweD wolg ZoMod pag >L errno Mord wamod cane a £9 ot LY "4009 smh wy pareon | | = Bersee SE ae iB esac te ae = sele anl=a 3840 2asnos KBsou9 yuapuadaput ue 10) 94 Asn paHUeIDN® soK0d yesuaduios annseot Sopraoid } addt PE 3xar ssoresuaswaD paUaweD wg IE 96 ee ss se ee—rrrrr——re—=eF oo Phony mots H2H04 PIHEN FEL WTB VORHSChapter ¥ a Combined Compensators UPFC and IPFC Sestion 82 m The Unifed Power Fw Controller a 01 ‘Tranerisson toe Lev V6 Vog ‘Sippy aretorner ‘eres vanciormer Convert Constr 2 eased vanebles Parametee ‘or absorbed i real power <0 x(ors) (6) cr) ws (oa) a) ws) ro) two} 24H uF Wan 39 UeD 19kod DATED! PU IPO! TE (cw pue ms eu Xa ora isu 2) us X— (ono - 0X D+ WD = '0¥ (¢+3) se -0 D2, = OD + OPO = eVO poe (48) smd, -ponX } A = wrA =A pue Gars1— Es0o) = coh 2A (Gf) anacsnn cere Cups p 4 2000) 4m a2 = (Zust+-$s00) a = nea =! @ 301°0 A anew sng (iq)a- ea fs poresuadiuooun 24 53 nu xajdiuo> e yo ateBafuo seyjonve5 sols 29404 pamIUR aAL mL TS VORDDS Jo Jona snosue yrs unys ae0us bthen se posaidx gue puotnna our pa on aoonles gt“ ate Uo > Sugano ad ‘ptioea) ue eos 2up A der TeTO UE © HA mod Dad 504 SHOT [NUD MOY 1D ‘at pe ddr sHoresuaduy pasta mHeee Section 82 m The Unified Power Flow Conroler 5 Chapter & m Combined Compenstors: UPFC and IPFC om ey substting w= ¥(cos 94 jsin? v.=-ver=v(cos$ jsn8) 6s) = ve = (cos — join? ven vesa (wn8-snl) o and a vyete-n a v, feos (8p) asin (® vgn tattngfos(S0 5) 13s a the folowing expressions ae obtained for P and Q: 5p) = = ing eco (84 P(0.9) = PADS + Pale) = sin 5 (8 *) (an and ; 5) = 0ut8+ 0,10) =¥0 ~ con -“*un(8 5) 246.9) = 2418) + 0,40) = 20 ~c085)-“Zun(Z40) 8) were neers oo | an (210) he wacom and 2 at compensation nitangous contol ol vatiage, impedance, and angleors Ts A@yal + lt + @)°O) (ers) possoadua 94 A1peas ue ( uoneter 44, {ea aun HF faAUOD JO SID) 2404 ad “jayiomod ap ‘uny ayy ut ohn soe 0.) mary s8m04 POUIUN, a4 > UONDOS og ssrempous M7 ajdue Unis M4 soseyd Jo UoNRIO! 2m, qarawy pues 12-Buipues paxy am Drom sanitanrd 67) 1 aM uw UMoUs so= ‘Gove =" = 0) ofdve pu NOS pauosut ayp pur (¥ sOxop oseqd 249 Suuyop "wes x ee ee C wtg + OO = ONO = hE OD upoaiag ajgeqosnucs 81: somo aniowa4 341 pu aa Pu" D4 sovesvaduIey poxquIoD m8 Jadaa Chapter 8m Combined Compensators: UPC and IPRC and the reactive power 0, is controllable between 246) ~ a any tansmission angle 4, a the transmitted power thats independent of the tansmission angle 8, observa the gure, indicates not only superior capability ofthe UPFC in power fow ap for transient stabiiy improvement and ‘To illustrate further the meaning of (8 for convenience, also shown ina simplified manner in Figure 8.73) 'A phasor diagram, defining the relationship between V, Vi phasor aetoss X) and the inserted voltage phasor Vy, with controllable magnitude (0 Va = Vina) and angle (0 = py = 3407) is shown in Figure 87@). (For the 8230 and Vs = Vi= 1,8 = 05, Vin =025 pu, vales were assumed) Asillustrated, the inserted voltae phasor Vis added to the fixed sending-end voltage phasor Vo produc the effective sending-end voltage Vag = V, Jes the compensated vatage phasor. Fi scrss 1 360 degree range, the end of phasor Vp move the end of phasor V, The area wi erating range of phasor Vigan thereby the achievable compensa- 2, vary with yin sinusoidal man ofcourse, requites the vallage source (Vy and (88), consider again Figure 83 hae (3, The rotation of phasor Vy, with angle py, modulates both the magnitude and angle of phasor Vz and, therefore, both the transmitted real power, P, and the reactive of the UPFC summé be integrated ' refer to Figure 87(a) Let it fst be assumed that Vag. 2670. Then the original elementary two normalized transmitted power, Pid) teactive power, Qx(8) = Qu(5) = ~ 2o(8) 00s 6} = 1~cos 6 supplied at te ends ofthe tne, are shown plotted against angle (5) n Figure 88(2) The zlaton ship between real poser 25) and reactive power Qu(8) can readily be expressed with V3/X = 1 in the following form: 06(8) = -1 - VI= POP 833) {Od) +P + {RKeP = 1 win—————————————————— ors) Te d(eyah + At + @)"O) -1- = 00 io} Suveoyog aM UT = XA HHO assaidx9 2g Aitpea! ue> (¢)%O ssmod aanoeas pur (eg Jamod 8 andi u (2) oxdue surefe ponoyd unoys amr yddes'p S097 = 509TH ied] = (O~ = (@)"D = GYD ers) Moa} = 1 ‘pauolsu 81 X souepadun aay pur 'e 2f8ue yon pu2-Bmptas yaw weiss (ot2}u 3p sng-om) 30) sunypeUE 192 1 M4 “aBbIfon BuNeEuadWwo> poralur 29 1eyp powunsse 24 areas pu Teo fonuog mold J2mog onpoRaY PUE JOH! juePusdopU| CTE suompuos Bupesodo worsts pue puewop pro} Aysnes 61 aun ayy ut soy somod aanoeax Pu [Pt ay AIPA 10 UIETUNEWH Ose OF SUN [Pat UF sfiyjon pasotur a4; jo wonisod s9yn8ue pu apnyufeu ai sjonvos f\duxs adn 24 jeaajait 2180209 >y9 ‘SunpYs aseud "vonlsuadoo saL9s Jo sti feLORDAUCD a yd20000 si Unig “au ay3 Ut J2M0d 2anioeas pu g JOMOd [8>s"2ygeronUOD SnUOP -uadapur pue ‘paquosaid ureyuteus 03 2}ge 8 yeu) s37]011U09 MOY sOKOd pozyesaua P corur poves@ayut 2g uta sid2aue> oxnuos uoissuszes feuonuaaw> Jo sui} us sAoge pos 8 DAN aq Jo sonmigedeD “agrHIeEUR AsnouaNE INBFIROd 4, ‘andy 249 ut unos so" 2j8ue 7 suorouny feplosnus ose axe yay My pu "O “towod [898 pUe anna yrog azosge pue Kiddns 01 (M4) soun0s aBeyjon 24 sasinbot "2s1n09 3o ss2901d ‘ML (Q)Z8 220814 UF parensnyy SE soUUEUE fepIosAAIS uI Me ypLM Area “G)“aamod soe sone) MOLL 2m pogtan AL mT WONEAS anova 241 pu“ sanod eos pomuisuen 24) wlo9 ‘siojsaqp-Pue 4 LOsEUA 30 a8ue ‘ue spnatudews th wiog sreympous M ffue KHIM Mg aoseyd Jo GONEIOS ap um 240 won estaduioo ajgeastape ayy Sqataqy put 4 soseyd yo afues fuesodo ayy sauyap 4 Pourergo 2p su) wen eaue a, “4 Josey Jo pu ay) 18 paleo J8iua0 =i {us fu Buoys sasous "4 soseyd Jo pus ou) a8 aaxB9p ope 9 5D 3940 pores 510 offue sy ssozve “4 ‘uoseud aeion paresuodwos ain sapisoxd “A ~ 4 “aovarayup au M4 + ‘4 2A aes puo-Bupuos annsoyo ay aomposd 014 Josmy 808 Puo-Bupizs poxy aun o1 Pappe st 4 soseud aon pauoset ayy Pozen Sy (Cpatunsse arom sonyen 8d S70 = "™™A'0= X"L=°A =A pue oe =e ‘suONEAI 340 20g) (Lg ammalg ws UMOKS a1 (ope SY = 0) aTRae pu apmiuifeuaigejonuoo uum 4 aoseyd sBenon passa uy pue (x 390108 Zoey Bae1os oun) 14.4 "A BaomI94 duysuonT|as oyt BuIY>p “weBE 0sEHS Y (@)1'g aunty wt souTeu Pours © ut unoUs Os “20U2109AU09 10)" Ys 8 218 ude sopsuoa“g9) Pur (18) Jo BuUROW a Irate 3 ‘dump ue yawrorda Aaquges yuaisuen 20) Ayede> eyiomod statins os Ht ynq“soon tide moy tomod wy dan au JO Aumgedeo souadas Sw0 108 soye0}p 2:n8y at ‘uy ajgeaiosgo 'g fue uosstusue: oy) Jo rwapuadapul st ey! 29Kod pontusue 420} ostuoo jo aiuer apum 24,98 2mN8L un parensn Se gaffe vorssusuesY Aue TE Gare ee een (ers) Hq OO = WO wah 2°D nsomaag agettonuon $12) 19nod 2anoe2 padal ove 32am “soesuadues povIqweD mR IOIEEHM6 2181 £ (4-008) by the corresponding Pu(6), Qx(8) coordinates it angles 8 =-0, 30", 60°, and 90? in the 10, ®) plane Consider fi angle is 2210 ( the magnitude V, plane defines aD) be observed, for exampl is able to sment tacily assumes that the sending-end and receiving-end voltages ar [Provided by independent power systems which are able 10 supply and absorb realsatpesoyp ou) 10u put of uosediio> yuasaid 0 ye Vonesuedwos Jo soneRe ay axeduo> 3} s1oiginBay aiBuy oseyg pue ‘suoresueduiog so19§ 01 Q4¢f aU JO U Hou yo wapuadapur = IY = ho aces ap W agRyORLDD Hum st 19m0 Po sn iS EUR RNID TH a POPLN GUT TLIO PEST, ne 9411 0} 39 onsdns sn um wis subewoms oF Ba AA= AK A oor saya nog cone pameCL Ba, w ZR NORDDS ‘dal Bue >gan sovesvadwon pameweD m ¥ J>deu we0 (Chapter 8 ml Combined Compensators: UPEC and IPPC ular oc, similar to that shawn fr the uncompensated system in Figure 8b), wen output (compensating ntpedance or voltage) setting of the series compensa tor, This means that for « continously controllable compensator a i fof Q,~ Peitulat loc can be established by using the base transmission re ie, P= (VICK ~ X,)sin 6 and Q, = {VICK — Xt ~ cos 3) between 0 and Xx or 0 and =X X= Vj ~ Vil forthe SSSC Specific value of X,-Thus, the progressive inceate of X ‘iewed.as if the post defining the corresponding P and Sion angle onthe fist Q, ~ locus (uncompensated ine) moves thot number of 8, ~ Ploc representing progressively incressingseies compensation, until itfinaly reaches the ast Q, ~ Ploeds that represents the system with manimum Series compensation. The fist 0, ~ P loess, representing the uncompensated power tans: rission, isthe lower boundary curve for the TSSC and GCSC and identified by (O.~ Pics. Thelast 0, ~ Plocis representing the power tsmision with nexium Capacitive impedance compensation, fs the upper boundary curve for the TSSC and ‘GCSC;and identfed by (O, ~ Pea. The lower and upper boundary curves fo the SSSC ‘and the TCSC considered are differen from that of TSSC and GCSC and therefore they are identied DY (Q, ~ P)arnn and (Q, ~ P)-rqux The diference is partially due to she capability of the SSSC and TCSC to inject the compensating Noltage both with 90 degree lagging (capacitive) or 90 deaee leading (inductive) Felationship with respect othe line current, Thus, they can bot increase and decrease the transmitted power. Also, the SSSC and TCSC can main‘ain maximum compensat- ing voltage with decreasing line current (the SSSC, theoretically, even with 2ero line current) For these reasons, the SSSC and TCSC have « considerably wider control range at low transmission angles than the TSSC and GCSC. Note that all Q, — P Circular carves are considered only fr the normal operating range ofthe transmission angle (0 = 8 = 90), “The plots in Figures 8.11() through (@) present, atthe four transmission angles (8 = 0", 3, 60", nd 90", the range of Q. ~ P contol forthe series reactive compen satos, TSSC, GCSC, TCSC, and SSSC with the same 05. maximum voltage rating lated forthe UPFC. The previously derived crear contol sexian af the UPFC js also shown in Figure 811 (by heavy broken lies) for comparison. In each figure the upper and lower boundary curves identified above for the TSSC/GCSC and SSC! TTCSC are shown by doted and broken lins, respectively, for reference. The upper and lower boundary curves for an ideal TCSC, as explained above, are the same as those of the SSSC. a8 indicated in the gure. The boundary ofa practical TCSC in its capacitive operating range (in which it is able to maintain rated compensating 1e SSSC; however, in the inductive range, angle defines @ single point on each Q, ~ P locus obtained could be ie ofits normal operating range (1, t smal rely low lin curens), te boundary curves ofthe pr {© those ofthe TSSCIGCSC. ‘Consider Figure 8.1(6) which iustates the case when the transmission angle itera. (For this special ase the two-machine system is again assumed to represent two independent power @) Since the TSSC, GCSC, and TCSC are an actively contoled, but fu ‘through the line with the compensated line impedance (X ~ Xe) remains in 2et0, regardless ofthe actual value of Xe. Thus both P and Q, are zero, the system mission angles and CSC would converge Section 82 The United Power Flow Controlet a Conotiabie imonalot Controlabie‘T3sciGcsc"—— region of UPFC SSSCITCSC ar CGT) Controvabie region of UPEC {nat standstil, and therefore cannot be changed by reactive impedance compe! ‘An ideal SSSC, represented by a theoretical ac voltage source could estab ow between the 1x0 sources, However, a practical SSSC only do that fan external power supply (connected tothe de terminals of the canver replenished these losses and Kept the SSSC in operation at 2er0 (and ats current. By contrast, since the UPFC is a self-sufficient voltage source (whose losses ate supplied by the shunt converter), it ean force up to 05 p.. real power flow in either ditection and also control reactive power exchange between the sending-end and receivingend buses within the circular control region shown in the igure. of the TSSC, GCSC, TCSC, and SSSC at 3 = 30° is ‘sown in Figure 8.11(b). The relationship between Q, and P, forthe total range of series compensation, 0. 5 90°, is defined by a straight line eo the two related points on the lower and upper boundary curves, (Q, ~ Puce and (Q, zer0 and, respectively, Pina, Which represent the power transmission at 6 = 30° w maximum series compensation, It can be observed that, af expected, the TSSC and GCSC control the real power by changing the degree of series compensation (anddover afta speud © A PEND Eke SONSNM ONL Zr NE oeynba: opbub ost ° “a 29-9 = g r10yn 9509 — -waduroault amp Tur jue pus Suipust oUV iv spueulop 1onod eqnseor ay) PUTTER (for opfue oseyd [eapraw-se-woRTUNY OF Hounsse UV © IA UTE HAYS FpISUES ABROKAIT SH ya Wars aI hq ea1ou pynom eon 9 POA Jae ina ay wiaishs op 30 apouusewr oxt Suxfuey> ynoynne jonuo> ofSue spiaoxd ued ‘unoys iu Jaqod & ancy sxoeyndoy affuy ofvug ar ‘janie MOLL Jomog peytun, AKL mT wots tet os osteo u> 1 pue SBUE Ua. Sa ‘aan ® A dquo penance “QSou, au1 JO veep soyoeas pu ¢ Futseosout ur sGueyp jemoe wmunreus a yon009 s940d susguge sou 891399 40 aeaHau!}) Buy WHEW ‘29 30 149puadapur st ssanpoud 1) 9eyox “dup opie ¥ 2940 vonesuaduioa apinoid ue ogss au suoI2e2BY9 2824, au Ser3994 Osje wes ylog Kays, 30} PoUsIsap Betneeuoducnieysooo apsoad ose > S01, OU, (DSSS 2 0 soso a SATE 18 24) | "pauonuour ffsnoisasd se Sq paeicusd 1 Yox9MOH) 2 3/8u" Jo uoHDUN} 0 o2i8op wnunxeus ayp Aq pouyop) aBevecsed wesu0D © ‘gu alqeurene sonod ajgentusuen ut ssza1our wnusxew ajgeso.yre >} 290 oe 81M 7X 5 0) 2 BULLEN Eg = @ 8 Four sono anusuen 24) Jo von 2uny 40 PUPWAP Jomod 24!}>e31 24) ‘aa pe dn ssotesvadwiog poquioy my sa¥deu ue SS<4 Compensators: UPFC and IPFC ‘the uncompensated li n other words, the maximum fainable in actual ‘uch less at small tran large ones. This ‘due to the fact that the TSSC and GSSC aze a series impedance and thus the ‘compensating voltage they produc function of angle 3 power generated by ‘operating range). can provide compensation over a wider range, rene 206 (0, ~ P)ignay than eae the TSSC ant figures where the radius of UPFC remains the same for all four transmission angles considered. Figures 811(c} nd (¢), sowing he Q, ~ P characteris “TCSC, SSSC, and the UPFC at 8 = 61" and 3 = 90", ie paver doand hen tgp compensated ty 4 UPFC Rais ough) fean BU ethludd tat the UPFC bs superior s confpaed to the TSSC, GCSC, T Se Section 82 Mt The Unified Power Flow Controller a 8.2.4.2 Comparison of the UPEC 10 Controlled Phase Angle Reguiaiors. As the voltage applied th = rphage difference at and thyristor-controlled Phase Angle Regulators and Quadi controllable quadrature 3c. These empfoy a shunts ‘connected regul former, The ex thus the phase corresponding pit Phase Angle Regi shown, can provide angle control voltage, cence between the the UPFC). ‘exchanged by the sees ins mer appears at the primary of the regulation transformer as a load demand on the power system. However, in the latter the real power exchanged is supplied by the shunt transformer from the sion ; tor-contraed PAR inplesent Gonder Fgte 13 gh he revs sone oo-mactne sis. ied i ists a el phe angle contr. ie power demands a the sending end ae receiving eng the mneonpen- mhwiers? eos Phase angle ‘egulats19 ami ur uaoys 2mPans [011009 oyseq 2Mp HH s2uEpIO29" WI "H4 puP 11 puodsa) Sado: seyraauo ay) eth 08 S95104 ‘uy tuosin aaniwar junys pausep ou me ‘Sauas popuewwo> ayy aonpoid 01 Se 05 s1ou24U09 Om} sages oun ‘simespenb ut 51 ae 6 auh pur 4 201998 aey}os snoouRESU! 24) we dom rei gone saxe b pur d pis wissks ateupi0o> JevOSOyHO Ue Ut sIOI22K NH AIA onuon soxod yo asodund ayy 404 -uompu0d aie- s| woy somod 2yp way “ou paresuadarooun ‘dg = dW "wd OT Sumypeos “D) soMod year SuseassUN ope} somod Aun em Uowsssurst som0d [609-18 1 Ot, te) ued qf 2in te Uses aiduex> 10 BE) PeDIg €J9ND PUELIDD sasiod tio pa tufaas01 9y) Jo Jodo Wopuadapur 5} ue onion “mod 7231 TOP SAUCY opin © 5 Dd UL Fa40d 30) Wd A 19H Duar ait F6 ah snsian DP pposeyd aur sy (adn no mod NOM POHIEN HAL mE BORIS | Sa Meane ‘nee (= luyd Jo ough jo uae, rears arqenonieg ~~ Bjaeyanuog rensowut aqertoutiog ~ “arqe|onvool {5 2x9 20) 9 = “A pur Ud 218 Jo) 9 = 2A) worsssuEN JoMod paresuoduooun ayy Buporoereyssn001 f — “0 240 U0 (06.09 ‘OE 0 =) =@ ofdue Jo onyea vane ayy 4a pouyap wod aun punore sioiuas 28 eM) saxey 250m UI paAraEG0 29 WED 3] 06 PUP 09 C0 = 8-H Quan mn 01 vosueduioo w Va Tp! ‘tn 30} disuoneyas qf — "0 un w9eO1d(p) UBNony (e)ETs So ‘omod je am jo Anuapuadape! Moy Hud ouovos ot umeut ayy ase9!0u8 OWED 27 rag 9 HuNATEA © JOChapter 8 t Combined Compensators: UPFC ang IPFC Section 82 The Unified Power Flow Contoler a y | fy fer le i ban 5 Shunt iS converter zg \ 8 ; lg bs ‘Shunt 5 ca % | com = = Mot “cor Pe & jem | ES * Tae ignet Vae Ret You et bbe observed, the series converter responds for series voltage vector compensetion (SSSC) without any real power exchange. 8.2.5.1 Functional Control of the Shunt Converter. The shunt convei ted go a8 to dra led current, i, fom the line. One componer ‘mode ofthe UPFC and is 1 series and shunt compensation to meet the prey mn system. The functional operating modes and compensation demands,ovine su o> sep org evo (Ts as seyenuoo 89498 0 sue 3dr 219 Jo sorgegede> anbuun OM} 30 !9pISUOD 2q fea “SUN a4N UE AOL, 1d epous jonuos moy s20d sod AuEW Sey SAM 2H) ‘STS AUN Ul poreN Jonuog © pue g 40) worshg yorUED 2 st wonejnue couepadust onue9 Moy 1aMod 10} 2198 yoauo> yum 24 ‘ase stn UT LEG euuis% 9p Youod soyp FunauWODSIp Kq 940 YEO JO yssod up S19, aum /pUDIS STR voD mold 19m04 POYLN UL m8 HONDO soupy worsks Janod jonuo>dooy pasoj7e 6q 4 © ypns 2510} 01 os 2130 aj8ue pue apmudew 241 -3G0WW T0ALNOD MOTY ¥EMOY DLVMOLNY so0g aamyeapenb,, 24 expend ut doy stg wou sinso0 Bungys seid Jo ose e!7945 a ‘a payjoads aye we Kq'g 09 anpejasaSueyp apmruew Aue nou yeny9 01g ya 2m) pojosiuossiMe s01304 a8eyfospopafuayL, “OW NOLO FTONY SVE 28eyjox porofurotayoopnyuBew oy], “240 NouSKBaNO,) aDAVOIAN| 2M ‘nduy9u030}21 4} Aq poysonbadaflue oseud pur opnaufeu ou) yum Me ‘2 Saesouo8 Aids Jsanuoo souss yf, "3QOYY NOUDAIN] 3OVIIOA 105M suonsosgas pou se o1e sopow Sunetodo jediourd au ‘moy s9M0d [orue> 0} 244/41 JOA 22WOINE ay, s912AUO 24 JO ear 10112409 Jo un sad 1013038 fad au pes849 doorp pauyap & yum uoH mo ayy uly uaa souyep i014 doosp 24 4a Pu" O4dn sHoreFEEdeD poeIQED Mg JeNdEHD ae30 (Chapter 8m Combined Compensators UPFC and IPFC Section 82 i The Unified Power Flow ai Limit ‘computer Voltage magnitude| fe ‘computer J iit Phase- active i, oo Vn | ener |] Fees ro : conere a iriter i fae iMagritoda] ee rent rte i] Shunt C ampltter || angle liter computer gate pattem logic Eror ‘Shunt converter, ampitier ‘Shunt converter gue 1m ofthe shon converter onl for opr: voltage injected ‘A vector control scheme the block diagrams of tage Inevitably ted series voltage when the shunt con: is generated by a second voltage control loop ion, in many applications this may ine real power negotiated by the shunt converter achieved by means sion line current using synchronoussevsuep & pus 4 furs ys dio HES MONEE VL Wat se suompuos wats4s suseuxp s3pun auy uorssusuen ay uo Moy Z0Kod pautsap ¥ Hutsi0} jo ajqede> 511 “en]0% pu2-BuIpuds aannaysa ayn DadA a4 25uIS SuOReTH2s0"Fo;Od ULB {usisés samod au vai parensuowmap ag 1 UN [os1U0D MOH 12N0d 40} 44/1 2h jo Auyesieg enbiun 21, oops marskg somog s9pun uoneiedg 74°78 (ssouegimisip suieusp ajqissod prone 01 s9p20 ut Aqenpesd 2:0u yond pafuey> a9 Aeaid& pjoon moy sonod oy waIsKs [eas UL BIP AION) "39K 9HENb Sparewrxordde ut moy som0d atp BuBuey> ‘sa0us3}21 ™0) pue ™y aq SOHO) KIse9 ‘DaAN Patjoxuo> door paso ays ey poasosqo ag ues It 4d a4} Jo uonezado au Juay> ayeaisn “waian ouy) aut pur = (a pur (ya = ( “spuuioysuesy UoRAsu! ay Jo Spud ow ay ye a¥ey}oa worse ayy “U)H2-2Beyion ato9 249 Burmoys “suojeA0m 941. 0 Jo anyea aanvdau v YM HuIpUa soseasD9p Jo SOUNE @ 4 pamoyto} °O ayy “pasea4oUr St d “Isl “UoWssaoans pide UI saBuey> davs yo sotas wiojiad 01 parr on1uod si ot sindut "9 pue My ayeudordde ea >4an 21 REx aun uy payensnjy sy “Sonyea 2oU0%9}91 Uant o} 1aNOd aul] anne! PU ‘uy savas 3an su) apo Runezado st ul Isnorsa1d paysygrisa Sy “spon Tonuo> moy s9qod anewoone ayy ul 54/1 au Auneiedo pur (2idue vossswsuEN we soyjnue> ois towed payin a4 rp uonses 20} pom pou aan pe URI ono SPUBLWIUIOD JoLOD B____ (HOUBAUOD — JeUEALOD | saves = qunys, ea ewge oxy © pue ‘epmyudew “wd o°1 owes 24) auerstoD sa¥er}on snq pte SulAroo4 pur ‘Suipuas ayy Surde9y Jo sounDafgo aur yuk poyeHIsvOUap 8 YOnIuCD MOY sBmod Dal, 29831 pue [E01 to} Jug 2M JO UEWUIO}IOd By JouNNOD MOI BHO [LTR syne) 2um] voIstusuen pur one oso Wais4e ed zepun vonerado yim jonuo> moy 19x04 40} parensuownp 81 D.idn) ath J0 aout ou, ‘wors6s fos tiny 2Mp Ur pasn fortdo> femI>e ayy Aq paretado s! pow Most samod 2440 2uL (01 Fadeus 01 12421) uone>ydde uossnsue; femioe Ue Ut pash o:m ‘nuts asind-gy # wuosoudas Afaqeanooe fapous 344 9p Jo suntonuisanaufeu a pu HoqsaAuoo au “DaaN FePOU e Ka pejfosiuo> 1 SoU a4) Jo aU ‘SsotePada aqnoeat peduiny £q parvasaidss ase yoy sauy uorssusueR yoijeded owt dium sioyes9u—8 pue-Sua12001 pue puo-Burpuas ay sapmipul palapowswasks mod nq. jetuayps unoYs j2poW aHeMmpsEG ouleigo SuLOFSROR WAI AarY 2in Jo 2oueULIO}Od STuHEUN au (ozgqeuy 3uo%ian wotsutst.) PRL paw eon aanfear Aa pal souewoyiod Meuka 278 sempacord uaopinys pur dn-es pur sofueyp apow Sunesado Buunp ssunnos Su;suanbos se jfom se “won>ov0ud 291298409 ‘1 poefas suorouny josuos yo siwesferp 9019 aU. paiweuiajdwu) aq of osfe 218 ‘Df 249 Jo s2p0u Bunezado jeuoruppe j papaeu suIpuege oxtd09 snozoKME a 70 Jued paioajase sjuo iuosoadax 91g azn14 us umoys swine % onjes pares wwieus tos yunys ayy sqUDAaIE SY T9LADAUOY sais fo sng ap a4) uno) passed Say 2% you sun Jo wonuny e Daal pur 4A simesurdw0 pauguo wm x mde4 wePy Chapter 8 m Combined Compensaton: UPFC and IPFC the steady state, This capability can be used in several different ways to meet system ments If constant power minted, the UPFC will ac: to provide the sending- and receiving-end buses are varying. In tessenee, the UPFC will dynamically decouple the two (sending- and receiving-end) buses. If preferred, the UPFC can be commanded to force an appropriately varying power level onthe line that will effectively damp the prevailing power oscillation. To demonstrate the potentisl of the UPFC under dynamic (oscillatory) condi tions the TNA system model was provided with a receiving-end (,) bus programmed to have a damped second-order phase angle response characteristic of a generator ‘The simple algorithm governing this mechanism assuraes a defined source of mechanical power to the generator supporting the V, bus and matches this ‘against the cletrcal power being delivered from the bus to the two transmission lines, Excess mechanical power causes an acceler ha resultant phase angle advance and, vice versa, insufficient mechanical power causes deceleration with phase angle retardation, In the steady state, the bus angle assumes a value in which the electrical fand mechanical powers are exactly equal. The modified system model is shown in Figure 819. To initiate & power oscillation in this simple system model, a fault was applied for a duration of several cycles through an impedance to ground at the V, bus as shown in Figure 8.9, simulating a distant fault condition. Three cases are presented in Figures 8 20 through 822 to illustrate dynamic response of the UPFC under various ‘operating modes. The ‘mechanical power request for generator V, programmed to produce a 1 power flow from V, to V,. Line impedances are such that with zero compensation (Gy, = 0), the UPFC line carcies 0: the remaining 0.25 pu real power flows through the paral n operated t0 0 pu. Feal power flow on is line, s0 that No power is transferred through the pa Notas ons ‘Swing| ange| % Ww Moses fal ap ‘Active damsing| pa Figure 819 Bick block diagram sowing he “swing bus" and cont slgrtms for Section 82 ler ms led Power Flow Co Electrical power absorbed by gonetaon Vr — Nee Ses tanner trina otage m soomsiaiv line. In each of the three eases, the UPFC achieves this different operating mode. The results of Figure &20 show the UPFC in iliect voltage injection mode where the magnitude and angle ofthe injected voltage are adjusted by the operator (or by the s3stem optimization conirol) until the desired power Row is achieved. In this cperating mode, the UPFC has no effect on the dynamie performance ofthe system due to the applied fault, appearing only as a voltage source of fixed magnitude and angle added 1o the sending-end voltage. ‘The results of Figure 821 show the UPFC in automatic power flow control mode with a constant reference. Here the UPFC holds the power flow om its line constant ing power required to synchronize the generators is cartied entirely [Note the change in swing frequency since the impedance of the ‘no longer dynamically couples the two generators ‘case, showin in Figure 8.22, the UPFC is again in automatic power { mode, but with active damping control. The oscillation damping control power flow using angle between the sending-end and receiving-end buses (didi) is sensed and fed into the real power command, Ppa, for the UPFC withthe corsect polarity and an appro: ‘sin. Clearly, it may be difficult to obtain the feedback for this algorithm in & real system, but the purpose here isto show the powerful capability of the UPFC to damp system oscillations. Howeve ables available a, or transmittable to a given location of the power system, which ‘ere found in practice to be effective inputs to other types of power low controllers (6.g,, TCSC) for power oscillation damping, would be applicable to the UPFC as we 82.7.3 Operation Under Lise Faults, The current of the compensated line flows through the series converter oi the UPFC. Depending on the impedance of the line and the location of the syst the line eurrent during faults mat ‘magnitude which would far exceed the converter rating. Under this cond‘SPUBUILOD JOUOD, ayenuos — JeyeAuoo | saves unys 26 uey> Jo aes aby [punouB ov y ose “ap meg, SS00Ka woueuoey 7A IR fa paaeaae 10S ORDA ‘3 poussre 1) a, oHD9s StH UI paxapssuoD oe 99 ost prnos Joye01g ssedkq yeoueYDa © Fue 91 20g “2aqea 2018 redoe © ifn ppamdyuooas “sprue Januoo ayy J24N'9 non) passedag 29 pow sna auy oy pe as22 v1 pHsNpal 2q PINON 2BC0A wana sun uu asojoes sioyea1g 24, adn 2 pur enrag suo Baye sae 5 2 90 po sn ax Bus ee Io ecco — | stu on aay fa sony) MOLL Omg pa m9 vone9s, a Pu" Sdn sHoWsuadwoD poviques ws Hem8 1d Compensators: UPFC and [PFC v Ww ¥ Une voltages (4) Ling currents fog? Seriestransformer terminal volages (Vy) fault is on the UPFC e-to-ground internal th has zero impedance and, as befor, tomatic power flow control mode with P= elayed until 12 cycles after fault in opening, Resulting waveforms for this ease are given in primary relieving the Section 82 ml The Unified Power Flow Controller a i$ tf ff ork Line voltages (v4) eae mua ei Line currents ine) Series transformer current (ier) Series transformer terminal voltages (vj) Figure 825 UPFC response to antral phase Ao ground au wh deayed Searing (point 5), Line conditions quickly return to normal and the UPFC is able 10 initiate reinsettion of the series transformer (point 6). During tbe reinsertion procedure the series converter forces current to the Tine current (ye), driving the cu to achieve o transientfree capati ‘mode (avlomarie power low contro!) and reference values (poi 8.2.8 Hybrid Arrangement: UPFC with a Phase Shifting Transformer PRC isin acitoular end) transmission voltage phasor. This means jon in general results in an advance or a recard of the [As shovn in Figures 8324 5. the voltage ine region around the end of theuaunduene pugiy auf ‘jd uorstur (pu>-Bupuas) Zunsex ayy or a poureygo aie S4 a8e1}00 “14 J0 afdue Ze pony 2 A =) 4 = MA = 0 Jo 28uer amu aygeuea st M4 Jo pneu a4 Daan > 4 paptaoid ywouoduios a[qeyjonuos 241 st yotus 4 luauodwoo aBeyon pur ‘0 ofBue oxy &4q afue voistusuen unstx> oy (prea 10) aoueape 01 2UUSUEN pa}rautO> pln “24 wauoduios 2803.05 ‘2 UI Mol) s8M0d 3tp YoxIUOD 01 pasn “3 ppue sauiojsuen Suydno> parzouuos-wunys aun £q papisosd aBexjos paxy aun Jo wns Teuorooe 24181 yBnostp ZoMod jo Moy oY [ONUOD o1 aUy 24 YIEM SOUS UE poIoofuL ‘evox ayn “yns91 8 sy 7 s9UDAUOD Jo Indino aseyd aU puE 1ouUO}suEN ZuydA0> [paroauuo>-sai9s aun Jo Buipuy Atepuosas oxy yi 9119 ut porsouUes s Surpurs st )9z'821n8.J 0} J3}21} » aseyd uUDpISUO-) ‘seBey}on (uy) AiewULE veyd > pue ‘gv aseyd ayn qs sxmexpenb ut aze sSuipurm Krepuooas ayy 40» pue ‘qv soseyd ayy ve pauieiqo afeyyon ayn yetp (Azewd parsauu0o-nap “@') ons 81 uonsouuoo JowlojsuRsy ayy, souuoysuEN arexed>s e Aq paysydiwoade 29 Ose yo aseyd yore os} 9x2 pS (sou9auos) Ksepuosas a4) uo BuIpuIm [BuOIYPpE UE S2p » ee 109 nous s2n0d pouty, 7B vonD9s ou au yum sous Uy z soU:DAUOD BuO 9410 ‘9 pu au 24p 0 ates us | s9}:24U0> SunaduED avo ‘siouLo}sueN Sujdno Om {im uonesndiguos 5440 fensn avh sopnpput WuawaZuesre yMasE Y!940 AL “(@)OTS Zinity ut uesBep soseyd Burpuodsexioo a yes ()oz'g auNéig ut AeoneUISYS asta ajqisod y ‘uonepzeio1 10 woursoueape Jo 2(8Ue a|gei29}98 Jo poxy Suipisoud souiopuen Sungysaseyd © apts paurqoa xf Han aa JE paysues 94 ued YTS anjndue ys. speais pue a8ues Sunezodo enboun io} siuatounbas Sunieiodo ou suvow [29104099 woo ajfue ares-Apears 204 dn posn 2q Aeus ‘arom Aq popinoud 29 Pinos yore Jonuoo ay 01 uorodoud | Sunes V AWW pasimbss 349 aus 8 34 Jo ™o fuo Jo sBuey sejnue wnusew v oy dn ‘= o— yo a8ues aapeou oq 10 "0 = 0 yo a8ues eansod ou ing "0+ = 2 osm aie Aaqh so 140 affue voisiusiEN a = ™o— yo afues aun 240 afsue ypa1109 oun ysygeiso 0} wowzouvape ajfue ase Pimom 340 aug ‘vosssusuen saMiod pauisop ‘J 'axduiexa 20g pauoyoud ave yo ayy ououape a4) Kq apstoed fenbo om sey Dad 98 “SpioM s94 0 uf “auE worSsIUsUeN BumLeAa%d (@) westep soon ‘upon pe (6) eer pany ea quan yo ames STASI @ (e) veytys-0seud UM ON | lugyenuos —Jeyleau09! sues wns | baat ue 3agn seowsuaduo; pougues w 8 260%Pay Chapter § m Combined Compensators: UPFC and IPFC /Convaliable regio, (win UPFC pus 20° | mrasesshinge Controle region o wobec. os Vie is used to provide series reactive compensation for the e pedance. “The benefits of the hybrid arrangement for certain ap Shine syste ble transmission angle Section $3 Mf The latertine Power Flow Contsller UPFC) oy ing the transmitted real power from zero to maximum ard beyond. ing the uncompensated line. With the transmission contro is reduced, buts about 235% around the steady-state value and the reactive power deinand on the receiving end can be Kept at 2et0 over this range. However, the VA rating of the UPFC is only one third ofthat required in the previous ease (ie, about 0.167 p.u. ¥8 05 pu), inificant: The real power can be cont 183 THE INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (IPFC) We have seen that the Unified Power Flow Controller is capable of in controling and support compensation by supplying the real power 3 for the cost-effective 1 independent control of ines at a given substation: {hyrsTorcomrottec oF SSSCEd) is emplannoeat “wed 9670 = *°O sqosge pus ‘or s9m0d yoos wd Ht = My suuBuEN (0 ‘amod aarioeas a pur jae ayh0 © i M4 soseyd yo ofa pure an | seuenuon | ‘ose aue “S20mT08 SBBION' Si suas on) ym sg pus-Tulpuss w 5 B41 uxaniaq aduayox> ronal Ye UWoUWoD ay “io1194uGD 96-01-99 yor Ost er 2 jamod war £q soul ta>omraq oy fomod aanees pe yeas Yio azjenb3:01 2]qss0N 1 SEW men uonses at pwe 334n sHovesuaduoy pomquoy m ¥ s2KeID“ombined Compensators UPFC and IPFC Vis Vipg Figue #31 IPEC “rine” + rom, the rccvng end As shown forthe UPEC, the rotation of Vn ver pens and 2, + Val Wee miners), ion. The op ays be considere0s porit of a pari Reactive ‘'p-a control tines compensation control line (Fe = 0eee eee a . ‘Bueyo 100 post “(ecg aunfiy ut unio ° saranuag Jo ywod Funeredo paysygersa sjsno\id ayn PP UF au] UMO SH! 01 Koy 1 apinaud 0b, | ‘seiuoudwo> aus sq yo quod roqioue we paresedo 29 Hy “ojaq danas S51 ur] UY moy ramod aanoeas uy S9909}001 UR) Vi 5) aq, ur aug onto (eee snd Jo 9} 9H 01 z souaAuo> Buryonuo> 4 jwoo 9q rents (Sfpatisodsar 7 pur ™'4 voowi2g Pue 249 uaodsiog sfsue ayy ase Mp pe Mp aroun) "i 90014 — = SA 500 4 40 My = Mg daysuony2r aqy“sps0% Sayyo uy "| s2120U.) 0} YUH 3p WOUYOD ah A Z 9UF WOH] ZOMOd je>4 papuEWAP sayy Ajdans siaspaid oy se 06 =u wonesuaduioo oBeijon., &eiu=wa|diu09 v Fuo|e parerado aq stu z 191124005 Jouianuor)Jo pueuizp somod 2 ad fue San svoresuaduien powquieg wg mou Cs0 Again, the real power demand resulting from operating point IC is the 1A and 18, requiring no change in the operating point of ‘of the two systems, it follows that the operating =r 2can be freely changed along the complementary "vokage compen- "a8 illustrated in Figure 433(c) without changing the real power flow the two converters. Tospection ofthe vector diagrams at the left-hand side of Figures 8.33(a) through (€) shows that the trajectory of phasor Vi, is always a circular are. The center of this arcis in between the ends of the sending-end and receiving-end voltage 1. As can be observed inthe figures. section ofthe (actual or extended} on fine voltage phasor Vs with the so: component of Voy th inthe line cursent £¥Not System | and System 2, subscripts 1 It follows therefore that if the trajectory of the injected voltage phasor ¥,, is made above defined ac (ie, erating ints ofthe compensating converter are restricted to this ate), then the converter provides only £6 the transmission for both 142 are omitted ftom the symbols used here.) {Qu = 0), the corresponding Q, versus P elation the right-hand side of Figures 8342) tkeoughe are in the overall Q, versus P, control atea is reases P To the left of the ive compensation, which decreases P.. From nt observation can be made that the range of capacitive the rel power compensation provided. By Section 43 m The Interline Powe ‘compensation ‘contol fine Range of Range of comp. cap. comp. Voltage compensation lines Range of Range of ind. comp. cap. comp. ‘voltage compensation active voltage compensa nentary Q, versus below the purely reactive compen } plane. As ean be observed mentary lines for the two systems are drawn ne complementary tines of the two ssems must be inthetrou omp ateinfax prnes doot pasoy> 1aqrouy “(s)sauAUod ain Jo 1mjod Suyesado amp sey M0 9 Soy sn 2 oe std ‘24 yo wetoduo 184, a9 3020} Ind (980% HU 9P nu09 doo}-pasor> aretsdoxdde ‘soy Jo 100 Ly suonspuoo Aoue#unuoe sapun Bunesado day 01 feuotuy siationugo owt 3ta Jo [0s1U09 24) S2qeul UoDy fads Si, ‘PauTEIa! ‘ aamod aqtfear pus [82 Yi0g JO 70.1002 ywopueday mmbor warsis ‘uoisis upendns ‘uon29s ‘aimonng jonueg ZEB fo puewop samod yeas aun Aq pautuuzeep iwiod oq ea1e9 =" mnbsuadon,,e Suoye zoreyd 28ty[ox peiafut 2x3 Jo wuauodtu0> fo (soul wolsnUEUeN Krepuos2s 24) Ut oysueN ToMod | mt #1) says ons ea 9 om mt Sor Taian | some — Lg wowed be6| | “apoue 003 a ue Sones. keane a "a T +0} "0 0, : 67 Zande ‘dulod "yoa| 2 sauonuon sou | seueauco souas pero oye 2003 Da Pee D.4dN ssoresuaduny pouiquioy wg 2IeuDa Chapter 8 & Combined Compensstor: UPFC and [PFC cing in phase with th the reactive power flow in the line. re compared tothe actual voltage components, Vi, and Vi, derived from the measured line current and injected voltage vectors j and By, The thus obtained error signals after approprite amplification and (Sn provide the input for the Computation ofthe magnitude, Vig, and id be the desired compensating reactance, It would also be possible to provide 1 closed regulation loop for the desired real power Fe that would yield Vi, as an | relerencs,) Reference voltage Vay is compared to voltage component Viz derived from the measured injected Potage Big, From this, and from the amplified presenting the difference between the desired and actual de bus voltage, the voltage vector 8, are derived to generate ‘The operation ofthe IPFC has been simulated with the use ofthe Electromagnetic ‘Transients Program (EMTP) simulation package. Referring to Figure 830, an elemen tary IPEC, composed of voltage-sourced Converters 1 and 2 with a common de link, provides (real and react 1651 and 2. The two-bus linet 0 pu, a receivingsend reactance of 05 p.u. The ‘converter which can inject a voltage Jine at any aagle with respect to the sendingend voltage. hand, is operated as 4 “support” converter com compensation fo Section 83 w The PFC) MS Ke oe os Resiotve mode corresponding real power 2. At $0 ms, the voltage phasor Vin ‘only real power compensation. AS a restl Py for Line 1 Converter 2is operated 50 a5 to absorts real power Py from Line 2. The sum of Pip, and Py for an idea) system mast be zero, According to the 2 voltage phasor degrees, ss shown in Figure 8.3: the transmission lie. The and Q, should, ive. The values of 5, 0.134] pujenptaipar aq Jo sBunex 20K0d pu eyo 241 Go Buypusdap “KpueaylUaS : ‘aqt Jo 5421794009 fenpustpur ax Jo suorer Tunesodo 241. (—) -gyoquanut sued ated Jo rao 39 pom IousBue3z at (,sroddoy,) soNoAwoD ap-O-9P aed “oudde eis paydnos 24 pinco aBerjor 9p uarayHp yale sopr24ve2 YPaony (2) yeq> ateappiey Aue anoto, ua snore apo eal io detnage OIE, 20} sone ear 2 Raps 0 , y b i 2 7 so of ost fy ° é ‘pour ensoy 0 ‘un epow onnoede9, + “4 | ena) bain att pu o.4gn ssoresuaduioc pouquo; wm 8 side4 omethe real and reactive power iy differ. shifting toprovide tot 8.44 GENERALIZED AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL, FACTS CONTROLLERS 1m the previous two sections of snd IPFC, with the unique capability of providing both reactive and real series compen n are discussed, The UPFC ean execute comprehensive compe provide comprehensive react would not be compat: he sum of real power 5 would also be overloaded. This potent the UPEC and [PFC concepts to realize a generalized Inter converter is added to the number Figure 8.40. With this, absorbed by the the shunt bus. This shumt converter has to be ipated for the whole system. t relatively inexpensive shunt reactive compensation substation bus, because the shunt converter would vectorial sum, ie. the square-root of the squares, of lh the other converters and the rezetive power it provides, reed to be rated real power it exch: for shunt compen: changes in compensation a 4 weakened system or under heavy bbe more important than the power flow control of a \ype of problem, ements in the increasingly der by applying converter-based Controllers is usteated in Figure 81 for a be expanded to any number of is figure shows that with the appropriate ieuit switches connecting the converter outputs to the losing and opening of Section 84 W Generalized and Mukifuctional FACTS Controllers we wt ae e+ PD} Converter n i Figure Generals Intern Power Flow Cotter hens for comprehen {he power anotson cotel tnd mage. Coupling transformers, the Ywa converters, each With 1.0 pu. VA rating, could be configured to function as: = STATCOM (1.0 pu. and 20 p.u. rating) # SSSC (1.0 p.u. and 2.0 pu. rating) '= STATCOM and SSSC (each 1.0 pat. rating) © UPFC (1.0 pu, series and 1.0 pu. shunt converter rating) * IPFC,(1.0 p.v. for each line) clectronic-based Controller ratings are defined by the produc of land maximum current the equipment handles, even if the maximum voltage and current do not occur simultaneously. The importance of multifunctional and convertible FACTS Controllers for the jation of transmission systems eannot be overstated. At the beginning of the functional use of two groups of FACTS Cont sourced converters as synch Figures 8.1 and8.2. 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