Scribd
Upload
10K views8 pages

Circle Theory

The document provides an overview of the key concepts in the topic of circles for AIEEE syllabus. It defines a circle and its standard forms of equations like general form, central form, diametral form, and parametric form. It discusses the position of points with respect to a circle and special cases of circle equations. It also covers concepts like lines tangent to a circle, normals, length of tangents, pair of tangents, and chord of contact. The document provides examples and notes for different concepts. It ends with an index for students to track important and difficult questions in different exercise levels for revision.

Uploaded by

api-278074538
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10K views8 pages

Circle Theory

The document provides an overview of the key concepts in the topic of circles for AIEEE syllabus. It defines a circle and its standard forms of equations like general form, central form, diametral form, and parametric form. It discusses the position of points with respect to a circle and special cases of circle equations. It also covers concepts like lines tangent to a circle, normals, length of tangents, pair of tangents, and chord of contact. The document provides examples and notes for different concepts. It ends with an index for students to track important and difficult questions in different exercise levels for revision.

Uploaded by

api-278074538
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

CIRCLE

AIEEE Syllabus
1.

Definition

2.

Standard form of equation of a circle

3.

Equation of circle in some special cases

4.

Position of a point with respect to a circle

5.

Line and circle

6.

Equation of tangent and normal

7.

Chord of contact

8.

Director circle

9.

Position of two circles

10. Equation of a chord whose middle point is given


11. Circle through the point of intersection
12. Common chord of two circles
13. Angle of intersection of two circles

Total No. of questions in Circle are:


Solved examples.........30
Level # 1 . 86
Level # 2 ..29
Level # 3 ..32
Level # 4 ..37
Total No. of questions....214

1. Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises (Levels # 1, 2, 3, 4) in the


same sequence or as directed by the faculty members.
2. Level #3 is not for foundation course students, it will be discussed in fresher and
target courses.

IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

CIRCLE

50

Index : Preparing your own list of Important/Difficult Questions


Instruction to fill
(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, strike off them in the
manner so that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.

EXERCISE
NO.

COLUMN :A

COLUMN :B

Questions I am unable
to solve in first attempt

Good/Important questions

Level # 1

Level # 2

Level # 3

Level # 4

Advantages
1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is
very difficult to solve all the questions at the time of revision.
2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision

IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

CIRCLE

51

KEY CONCEPTS
1. Definition
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in a
plane in such a way that its distance from a fixed
point is always constant. The fixed point is called
the centre and constant distance is called the radius
of the circle.
NOTE :
(i) If r (r > 0) is the radius of a circle, the diameter
d = 2r is the maximum distance between any
two points on the given circle

NOTE :
(i) The general equation of second degree
ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents
a circle if a = b 0 and h = 0.
(ii) Locus of a point P represent a circle if its
distance from two points A and B is not equal
i.e. PA = kPB represent a circle if k 1
(iii) General equation of a circle represents
(a) A real circle if g2 + f 2 c > 0

(ii) The length of the curve or perimeter (also called


circumference) of circle is = 2r or d

(b) A point circle if g2 + f 2 c = 0


(c) An imaginary circle if g2 + f 2 c < 0

(iii) The area of circle = r2 or

(iv) In General equation of a circle

(iv) Lines joining any two points of a circle is called


chord of circle

(a) If c = 0 The circle passes through origin


(b) If f = 0 The centre is on x axis

(v) Curved section of any two point of a circle is


called arc of circle.
(vi) Angle subtended at the centre of a circle by any
arc is given by = arc/radius.
(vii) Angle subtended at the centre of a circle by
an arc is double of angle subtended at the
circumference of a circle.

(c) If g = 0 The centre is on y axis


2.2 Central Form of Equation of a circle :
The equation of a circle having centre (h, k) and
radius r is (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

2. Standard forms of Equation of a Circle

(x, y)

(h, k)

2.1 General Equation of a Circle :


NOTE :

The general equation of a circle is


x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, Where g, f, c are
constants.

(i)

(i) Centre of a general equation of a circle is (g, f )

(ii) If r = 0 than circle is called point circle


and its equation is

i.e. (

1
1
coefficient of x, coefficient of y)
2
2

(ii) Radius of a general equation of a circle is

(x h)2 + (y k)2 = 0
2.3 Diametral Form :
If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) be the extremities of a

g2 f 2 c

IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

If the centre is origin, then the equation


of the circle is x2 + y2 = r2

diameter, then the equation of circle is

CIRCLE

52

(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) = 0

Y
h
(h,k)

2.4 Parametric Equation of a Circle :


(i) The parametric equations of a circle
x2 + y2 = r2 are x = rcos, y = rsin. Hence
parametric coordinates of any point lying on the
circle x2 + y2 = r2 are (rcos, rsin).
(ii) The parametric equations of the circle
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 are x = h + r cos ,
y = k + r sin . Hence parametric coordinates of
any point lying on the circle are
(h + r cos , k + r sin )

h
(h,k)
X

O
h
(h,k)

h
(h,k)

(x h)2+(y k)2 = h2
(iv) If the circle touches both the axis then its
equation is (Four cases)
(x r)2 + (y r)2 = r2
Y

(iii) Parametric equations of the circle


x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

(r,r)

(r,r)

x = g + cos
X

y = f + sin
(r,r)

(r,r)

3. Equation of a Circle in some special


cases
(i) If centre of circle is (h, k) and passes through
origin then its equation is (x h)2 + (y k)2
= h2 + k2

x2

y2

(v) If the circle touches x axis at origin (Two cases)


x2 + (y k)2 = k2 x2 + y2 2ky = 0
Y

2hx 2ky = 0

(ii) If the circle touches x axis then its equation is


(Four cases) (x h)2 + (y k)2 = k2

(0,k)

(0,-k)

(h,k)

(h,k)

K
(h,k)

(vi) If the circle touches y axis at origin (Two cases)

(x h)2 + y2 = h2

(h,k)

x2 + y2 2xh = 0
(iii) If the circle touches y axis then its equation is
(Four cases)

Y
(-h,0)

(h,0)

(vii) If the circle passes through origin and cut


intercept of a and b on axes, the equation of
circle is (Four cases)
IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

CIRCLE

53

x2 + y2 ax by = 0 and centre is (a/2, b/2)

p
r

p > r Line is outside the circle


p = r Line touches the circle
p < r Line is the chord of circle

4. Position of a Point with respect to a


Circle
A point (x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside a circle

p = 0 Line is diameter of circle


NOTE :

S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 according as

(i) Length of the intercept made by the circle on the

S1 x12 + y12 +2gx1 + 2fy1 + c is positive, zero or

line is = 2 r 2 p 2

negative i.e.

(ii) The length of the intercept made by line


y = mx + c with the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is

S1 > 0 Point is outside the circle.


S1 = 0 Point is on the circle.

a 2 (1 m 2 ) c 2

S1 < 0 Point is inside the circle.


4.1 The least and greatest distance of a point from a
circle :
Let S = 0 be a circle and A (x1, y1) be a point. If the
diameter of the circle which is passing through the
circle at P and Q. then

1 m2

5.1 Condition of Tangency :


A line L = 0 touches the circle S = 0, if length of
perpendicular drawn from the centre of the circle to
the line is equal to radius of the circle i.e. p = r. This
is the condition of tangency for the line L = 0
Circle x2 +y2 = a2 will touch the line y = mx + c if

Q
r
P

c = a 1 m 2

Again
(a) If a2 (1 + m2 ) c2 > 0 line will meet the circle at
real and different points.

A(x1, y1)

AP = AC r = least distance

(b) If c2 = a2 (1 + m2) line will touch the circle.

AQ = AC + r = greatest distance,
where 'r' is the radius and C is the centre of circle

5.2 Intercepts made on coordinate axes by the


circle :

5. Line and Circle


Let L = 0 be a line and S = 0 be a circle, if 'r' be the
radius of a circle and p be the length of
perpendicular from the centre of circle on the line,
then if

IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

(c) If a2 (1 + m2) c2 < 0 line will meet circle at


two imaginary points.

CIRCLE

The intercept made by the circle


x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on (i) x axis = 2 g 2 c

54

(ii) y axis = 2 f 2 c

S1
P

NOTE : Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 cuts

(x1, y1)

(i) x axis in two real, coincident or imaginary


points according as g2 >, =, < c
(ii) y axis in two real, coincident or imaginary
points according as f 2 >, = , < c

Let PQ and PR be two tangents drawn from


P(x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
Then PQ = PR is called the length of tangent drawn
from
point
P
and
is
given
by

6. Equation of Tangent & Normal


6.1 Equation of Tangent :
The equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx +
2fy + c = 0 at a point (x1, y1) is
xx1 + yy1+ g(x +x1)+ f(y+y1)+ c = 0 or T = 0
NOTE :
(i) The equation of tangent to circle x2 + y2 = a2 at
point (x1, y1) is xx1+ yy1 = a2
(ii) Slope Form: From condition of tangency for
every value of m, the line y = mx a 1 m 2 is
a tangent of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 and its point

am
a
of contact is
,

2
1 m2
1 m

PQ = QR = x12 y12 2gx1 2fy 1 c = S1 .


6.4.1 Pair of Tangents :
From a given point P(x1, y1) two tangents PQ and
PR can be drawn to the circle S =x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy
+ c = 0. Their combined equation is SS1 = T2.
Where
S = 0 is the equation of circle T = 0 is the equation
of tangent at (x1, y1) and S1 is obtained by replacing
x by x1 and y by y1 in S.
Q
P
(x1, y1)

6.2 Equation of Normal :

Normal to a curve at any point P of a curve is the


straight line passes through P and is perpendicular to
the tangent at P.
The equation of normal to the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point
(x1,y1) is
y y1 =

7. Chord of Contact
The chord joining the two points of contact of
tangents to a circle drawn from any point A is called
chord of contact of A with respect to the given
circle.

y1 f
(x x1)
x1 g

C
A

6.3 Length of Tangent :

(x1, y1)

From any point, say P(x1, y1) two tangents can be


drawn to a circle which are real, coincident or
imaginary according as P lies outside, on or inside
the circle.

B
Let the given point is A(x1, y1) and the circle is S = 0
then equation of the chord of contact is
T = xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
NOTE :

IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

CIRCLE

55

(i) It is clear from the above that the equation to the


chord of contact coincides with the equation of
the tangent, if the point (x1, y1) lies on the
circle.

Direct common tangent


T1

(ii) The length of chord of contact = 2 r 2 p 2


(iii) Area of ABC is given by

T2

C2

C1

Transverse common tangent


Case-II: When C1C2 > r1 + r2 i.e. the distance between
the centres is greater than the sum of their radii. In
this case , the two circles do not intersect with each
other and four common tangents be drawn. Two
common tangents intersects at T2 called the direct

a ( x12 y12 a 2 ) 3 / 2
x12 y12

8. Director Circle

common tangents and other two intersect at T 1


The locus of the point of intersection of two
perpendicular tangents to a circle is called the
Director circle.
Let the circle be x2 + y2 = a2, then equation
of the pair of tangents to a circle from a point (x1, y1) is (x2

called the transverse common tangents.

T1 C2

C1

T2

+ y2 a2)(x12 + y12 a2) = (xx1 + yy1 a2)2. If this


represents a pair of perpendicular lines then
coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
Case-III: When (r1 r2) < C1C2 < r1 + r2 i.e. the distance

i.e.(x12 + y12 a2 x12) + (x12 + y12 a2 y12 ) = 0

between the centre is less than the sum of their radii.


In this case, the two direct common tangents are real
while the transverse tangents are imaginary.

x12 + y12 = 2a2


Hence the equation of director circle is x2 + y2 = 2a2
Obviously director circle is a concentric circle
whose radius is times the radius of the given circle.

9. Position of Two Circles

C1

T2

C2

Let C1 (h1, k1) and C2 (h2, k2) be the centre of two


circle and r1, r2 be their radius then
Case-I: When C1C2 = r1 + r2 i.e. the distance between
the centres is equal to the sum of their radii. In this
case, two direct tangents are real and distinct while
the transverse tangents are coincident. The point T1

Case-IV: When C1C2 = | r1 r2 | i.e. the distance


between the centre is equal to the difference of their
radii. In this case, two tangents are real and
coincident while the other two are imaginary.

divides c1 and c2 in the ratio of r1 : r2.

IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

CIRCLE

56

12. Common Chord of two Circles

C1

The line joining the points of intersection of two


circles is called the common chord. If the equation
of two circle.

C2

S1 = x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 and


Case-V: When C1C2 < |r1 r2| i.e. the distance between
centre is less than the difference of their radii. In this
case, all the four common tangents are imaginary.

S2 = x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0, then equation of


common chord is S1 S2 = 0
2x(g1 g2) + 2y(f1 f2) + c1 c2 = 0

13. Angle of Intersection of two Circles

C1

The angle of intersection between two circles


S = 0 and S' = 0 is defined as the angle between their
tangents at their point of intersection.

C2

10. Equation of a chord whose middle


point is given
The equation of the chord of the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 whose middle point P(x1, y1) is given is
Slope of line OP =

y1
x
; slope of AB = 1
x1
y1

S = 0

If S x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
S' x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0

O
P(x1,
y1)

S=0

are two circles with radii r1, r2 and d be the distance


between their centres then the angle of intersection
between them is given by

So equation of chord is (y y1) =

x1
(x x1)
y1

cos =

or xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12.


Which can be represent by T = S1

or cos =

11. Circle through the Point of intersection

r12 r22 d 2
2r1r2

2(g1g 2 f1f 2 ) (c1 c 2 )


2 g12 f12 c1 g 22 f 22 c 2

13.1 Condition of Orthogonality :


(i) The equation of the circle passing through the
points of intersection of the circle S = 0 and line
L = 0 is S + L = 0.
(ii) The equation of the circle passing through the
points of intersection of the two circle S = 0 and
S = 0 is S + S = 0. Where ( 1)

If the angle of intersection of the two circle is a right


angle ( = 90) then such circle are called Orthogonal
circle and conditions for their orthogonality is
2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2

In the above both cases can be find out


according to the given problem.

IIT-JEE PREPRETION MATHE

CIRCLE

57

You might also like