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Unit 7 Aphug Abrig

Urban areas develop for religious, cultural, political, military, and economic reasons. Cities grow through rural settlements clustering together. Rural settlements are either clustered or dispersed. Suburbs offer an escape from problems in cities while providing economic opportunities. As countries develop, higher percentages of people move to urban areas from rural areas for jobs in industry and services. While more people in developed countries live in urban areas, larger cities are more common in developing countries. Models like the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models describe patterns of urban growth and land use. Gentrification and sprawl impact urban development.

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616 views

Unit 7 Aphug Abrig

Urban areas develop for religious, cultural, political, military, and economic reasons. Cities grow through rural settlements clustering together. Rural settlements are either clustered or dispersed. Suburbs offer an escape from problems in cities while providing economic opportunities. As countries develop, higher percentages of people move to urban areas from rural areas for jobs in industry and services. While more people in developed countries live in urban areas, larger cities are more common in developing countries. Models like the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models describe patterns of urban growth and land use. Gentrification and sprawl impact urban development.

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Urban Geo: How do Cities develop?

ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS
Settlement
permanent collections
of buildings, where
people live, work,
and obtain services

Religious - graves, churches, temples


Cultural - schools, libraries, museums
Political/Military - leaders house, walls
Economic - stores, food, trading

TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS
Rural - agriculture as the predominant occupation.
Urban - principal industries are secondary & tertiary.
1

RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Clustered: grouped settlements in
rural areas to minimize travel

Dispersed- isolated farms with


enclosed continuous fields lots
(Found in N. America & Britain)

Where is this place?

SUBURBS...THE BURBS
suburbs often look very much
alike...____________. Suburbs
offer the chance to avoid some of
the city problems (crime, tight
living area, expensive land/rent,
noise, age of buildings)
2

-> A large percentage of people living in urban areas is


a measure of a countrys mature level of
development.
Agricultural - Industrial
The higher percentage of people in urban areas comes from the changes that have occurred in the
last 200 years as we went from agriculture (primary jobs) to industrial (secondary jobs) and now
service jobs, all created by the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s.
Rural - Urban - Suburban
People moved to the cities for industrial jobs, but in MDCs this process has SLOWED DOWN.
(Counter-Urbanization)
In LDCs the percentage of people living in urban areas is GROWING as people are pushed off of
their rural land/farms as people move to cities looking/hoping for industrial jobs.

Urbanization: process of city population growth


In the early 1800s only 3% of the earths people lived in cities. Only Beijing China had more
than 1 million people. Today over 50% of the world live cities. We have over 400 cities of at
least 1 million people.

MDCs have a high percentage of people living in urban areas because of the shift from
4
agriculture-manufacturing-services. In MDCs about of the people live
in urban areas
compared to the about 2/5 of people in LDCs.BUT.

MDCs=More Cities
LDCs= BIGGER Cities

Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.

MDCs have a higher percentage of people living in urban settlements but LDCs have more of the
very large urban settlements...Primate cities!
5
Typically large cities are created from the improvements brought by the Industrial
Revolution. This is
not the case with the large LDC cities. Migration to the primate city in LDCs takes place due to..?

The most populated cities in the world

Of the top
20, only
Moscow,
Tokyo and
New York
are in MDCs

Physical Boundaries of Urban Settlements:


In ancient time cities had defensive walls for protection which clearly defined the physical
boundaries of the city.
1. Legal boundary. These city limits are physically marked on official maps.
2. Urbanized area. This is the city plus its suburbs or urbanized area that surrounds the city.
3. Metropolitan Statistical Area. Cities have a even bigger influence on people than just those living
in their city limits and surrounding urbanized areas. Thus the city has a functional area which is its
total sphere/zone of influence aka the Metropolitan statistical area (MSA).

Overlapping Metropolitan Areas: Some adjacent MSAs overlap. In some areas the
cities are so close that they form one continuous urban complex. This is known as
a Megalopolis (great city).

Metropolitan Area of Philadelphia

City of
Philadelphia

Urbanized area
(suburbs)
MSA

nia
a
lv

s
nn

Pe

rse

Je

Ne

The metropolitan area of Philadelphia is


spread over several counties and four states.
It is also a diversified trade center, given its
position on the Delaware river.

San Francisco Californias Ethnic neighborhoods


The small bordered areas are census tracts of 5000 people.

10

Megalopolis, from northern Va. To Maine.


This Illustrates the
difference between
strict city proper
definitions and broader
urban agglomerations
and corridors.
To define urbanized
areas, the U.S. Census
Bureau uses the term
Metropolitan Statistical
Area (MSA) or
Consolidated MSA
(CMSA) if two or more of
them overlap.
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12

Harris and Ullman - Multiple Nuclei Model

13

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

In the concentric zone model, a city


grows in a series of rings surrounding
the CBD.
14

Hoyt Sector Model

In this model the city develops in a series of sectors. As


the city grows, activities extend outward in a wedge shape.
15

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei model

The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers,


around which different people and activities cluster. This model shows the
effect of the automobile more than any other model.
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Further Information on Urban Development Abroad

As in the US Sector (Hoyt) model, wealthier people in European cities cluster and
unlike the US, wealthy and middle class Europeans still live in the inner rings of the
neighborhoods near the CBD NOT out in the suburbs.
Today poorer Europeans are less likely to live in the inner-city and tend to live in the
outskirts of the city. European cities generally do not have the suburban sprawl
that US cities have.
Less Developed Countries: Most LDCs accommodate their poor toward the outer
edge of cities with their middle class and rich living near the center of the city.

17

Pre-colonial Cities: Before the Europeans arrived few cities existed in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and most
people lived in small rural settlements. Those cities that existed were mostly laid out surrounding a religious
center, with the rest of the city laid out in a hieratical concentric pattern ( like the Burgess model).
Colonial cities: Europeans took over lands built European style cities next or over the existing native one.
Wider streets, a public square, larger houses
The Spanish used the Law of the Indies Grid pattern for streets centered on a church and central plaza,
walls around individual houses

18

Part of downtown Mexico city today still shows the


building plan of the Law of the Indies.

19

Latin American City Model:


In many Latin
American cities,
the wealthy live in
the inner city and
in a sector
extending along a
commercial spine.

Zone of maturity-2nd best


housing in the city.
The poor live in squatter settlements on the
periphery of the city.

Disamenity- unpleasant area


used by the poor to get to the
market.

20

Squatter Settlements
Cities since Independence (Latin Amer. - Late 18th - 19th Century // Africa - 1950-60s) have
become the focal point of the development of most LDCs. Millions of people have migrated to
booming cities (Primate cities) looking for jobs and services.
Some capitals have been moved to isolated areas in an attempt to help develop that area of the
country (Braslia) This is know as a forward capital or growth pole.
Squatter settlements: The LDCs are unable to house the rapidly growing number of poor who are
flowing into the cities. Because of the housing shortages, the poor have constructed their own
settlements around the city. These settlements have few services.
EX. 85 % of the population of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia lives in squatter settlements, slums, favelas
or other illegal housing.
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Inadequate Infrastructure

Rio de Janeiro
The rich tourist areas and expensive
condo apartments are along the coast
and beach while the poor live in
squatter shacks in the hills.

Overpopulation/Social Stratification

22

gentrification
Public housing: Housing for the poor, built with
government funding as part of urban renewal.
In the US this is only about 2% of the housing
while in some countries it may be more (Britain
is 30%). Problems arise from cramming large
numbers of poor people into one area.
An alternative often used since the 70s is to
renovate a building instead of urban renewal.
The process where middle -class people move
into inner city neighborhoods and renovate
them is called gentrification. Gentrified innercity neighborhoods also attract middle-class
people who work downtown. Living close to
work saves the hassle of commuting and
rejuvenates run down inner-city neighborhoods
23

Gentrified building downtown Harlem, NY. Note the


supermarket.

24

Changes in Cities in the U.S.


Urban Sprawl is the progressive spread
of development over the outlining HINTERLAND of
Urban areas.The cost of this growth is more that the
loss of land, it is also the cost of new roads, utilities,
building stores and offices and the cost of
automobiles to move these people over even longer
distances. Lots of these new developments are built
on what was once farmland. Wonderful productive
soil now under concrete.

Developed Countries: suburbanization

wealthy move to suburbs


automobiles and roads
American Dream home in the burbs
better services

Greenbelts: are areas where, by law, the open


space can not be used for any construction. This is
mostly found in Europe.

25

The Edge cities (bedroom communities) of Houston


Known as bedroom
communities because
people live there but
mostly dont work
there. They drive into
the city for work.

U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs:
suburbanization and counter urbanization

26

Bid-Rent
Curve

27

28

29

Megacities, World Cities, & Primate Cities

30

31

32

Key topic/chapter 13Urban Patterns


Key terms:
Annexation
Concentric zone model
Density gradient
Edge cities
Filtering
Gentrification
Greenbelts
Megalopolis
MSA
Multiple nuclei model
Peripheral model

Public housing
Redlining
Renovated housing
Scattered site
Squatter settlement
Sector model
Smart growth
Sprawl
Underclass
Urban renewal
Zone in transition
Zoning
33

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