@ THE 4 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ‘The major structures of the cardiovascular system, the heart and blood vessels, play a vital role in human physiology. The major function of the cardiovascular system is transportation, Using blood as the transport vehicle, the system carries nutrients, gases, wastes, antibodies, electrolytes, and many other sub- stances to and from body cells. Its propulsive force is the contracting heart. ‘The anatomy and location of the heart and blood vessels and the important understandings of cardiovascular physiology (for example, cardiac cycle, ECG, and regulation of blood pressure) are the major topics of this chapter, THE HEART Anatomy of the Heart 1. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks | Ow 1. The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the | ” -)_, ts apex rests on the @)_, and its base is at the level j ‘ AGI. 2, of the _(3)_ rib. The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the _(4)_. The coronary sinus empties | Seramd 3. into the _G)_. Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the {6)_are receiving chambers, whereas the _C)_ are discharging chambers. The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the _(@_. The outermost layer of the heart is called the _()_. The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease GO) during heart activity The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a special- ized type of muscle tissue called (1) _ frickin _10, Candine husrbys 205 ri206 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 2. The heart is called a double pump because it serves two circulations. ‘Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. Then, color regions transporting Oz-poor blood blue and regions transporting Op-rich blood sed on Figure 11-1. Finally, identify the various regions of the circulation shown in Figure 11-1 by labeling them using the key choices. From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the _(@) through the _@)__valve to the pulmonary trunk to the fight and left _(3)_, to the capillary beds of the _@_, to the _G)_, to the _©_ of the heart through the _(@) valve, to the (®)_ through the _(@)_ semilunar valve, to the -G0)_, to the systemic arteries, to the G1)_ of the body tissues, to the systemic veins, to the G2) and _@3)_, which enter the right atrium of the heart. Figure 11-1 Key Choices A. Vessels serving head and upper limbs B. Vessels serving body trunk and lower limbs C. Vessels serving the viscera D. Pulmonary circulation E. Pulmonary “pump” F. Systemic “pump”Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 207 3. Figure 11-2 is an anterior view of the heart. Identify each numbered structure and write its name in the corresponding numbered answer blank. Then, select different colors for each structure provided with a color-coding circle, and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures on the ‘@ (esion)* Figure 11-3 15 a schematic drawing of the microscopic structure of cardiac muscle. Using different colors, color the coding circles of the structures listed below and the corresponding structures on the figure. O Nuclei (with nucleoli) O Muscle fibers O intercalated dises O Striations 5. The events of one complete heartbeat are referred to as the cardiac cycle Complete the following statements that describe these events, Insert your answers in the answer blanks, —Systole 1. the comracion ofthe venictes is referred to a8) and The the period of ventricular relaxation is called _@)_ monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac Diastsl 2 cycle are _(3)_. The first heart sound is a result of closure of Kol. Du 3. the G@)_ valves; the second heart sound is caused by closure of the _G)__valves. The heart chambers that have just been Arctfisvensriclluy s, fre ae you hear the first heart sound are the _@) . and the chambers that have just emptied are the (7) Immedi. Semi luimay~ 5, ty aero eaenave us sound, the @) “are filing with blood, and the _(®)_ are empty. Abnormal heart sounds, or Ni 5 6 GO)’ usually indicate valve problems Abin, 5, tperderdlen Atria Nw nws 10SSS SST Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 209 6. Figure 11-4 is a diagram of the frontal section of the heart. Follow the instructions below to complete this exercise. First, draw arrows to indicate the direction of blood flow through the heart | Draw the pathway of the oxygen-rich blood with red arrows, and trace the pathway of oxygen-poor blood with blue arrows. Second, identify each of the elements of the intrinsic conduction system. (numbers 1-5 on the figure) by inserting the appropriate terms in the blanks left of the figure. Then, indicate with geeen arrows the pathway that impulses take through this system. (1-S Third, correctly identify each of the heart valves (numbers 6-9 on the figure) by inserting the appropriate terms in the blanks left of the figure, and draw in and identify by name the cordlike structures that anchor the flaps of the atrioventricular (AV) valves, Fourth, use the numbers from the figure to identify the structures described below. Place the numbers in the lettered answer blanks. zt B, Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed lo a. 5 4b. Prevent backflow into the atria when the venticles are contacting oa AV valve with three flaps AY valve with two flaps a ‘The pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system z H. The point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is temporarily delayed Figure 11-4 Superior 4, vena cava Wall of eft ventricle (artis dado ad 7, Tie id Valse, 9, von cavaah210 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook [" Physiology of the Heart 7. Match the terms provided in Column B with the statements given in Column A. Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks, Column A Column B - 1. A recording of the electrical activity of |—_A, Angina pectoris the heart F B, Bradycardia 2. The period when the atria are depolar- izing C. Blectrocardiogram H- ___. 3. The period when the ventricles are D. Fibrillation repolarizing 6 E, Heart block 4. The period during which the ventricles are depolarizing, which precedes their FP wave contraction B G. QRS wave 5. An abnormally slow heartbeat, that is, slower than 60 beats per minute H. T wave « D _— 6. A condition in which the heart is 1. Tachycardia uncoordinated and useless as a pump le 7, An abnormally rapid heartbeat, that is, faster than 100 beats per minute Es pungent, ty pattially releasing the ventricles from i the control of the sinoatrial (SA) node 9. Chest pain, resulting from ischemia of the myocardium, 8. A portion of an electrocardiogram is shown in Figure 11-5. On the figure identify the QRS complex, the P wave, and the T wave. Then, using a red pencil, bracket a portion of the recording equivalent to the length of one car- diac cycle. Using a blue pencil, bracket a portion of the recording in which the ventricles would be in diastole. aot taaddes\ deasble g bs Figure 11-5Chapter 11. The Cardiovascular System 211 9. Complete the following statements relating to cardiac output by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks. Coscbiac Ouckouk- 1. In the relationship CO = HR x SV, CO stands for GQ), HR stands for _@)__, and SV stands for _G)_. For the normal toay+Pabe 2, resting heart, the value of HR is _(4)_, and the value of SV is _)_- The normal average adult cardiac output, therefore, is Srake U Qu 5, “G™ The time for ihe entire blood supply to pass through the body is once each CD. 0 According to Starling’s law of the heart, the critical factor that nl 5. determines force of heartbeat, or _(8)_, is the degree of 7 )_ of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts, Conse~ aos tae 6 quently, the force of heartbeat can be increased by increasing the amount of 0) _ returned to the heart Net adveld al 10, Check (V) all factors that lead to an increase in cardiac output by influencing either heart rate or stroke volume. x 1, Epinephrine 6 Activation of the sympathetic nervous system iw 2. Thyroxine _ 7. Activation of the vagus nerves IK 8. Low blood pressure = High blood pressure 10. Fever 3. Hemorthage A 6 pes & 5, Exercise 1, For each of the following statements that is true, write Tin the answer blank, For any false statements, correct the underlined term by writing the correct term in the answer blank. F Ee 1. The resting heart rate is fastest in adult life. € 2. Because the heart of the highly trained athlete hypertrophies, its stroke volume decreases. rid 3. If the right side of the heart fails, pulmonary congestion occurs 4, In peripheral congestion, the feet, ankles, and fingers swell 5. The pumping action of the healthy heart ordinarily maintains a balance between cardiac output and yenous return.212 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 1 12. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. Pulmonary trunk Vena cava Right side of heart ft side of heart 2. QRS wave Electrical activity of the ventricles 3. AV valves closed Ventricular systole Semilunar valves open 4, Papillary muscles Tricuspid valve Chordae tendineae & Topi | valve> Mitral valve Bicuspid valve Left AV valve 6. Ischemia Infarct Scar tissue repair BLOOD VESSELS Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels 13. Complete the following statements concerning blood vessels. K a_i 1, The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the _()_, Reduc- i tion of the diameter of this cavity is called _@) | and enlarge- Vasocaalicksn ment of the vessel diameter is called _G)_. Blood is carried to L of the heart by @_ and away from the heart by _()_. Capillary Undebabbarn 3. beds are supplied by and drained by _@) Vena s Qrtterislo , Ackirres 5, Wonder 14, Briefly explain in the space provided the need for valves in veins but not in arteries. GH PE. oteur.tn theeo l that aid venous return, Place 4 in occurring your responses in the blanks that follow. iL nasa Lately (ep per) 16, First, select different colors for each of the three blood vessel tunics listed in the key choices and illustrated in Figure 11-6 on p. 213. Color the color-coding Circles and the corresponding structures in the three diagrams, In the blanks beneath the illustrations correctly identify each vessel type. In the additional spaces provided, list the structural details that allowed you to make the identifi cations. Then, using the key choices, identify the blood yessel tunics described in each of the following descriptions, Insert the term or letter of the key choice in the answer blanks.Chapter 11. The Cardiovascular System 213 Key Choices A. © Tunica intima B. © Tunica media €. OQ Tunica extema Single thin layer of endothelium RR Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow 4. The only tunic of capillaries Also called the adventitia t ‘The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation G 7. Supporting, protective coat oD Zr Sy se = = Ss ie ig A Gross Anatomy of Blood vest Le 17, Figures 1-7 and 11-8 on pp. 214 and 215 illustrate the location of the most important arteries and veins of the body. The veins are shown in Figure 11-7. Color the veins blue and then identify each vein provided with a leader line on the figure. The arteries are shown in Figure 11-8, Color them red and thenDy atone Byrachiciede saint AS iS SS vie Praia . LN edie trunk. &) [\ ene ee M\ a Fay meaorler Vr neti18. Using the key choices, identify the veins described as follows. Place the Correct term or letter response in the answer blanks Key Choices ‘A: Anterior tibial G. Common iliac. —-M. Hepatic portal 8, Radial B. Azygos H. Femoral N. Inferior mesenteric T, Renal ©. Basilic 1. Gastric O. Inferior vena cava__U, Subelavian D. Brachiocephalic J. Gonadal P. Internal iliac V. Superior mesenteric E, Cardiac K. Great saphenous Q. Internal jugular W. Superior vena cava F. Cephalic L. Hepatic R. Posterior tibial X. Ulnar —__ 5 2. Deep veins, draining the forearm _ CX 5, vein tat receives blood from the arm via the axillary vein e& ca = _E eins that drain venous blood from the myocardium of the heart into the coronary sinus 4 pana IN 5. Vein that drains the kidney in Q 6. Vein that drains the dural sinuses of the brain Dp 7 “ae that join to become the superior vena cava 9. Veins that drain the leg and foot _™M 10. Lange vein that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive ~ "organs to the liver for Processing _ ——11. Superficial vein that drains the lateral aspect of the arm Tein anne ne oes on ees 14, Largest vein below the thorax a 15, Vein that drains the liver Ew 0 » r Three veins that form/empty into the hepatic portal vein —_K —19. Longest superficial vein of the body; found in the leg ie 6 — 20. Vein that is formed by the union of the external and inte:nal ilfac veins - _ w# 21. Deep vein of the thighter 11 The Cardiovascular System 217, 19. Figure 11-9 shows the pulmonary circuit. Identify all vessels that have i leader lines. Color the vessels (and heart chambers) transporting oxygen- rich blood red; color those transporting carbon dioxide-rich blood blue. Kh kpesa Right Left ventricle ventricle Figure 11-9 20, Using the key choices, identify the special circulations described below. Key Choices A. Cerebral . Hepatic E, Skeletal muscle B. Coronary D. Pulmonary F Skin & 1. Blood flow increases markedly when the body temperature rises ) 2, Arteries characteristically have thin walls and large lumens | f 3. Vessels do not constrict but are compressed during systole 4, Receives constant blood flow whether the body is at rest or strenuously exercising h 5. Much lower arterial pressure than that in systemic circulation 6. Impermeable tight junctions in capillary endothelium | 7. During vigorous physical activity, receives up to two-thirds of blood flow ijl21. The abdominal vasculature is depicted in Figure 11-10. Using the key choices, identify the following vessels by selecting the correct letters Color the diagram as you wish. Key Choices A. Aorta F. Inferior mesenteric artery _K. Renal arteries B. Celiac trunk G. Inferior vena cava L. Renal veins © Common iliac arteries. Lumbar arteries M, Left gonadal vein D. Gonadal arteries 1. External iliac antery N, Right gonadal vein E, Hepatic veins J. Superior mesenteric artery ©. Internal iliac artery Diaphragm Esophagus Figure 11-10chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 219 22. Figure 11-11 is a diagram of the hepatic portal circulation. Select different colors for the structures listed below and use them to color the color-coding circles and coresponcling structures on the illustration. O Inferior mesenteric vein O Splenic vein © Hepatic portal vein CO superior mesenteric vein. ©) Gastte vein Gallbladder Hepatic Small intestine ‘Ascending colon Descending colon Rectum Figure 11-11220 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 23. Using the key choices, identify the arteries described as follows. Place the correct term or letter response in the spaces provided. Key Choices A. Anterior tibial. Coronary ©. Intercostals V. Renal B. Aonta I. Deep artery of thigh P. Internal carotid W. Subclavian ©. Brachial J. Dorsalis pedis Q Internal iliac —_X. Superior mesenteric D. Brachiocephalic K. External carotid R, Peroneal Y. Vertebral B, Celiac trunk L. Femoral S. Phrenic Z. Ulnar F. Common carotid —_M. Hepatic T. Posterior tibial G. Common iliac. Inferior mesenteric __U. Radial oa 1 WwW 2. Two arteries formed by the division A 3 f 4 6 a 7. = 8 Ss D c 10. f IL. — —— — 2 os 6 22. 3. 4 16. 17, of the brachiocephalic trunk First artery that branches off the ascending aorta; serves the heart Y 5, Two paired arteries, serving the brain Largest artery of the body Arterial network on the dorsum of the foot Artery that serves the posterior thigh Artery that supplies the diaphragm Artery that splits to form the radial and ulnar arteries Amery generally auscultated to determine blood pressure in the arm Artery that supplies the last half of the large intestine Artery that serves the pelvis External iliac becomes this artery on entering the thigh Major artery serving the arm Autery that supplies most of the small intestine ‘The terminal branches of the dorsal, or descending, aorta Arterial trunk that has three major branches, which serve the liver, spleen, and stomach sues external to the skull Major artery, serving theChapter 11.‘The Cardiovascular System 221 LL 20. Az 2 22. Three arteries, serving the leg inferior to the knee 23, Artery generally used to feel the pulse at the wrist 24, Damage to the left semilunar valve would interfere with blood flow into this vessel 24, Figure 11-12 illustrates the arterial circulation of the brain. Select different colors for the following structures and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures in the diagram O Basitar anery © communicating branches CO Anterior cerebral arteries O Middle cerebral arteries © Posterior cerebral arteries Frontal lobe of cerebral hemisphere fe, ater Pituitary gland Internal 5 carotid artery Poshrier Corchiel arbres | Pons Vertebral artery Cerebellum Figure 11-12222 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 25. Figure 11-13 illustrates the special fetal structures listed below. Select different colors for each and use them to color coding circles and corresponding struc- tures in the diagram, © Foramen ovale © Ducts aneriosus ©) Ductus venosus © umbitical arteries ©) umbilical cord © umbiticat vein Figure 11-13 Superior vena cava udev Inferior inte vena Hepatic =~ «ef bean ora vw itac ost : n artery Wis wire Internal iiae artery Fetal bladderChapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 223 26. Bight structures unique to the special circulations of the body ate described here. Identify each, using the key choices, Place the correct terms or letters in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Anterior cerebral artery BE. Ductus venosus H, Posterior cerebral artery B. Basilar artery F. Foramen ovale 1. Umbilical artery C. Circle of willis G. Middle cerebral artery J. Umbilical vein D. Ductus arteriosus C1, am anastomosis tat allows communication between the posterior and anterior blood supplies of the brain x 2. The vessel carrying oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the > _ fetus from the placenta ce 3, The shunt that allows most fetal blood to bypass the liver fag 4, Two pairs of arteries, arising from the internal carotid artery 5. The posterior cerebral arteries, serving the brain, arise from here 6. Fetal shunt between the aorta and pulmonary trunk that allows the lungs to be bypassed by the blood & 7. Opening in the interatrial septum that shunts fetal blood from the right to the left atrium, thus bypassing the fetal lungs 27. Briefly explain in the space provided why the lungs are largely bypassed by the circulating blood in the fetus. Physiology of Circulation 28. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. 1. High pressure Vein ‘artery |) Spurting blood ee 3. Increased venous Respiratory pump Ga dilation) Milking action of return ~ skeletal muscles Ky 4, High blood pressure Hemorrhage Weak pulse Low cardiac output 5. Resistance Friction ‘Vasodilation Vasoconstriction224 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 29. The following section relates to understandings concerning blood pressure and pulse, Match the items given in Column B with the appropriate descrip- tions provided in Column A. Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks. Column A Column B 1. Expansion and recoil of an artery Over arteries during heart activity 2. Pressure exerted by the blood against Cardiac output the ee vessel walls 4, Factors Constriction of arterioles A B. Blood pressure G3 D. related to blood pressure p i Diastolic blood . Event primarily responsible for pressiite peripheral resistance F. Peripheral resistance Blood pressure during heart contraction G. Pressure points . Blood pressure during heart H, Pulse relaxation 1. Sounds of Korotkof? . Site where blood pressure deter- minations are normally made J. Systolic blood pressure . Points at the body surface where K. Ove?veins the pulse may be felt Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed 30. Complete the following statements about capillary functions by placing an- swers from the key in the answer blanks. Use terms or letters from the key. Key Choices A. Blood E, Fat soluble H, Osmotic pressure B. Capillary clefts F. Hydrostatic pressure 1. Vesicles ©. Diffusion G. Interstitial uid J. Water soluble D. Fenestrations All exchanges to and from the blood and tissue cells occur through the _()_. Generally speaking, substances tend to move according to their concentration gradients by the pro- cess of _@)_. Substances that are _(3)__ pass directly through the plasma membranes of the capillary endothelial cells; otherChapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 225, bs substances pass by means of or via_@_, _@)_, or _@ . ? ‘The most permeable capillaries are those exhibiting _)_ 5. Capillaries that have _(8)__ and _(9) _ tend to be leaky, and | forces acting at capillary beds cause fluid flows. — Of. ps 31. Indicate what effect the following factors have on blood pressure. Cae, SL) an increase in pressure by Jand a decrease in pressure by D. Place correct letter response in the answer blanks. . Increased blood viscosity je 9. Physical training ft 3. eek output 10. Alcohol yD 3 £ LD. attra ee wt 5, Anxiety, fear BOC procure 6. Increased urine out 7. Sudden change in position, from . reclining to standing E12. Nicotine 13. Arteriosclerosis 32. For each of the following statements that is true, insert Tin the answer blank. If any of the statements are false, correct the underlined term by inserting the correct word in the answer blank, Renin, released by the kidneys, causes a decrease in blood pressure. . The decreasing efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system vasoconstrictor functioning, due to aging, leads to a type of hypotension called sympathetic hypotension. ‘Two body organs in which vasoconstriction rarely occurs are the heart and the kidneys. ‘A sphygmomanometer is used to take the apical pulse. ‘The pulmonary circulation is a high-pressure circulation. ‘The fetal equivalent of (functional) lungs and liver is the placenta. Cold has a vasodilating effect. ‘Thrombophlebitis is called the silent killer.226 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring, Workbook ‘33.Figuit 11-14 is a diagram of a capillary bed. Arrows indicate the direction of blood flow. Select five different colors and color the coding circles and their structures on the figure. Then answer the questions that follow by referring to Figure 11-14. Notice that questions 1-9 concern fluid flows at capillary beds and the forces (hydrostatic and osmotic pressures) that promote such fluid shifts. O Arteriole O Vascular shunt © Postcapillary venule CO Precapillary sphincters O True capillaries bids Figure 11-14 M Shunt 1. If the precapillary sphincters are contracted, by which route will the blood flow? 2. Under normal conditions, in which area does hydrostatic pressure predominate: A, B, or C? A 3. Which area has the highest osmotic pressure? _ (a. pillar bood _ 4, Which pressure is in excess and causes fluids to move from A to C? (Be specific as to whether the force exists in the capillary or the interstitial space.) 5. Which pressure causes fluid to move from A to B?Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 227 2 % 6. Which pressure causes fluid to move from C to B? Lagielleg Colberd, cspuste: jun € 7. Which blood protein is most responsible for osmotic pressure? Biba 8. Where does the greater net flow of water out of the capillary occur? hth apache ancl 9. If fluid does not return to the capillary, where does it go? led. 4, Liynphebec vescale for wih 34, Respond to the following exercise by placing brief answers in the spaces provided. Assume someone has been injured in an automobile accident and is bleeding profusely. What pressure point could you compress to help stop the bleeding from the following areas? ieee ‘Thigh 4. Lower jaw Biashial ater) » Forearm Babal ante. 5. Thumb tibolone 3 Calf Tomputel arth 6. tempe DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 35. Complete the following statements by inserting your responses in the answer blanks. ‘The cardiovascular system forms early, and the heart is acting as a functional pump by the _Q)_ week of development. The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale allow the blood to bypass the nonfunctioning fetal _@)_. Another fetal structure, the __G)_, allows most of the blood to bypass the liver. The fetus is supplied with oxygen and nutrients via the _@®_, which carries blood from the _)_ to the (&_.. Metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide are removed from the fetus in blood carried by the __@)_.. These special =, bypass structures that exist to bypass the fetal lungs and liver fale!) err "6 become __(8)_ shortly after birth. Congenital heart defects L Gome resulting from the failure of the bypass structures to ‘ i Ags close) account for half of all infant _(9)__ resulting from 0 I ( congenital defects 8. be __@0)_ is a degenerative process that begins in youth _4 9. but may take its toll in later life by promoting a myocardial Oa epeleros$ ant — infarct or stroke. Generally women have less of this degener- 36 10. ative process than men until after _G1)_, when estrogen production ends.1" i | 228 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Oke DOKGPFGeegtar 02 increases the efficiency of the cardiovascular system and helps to slow the progress of G3). A vascular CHacasclor 25tS 13. problem that affects many in “standing professions” is (4) In this condition, the valves become incompetent, and the Usrirase Yona 14. veins become twisted and enlarged, particularly in the _5)_ Coot wns 0 Ret is Ayo INCREDIBLE JOURNEY A Visualization Exercise for the Cardiovascular System All about you are buge white cords, hanging imply from two flaps of endothelial tissue... 36. Where necessary, complete the statements by inserting the missing word(s) in the answer blanks. 1. Your journey starts in the pulmonary vein and includes a trip to part of the systemic circulation and a special circulation. 2. You ready your equipment and prepare to be miniaturized and injected into your host. Almost immediately after injection, you find yourself swept _ 4, into a good-sized chamber, the G)_, However, you do not stop in this chamber but continue to plunge downward into a __5. larger chamber below. You land with a big splash and exam- ine your surroundings. All about you are huge white cords, 6. hanging limply from two flaps of endothelial tissue far above you. You teport that you are sitting in the _@)__ chamber of 7. the heart, seeing the flaps of the _@)_ valve above you. The valve is open, and its anchoring cords, the _@_, are lax. Because this valve is open, you conclude that the heart is in the _)_ phase of the cardiac cycle. Gradually you notice that the chamber walls seem to be closing in. You hear a thundering boom, and the whole chamber vibrates as the valve slams shut above you. The cords, now rigid and strained, form a cage about you, and you feel extreme external pressure. Obviously, the heart is in a full-fledged _@_. Then, high above on the right, the “roof opens, and you are forced through this__ valve. A fraction of a second later, you hear another tremendous boom that sends shock waves through the whole area. Out of the comer of your eye, you see that the valve below you is closed, and it looks rather like a pie cut into three wedges.