i t | } t \ 200 Chapter 11 Problem Solutions 1.1 If V2 = 50208, V{2) = 20,908 and Vi = 102180 V, determine analytically the voltages to neutral Van, Vin and Ven, and also show graphically the sum of the given symmetrical components which determine the line-to-neutral voltages. Solution: Ven = 50-+520-10 = 40+ 520 = 44.72226.6° V Vin 20,210" - 10 = —25 ~ 743.33 ~ 17.32 j10- 10 52,32 — 83.83 = 7.47,—134.4° V Vin = 502120° + 20/330°-10 = —25 + j43.33 + 17.32 10-10 17.68 + 5333 = 3772 vo Van, @) at a) bn Von @) “oo 0) Von201 (11.2) When a generator has terminal a open and the other two terminals are connected to each other with a short circuit from this connection to ground, typical values for the symmetrical components of current in phase a are IS = 600/-90°. A” = 250/90 , and 1° - 350/90" A. Find the current into the ground and the current in each phase of the generator. Solution: Tz = ~j600 +j250 +7350 =O A 1) = 6002150" = -519.6 + {300 12) 2502210" = -216.5 125 1{'= 350290 = 0 +4350 Ip =~736.1 +7525 = 904.1/144.5° A 1{)= 600/30° = 519.6 +4300 1= 2502330" = 216.5 “125 1 = 350290° = 0 +/350 Ic = 736.1 +/525 = 904.1235.5° A In =Ip+Ie=f1050 A or In = 31{= 3 x j350 = j1050 A202 (11.3) Determine the symmetrical components of the three currents Jg= 1020", Ip = 102230", and Ic = 10£130° A. Solution: 1)= 1410/0" +102350* + 102370") = 110 +9.848 - /1.736 +9.848 + 1.736) =9.899/0° A 12)= 41020" + 102470" + 102250") = 410 - 3.420 +/9.397 - 3.420 - j9.397) = 1.05320" A 1{0= 41020" + 10/230* + 102130°) - 410 -6.428 - 7.66 - 6.428 +/7.66) =0.952/180" A The components of Ip and Ic are easily found from 1’, 1? and 1°. Check: Ja = 9.899 + 1.053 - 0.952 = 10.00. (11.4) The currents flowing in the lines toward a balanced load connected in A are Ig = 10020", Ip = 141.4/225°, and Ic = 100290°. Find the symmetrical components of the given line currents and draw phasor diagrams of the positive- and negative- sequence line and phase currents. What is Jap in amperes?203 Solution: ‘The phasor diagrams for positive- and negative-sequence currents in the lines and in the A-connected load show the desired relations, namely: ay. 7) o (2) 12) Th) =-4= 230° and Ia, = ew ew 230 For the given currents, we find = u 100 + 141.42345° + 1002330") = 107.7 728.9 = 1115215° A 12)=1( 100 +141.42.05" + 100/210°) =-7.73 428.9 = 29.9/105° A 1a 100 - 100 - j100 + 100) =0 (since zero-sequence cannot flow into the A). Tas -UiS sao = 64.4/15° = 62.2 + 16.66 2 AOS" -30° = 17.26/75! = 4.47 + j16.67 Tgp = 66.67 + j33.33 = 74.5/26.6° A204 (11.5) The voltages at the terminals of a balanced load consisting of three 10-@ resistors connected in Y are Vap = 100/0° Vpc = 80.8/-121.44" , and Vea = 902130" V. Assuming that there is no connection to the neutral of the load, find the line currents from the symmetrical components of the given line voltages. Solution: Phasor diagrams for the positive and negative sequence voltages are: Pos. seq. a) 2) V, 2 vil) = “ab / 30° and = V{2) = 7ab_ 7 430° eo an 230° (no zero-sequence components) Vive 2 ( 10020: + 80.8/-1.44" + 902370") a (100 + 80.77 - j2.03 + 88.63 + j15.63) = 89.8 + j4.53 = 89.91/2.80° Vap = 2 ( 10020" + 80.8/118.56" + 90/250") = 1 (100 - 38.63 + 70.97 - 30.78 - j84.57) = 10.2 - j4.53 = 11.16/-23.95°205 vg ~ Soot 27: = 46.21 - j23.66 vg! - Ue soos. = 641 +j0.68 \ Van= 52.62 - §22.98 = 57.4222359° | len Sree 52 _ 5.74/-23.50" A i ve Boal czas - = 43.59 - j28.19 V2= 1116 /126.05* =-3.79 +j5.27 { Vpn = 47.38 ~- j22.98 = 52.662-154.13° | Ips S266/13413 25.27/2184.130 4 B v@- Tide 2246.05" =-2.62 - j5.89 Ven = 5.24 +j45.95 = 46.25/96,51° | | | vg) ~ 82:91 so2.g9" = -2.62 +/51.84 | Te ~SE2SABSE - 4.63796 SIcA Note that la + Ip + [c= 0.206 (11.6) Find the power expended in the three 10-2 resistors of Prob. 11.5 from the symmetrical components of currents and voltages. Check the answer. Solution: From Prob. 11.5, . VQ) = 51.9142; vi2i= 6.4426. vQ)=0 vi . 19) = $B = 5.19227. 2) 1 = Yan - 0.64426.05° IQ=0 5 5.19/-27.11° 7 $=3[51.91227.11° 6.4426.05° [51.912-27.11° 1s0s:}] aes S=3 (51.91 x 5.19 +6.44 x 0.644 ) = 820.7 W Check: (5.74)2 x10 + (5.27)? x10 + (4.63)? x10 = 821.6 W. (11.7) If there is impedance in the neutral connection to ground of a Y-connected load, then show that the voltages Va, Vp, and Vc of Eq. (11.26) must be interpreted as voltages with respect to ground. Solution: Power supplied by the source is: S= Vale + Vilg + Velo Where the voltages Vz,, Vp and Vc are voltages with respect to ground. eeLikewise, the power consumed by the load is: S=Vanle + Vonls + Venlo + Valle + Ip + Ie) = (Van + Va) Ta + (Von + Vn) Ip + (Ven + Va) Te But (Van + Vn), (Vbn + Wn) and (Ven + Vn) are voltages with respect to ground. (11.8) A balanced three-phase load consists of A-connected impedances Zs in parallel with solidly grounded Y-connected impedances Zy. (a) Express the currents Ia, Ip, and Ic flowing in the lines from the supply source toward the load in terms of the source voltages Vz, Vb, and Ve. (b) Transform the expressions of part (a)_ into their symmetrical component equivalents, and thus express 7, ©, and 2) in terms of V2?,V,) and VQ. (co) Hence, draw the sequence circuit for the combined load. Solution:208 (a) la= lap + Tea Ian = [% =(341\v,-1 lv & aN y 1) " L Ve Writing similar equations for each of the three currents, and rearranging in matrix form, we have: [fa i oe Va] 341 1 rr FLL IP Rll Voz *| Te ve] “Lirall ve where the matrix of ones is henceforth called P. (b) Tape =(2 +1] Vane --L P V, abe Ge Zl abe a abe209 by premultiplying with A~! and using the identity Vapc = AVo12 , we have: 3.+1)Voi2-LA'P AVo12 Joiz +4) one o1z 1/ty i 3/Zy + 1/2y Vo12z { 3/Ly + Vy. (11.9) The Y-connected impedances in parallel with the A-connected impedances Zs of Prob. 11.8 are now grounded through an impedance Ze. (a) Express the currents Iz, Jb, and Ic flowing in the lines from the supply source toward the load in terms of the source voltage Va, Vb, and Vc the voltage Vn of the neutral point. (b) Expressing Vp in terms of £°, £”, 1), and 2g, find the . , 0) 0 equations for these currents in terms of vs » vw ) and 2) v2),210 (c) Hence, draw the sequence circuit for the combined load. Solution: 111]/ Va 1 1 - Vv, j 111 Vp zy 2 n ‘ Ve 1211 (b) With the matrix of ones called P, the above equation is premultiplied with A-! and after using the identity Vapc = AVou2, we have: 3/Zy + 1/Zy 012 - 2) 0 |Vn 3/Zy + 1/Zy. 0 Since Vn = Zg (Ja + Ip + Ie) = 310, 3410) 1,0 = Lys - 32ey "RR fo. vi B+3q Therefore, the zero-sequence admittance is _— 4 +34 and all others are unchanged.| ) (11.10) Suppose that the line-to-neutral voltages at the sending end of the line described in Example 11.5 can be maintained constant at 200-KV and that a single-phase inductive load of 420 @ is connected between phase a and neutral at the receiving end (a) Use Eqs. (11.51) to express numerically the receiving-end yo, ya v2). sequence voltages V0)., Vt)., and V2), in terms of the load current Jz and the sequence impedances Zo, Z7, and Z2 of the line. (b) Hence, determine the line current J; in amperes. (c) Determine the open-circuit voltages to neutral of phases b and c at the receiving end. (d) Verify your answer to part (c) without using symmetrical components. Solution: (a) on (0) (0) vo] [vi] [zat -| ya [Va] Van |=] Zan? { [VP] | v2 | | za?213 Bede elles 0) gives oy laa) ae oe ‘hus, a [ue 0 . niet | vib j=] 200x108 |- ie) 200x10* sD (2) | a | -h xj Ven | . a4 3 (b) Since Vn = VIO. + VA + VER Vain’ = 200x103 - Ip x Laso +40 + 40) also, Vain’ = [Lx j420 Therefore, 200x10* 1, = OQ" « = 400/90" A L 500 2-20" (o) Van ~#00/-808 xL60va0" So v2. |=| 200«10° 4007-90" «40v90" |v = S84 var |av -400/-90° Dao" 4 0°, View = Vi) +12240°V9) +12020°Ve = 83 +584 240° -16 7120" KV 3 3 = 208.464123.8° kV (2): 214 Ven = VI. +1z220°V. 412240° Vv, ~~ Sit) 120° ~18 2240" kV = 208.46/123.8° kV (d) From Eq. (11.49), Vopt = Vee’ = (Zab ~ Zan) It. - (Zan ~ Zan) (Zab + Zan ~ 2Zan)IL 20 +80 - 60) x 400/-90°_V 16.0 kV Vorn' = Vbn - Vop' = 20022120° kV - 1620° kV = 208.46Z.123.8° kV Ven ‘en ~ Vee = 2004120° KV -1620° kV 208.46/123.8° KV (11.11) Solve Prob. 11.10 if the same 420-9 inductive load is connected between phases a and b at the receiving end. In part (c) find the open-circuit voltage of phase c only. Solution: (a) vio) [ vio. vi |-| vi |=] 2a