Design of RCC Chimney-5

RCC Structure

Uploaded by

Rahul Nampalliwar

Available Formats

Download as PDF or read online on Scribd

100% found this document useful (2 votes)

2K views

Design of RCC Chimney-5

RCC Structure

Uploaded by

Rahul Nampalliwar

Available Formats

Download as PDF or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 40

Notation HAs fre tscion under cosiderton m= Moca © + Comprosive rc sited by once ad sel ofthe come PF» Rat fia ren ef vert reforcome: wo res aes of rouivesonetseciontntel couidestan osteo ofconctehe tseton nae seen T= Tonstefrcetssted bystetrnvreanentoftetrsonsene = ‘Stalag sind bythe retain) secinoree comndrt Bewiiyrsh very M = Banding moment du 1 later lod on that orden of be B= ple mbiended bythe epricg adin ae ‘iting shel above thesecbon tnd conten sown nh and Me = Momentotthecompresvefores Cebostthecminstas og Jegsbended by ecentehnesofoperingss Sonam agate peaniahaae Smnneoay tte eee Ga = — Manimum ‘fiber stress in concrete at mean diameter of the oe M amy sel tsecn ede condor Ecenyot thle hati W do * Masinumatssncneie tote perp of he heey 1° = Mean radius of concrete shell at section under consideration Pee ee eee eee! {+ “This ofthe conceteshel accion under cesideraon O* Masi tele sss in Janu el a section ender | we eral reinforcement when replaced by 2 fev se slong the mean eecuner + Eheofthe sins sion sndor concen ‘Theseare, (9 The summation of all vertical forces must be equal to 2270, that is, Wec-T i). Theassumptioncfthe moment ofall forces about any line must be equal to zero that i, M = MoM Design expressions Based on the above assumptions and applying the basic equa tions of equilibrium the expressions for exeniricity ratio and stresses in concrete and steel have’ been derived forthe fo Towing four typical cases.of annular cros-sections of the chimney shell: . (annular section with single opening, Gi anolar section with two dinmetrially opposite equal openings (ii) anowhar seetion with twro equal openings sym- ‘metrically placed about the diameter parallel to the direction of fateral load ¢ (io) @nowlar section without opening. ‘The design expressions for each case are given below. ‘Ist case : Annular section with single opening () Eccontricity ratio, A=} i¢1-p)(a-deaengs) pomp) (B+ sinB cos — 2cose sin) + mp}, and (T=p) (sina ~ cosa) ~ (1=p+ mp) (sinB ~ Bos) ~ mp cosa. (>) Maximum compressive stress in concrete at the section : ( Atmean diagreter, __, - W(cosf ~ cose) 12 al 2B G9 Atouter periphery, t ys 2reosB (cos - cosa) oa = o'e(1 + (c) Maxitnuam tensile stressin longitudinal steel at the section, ot | (eosB = cost} 2nd case : Annular section with two diametrically opposite equal openings (i) When neutral axis lies outside the opening, that is, as (n-B) 14 (a) Eccentricity of the force at the section, A vm 24 fa) 2 [. - p) (a= B sine cose — sinf-cosB + 2coser sinf) + mp (R28 —sin2B)], and B= (1~p) (sino acoso sinB + Beosa) ~ (82 2B) mpcosa GG) When neutral axis les inside the opening, that is, a> (n~B) (a) Eccentricity ratio, A 2 ‘Tendon Core Journal # Jul 194ot f | Fig 2Plot ofngitvtinat reinforcement to ©, Fig 1 Plot of longitudinal reinforcement to ©, m=12,8 where, (@ when a 2 (n-B), 2400) ow vf, A= 5C1-p+mp) (x-2B~sinaB), and ‘ard case : Annular section with two equal openings (i= p+mp) (28-2) cose ‘symmetrically placed about the diameter parailel to the direction of lateral load (@ When neutral axis fies outside the openings and (b) Maximum compressive stress in concrete atthe section ¢ (® Atmean diameter, a2(9+B) WcosB ~ cosa) wu? as . Ba = (a) Eccentricity ratio, Gi) Atoutside diameter, aun eee eee oo = oa (1 +5, SB (eos c080) (© Manu ese sess in longus ae A=} (=p) (@-sineeosa) section eee moet Soest) 2H =2 sin cose cose) + Emp, and (9B) <(@+ 33 Wee sortase 8 (a) Eccentricity ratio, 2 (1- cosa) (0 Maximum tenstestressin longitudinal steel at the section, AEE — - & a = = = ‘Thedaian Concrete Journal Sly 1984eee | i | | | | | | marzo pais seusct cy 7 neo pect encod Figs Pot ot ongiusnalwntrcomontto $, me 12,8.% erase (1+ cose) @ cose) The above expressions and the corresponding design charts can also be used by the designers forthe most common «ase of three equally-spaced openings alpng the circumference with the assumptions that the reinfortement is continuous across the opening on the windward side. However, to com- pensate this loss of reinforcement, equivalent reinforcement thas tobe provided on the two sides of the opening, wn 34 4th case : Annular section without opening (8) Ratio of eccentricity to mean radius ofthe section, eA 41 r"B = FUP) (ee~sinetcosery+ mpc], and B= (1p) (sina ecosc) — mt cosa. rn 101) 195 The Indian Concrste Jourash Fig 6 Plot of longitu 9260" atrsnforcementto 2, mat2, Pats", (b) Maximum compressive stress in concrete at the section; (0 Atmean diameter, W(1-cosex) AD Cee OB Gi) Atouter periphery, 3 oe . (©) Maximum tensile stress in stecl atthe section, (1+ cose) woe ne, (1 cosa.) Design of chimney sheit Equations for eccentricity ratio, £ , cam not be readily solved for o, as being transcendental in nature, they defy the direct solution. However, for definite valuesofrs, 8 and 9, curves representing definite valves of « may be drawn between themeno gered ¥asct a a Fg? Fao orga intorcmentt 2, 2, =20" ga as? i values of eccentricity ratio( © ) and percentage of steel (100 p) from which the position of the rieutral axis cen be found directly. The design of chimney is essentially a tral and error approach. Ata given section the value of eccentricity ratio, ‘an be easily Galculated. For trial value of steel ratio p, the angle subtended by the neutral axis, is then determined from the appropriate design chart. Afler getting the value of , the stresses in concrete and steel may be calculated from the ‘expressions given in this paper. The stresses due to temperature etc, which are not dealt in this paper, are then combined with the stresses obtained above fo get the maximum value of strosses occurring in the chimney s sll at the section under consideration. Repetition ofthe process with higher values of ‘p_may be necessary till the stresses are not within the permissible values prescribed in the code. Fig 8 Plot of longltudnatrelntorcement io 2, m=12,9 =20°, oso" Design charts for solving « ‘A computer program using IGL 10 package, was developed todetermine the position of neuitral axis, o: graphically from the expressions of eccentricity ratio, The program was run on. Teltronix system and the design charts were prepared using Calcomp plotier for the four typical cases of annular cross section of chimney shell by varying the concerning parameters, that is, modular ratio m, size of opening B and position. of opening @ . Out ofthe total one hundred and two design. charts given in the design aids? for the parameters shown in the flow chart, nine design charts with modular ratioof I2are given in this paper in Figs 1 to 9 along with four design examples illustrating their use. Conclusion ‘Thedesign expressions for computing stressesinconereteand steel for the four typical eases of chimney cross sections along, ‘with mine design charts with value of m = 12, given in this, paper would be useful for the practising engineers, The detailed derivation of the design expressions and design charts, “Thelndian Cocca Journal * Jy 14 APPPPP RPP |See eeweaeeseesenwneweeee eee eee ae eee eae eae ea OF Osage ap | etl Fig9Pitotlongitinainoreementto 2, m= 12 covering a wide range of design parameters as shown inthe flow chart are available in the form of a design aids at SERC, Ghaziabad. Acknowledgement ‘The author acknowledge with thanks the contribution of, Dr Manu Saxena, Scientist of SERC for his association with the author in development of the computer program for the pur- ppose of drafting the design charts and their plotting on the Calcomp ploter. “The paper is published with the permission of the Director, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Ghaziabad, References 1 Indon Stands Criteria for Design of Reinforced Conrete Chane, 184968 Parl) 1975, Buresuol Indian Stendards, New Dall, October 195, pm, 2 ___StenntSpecifion forthe Dein ond Consiration of Rice ConraChimnes, AC! 207.68, American Concrete lst, USA, 3. CHIAND, PREM and SAXENA, MANU, Desig Aid fr Reinforced Cone irr Chimay sbjcte 1 Asal Lad end Bending Moment, Socal Englnsering Resoreh, Ghanhog, My 12 Fig 10 Flow chart showing verious parameters used in tion of design charts for AC chimneys 2 Mustrative examples Example 1 : Annular section with single opening M=26000KNm, W = 4955KN, r=5.0m, # = 02m, 12, p= 0005, B = 15" M _ 25000 5 6 = Wo ag565 ™ £2 8B eis 30 For £= 105 and p= 0005 we got a = 780° fom dat 133 shown Fig Substituting the values of vious parameters and ain equations 12,13 and 1 we get monn compressive sites in conate at eon dame, 49565 (cos 9 -c08 780° Sse * ~Fe50%02%{ (1 -0005) (sin 0°80 / 180) os 7808) - 0005 +006 sin 15-15 / 180 Gos 780) 12 xDOTS cos 780] = 400 Maxizmum compressive stressin concrete, u £2 1 SUS ox canis (casi oP) = 4417 KN/m? or say 442 N/mm? ‘Maximum tensile stress in ste reinforcement, (ie cos76"y coe78.0°) = $2,225 KN/m? or say 62.2 N/m re Joly 2996+ The tautan Concrete JeenaBureau of Indian Standards BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. Copyright BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these. publications may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This docs not preclude the free use, in the vourse of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type. or grade designations, Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS. Review of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are neéded, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’. ‘This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. GED 7 ( 4721 ) Amendments Issued Since Publication Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Headquarters: : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 ‘Telegrams: Manaksanstha ‘Telephones: 323 O1 31, 323 33 75, 323 94 02 (Common to all offices) Regional Offices: * Telephone Central: Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 32376 17,323 38 41 NEW DELHI 110002 , Eastem : 1/14 CLT. Scheme VII M, V-LP. Road, Maniktola 33784 99,337 8561 CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 26, 337 91 20 Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 6038-43 60 20 25 Southern’: CLT, Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 23502 16, 235 04.42 235 15 19, 2352315 Western: Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 83292 95, 832 78 58 MUMBAI 400093 832-78 91, 832 78 92 Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. PATNA. PUNE. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. ‘iaicd Wi Simco Rising Baz, Doli, ada FAM HHAFARARRHA RAR HARRAH HAH HAA aeeee eee e eee eee Standard Practice for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys (ACI 307-95) Reported by ACI Committee 307 Randolph W. Sacok (Chaleman Davi Bird ion Hasta Ngan G. shah 7 Victor. BociceSio Esse N-tarson Sea Somat iam Beamen ber A Poros: Bary V; Viekery Johnd cary Ronald Portey hare Vee Joba Wet Philip 8, Davison Scot. Richa natn W. Yo Shostn Fang Wath Romman Edward Yordy ais sondant gives material constroction, and design requiromenes for —-2.3-—-Aggregates ‘ast n-place and precast elforced conte chines. Ise forth mi Inum loadings for design end conins methods for determining the con: Crete and reinforcement reared as resulo these loading. The method (fabs applies primary to circulr chinaey shells; however «general Dprocedere for analysis of ncncielar shapes is iced This sondandis writen explicit, soncatory language, and at such, Invent for ference projet specications. ‘uations are provided for determining the temperature gradient tivouph the concrete reulng from the aference ia tepertere of the tose inside the chinney end ihe surounding eomepere. Metis for cnbining he eet of dead and wid or eathquake) loads with eee ‘te both vertically and cicanfrenily are cluded in the Sondord These methods permit the desgrer to eeblish minimum concrete and reijorcemen requirements “This standard refers etersvely ro "Buildiig Code Requlrnens for Reinjorced Concrete” (ACI 318: consruetion requirement are general in accordance wth ACI 318: 2nd roan sin accorance with ACI 108, Keywords: chimneys: compessive strength: concrete construction santaithe resistant srvcwres: formmerk (Constcton}: (cundtions igh temgerate: ang, ands (forces); moments openings press con ete; quality cero renforeed caneree:elnforcing secs pis Wins; sae lows) stengihy suet analysis, stroctral design mal pai, wind press ‘CONTENTS, Chapter 1—General, p. 307-2 1.1 Scope. 4.2—Drawings 1.3—Regulations 14—Referénce standards (Chapter 2—Materials, p.307-2 2.1—General 2.2-Cement ‘ACI Commies Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, ané Comets ined or guaice indesign, ae, reeling, or nspetig consvuction en in preparing specific: tone. Ratcenes tothe documents sal wot be mace ia the Project Docutnens If teas found in hese Gocuenents ae de= Sed to be part of the Project Document, they should be sd in mendatorylargoage and incorporsea fn the Project, 24—Reinforcement Chapter 3—Construction requirements, p. 307-2 3.1 —Generat 3.2-—Conerete quality 3.3-—Strength tests 3.4—Forms 3.5-—Reinforcement placement 3.6-Conerete placement 3.7—Conerete curing. 3.8—Consinietion tolerances 3.9—Precast erection Chapter 4—Service loads and general design eriteria, p- 307-3, 4.1-—General 4.2—Wind loads 4.3—Barthquake loeds 4.4—Special design considerations and requirervents 4.5—Deftection criteria Chapter 5—Design of chimney shell—Streiigth method, p. 3078 5.1—Generat 5.2—Applied forces 5.3--Required strength 5.4—Design strength '5.5—Nomninal moment strength-—Circular shells 5,6—Noncircular shapes 5.7—Design for circurnferential bending Chapter 6-—Thermal stresses, p. 307-12 6.1—Generat 6.2—Vertical temperature stresses Sebi to reps ae cle ran tec a ence See EN NS Bie etree chron Eeeeha ra cea rend at aca oeonn Sno eiseleem ee tear 20mACISTANDARD 6.3—Circumferential temperature stresses Appendix A—Notation, p. 307-14 (CHAPTER 1—GENERAL L1-Scope This standard covers the design and construction of circular cast-in-place or precast reinforced concrete chimney shells. I other shapes are used, their design shall be substan tiated in accordance with the principles uséd herein. The standard does not include the design of linings, but includes the effects of linings on the concrete shell. ‘A precast chimney shell is defined as a shell constructed ‘wholly fiom precast reinforced concrete sections, assembled fone atop another, to form a freestanding, self-supporting cantilever. Vertical reinforcement and grout are placed in ‘cores as the precast sections are erected to provide structural continuity and stability. The use of precast panels as stay-in- place forms is considered cast-in-place construction, 1.2—Dravings Drawings of the chimney shall be prepared showing all features of the work, including the design strength of the conerete, the thickness of the concrete chimney shell, the size and postion of reinforcing steel, details and éimensions of the chimney lining, and information on chimney acéesso- ries, 1.3—Regulations 13,1 The design and construction of the chimney shall ‘meet the requirements of all Grdinances and regulations of authorities having jurisdiction, except that where such re= quirements are less conservative than the comparable requirements ofthis standard, this standard shall over, 1.32 Consideration shal be given tothe recommendations of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect chim ney heights and aviation obsimction lighting and marking, and the standards of the Underwriters Laboratories regarding lightning protection and grounding. 1.¢—Reference standards Standards of the American Concrete Institute, the Ameri- ‘can National Standards Instiite, and the American Society for Testing and Materials referced to in this standard are list- cd in the following with their seriat designations, including the year of adoption or revision, and are dectared to be a part of this standard as if fully set forth herein, ACL104-71 Pieparation of Notation for Concrete (Revised 1982) (Reapproved 1987) ACI318-89 Building Code Requirements for Re- (Revised 1992) inforced Conereie ASCE 7-88, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ASTM A615-89 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet Steel Bars for Con- crete Reinforcement ASTM A 617-87 Standard Specification for Axle-Stee! Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrets Reinforcement Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Re- inforcement ‘Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates Standard Specification for Portland Cement ASTM A 706-89 ASTM 33.90, ASTM 150-89 ASTM C 309-89 Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete ASTM C595-89 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement CHAPTER 2—MATERIALS 2.1—Generat Ail matgrials and material tests shall conform to ACT318, except as otherwise specified he 2.2—Cement ‘The same brand and type of cement shall be used through- ‘out the construction of the chimney. The cement used shell «dnform othe requirements for Type I, Type I, Type Il, or ‘Type V of ASTM C 150, or Type I$ or Type IP of ASTM C 595. 23—Aggregates 23:1 Concrote aggregates shall conform to ASTM C33 2.3.2 The maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be not larger than of the narrowest dimension between forms nor larger than the minimum clear distance between reinfore- ing bars. 2.4—Reinforcement Reinforcement shall conform to ASTM A 615, A 617, or A706, of grade or grades referred to in the project specifca- tions. (CHAPTER 3-CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 3—General Concrete quality, methods of determining strength of con- ‘rete, field tests, concrete proportions and consistency, mix- ing and placing, and formwork and details of reinforcement shall be in accordance with ACI 318, except as stated otherwise herein. 3.2—Conerete quality ‘The specified concrete compressive strength shall not be tess than 3000 psi at 28 days. 3.3Strength tests ‘The 28-day compressive strength of the concrete shall be determined from a minimum of two sets of cylinders (con sisting of three specimens each) per 8-hr shift (slipform) orBRR RR REE RRR Ree ee eee eee ee REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS sors per lift Gump form). For precast sections, a minimum of two sets shall be takei from each class of concrete cast each day and from each 100 yd? of concrete placed each day. 34—Forms ‘3.41 Forms for the chimey shell shall be mado of metal, wood, or other suitable materials. If unlined wood forms are tsed, they shall be of selected material with tongue and groove joints and shall be kept continuously wet to prevent shrinking and warping due to exposure to the clemeats. A ‘nonstaining form oil may be used. Form oil shall not be used. unless itis a nonstaining type and it has been established that specified protective coatings or paint can be applied to con- ‘rete exposed to form oil 4.42 Forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent leakage of mortar. 3.43 No construction load shall be supported upon any part of the structure under construction, until that portion of the structure has atained sufficient strength to safely support its weight and the loads placed thereon. ‘3.44 Forms shall be removed in such manner as to ensure the safety of the structure. Forms may be removed after con- cxeio has hardened to sufficient strength to maintain its shape without damage and to safely support all loads on it, including temporary constriction loads. 3.435 Ties between inner and ovter chimney shell forms shall not be permitted. 3.4.6 Construction joints shall be properly prepared to fax ciltate Bonding. As ¢ minimum, all laitance and loose mate- Fal shall be removed. 3.5—Reinforcement placement 3.5.1 Circumferential reinforcemest shall be placed around the exterior of, and secured to, the vertical bars. All reinforcing bars shall be tied at intervals of not more than 3 ft Partigular attention shall be paid to placing and securing the circumferential reinforcemen so that it cannot bulge or be displaced during the placing and working of the concrete so as to result in less than the required Concrete cover over this circamferential reinforcement. 3.5.2 Vertical reinforcement projecting above the forms for the chimney shell or cores of precast sections shall be so supported as to prevent the breaking of the bond with the freshly placed concrete, 3.53 Not more than SO percent of bars shall be spliced slong any plane unless specifically permitted and approved by the responsible engineer. 3.5.4 The concrete cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall be a minimum of 2 in, for castin-place chimneys and 14% in, for precast units manufactured under plant contro! conditions. 5.6—Conerete placement No vertical construction joints shall be used for cast: place chimney shells. Horizontal construction joints for jump form and precast construction shall be maintained at approximately uniform spacing throughout the height of the ‘chimney. Concrete shall be deposited in approximately level layers no greater than 16in. deep. Particular care shall be ex- ‘excised when casting concrete in thin walt sections and when. ‘casting cores of precast sections. Grout used to seat precast sections shall have a compressive strength at least equal to the design strength of the shell. 3.7—Conerete curing 3.7.1 Immediately after the forms have been removed all necessary finishing of concrete shall be done. 3.7.2 As soon as finishing has been completed, both faces of concrete shall be cured by coating with a membrane curing compound or other method approved by the engineer. ‘The curing compound shall comply with ASTM C 309 and shall be applied in strict accordance with the fnanufacturers’ reconimendations. If cootings ara to be applied to the eon crete, the curing compound shall be of a type compatible ‘with these coatings. 3.8—Construction tolerances ‘2.8.1 The chimney shell shall be constructed within the tolerance limits set forth herein, 3B.L1 Vertical alignment of centerpoint—The centerpoint ofthe shell shall not vary from its vertical axis by more ‘than 0.001 of the height of the shell atthe time of measine- meat, of I in., whichever is greater. Locally, the centerpoint of the shell shall not be changed by more thaa Lin. per 10 f 3.8.1.2 Diumeter—The measured outside shel diameter at any séction shall not vary from the specified diameter by ‘ore han | in, plus 0.01 of the specified or theoretical diam eter. 38:13 Wall thickness—The measured wall thickness shall not vary from the specified wall thiekness by more than =! in. #% in. for walls 10 in. thick or ess, or by more than yin. in. for walls greater than 1Oin, thick. A single wall thickness measurement is defined as the average of at least four measurements taken over @ 60-deg arc. 3.82 Openings and embedments—Tolerances on the size and location of openings and embedments in the shell cannot ‘be uniformly established duc to the varying degrees of acca ‘acy required depending on the nature of their use. Appropr- ate tolerances for opening and embedment sizes and focations shall be established for each chimney. * 3.9Preeast erection ‘3.9.1 The precast sections shall be erected in a manner and at a rate which ensures tbat sufficient strength has been at- tained in grout, core concrete, and all connecting compo- nents to safely support construction and applicable design loads. 3.9.2 Precast sections shall be keyed if necessary to transfer shear and grouted to level and seat joints CHAPTER 4—SERVICE LOADS AND GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA 4.1—Generat 4.1.1 The chimney shell shall be designed for the effects of gravity, temperature, wind, and earthquake in accordancewith ACI318, except as stated otherwise herein 4.1.2 The chimney shell shall be designed for load combinations in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 5, De- sign of chimney shell—Strength method. 413 4.1.3.1 The chimney shell shall not be less than 8 in, thick when castin-place, or Tess tha 7 in thick when com- prised of precast sections. 4.13.2 The chimney shell thickness, through openings, shall not be less than Yy the height of the opening. ‘The thickened shell shall extend at leost the height of the opening above and below the opening. Properly designed buttresses or other means of lateral restraint may be used in lieu of this requirement; however, the butresses shall be ignored when calculating vertical strength 4.1.3.3 When the intemal diameter of the shell exceeds 28 ft, the minimum thickness shall be increased "Wy in. for ‘each t-ftinerease in internal diameter. 4:14 A chimney shell which supports lining loads shall comply with the requiretuents ofthis standard withthe lining in place. The interaction of the liner with the shell shall be ‘considered. 4.1.5 Consideration shall be given to loadings during the construction phase. 4.1.6 IE requised during construction, temporary access ‘openings may be provided in the concrete shell. For the-de~ sign of the shell, these openings shall be designed as petma- nent openings. 4.7 4.1.7.1 The maximum foundation bearing pressure shall be established using unfactored chimney loads, 4.1.7.2 The foundation shall be designed by the strength method in accordance with the procedures of ACI 318. The foundation design shall be based on a pseudo bearing pressure distribution, or pile loads, using the factored ACI 318 loading combinations for dead load plus wind or earthquake, namely: 1) 14D 2)0.75(L4D + 1.7W oF 1.872) 3) 090D + 1.3W or 1.43E 441.73 The minimaim factor of safety against overturning shall be 1.50 using unfactored loads. 4.1.7.4 Consideration shall be given othe effects of ra- 1.0 oF <0.20. pe = Ver = v,, = #40. 413) on = i £ = firstmode frequency, Hi 'S, = Surouhal number 5, = 025F, (A) a1) where F(A) = 0.33340.206l0ge 4 (415) a(x) but not> 1.0 or < 0.60 d(u) = mean outside diameter or upper third of chimney, ft k= chimney height abéve ground level, ft 0.10[0- Vz] $,= 001+ 169 Vag outro <0 o> 004 fa = aerodynamic damping KPa)? Kot aay wea) Kq= KaoF \(B) (4-18) wie “0 x, Ty, (419) ind " k= ceso(1+ sth) wee ¥ z aan ‘i Vor wn Fe = vege hint ohne, a er TiedenACI STANDARD 421) where B =. band width parameter B= 010+2i (422) correlation length coefficient Ce “After solving for Ma, across-wind moments at any height, ‘Mq(2), may be calculated based on the corresponding mode shape ofthe chimney column, 42333 Second mode—Aeross-wind response in the seo- ‘ond mode shall be considered ifthe critical wind speed V.,. as coniputed by Ea. (4-23) is between 0.50 V(zq) and 1.30 ‘VGq,), where Viz, is the mean hourly wind speed at 5/6h, Vig = 2) (423) A ‘The period 7; in seconds per cycle, for an unlined shell, ‘may be estimated by Eq. (4-24). For final design T, shall be -calcalated by dynamic analysis. = ogoke [Perec ora yo2 7 = 02st Pat fa] 420 Where (f) and r(b are the thicknesses at the top and bottom, respectively, and {hand d(b) are the mean diameters at the top and bottom, respectively, ‘The effect ofa shell-supported liner on the period of the second mode shall also be investigated, Any method using the modal characteristics of the chimney can be used to estimate the Across-wind response in the second mode, 423.4 Grouped chimneys—When so identical chimneys rein close proximity, the across-wind load shall be in- ‘ereased to account for the potential increase in vortex. induced motions. In such cases the lift coefficient C, in Eq. (4-9) shall be modified as follows: t 2) if.sd(@.,)> 12.75, Cy is unaltered ») if3 < sld(e,) < 12.75, C, shall be multiplied by: (0.26 0.015 sid.) +[2-s2dg.))* where $= center-to-center spacing of chimneys, ft Gq) = outside diameter of the chimney at critical height Zenft For chimneys that are not identical and for identical chim neys where s/a(z.,) <3, the value of C, shall be established by reference to model tests ot observations or test reports of similar arrangements. 4235 Combination of across-wind and along-wind Joads—Across-winé loads shall be combined with the co- cxisting along-wind loads. The combined design moment ‘M,{2) at any section shall be taken as : M,(2).= {uncor*eomcor? aaa) where ‘M,(@) = moment induced by across-wind loads ‘Mfz) = moment induced by the mean along-wind load we) where ¥ (er. (2) = @(2) (427) ‘except that w(z) shall not exceed w(z). 4.2.4 Circumferential bending—Thé maximum circumferential bending moments due to the radial wind pressure disteibution shall be computed by Bq. (4-28) and (4-29) MA) = 0.31pr(2) (r(2)P, felb/fe (tension on inside) (4-28) ‘M<(2) = 0-27pr{2) (r(2)P, f-Ib/t (tension on outside)(4-29) where x2) mean radius at height z ft Pr) = 0.0013{V)F + G2), tbyne (4.30) GQ) =4.0- OBlogio%, except Ge) =4forzs 1.0 (4-31) ‘The pressure pr(z) shall be increased by 50 percent for a distance 1.5d(A) from the top. 4.2.5 Wind loads—~Noncircular shapes—The provisions ‘Of ASCE 7 shail be followed including force coefficients and _2Ust response factors. Unusual cross-sectional shapes, not covered in ASCE 7, may require wind tunnel or other docu- ‘mentation to verify along- and/or across-wind loads. Simi Janly, horizontal beading due to wind pressure distributions ‘may also require wind tunnel or other documentation from . feliable sources, 4.3—Rarthquake loads 43.1 General—Reinforced concrete chimneys in earth: quake areas shall be designed and constructed (0 iesist the earthquake effects in accordance with the requirements of this section. Applicable earthquake zones shall be in accordance with the ASCE 7 maps for seismic zones. Chiinneys shall be designed for earthquakes by means of the dynamic response spectrum znalysis method given in Section 4.3.2 In lieu of the dynamic spectrum analysis meth- ‘od, time history analysis based on accelograms representa. tive of the locality may be used ‘The effects due to the vertical component of earthquakes are generally small and can be ignored in earthquake design of chimneys. The horizontal earthquake force shall be assumed to act alone in any lateral direction, ee nin in nn nn nn nn eee)See eee eee aie REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS sort Wornalisel Response Spectra valuee Critical Danping Ratio = 5% Shape Bound Probability weve? Frequency Ps aE 508 (edian) Horizontal ‘Component. acceleration (9) 0.324: 21328: 21007 1,000: Froqueney, cot. Fig. 43.2—Normalized horicontal elastic seismic response spectra 4.3.2 Dynamic response spectrum analysis method—The shears, moments, and deflections of a chimgey duc to eacth~ pate shal be dstermined by aig a ste-sfecic response spectrum and the elastic modal method. The site-specific response spectrum shall be on the basis of an 80-percent probability not being exceeded in 50 years with 5 percent damping. Ifa site-specific response spectrum is unavailable, the design response spectrum for the site shall be obtained by scaling down the normalized 1.0g peak ground acccleration specteum for percent damping shown in Fig. 4.3.2 ot Table 4.3.2(a) by the effective peak acceleration ratios given in Ta- ble 4.3.2(b) forthe seismic risk zone of the ‘The normalized design response spectrum given in Fig. 43.2 or Table 43.2(a) is suitable for firm chimney sites. The ‘response spectrum shall be modified for softand shallow soil conditions by any method that is properly substantiated and complies with the basic principles herein. ‘The analytical model of a chimney used in the dynamic response spectrum analysis shall be sufficiently refined to rep- resent variations of chimney and liner masses, variations of stiffness, and the foundation support condition. A minimum of ten elements shall be included. The total dynamic response ofthe chimneys in terms of shears and moments shall ‘Table 4.3.2(a)—Spectral values for maximum ground acceleration of 1g (damping ratio = 0.05) Diaplcement Pelociy specu] —Acedecation Fregueney.ne | spec in [indice | spc. ¢ 75025 507 318 sane 1039 26 -" aassysas | Fit i 1.060/" Frerd “| a9 2sefe9 a ad 6333 9ee33 pe fs 100 ‘Table 43.2(b)—Scaling ratio versus seismic risk zones Tie Seng te 008 006, 012 25 0 1 2ACI STANDARD be computed using the SRSS over a minimum of five normal mode! responses. SRSS means taking the square root of the suum of the squares of modal maxima. 44-Special design considerations and requirements 4.4.1 Two layers of vertical and circumferential reinforcing are required. The total vertical reinforcement shall be not less than 0.25 percent of the concrete area. The outside vertical reinforcement shal! be not less than $0 percent ofthe to- {al reinforcement. Outside face vertical bars shell not be smaller than #4 and spaced not over 12 in. on centers. Inside face vertical reinforcement shall consist of vertical bars not smaller thaa #4 and spaced not over 24 in, on center. 4.4.2 The total circumferential reinforcement shall not be less than 0.20 percent of the concrete area. The circumferential reinforcement in each face shall be no less than 0.1 percent ofthe concrete area atthe section. Spacing of outer face circumferential reinforcement shall not exceed the wal thickness or 12 in, Spacing ofcircumfer- ential reinforcing on the inner face shall not exceed #2 in. ‘The minimum size of circumferential reinforcing bars shall be#3, 4.4.3 The circumferential reinforcement for a distance of (0.24(h) from the top of the chimney or 75 fe, whichever is seater, shall be atleast twice the amouat required by Sec tion 5.7. 4.4 Where a segment between openings is critical ag related to the height of the openings, this segment shall be vestigated as 2 beam-columa, Where more than two openings occurat the same elevation, appropriate design methods consistent with the cases shown by Fig. 5.5.1(a), (b),and (c) shall be used. : 4.4.5 In addition o the reinforcement determined by design, extra reinforcement shall be provided atthe sides, top, bbotiom, and comers of these openings as hereinafter specified. This extra reinforcenient shall be placed near the outside surface of the chimney shell as close to the opening as proper spacing of bars will permit. Unless otherwise specified, all extra reinforcement shall extend past the opening & ‘minimum ofthe development length 4.4.6 At each side of the opening, the additional vertical reinforcement shall have an area at least equal to the d steel ratio times one-half the area of the opening. The extra reinforcement shall be placed within a distance not excced- ing wice the wall thickness unless otherwise determined by a detailed analys 4.4.7 At both the top and bottom of each opening, additional reinforcement shall be placed having an area atleast equal to one-half the established design circamferental rein forcement interrupted by the opening, but the area A, ofthis additional steel at the top and also atthe bottom shall be not Jess than that given by Eq. (432) unless otherwise determined by a detaited analysis. o.06f1t A, = 2ehet 32) where Jc = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi conerete thickness at opening, in width of opening, in specified yield strength of reinforcing steel, psi One-half of this extra reinforcement shal extend completely around the circumference of the chimney, and the other half shall extend beyond the opening a sufficient dis: tance to develop the bars in bond. This steel shall be placed as close to the opening as practicable, but within a height not to exceed three tims the thickness t 4.4.8 For openings larger than 2 ft wide, diagonal reinforcing bars with a total cross-sectional area in square inches of not tess than 'y of the shell thickness in inches shall be placed at each corner of the opening. For openings 2 ft wide, or sinaller, a minimum of two #5 reinforcing bars shall be placed diagonally at each comer ofthe opening. 4.$—Deflection criteria ‘The maximum lateral deflection of the top of a chimney under all service conditions, prior to the application of load factors, shall not exceed the limits set forth by Ea. (4-33): Yonae = 0.04 (433) maximum lateral deflection, in. chimney height, ft CHAPTER S—DESIGN OF CHIMNEY SHELLS— STRENGTH METHOD S—General 5.1.1 Except as modified herein, design assumptions shall be in accordance with ACI 318, Chapter 10. The chimney shell shall be designed by the strength method 5.1.2 The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distibu- tion described in Section 10.2.7 of ACI318 and as modified hhetein shall be used. For vertical strength the maximum strain on the concrete is assumed to be 0.003 and the maxi- ‘mum strain in the stel is assumed to be 0.07. Whichever val- ueiis reached fist shall be taken as the limiting value. In liew ofthe equivalent rectangular concrete compressive stress distribution used inthis chapter, any other relationship between conerete compressive stress and strain may be assumed that results in prediction of the strength of hollow cie- cular sections in substantil agreement with results. of comprehensive tests 5.1.3 The design and detailing of precast chimney shells shall emnlate the design of cast-in-place chimney shells unless specifically excepted herein. Particular attention should bbe given to the spacing and reinforcement of east-in-place cores and closures joining precast units to ensure thatthe re- ‘Girements of this and other applicable standards are met. 5.1.4 Refer to Section 5.7 for design procedures of nonci cular shells APPR PRP PP PPR RPPBERBER RRR RR Ree Ree ee eee eee aaa eee REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS. 307-9 \ L vertical celntereenent, a“ en t é cents slp / | cconpesanton wii. Pet marca of vertical Teincoreroent per Sumit Length \ L | Ate rea neg) fy eek im set pp tae tetera) PRT HL ewe arte) WT Rise nave sone G2 3G oer ere h Sree) aed Sear is caesl ok! bs ardeerdecd | Gras gpl tension sone Fig, 5.5.1(a)--Stress diagram 4 ismnalene at Show sine Se ESTE aL ONS EA nee #2 ge 33-18) Fig. 5.5.Me}—IWwo syrimetric openings partly in compres- Fig, 5.5.1(6}—Two openings in compression zone sion zone5.2—Applied forces 5.2.1 Dead louds and wind or earthquake forces at service conditions, prior to the application of toad factors, shall be in accordance with Chapter 4 of this standard. Thermal effects, at service conditions shall be in accordance with Chapter 6, 5.3-—Required strength 5.3.1 Required vertical strength U, to resist deed load D, or wind load W, and normal temperature T, shall be the greater of the following U,=14D Gla) U,=LiD+ 147+ LW GIy 9D+ LAT +170" G19) + The fond factor 17 shalD be sed for the slong-wind loads of Section 4.2.2. For the across-wind loading combined with the slong-wind Joading (Section 4.2.3.5) a toad factor of 14 shall be used. 5.3.2 For earthquake loads or forces £, the load combina tions of Section 5.3.1 shall apply except that 1.1E shall be substituted for W. 5.3.3 Required circunsferential strength U, to resist wind load W and normal temperature load T shall be u, OST +1.3W G-1d) ‘54—Design strength 5.4.1 Design strength of « section in terms of moment shall be takes asthe nominal moment strength calculated in accor- ‘dance with the requirements ofthis standard multiplied by a strength reduction factor $ equal to 0.80 for vertical sivength and 0.90 for circumferential strength, $.5—Nominal moment strength—Circular shells 5.5.1 The following équations apply {refer o Fig. 5.5.1(@), ‘and 5.5.10): P,/rtf; 702+2e,K,0,0;+20A, (5-2) where ‘ P= factored vertical load average radius of section t = thickness of section 2 = tom (radians) 63) 9, = HB¥esin= Oyu) co an = H+ ye Gadians) 65) Ht = angles shown on Fig. 5.5.1(a). ACI STANDARD —B, (cosa) 6-6) (rio en oer L)c10 6s cosy = cover-( = one-half the central angle subtended by the neutral axis ‘one-half opening angle 0.85, for < 4000 psi 0.85 - 0.05(f' - 4000/1000 > 0.65, for f > 4000 “My & = phe Py = ratio of total vertical reinforcement to total area of | concrete nn, = number of openings entirely in compression zone (maximum 2) = 0.07(L -cosaI(1 + cose.) $0,003 69 MP = Ky = 0050+ KylKy,.M,=P,rKy (5-10) Ky = LIOR + 4 K.00, + 20K Gp For as 5 deg, = (0523 +0.181e- 0.015402) + (41.3 - 13.20 1.320260) (5-128) For 5 deg < a5 10-deg, = (0.154 + 0.01773a+ 0.002490%) + (16.42.- 1.9800-+0.06740°K0!) (5-125) For 10 deg< 17 dog Q= (0.488 + 0.076) + (9.758 -0.6400)(tr) (5-120), For 17 deg < 0$25 deg Q= (1.345 + 9.20180. - 0,00443402) + (15.83 - 1.67604 + 0.03994c2\(ir) (5-124) For 25 deg < a £35 deg 2 = (0993 - 0.002584) +(3.27 + 0.0862cH(HIr) (5-126) Fora>35 dep 0=089 (5-129 where ‘MM, = nominal moment strength of section O [oy = BI + 2oos?a) +") (4sinda+BSBBSBSSRBERBSSRBRREERBUERECERRBAKRERE ESR Ree ee REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEY sindyp- sind) - Acoso (sine + siny sing) MCL = e080) 19 Ke sing +sinu + (n= ¥-H) cose: eM) Re sine - (4 m8) cose. Aey)isin (+ BY- singy-O) 6-159) ‘Uy angle between center lit es of two openings ane forno openings, my === 0; for one opening in compression zone, my= 1, ¥=0; fortwo openings in.compression zone. m; = 2 582 Tw0\ symmetric openings parily in compression zone-~Refer to Fig. 5.5.1(6, this condition exiss when Y + Bo candy B-<* Por this ease, let = y- 8, Then in Eq. S- Di h=8, ‘And in Bg. (5-11) = sinb - Brose (5-156) 5.5.3 Openings in the tension zone—Openiings in the ten sion zone are ignored since the tensile strength of the cor crete is neglected and the bars cut by the openings are replaced at the sides of the openings. ‘5.5.4 Openings in the compression zone—In caleulations of the forces in the compression reinforcement only, open: ings in the compression zone are ignored since the cu bars, are replaced at the sides of the openings. 5.5.5 Limitation—The one-half opening angle 8 shall not exceed 30 deg, ‘5.5.6 Calculation procedure—Given 1.1.2.8. % Pr Mus and the number of openings (where P, and M, are the factored vertical load and the factored moment, respectively), ‘use the following procedure: Step 1. Assume a value for te total vertical tel ratio, 0, Step 2. By trial and error, find the value of a which sti fies Eq. (5-2). ‘uep 3. Substitute this vaue of on Bg, (5-10) and caleu- Tate My. Step 4. IEGM, Moy decrease 2 Step 5. Repeat Step 2 through Step 4 until 6M, = My 587 For load combinations with temperire effets, modify f, and f sing Eq, (5-16a) and (5-17). tae 5 PE Osrr- af S159) replace f with £20) = {2 ~ 1.40f"erv where ny. fSrv and {ery are as defined in Chapter 6. replace f, with (0) = G17 5.6—Noncireular shapes 5.6.1 General—All applicable sections of this Standard shall be followed, including horizontal bending and temperature effects. ‘5.6.2 Design assumptions—Strain in reinforcement and conerete shall be assumed directly proportional to the dis tance from the neuteal axis, 071 For vertical steength, the maximum strain in the concrete is assumed to be 0.003 and the maximam strain in the steci 4g assumed to be 0.007, Whichever value is reached first shall be taken asthe limiting value. ‘Stress in reinforcement below the specified yield strength for grade of reinforcement used shal be taken aE, times ‘steel strain. For strains greater than thet corresponding 10 fy, ‘stress in reinforcement shall be assumed equal tof, ‘Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected. Relationship of concrete compressive stress and concrete strain shalt be assumed in accordance with stress-strain curve as showa in Fig. 5.6. soe [uat(otis)) fe 089 (10, - 250,000 «2 f= 8504-23050] goons: [1-a1s52)] {= 0856 (11508, +030) Tan Fig, 5.6-—Stress-strain curve for concrete 5.6.3 Calculation procedure—For a given geometry and given P, and M, (where P, is the factored vertical load and 1M, isthe factored moment), use the following procedure: ‘Step 1. Assume a valve forthe total vertical stel ratio P, Step 2. By trial and exor, find the location ofthe neutral axis which makes the total vertical foree in the section equal and opposite to Py Step 3. With this location of the neutral axis, calealate (Mig the nominal moment teength of the section. Step 4. IFGMy My, decrease P Step 5. Repeat Step 2 through Step $ until 6M, = Me 3.64 Horizontal bending —Design for horizontal bending, shail comply with the requirements of Section 5.7, 5.7-—Design for circumferential bending ‘5.7.1 Any horizontal stip of the concrete column shall besors designed a5 a horizontal beam resisting circumferential bending moments as given in Section 4.2.4 and thermal effects described in Section 6.3. $.72 For loads combined with temperature effets, modify and f using Eq. (5-16b) and (5-176) replace f, with f= f,- LOSfere ! 1.05 te (5-160) rephice (2 with £210) = (S176) where forcand f Ze, are as defined in Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6—THERMAL STRESSES 61—General 6.1.1 The equations for temperature stresses given in this © chapter are based on working stress procedures and shall be ‘considered in the calculation of the nominal moment strength in Chapter 5, 62—Vertical temperature stresses 62:1 The maximam vertical stresses in the concrete and steel, inpsi, occuring atthe insie ofthe chimney shell de to temperature. fZyy and fy , respectively, shall be com puted by Eq. (6-18) and (6-19) if For = 006° Ty Be (ie) Srv =O (0-141) Ten, Gi) 04, = thermal coefficient of expansion of the concrete and of the reinforcing steel, 10 be taken 2s (0.0000065 per deg F ‘modulus of elasticity of the concrete, psi -pnty + 1+ Con(y,+1))? + 2pm [+7 (1-¥)) (62) P= ratio of total area of vertical outside face reinforcement to total area of concrete chimney shell at section under consideration 4 = ratio of inside face vertical reinforcement area to outside face vertical reinforcement area ‘2 = tatio of distance between inner fusface of chim- rey shell and centerline of outer face vertical reinforcement to total shell thickness n = E/E, the temperature gradient across the concrete shel, shall bbe computed by Bq. (6-3a), (6-3b), (6-3¢), (6-3), oF by a ‘complete heat balance study forall operating conditions. +) For unlined chinineys 14, aly, (63a) ACI STANDARD. ») For Iined chimneys with insulation completely filling the space Between the lining and shelt ©) For lined chimneys with unventitated air space be- ‘ween the lining and shell 4) For lined chimneys with a ventilated air space between ‘he lining and shell fay, Cay ida, Gi Brod Re, (6-34) 7, = ratio of heat transmission through chimney shell to heat transmission through lining for chimneys with ventilated air spaces thickness of concrete shell in thickness of air space or insulation filling the space between the lining and she ty = thickness of uninsulated lining or insulation around stee! Hiner, in. ‘maximum specified design temperature of gas inside chimney, deg F ‘minimum temperature of outside air surrounding chimney, deg F G, = coefficient of thermal conductivity of the concrete of chimney shell, Buu/f@/in, of thickness/he/deg F difference in temperature (12 for normal weight ‘concrete) Gy = coefficient of thermal conductivity of chimney uninsulated lining or insulation around steel lines, Bew/ft7in, of thickness/heldeg F diffeenée in tem erature Coefficient of thermal conductivity of insulation filling in space between lining and shell, Bruff’/ in. of thicknessfe/deg F difference in temperature G for lightweight concrete) coefficient of heat transmission from gas to inner surface of chimney lining when chimney is lined, or to inner surface of chimncy shell when chimney is unlined, Bru/f/tu/deg F difference in tempeca- ture K, = coefficient of heat transmission from outside sur face of chimney shell to surrounding air, Bew/ft’/REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS 307-43 us coErriceNT Fig. 6:2.2—Curves for determining Ki hu/dcg F difference in temperature K, = coefficient of heat transfer by radiation between outside surface of lining and inside surface of con crete chimney shell, Bu/R¢/huldeg F difference in temperatre K, = coefficient of heat transfer between outside surface of lining, and inside surface of shell for chimneys with ventilated air spaces, Btulf@/ideg F difference in temperature inside diameter of uainsulatedtining or insulation around liner, f dy, = ‘mean diameter of uninsulated lining or insulation around ner, f 4, = mean diameter of space between lining and shell, ft inside elamoter of concrete chimney shell, f sean diameter of concrete chimney shell, outside diameter of concrete chimney shell 63.2 Unless complete heat balance studies are made for the particular chimney, itis permissible to use constants as determined or stated inthe following, These constants when ‘entered into equations for temperature differential through the chsaney shell T will give values of accuracy in keeping ‘with the basic design assumptions. 05 2 = tobe obtained from the manufacturer of the materials used to be determined from curves in a 4 622 Flue gas film cooffi K ry x Ty120 Kx, T/150 ‘The value ofr, = 0. shall appy ony where the distance beriven the ining and the chimney shell isnot les than 4, throughout the sntre height ofthe lining and ai inlet and one openings ae provided atthe boter and tp ofthe Chimney shell. The area of the let and out openings in Square feet shall nameriealy equal swo-heds the inside meter in feo! ofthe chirmey shel athe tp ofthe ning. Local ebsructions inthe ir space betwech the i chimaey shel shall ot esti the ereaof the airspace at any Frio setion Tes than that specified for ae inlet ox outlet 162.3 The mexirnum stress in the vetical ste fy in psi cceuifng at the ouside face ofthe chimney sell Jv totem perature, shal be computed by Eq, (64) for = Gye? Che) TE, 6-4) y of the reinforcement, psi 6.3—Circumferential temperature stresses 634 The maximum circumfereaia stress in pst inthe conerete due to temperature f "ere occurring at the inside of the chrmney shell shal be compated by Eq. (65) Sere = tigt CT et E ©where and we mpin(y +1) + ACI STANDARD 66) (p'n cy’ +1)" + 2p'a n'y = value determined for vertical temperature stresses ratio of the cross-sectional area ofthe circumferen- ial outside face reinforcing stee! per unit of height to the cross-sectional area of the chimney shell per unit of height ratio of inside face circumferential reinforcing stecl area tothe outside circumferential reinforcing. steel area ratio of distance between the inner surface of the chimney shell and circumferential outside face reinforcing steel to the toil thickness 1 All other notations are the same As for vertical temperature suesses. 6.3.2 The maximum stress in psi in the ouside cireumer- ential reinforcement forc due to temperature shall be computed by Eg. (6-7) fope= OC’ = €)* Ty en APPENDIX A—NOTATION = area of reinforcing steel at top and bottom of an ‘opening, in? (Chapter 4) band width parameter (Chapter 4) = ratio ofthe distance from the extreme compression fiber tothe neutral axis for vertical stress~ 8 to the total thickness, (Chapter 6) € for circumferential stresses (Chapter 6) coe'ficient of thermal conductivity of chimney ‘unineulated lining! or insulation around steel liner, Bruin, of thicknessihulleg F differ- ‘ence in temperature (Chapter 6) = coefficient of thermal condactvity of the con- ‘rete of chimney shell, Btu/fin, of thickness! Jnvidog F difference in temperature (12 for nor- ‘mal weight concrete) (Chaptgr 6) = drag coefficient for along, wind load (Chapter 4 ‘nd Commentary Chapter 4) nd effect factor (Chapter 4) sms lift coefficient (Chapter 4) rms lift coefficient modified for local turbu- leace (Chapter 4) coefficient of thermal conductivity of insuta- tion filing in space between lining and shel, Buin. of thicknessfae/deg F difference in temperature (3 for lightweight concrete) (Chapter 6) iameter of chimney (Commentary Chapter 4) ‘mean diameter of uninstlated lining or insila- dy a ei Serv tiv 4 KO tion around liner, ft (Chapter 6) inside diameter of uninswlated lining or insulation around liner, ft (Chapter 6) ‘mean diameter of concrete chimney shell, f (Chapter 6) inside diameter of concrete chimney shell, f (Chapter 6) ‘outside diameter of concrete chimney shell, ft (Chapter 6) ‘mean diameter of space betes fining and shell, ft (Chapter 6) bottom outside diameter of chimney. ft (Chap- ter 4) ‘mean giameter a bottom of chimney, (Chap- ter 4) top outside diameter of chimney, ft (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) ‘mean diameter atop of chimney, fe(Chapter 4) ‘mean outside diameter of upper third of chimney, f (Chapter 4) ‘outside diameter of chimney at height z, ft (Chapter 4 a: d Commentary Chapter 4) ‘outside diameter of chimney at critical height Zen ft(Chapter 4) = dead load (Chapter 5) ‘earthquake toads or forces (Chapter 5) modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi (Chapter 6) modulus of elasticity of concrete, kipft? (Chapter 4) modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, psi (Chapters 5 and 6) effective peak velocity (Commentary Chapter 4 frequency, Hz (Chapter 4) specified compressive strength of concrete, psi (Chapter 4) £¢ modifica for temperature effects, circumferential, psi (Chapter 5) ‘fe. modified for temperature effects, vertical, psi (Chapter 5) maximum circumferential stress in concrete due to temperature at inside of chimney shell, psi (Chapters S and 6) maximum vertical sess in concrete at inside of chimney shell due to temperature, psi (Chapters 5 and 6) ‘maximum stress in outside circumferential reinforcement due to temperature, psi (Chapters 5 and 6) ‘maximum stress in outside vertical einforce- ment due to temperature, psi (Chapters 5 and 6) ‘maximum stress in inside vertical reinforee- ‘ment dueto temperature, psi (Chapters $ and 6) specified yield strength of reinforcing ste, psi (Chapters 4 and 5) 4 modified for temperature effects, circumferential, psi (Chapter 5)ENFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS 460) = fymodited fr temperature effets, vertical ps (Chapter 5) Fyq._ = strouhal number parameter (Chapter 4) Fig = liftcoefficent parameter (Chapter 4) = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 flsec® (Chap- ter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) G across-wind peaking factor (Chapter 4) Gla) = gust factor for radial wind pressure at height 2 ‘(Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) Gy = gust factor for along-wind fluctuating load ‘(Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) f= chimney height above ground level, (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) i= Iocal turbulence parameter (Chapter 4) I importance factor for wind design it Chapter 4 and ASCE7 k= ratio of wind speed, (V), to the critical wind speed, (Ve) aerodynamic damping parameter (Chapter 4) ‘mass damping parameter of small amplitudes (Chapter 4) kz = equivalent sand grained surface roughness fac tor (Commentary Chapter 4) K = parameter for nominal moment strencth in Chapter 5 ot horizontal force factor for earthquake design in the Commentary Introd iction Eff, Chapter 5) coefficient of heat transmission from gas 19 in- ‘cr surface of chimney lining when chimney is lined, or toinner surface of chimney shell when chimney is unlined, Buw/ft/uldeg F difference in temperature (Chapter 6) K, = coefficient of heat transmission from outside surface of chimney shell to surrounding air, Buw/fhvites F wifference in. temperature (Chapter 6) K, = coefficient of heat transfer by radiation between outside surface of linkog and inside surface of concrete chimney shell, Broftmnides, F difference in temperature. (Chapter 6) K, = cosfficient of heat transfer between outside suiface of lining and inside surface of shell for chimneys with Ventilated air spaces, Btu/f/he/ deg F difference in temperature (Chapter 6) K;,Kp Kyparamieters for nominal moment strength (Chapter 5) th of opening in concrete chimney shell in. (Chapter 4) length coefficient (Chapter 4) ‘moment induced at height z by across-wind Toads, f-tb (Chapter 4) maximum circumferential bending moment {veto radicl wind pressure, at height z tension on Inslle Heib/ (Choptar 4) ‘M(2)_ = moment induced at height z by mean along: wind load, eb (Chapter 4) {, = nominal moment strength at section (Chapter er AP x f 307-45 3 ‘maximum. circumferential bending moment ‘due to radial wind pressure, at height z tension ‘on outside, ftb/ft (Chapier 4) M, = factored moment at section (Chapter 5) Mo{b) = bending moment at base due to mean along- wind Toad, ft-lb (Chapter 4) M2) = combined design moment at height 2 for scross-wind and along-swind loads (Chapter 4) ‘modular rato of elasticity, E/E, (Chapter 6) ‘number of openings entirely in compression zone (Chapter 5) Ble) = pressure due to mean hourly design wind speed at height z I/F (Chapter 4) pie) = radial wind pressure at height z,Ib/ (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) P,, = pressure due to wind at ritical speed (Chapter _ 49 x factored vertical Hoad (Chapter 5) @ — = stress level comection parameter (Chapter 5 sand Commentary Chapter 5) @.Qy= parameters for nominal moment strength 02.03 (Chapter 5) 7 = average radius of section (Chapter 5) = ratio of heat transmission through chimney shell to heat transmission throwgh Tining for chimneys with ventilated air spaces (Chapter 8 : 2) = mean radius at height z,f (Chapter 4) R= parameter for nominal moment strength (Chap ter5) = centerto-center spacing of chimneys, t (Chap- ter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) = spectral parameter (Chapter 4) rode shape factor (Chapter 4) strouhal number (Chapter 4) thickness of concrete shell (Chapters 5 and 6) ty = thekness of uninsulated Tining or insulation around steel liner, in. (Chapter 6) = thickness of air space or insulation filling the space between lining and shel, in. (Chapter 6) MO (6) = thickness of conerete shell at bottom, ft (Chap- ter 4) 103) = thickness of concrete shell at top, t (Chapter 4) T ‘normal temperature effect (Chapter 6) = maximum specified design temperatuce of ges inside chimney, deg F (Chapter 6) Ty = minimum temperate of outside air swrround- ing chimney, deg F (Chapter 6) temperature drop across concrete shell (Chap- ter 6) fundamental period of vibration for unlined shell, sec per eyele (Chapter 4 and Commen- tacy Chapter 4) Th ® second mode period of vibration for unlined ‘hell, see per cycle (Chapter 4 and Commen- tary Chapter 4) U, = required circumferential strength (Chapter 5) 4 a 0[ACI STANDARD) required vertical strengsh (Chapter 5) basic wind speed, mph (ASCE 7 and Chapter a critical wind speed for across-wind Toads, cor responding 10 the fundemental mode fuse (Chapter 4) critical wind speed for across-wind loads corresponding to the second inode ‘VI (Chapter 4), mph mean hourly wind speed at 5/6h varying over a range of 0.50 and 1.30 Ve), fusec mean hourly wind speed st top of chimney, ftv sec (Chapter 4) ‘mean hourly design wind speed at height z, f sec (Chapter 4) ‘mean hourly design wind speed at 5/6h, fusec (Chapter 4) mean hourly wind speed at a height of 33 fi, {U sec (Chapter 4) total along-wind load per unit length at height Ioffe (Chapter 4) mean along, wind load per unit length atheight 2 Ibyft (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) fluctuating along-wind load per unit length at top of chimney, lb/ft (Commentary Chapier 4) ‘vettating along-wind load per unit length at height 2, lb/ft (Chapter 4) ‘2r03s-Wind load per unit length at top of chimney, lift (Chapter 4) across-wind load per unit length at height 2 1b/ fe (Chapter 4), average weight per unit length for top third of chimney, tbft (Chapter 4) ‘mean along-wind load per unit length 2s giver by Eq, (4-27), tot (Chapter 4) ‘wind Joad (Chapter 5) ‘maximum lateral deflection of top of chimney, sn. (Chapter 4) height above ground; ft (Chapter 4 and Com. ‘mentary Chapter 4) = height corresponding to V., (Chapter 4) exposure length factor (Chapter 4) ‘on the chimney erosé section, one-half the con- tral angle subtended by the neutral axis (Chap- ter 5 and Commentary Chapter 5) thermal coefficient of expansitn of concrete and of reinforcing stel, 0.000065 per deg F (Chapter 6) ‘on the chimney cross section, one-half the cen- % a y Ww Pe Pot m 8 % wa teal angle subiended by an opening (Chapter 5 and Commentary Chapter 5) actcdynamie damping factor (Chapter 4) fuciion of eritioal daniptna. foe RovoRaowetut load (Chapter 4) factor defined in Section 10.2.7.3 of ACI 318 (Chapter 6) ‘on the chimney cross section, one-half the cen: tral angle subtended by the center lines of two ‘openings (Chapter 5) 20] with « relative surface roughness on the order of 10* to 10°. Some reduction in the drag coefficient C,, with decreasing Fld) can be expected but unusually rough (€g, ribbed) chimneys would have higher values of C,, The variations of Ca, with roughness and aspect ratio are discussed by Basu and Vickery and Basu? ‘ ‘The total load per unit length is computed asthe sum ofthe ‘ean component [¥(2) = Cy,(2)- a) p)] and the dyna ‘component w'(2)= w(K): 2h}. The dynamic componcat was ‘evaluated using a slightly modified form of the “gost factor” approaches desctibed by Daveaport, Vickery? and Si- miu."! The base moment is evaluated using the gust factor approach but the loads producing this moment are approxi- mated by a triangular distribution cather than a distribution ‘matching the mean. Eq. (4-6)is a simple empirical ft valves of Gy computed as before fora structural damping of 1.5 ‘percent of critical. No revisions have been made to the procedures for calculating along-wind loads 4.23 Across-wind loads- The Committee has had numer- cus user comments and discussions regarding the procedures included in the 1988 standard for across-wind forces. Virtu- ally allof the commentators felt thatthe procedures were un- daly conservative especially in the absence of any record of structural failure. As a result ofthese discussions, and with the availability of new data and full-scale observations, the procedures for calculating across-wind loads have been ex- tensively revised, ‘A general soluticn forthe across-wind response of circular chimneys with any geometry has been developed by Vick- ery. The current procedures, based on Vickery's general solution, have been simplified to some extent, which re- 4uires that their application be restricted to certain geome- tries. Similar models have provided the basis for vortex- induced forces incorporated by the National Building Code cof Canada, and the ASMEJANSI STS-1-1993 Steel Stack Standard. Circular chimneys outside the bounds of the current pro- ‘cedures, or where a flare or strong taper (nozzle) exists for ‘more than one diameter near the top, may be conservatively analyzed using tne procedures of Section 4.2.3.3 of ACI307- £8 or by the general approach pat forth by Vickery.!? It should be noted, however, that the procedures for determining shedding forces are not materially affected by the ‘configuration of the lower third of the shell, which may range from plumb to any degree of taper. However, it should also be noted that noncircalar shapes may be more sensitive to across-wind forces requiring, anal- _yses beyond the scope of this standard. Eq. (416) establishes a basis for increasing structural ‘damping from a minimum of 1.0 percent to a maximum of 4.0 percent when the wind speed Vexceeds V{¢,,). Structural damping of I percent of critical is consistent with measured values and moderate stress levels with little cracking. 40 percent damping, which would be permitted when V = 1.30 ‘Vere. is more consistent with damping values permitted in seismic design Eight sample chimneys were studied using the 1988 procedures and the curtent procedures. Fatigue damage was also considered using the procedures pat forth by Vickery." It ‘was conchided that a case-by-case analysis of fatigue in ci- cular chimneys which would require a supplemental working stress analysis was not necessary, as fatigue stresses in the sample chimneys were within acceptable limits: ‘A comparison of results using the 1988 procedures and the current procedures are shown in Teble 4.2.3. These chimneys were selected from a group of recent projects andior ‘where the aspect ratio hld is ator near 10, where peak excitation is normally found, Note that for Chimneys 3 and 5 the critical wind speed exceeds the design wind speed, permit- ting modification of both damping (Eq. 4-16) and M, (Eq. 4- 8a), which significantly reduces the base moments. 423.4 Grouped chimneys—Interations between closely spaced eylindsical objects have been studied in considerable dltail bat virtually all the test result are for subcritical val ues of Reynolds Numbers and their applicability to chimneys is highly questionable, However. even with the scale effectsIeNFORCED CONCRETE CHIANEYS COMMENTARY sons ‘able 42.3~-Comparion of resulls-alog pls across wind moments ‘Description of chimneys ~ a a T 3s 67 a0 3 0 vo? oa 2 0 20 an 1 v8 ost ows 3 su su ass \ ns ran asa 4 Hs san 50 1 886 vate owe 5 8 ce) 00 \ 29 240 00s ‘ ome na | nese 3 4s nee oss 7 2s m0 2.00 1 458 om ans ‘ ms 20 m0 \ 186 vas ase act a Fare Ramana Chimney Ven mph Viger) mph Vez) mph Komph Men #98 k 7 725 Bo 33 #83 7a Ta 2 12 +0 3 5 163 1 3 nse os es on ts2 ame ‘ 0 360 955 52 as Ln 5 wos ta 59 859 ross oe ‘ m0 m3 a1 9 60 109 7 ns m2 461 a7 ns au 8 Ba oa | 2 33 3s 1310 Faeaine ond noma es Fe RCTOTHR HN oie, | Fer ACL OT. ed Se re cents | sang cuagescrie Bab1, | Per Acar nt Aci 95 sony ite ae cfg aoa v 270,600 "208,200 160.900, ~ 2 20.500 2340 sa00 3 01909 258100 vsieo ‘ ms + 400 ssi 200 5 on «5300 an70 6 175300 oma 3300 1 samo 00 asco § 16500 wen 300 introdueed by the inequality of the Reynolds Number, the ‘wind tunnel is presently the only tool that will provide guidance as to the likely magnitude of interferqace effects. A review of interference effects is given by Zdravkokvich." Vickery"? attributes the arnplification of shedding forces 19 increased turbulence and additional buffeting effects, which formed the basis for revisions made to this section. At centersto-center spacings 5. in excess of 2 to 3 diame ters the prime interference effect is related tothe across-wind excitation due to shedding. The recommendations in Section 4.2.3.4 ace based on the results of Vickery and Daly'* and were obtained at subcriticdl values of the Reynolds Number. "The first term in modifier (c) is an enhancement factor to 2c- ‘count for buffeting due to vortices shed by the upstream structure snd the second term accounts for small-scale turbutence, The same reference also contains results for two cy!- inders of different size with the upstream structure having 2 diameter 25 perceat greater than the diameter d of the other. In this case the amplification of the response of the down- wind chimney is roughly 3.4 - 0.2sfd for 4 < sid < 12. The amplification of shedding for grouped cylinders fas also ‘been noted at full scate'® but the availabe data isnot suf cient to quantitatively validate model test results. 4.2.4 Circumferential bending—The equation forthe prediction of the cizcumfecential moments is based upon measured pressure distibutions."©"7 Comparative values for the bending moments 2s oblained from different distibutions are given in Reference 7. The use of a gust factor G, in this ‘computation is based upon the assumption that the mean ‘pressure distribution (when expressed in coefficient form) is ‘also applicable for short duration gusts. “The increase in the loads near the tip is consistent with observations'® thatthe drag coefficient increases significant: ly in this region. 43—Earthquake loads Earthquake moments for Chimneys 1, 2, 3.4, 6, and 7 of ‘Table 4.2.3 were calculated using the static equivalent pro- ccedutes of the 1988 standard and by the present dynamic response spectrum method. The analyses show that disere- pancies in moments, especially in the upper portions of the chimney, could be as high as 25 percent. In addition, a survey of designer-members revealed that only the dynamic response spectrum procedures are beingsommes used, a5 this method is recognized to be more accurate sid reliable, especially for noncircular chimneys, Further, most, ifnot all building codes permit the use of a éynamic analysis in iew of their published static equivalent methods. Finally, previous commentators argued to retain a static, ‘equivalent procedure in the standard to accommodate eng neers who do-not have access to computer-aided design However, te prolification of powerful personal computers and finite clement programs over the past several years ‘mutes this argument In view of these factors, the Committee decided to delete the static equivalent method of analysis requiring that a dynamic analysis be performed for all chimneys. It should be noted, however, that static equivalent procedures are useful to approximate earthquake forces for pre~ liminary design and when confirming computer programs. ‘The design response spectrum provided in the standard is an average elastic response spectrum, normalized fora peak horizontal ground acceleration of 1,00 with S percent of ert ical damping, It represents a spectrum of $0 percent shapo- bound probability level thatthe responise ofthe structure dur ing an earthquake would not exceed. Its the same spectrum that has been adopted for use in the design of steel chimney liners for earthquakes by the Task Committe of the Ameri- can Society of Civil Engincers."” To obtain the design response spectrum, the normalized spectrurm must be scaled down tothe effective peak velocity, EPV, related ground acceleration ‘The ASCE 7-88 map for the EPV related acceleration co- ‘fficient is used in this standard, This map differs from those used in the Uniform Building Code, which was based on the ‘maximum recorded intensity Of shaking without regard to the irequency with which earthquake shaking might occur. "The ASCE 7-88 map, on the other hand, has « more uniform probability of earthquake occurrence, and is based on those given by the Applied Technology Council, ATC 3.06 con- tour map. For example, in Zone 4 seismic area, the EPV related acceleration is O.4g and the probability of not ‘exceeding this peak EPY ground acceleration within 50 years is estimated to be 90 percent. This is equivalent to a ean recurrence interval of 475 years, o an average annual Tisk of 0.002 events per year. The peak EPV related ground acceleration at a site can be determined either using this zon- ing map and the recommended scale factors given in Table 43:2 or from the specific seismic record ayilable atthe ste It should be noted that a ductility factor of 1.33 is built into the scale factors of Table 4.3.2. For instance, instcad of 0.44, scale factor of 0:33 is used for a Zone 4 area. It should also be pointed out that the recommended design response spectrum is based on firm soil sites. Soil conditions at the firm site consist of bedrock with shear wave velocity sreater than 2500 filsec oF deep soil with soil depth exceeding 200 f, andthe soil types overlaying rock are stable deposits of sands, gravels, stiff clays or stif oils with deposits less than 200 ft. For chimneys tobe built on shallow and soft of mediumstff clays and sands, a greater design response spectrum is anticipated. Guidelines provided in ATC 3.06 to obtain a modified design response spectrum and te soil ACI COMMITTEE REPORT structure interaction may be used. In liew of a dynamic respcase spectrum analysis, «time history dynamic analysis is permitted, provided a reliable time history of earthquake ground motion is used. Due to the complications of time history analysis and scarce availability of earthquake, ground motion time history records, the Com mittee adopted the dynamic response spectrum analysis. In the design of a chimney for horizontal earthquake fore- ¢s, only one horizontal direction need be considered. Unlike building structures, chimneys are generally axisymmetsic, and the orthogonal effects from two horizontal earthquakes, acting simultaneously in the two principal directions are neg- ligible ‘The effect ofthe vertical component ofthe earthquake on the chimney has been determined to be of no design signifi- cance. An extensive time history analysis made by the Com- mittee shows that the effect of vertical earthquake motions adds only a few percent of vertical stresses to those resulting from the dead load and horizontal earthquake. One of the principal reasons is due to the fact that the peak responses ‘between vertical and horizontal earthquakes do not occur at the same instant. Design based on SRSS of vertical and horizontal earthquake forces will be unduly conservative. Therefore, the in- clusion of vertical seismic effects is not recommended by the Committe. For cases in which the chimney lining (bck, stel, oroth- ‘er materials) is sapported by the concrete chimney shell, either atthe top of the chimney shell or at other intermediate points, e dynamnic analysis including both concrete shell and liner should be used. Appropriate damping values should be used forthe liner depending onits construction (eg. 1.5 percent for stel liners, 4.0 percent for brick liners, and 2.0 percent for fiber reinforced plastic liners). 4.5—Deflection criteria ‘The incorporation of the strength design method into the standard will generally result in chimneys with thinner walls, in the lower portion and with higher deflections. Tae Com- mittee felt that deflections under service loads should be ‘checked and thatthe deflections of chimneys designed by the strength method should not vary greatly from the deflections of existing chimneys designed by the working stross method. Limiting deflections also serves to reduce the effects of sec- ‘ondary bending momeuts. ‘However, the procedures inthe 1988 edition were found to be too restrictive for shorter chimneys and have been modified, See Bq. (4-45). ‘Operation, access for inspection, lining type, ete, as well 1s wind or earthquake-induced deflection, should be consid- cred whea establishing shell geometry. (CHAPTER 5—DESIGN OF CHIMNEY SHELL— STRENGTH METHOD 5.1—General Except for the addition of precast chimney shells and a general procedure for designing ronciicular shapes, no revi-REINFORCED CONCRETE CHINNEYS COMMENTARY sions of note have been made to this section. However, the previous commentary is retained for reference. '3..2 The maximum compressive strain in the concrete is assumed to be 0.003, othe maximum tensile strain inthe steel i assumed tobe the fracture limit of 0.07, whichever is reached first. If the stel fracture limit is reached first, the rosximum coneret strain computed from the linear strain diagram is bolow 0.003. This deviates from the design assomp- tions of ACI 318. For a given total vertical stee} ratio, this ray occur when the ratio ofthe vertical Toad tothe moment js below a certain value. A total vertical steel ratio in the chimney cross section Tess than that per the minimum requirement of ACI318 for flexural members is permitted. ‘Even when the maximum concrete compressive strain fy is less than 0.003, th stress block is still considered rectangular, However, in these instances, the stzss level is modified by a conection factor called the parameter Q. See ‘commentary on Section 5.5.1 SA—Design strength, ‘5.4.1 In the calculation of limit state bending moments, al- Jowance needs to be made for the moment caused by the weight of the chimney in its deflected shape. The deflection willbe less than that calculated by standard methods due to the stiffening effect of the concrete in the cracked tension zone, Further investigation of this stiffening effect needs 10 bbemade. At present, the Committee has decided not to make a specific recommendation. Instead, the value of @ (Section 5.4.1) was lowered t0 0.8 to account for this effect and deflection criteria were added. ‘The formulas are also derived for cross sections with one ‘or two openings in, or partly in, the compression zone, Nore- a7? (£05080) 66 Bp rid 2p r= cosa) Sa Dek 00, te (eod89 -doosdsiner cos = LAH. (onl —nestuinas cn of, $028 _ peoscxsind + O¢o: + $828 _aeoscsind +8 = "(r= cose) _ (Cute w) + Cuosinde sna) - 2oosasine- snk) + (6.- whoos?a) Let Jy= 21 C1 - ens) Jy= [or sinot cosa.-sinp cosh ~ 4coscxsinet - sin) + 24a. - wcos*aiJ(I - cost) . therefore SY = En GER OSs = 2fhoyrif,« r(e0s8— cosa) do = 2r"pyfye (sin®- Boose) 5 Pah, = 2h (sey - pcos) therefore wPyflodaNee where in. - coser For P with one opening in compression zone (Fig, 55.1(0)] P= 20.856! + [e( S85 rcote) - fh (cso cosa) 0] = 1.07%f(6int - teoser- sin 8 + Boose) tnerefore P= 1.0Pifc{sint -(¢ -B)eoso.- snd} For P’ with two openings in compression zoae (Fig 55.100] P= 2n0.asf [ESBS eos) 28 (eas6~ cosa) do] = 1.107 {sine - oosce- sin(y + 8) + sin(y- 8) + 28080} therefore P’=LTOPYfsint- (€- 28)c0s01- sn(y+ 8) + siaty-8) ‘Generalizing Ps LTP +R where Re=sint~ (¢-mB)cosee-(n/2)(sin(y + 8) -sinty- 8)) Forno openings =0 For one opening in compression zone For two openings in compression zone! =2 : ‘Sum of moments about neutral axis must equal zero, therefore MM, = Pyrvosaet P’ + Sy’ + Sy! + Sy +S = P,feosce+ LIOP GER + O97’ K fay), +20) + Ene Reods + PHF, = Pypeoser + LIOP YER + eye K 04h, +3) + 2rflena + J EE REPORT therefore MJP HEE =(P,cosalrtf.) + Ky where Ky = LIOR + 69K .0{U4 +13) + 200, +19) or Ky = LIOR + 64K,001 + 20K r= (0y- WA + 2eos%a) + (/\edsindex + sin2ay - sin2u) = deosa(sina. + siny - sinp) VC - cosa) and K=siny + sing + (n- y-peosce Multiply both sides of the equation by UK, = rif/P, IfelPs MyfPifd = rfgIP, « P osertf! + Ky» Ke therefore and require Mos= 4M, 2M, For two symmetric openings partly in compression zone [Fig 55.100) yr>t and Bet Tet bey ‘Situation is the same as for no openings in the compression zone with 18 ded R=sin6 - Boose. and all olner values are the same as before. Openings in the tension zone—Openings in the tension zone are ignored since the tensile strength of the concrete is, neglected, and the bars cut by the openings are replaced at the sides of the openings. Openings in the compression zone—Openings inthe com- SAHARA AHAATHHeHHagananannnanrnrananeRENVFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS COMMENTARY Soret pression zone are ignored in calculations of the forces in the compression reinforcement only, since the cut bars are re placed at the sides ofthe openings. Vertical temperature stresses in reinforcement; effect on nse temperature sess in outside steel compressive temperature stress in inside steel Sarva fy at service Toads ratio, outside stee! area to total stecl area wet pte) T+y ratio, inside steel atea'to total steel area FO) load factor for temperature combined with W or E 4 Atultimate, effect on f, on windward side Usable yield fore eld force - F(v) + tensile force in outside steel + FV) + compressive force in inside steel Dividing by total steel area, Ay ttt FLO) yy Ast hory atti fog nh ro Fv) Ah sry therefore It is conservative and convenient to use the same value for Sf on the leeward side as wel. Vertical temperature stresses in concrete effect on f. Fry = concrete compressive stress due to temperature alone at service leads Atultimate, effect on fis KO=, oF) Srv ‘Nominal strength for circumferential bendii sion on inside) 13 (compres -%a, Je SPRAIN DIAGRAM | oe LOAD DIAGRAM SG) = f,-5fsre oe} enti gn FEC) = hE -1.05f" cre. p’ = ratio outside steel area to total area Yi’ = ratio inside steel area to outside steel area pit = area outside steel, in. ‘y’p't= area inside steal, in : Stress in compression steel ae Leroy a) thecal fp EGO pone, sh/() OD Siressin tensile eet w= (/B) frs = 7p OESsorRe2 Bun’ fry =" 00038, 25,0) (a2) Load in compression steel Pes=Ses pt as) Load in tensile steel Prsefisp't (A-4) Load in concrete compression block Peg= O85f."(Oka (A) Poy + Pes- Prs=0 ae Find the value of a which satisfies this equation, Eabout Pps Ma = {Peult' -(0/2)] + Pes 2re - It Mys= 9M, 2M, an ‘Note: For compression on outside KO=h KOs; ‘therefore ignore temperature. Eq. (A-3) becomes Pos=SesPt ‘and Eq. (A~4) becomes Prs=frs Wot APPENDIX B—DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR ‘TEMPERATURE STRESSES. ‘The equations for maximum vertical stresses in concrete and steel due to.a temperature drop only, across the concrete F'crvf__| ACI COMMITTEE REPORT wall with two layers on reinforcement, are derived as fol-” lows. Unrestrained rotation caused by 2 temperature differential ofr; Oy = Op Telt Since rotation is prevented, strains and corresponding stresses are cause In concrete (inside) = Oct = 0,.Ty and flav = %eT Ee In autside reinforcement ©, = 80h of and fsrv= Gale - OTE, P= ratio of total area of vertical outside face reinforce ‘ment to total area of conerete chimney shell at see tion under consideration ‘V1 = ratio of inside face vertical reinforcement area to ouside face vertical reinforcement area en1s yn Fp ere =a,(c- 1 +y TAB. Fore EV 50. f Gry (ctl2) +f Sav Tt = fret OCT Ect2) + Ofc- 1+ WTAE pt |b esov/n Fsev/n 4 = Inside | Steel Rati feet Racis PBORG HRRHERBBEERRREER eee eee eee eee REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMINEYS COMMENTARY ut OTP 2+ 2mpype+ Reps 1) + 2ape- Anpya=0 2 a Apnty, + De+ Ponte D1 =0 2+ 2pnty + Ne 2pnly, +11 -7)}=0 em png +1) + tpn +1 + 2pm ty t 1H -2)) ‘The detivation for the equations for zhe maximum hori- ‘zontal stresses in concrete and steel due to a temperature drop only, across the concrete wall with two layers of reinforcement, is similar to that for the vertical temperature stresses Replace p with with Few with fore far with fore © with th with oy Fore = Me TEs Sere = Oded - OTE: pinch + 1)+ [p’n a’ #1? +2p’eby,' tH Wd APPENDIX C—REFERENCES 1.PCI Manual for Structural Design of Architectural Pre cast Concrete, Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1977. 2. PCI Design Handbook — Precast and Prestressed Con- crete, Prestressed Concrete Insitute, 1978. 3. Wares, CE,, “Precast Concrete Cannection Details for All Seismic Zones,” Concrete International, V. 14, No. V1 Nov. 1992, pp. 36-44. 4, Hollister, $.C., “Engineering Interpretation of Weather Bureau Records for Wind Loading on Structures,” Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures, Building Science Series, [No 30, National Burean of Standards, Washington, D.C, 1969, pp. 151-164. 5. Vickery, Barry J, “On the Reliability of Gust Loading Factors.” Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures, Building Science Series, No. 30, National Bureau of Standards, Wash- ington, D.C., 1969, pp. 93-106, 6. Vickery, B.J., and Basu, R. 1, “Simplified Approaches to the Evaluation of the Acioss-Wind Response of Chim- neys.” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerody- rnamiés, V. V4, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 153-166. 7. Rummaa, Wadi S,, “Reinforced Concrete Chime Handbook of Concrete Engineering, 2nd Eiition, Mark Fin- tel, ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1985, pp. 565-586, 8. Basu, RL, “Across-Wind Responses of Slender Struc- sores tures of Circular Cross-Section to Atmospheric Turbutence,” PhD thesis, Faculty of Enginesring Science, University of ‘Western Ontario, Londen, 1982 9, Viekery, B. 1. and Basv, RT, "Response of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys to Vortex Shedding,” Engineering Structures, V.6, No. 4, Guildford, Oct. 1984, pp. 324-333. 10, Davenport, Alan G., “Gust Loading Factors," Pro- ceedings, ASCE, V.93, ST3, June 1967, pp. 11-34. 11. Simi, Emil; Marshall, Ricbard D.; and Haber, Sey- ‘mout, “Estimation of Along-Wind Building Response,” Proceedings, ASCE, V. 103, S17, Suly 1977, pp. 1325-1338. 12. Vickery, B., “Across-Wind Loading on Reinforced Concrete" Chimneys of Circular Cross-Section,” Boundary Layer Wird Tunnel Report, BLWT-3-1993, University of ‘Western Ontario, Dec, 1993, 13. Zdravkokvich, M. M., “Review of Flow Interference fects Between Two Cylinders in Various Arrangements,” Journal of Fluids Engineering. V.99, 1971. p. 638. 14. Vickery, B.J., and Daly, A.,"Wind Tenn! Modelling, ‘asa Means of Predicting the Response of Chimneys to Vor- tex Shedding,” Engineering Structures, V6, No: 4, Guild- ford, Oct. 1984, pp. 363-368. 15. Ruscheweyh, H., “Problems with In-Line Stacks: Ex- perience with Full Seale Objects,” Engineering Structures, V.6,No. 4 Guildford, Oct, 1984, pp. 340-343. 16, Dryden, Hugh Hand Hill, George C., “Wind Pressure con Circular Cylinders and Chimneys.” Research Paper No. 221, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1930. ‘Also, NBS Jownal of Research, V.5, Sept. 1930. 17. ASCE Task Committee on Wind Forces, “Wind Fore- ces on Structures,” Transactions, ASCE, V. 126, Part 1, 1961.pp. 1124-1198. 18 Okamoto, T., and Yagita, M., “Experimental lavesti- gation Flow Pasta Circular Cylinder of Finite Length Placed Normal to a Uniform Stream,” Bulletin, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (Tokyo}, No. 16, 1973, p. 808. 19. Task Committes on Stee! Chimney Liners, Design and Construction of Stee! Chimney Liners, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1975, 226 pp. 20. “Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings.” NBS Special Publication No. S1.(ATC 3-06), Applied Technology Council National Bu- eau of Standards, Washington, D.., June 1978, 505 pp. 21. Mokrin, Zamil A. R., and Rumman, Wadi S., "Uh mate Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Members of Hollow Circular Sections Subjected to Monotonic and Cyctie Bend- ing," ACI Jouve, Proceedings V. 82, No.-5, Sept-Oct 1985, pp. 653-656. ‘22. Rumman, Wadi S., and Sun, Ra-Tsung, “Ukimate Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys,” ACI Youn, Proceedings V. 74, No. 4, Apt. 1977, pp. 179-186. 23, Hognestad, Eivind, "Study of Combined Bending and ‘Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete Members,” Bulletin No. 399, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Iinois, Urbana, 1951, 128 pp. To, DO9 wee ee tof he Canes and apron im cede ts RE al pacessorass ACI COMMITTEE REPORT CONVERSION FACTORS—INCH-POUND TO SI (METRIC) ‘To convert from to Length fos ceseeeerecerseessees sillimeter (mm), + meter (m) « inch . foot yard. eter (m) - miles (statute) kilometer (km) - Area square inch : soe Square centimeter (6m?) 6451 square foot. SOIT equate meter 2). 0.0929 squate yard | cesses square meter (am). : “0.8361 Volume (capacity) ounce. sees cubic centimeter (em)... +2957 gallon. =? » cubic meter (ms) ++ -0.003785 ‘cubic inch ..... +++ cubic centimeter (cm) +164 cabie foot | cubic meter (rm?) + 0.02832 cubie yard. eaubie meter (mi) “ 10.7646 Force ‘ilogram-force, - newton (N) - 9.807 ip-force newton (N) 4448 ppoundsforce... newton (N)- : 448 Pressure or stress (foree per ares) Jilogram-foree/equaze meter. . eee e BOSC Pa). sesso ip-foree/quare inch (ks). megapsscal (MPa). newton/square inch (N/m?) pound-foreelsquare foot... pound-force/square inch (psi)... i : ‘pascal (Pa). ILE paseal Pa) ilopascal Pa). Bending moment or torque inch-pound-force. + newton-meter (Nim). = 0.1130 {oot-pound-force + newton-meter (Nim) « 1356 rmeter-kilogram-force ++ newton-meter (Nim) 9.807 + Mass ‘ounce-mass (avoirdupois). : gram (g) 28.34 ‘pound-mass (avoirdupois). sees kllograin (kg) 0.4536 ton (metric)... eee megagram (Mg) ......+.. 1.0008 ton (short, 2000 Ibm)... *- megagram (Mg) = 0.9072 ‘ Mass per volume : pound-inass/cubie foot + Klogram/cubie meter (kg/m?) =. 16.02 pound:masslcubie yard. + Kilogram/cubie meter (kg/m?) + 0.5933 potnd-mass/galion Kilogramfeubic meter (kg/m?) 2 H9B ‘Temperature! deg Farenheit (F).. ae dog Celsius (C).... sete eee fes (fp SUB deg Celsius (C) .. " deg Fahrenheit ). t= LBic+32 ‘Ths seca ve peat conven nts of ifn in cence tcslogy, The free ose ft ifn on St was and mote conven fits “Sand frhtae Peale ASTM ES bu af ove rmisaepeh a " One ieee desis eqeats601 mo 100 en? {These ceva cone ne omperatre ain 10 ete td nde the cca se con sins degree, Gey US oly ien change tion 90 084 epson sommye al 1b Fer la = nso conven ieee in tnperatre om Fresh aes Cal CeesChapter 6 The design of a cement works re concrete chimney to BS 8110 and ACI codes ‘A reinforced concrete chimney lined with 112.5 men thick firebrick is to be constructed on a coment works site on the outskirts of Bristol. The shall is 10 be 106.5 m high from base level, and 8 m outside diameter at the base. 4.0 m outside diameter atthe top, as shown in Fig. 6.1 ‘The flue gases at 400 °C enter the main flue via 3 flues centering through an opening 1.4 m wide x 3.0 m high. The lining isto be built in 12 m lifts of concrete corbels with 2 100 m cavity Load cases Design for dead + wind in the Ukimate and Serviceabitity States: check for the Serviceability State of ersck ignore temperature. scismnic and avalling effets Material properties 30 Nimm’; f Se 250 N/mm fy = 460 Nisam? (base) (windshield); Soil conditi ns. Stiff boulder clay; safe soil bearing pressure = 350 kN/mm’. Design steps The R.C. windshield design incorporatjag Chapter 6 is drawn from three sources: (2) Limit State Designs of Collapse and Cracking to BS B10, m (by Allowable stress checks on the shell wcurding to the ‘ACI Code ref. 6-1), (©), Detailing requirements according to the ACI Code. Tn undertaking the design, certain simplifications have ‘been made to shorten the otherwise lengthy and repetitive calculations and increase the likelihood of the design steps being understood and the exercise being undertaken in a student drawing office. Firstly, the Desig Wind Load, W, is assumed to be constant for the Full height of the windshield. This is not rue in practice, but can be justified to some extent by the fact thatthe curve for 5 varies between values of only 1.0 and I.1 for approximately two- this of the height of the chimney. Secondly, Ws calculated on the assumption thatthe structure isa paralel- ided tube of base diameter, whereas, of course. itis a {runcated cone. Thiedly, after it has been shown thatthe cualined chironey is critical under the sole load case of 0.9 G, + 1.6 Q4. the calculations for elastic stresses and cracking have been restrieted to the station ofthe unlined chimney. Lastly, although the design is foirly rigorous in its approach, the Serviceability States of Temperature Stress, Deflection, Seismic effects, and the effects of ovalling under wind loading have been omitted. Students should refer to Pinfold (ref. 6-2) for guidance on these caleulations. Step 1: The project is basically one of ensuring thatthe siructure complies withthe above codes, bearing in mind that it is subject 10 high overturning moment and axial ‘compression. and in which the neutral axis of the annular cross-section lies within the section. Thus the frst step is the calculation of the characteristic wind loads at pre- selected values of ft — the distance from the sop of the Ishield, Siep 2: Calculation of the wind moment. Step 3: Calculation of the characteristic dead load of the concrete shell based on the thicknesses of concrete in Fig. 6.5, Step 4: The characteristic dead loading of the Hining is calculated, based on the thicknesses given in the design brief 7 Step 5: Yast using (wo (of several) emp Step 6: A step-by-step approach is used to explain the ‘Untimate Limit Stale Design process by going trough the calculations using the cross-section at the base where fi = 106.5 m, resulting in the theoretical stec! percentage for vertical reinforcement, and finally. the steel percentage provided. together with bar spacing. The design rmothod religs heavily on the ase of Fig. 6.6, which is n turn, the end product of an analysis of stresses hased fon the following. assumptions: (@) The distribution of strain across the cross-section ig as shown in Fig. 6.10, Continued on p. 126Ref. we. jc ea tt ‘ofp Cav At + 1 ie wind SK S2%Sax¥ | for high dearee of | crpesive, asvin the case nivn Stel ote sm ota ieee pee $2: Heighy of vere ahoove Section 3, Ovtskivts of lawge. ciky , Serb | ot aires > 186. } Heighr of ct voorpve> Sou" | Ret $3: Wunfolot (eeh o- -2) sugges (e-2) sit poh that, in ‘the cad o} B | five froow Chimneys S2Fto ¢ in mest eset > 1.0 fie, Tae Sy [iece Se ore Pe Vee (li)Px te > G23 w/tec FQ. oA Fe Ge Ob” = OwIdx er2s*fot Ces, | Ct values Tare breadin of seetion at bave Onviaa|— as fow whole (ignove tapev- see intve) Tasae 14 Ng bs GhaReB 2 4d0 (se) w/e = los /e 5 ius Fev smooth! suvface, CE We: Wes fx ax Ae We + Die Mlaisieiows ASK BF lOLB Zev. ‘ths Fiquve iS -insevted tm Column 16, Fig. @. f Wry, U.pL 2 4050-2 /low-52 D4 verre Service a Howent, , - Kept os I9SB.2 w Fb-O8 | His 5b 34d ww. a \ Are cetera fat There, and vatues at othey Nevedt ave imetuded in Fig Gt, Colown | no FRPP PP PPR RRRAes 407-2 cr ertte | baw © les + (282; 2 Sep 3- Calelanion SF tell ACLA 1eaA (OF bate) the vetevence te ‘sell’ means The coucvete windstiieud at opposed te the Unie, The Sheu is Atcumed to be FO um. tice at the bate and 1@Smu thick ak the top. BEDS one Thus, the Tlcieness ar mid-heignt ef shafe, j- (See Fig. @¥ a Coty, Fry “oe) Suteide Ata, ak mid- height of chat, dis at (Bou) =m. (ee cone, eb) dA, 2 @- 2x 02479 = S5bm (see col, Ayes) o, Internat cia, at twit section, els aven of Concvete annulus at tit Section, . he (e- o-5br) 2 W2S ur a Taine ic fauve As an average eff aven of wget 1oS.en. high | Ve > 2 lensed: Sevvice Aead load 2 Ny = loo. UIT K 2G Mr + 168@e-4 En, Tis frquve iS euteved inte Cot. B, hg GB, Tus se i alo the weigh, unrtinedt, which Snovist ae enter inte sitet cateslations — Geant 64 Seopa Sonnets ot lining Acad leak to tive ficor level > Faace V timing) 2 dys Uenetey to conte of = Goce - 20378 Hoot StLtr ee Frq ©. Volume © Civeom feverce x Pilcteness xe hegi’ - asoove fiue, fidov (see Fy Gu Be Naz 1x $22 K onors x9dKIbe 2995-HO kw, Tht Fiqgue enteved inte col.to., 4 OB. | \ [ass S2ta-so mw (Fs cot. *) i | i | Seetion af miaaeigine | Ni (Totas) at bare level = Nit Na 2 1OBwerd + 2a95u = IRBSZ. bien, Colrmms I lo: fg. GB can now be completed: Vining (miaeigne of seeti 5] | == = == = == == =a al = =a == = =a = =a =a =a =a =a == =a == =a =a == —= =a =a