Running head: SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

Speech Language Pathology as a Career: Annotated Bibliography

Jordan Orozco
University of Texas at El Paso
RWS 1301

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

Introduction:
Speech-language pathology is a career on its way to the top. Not only
is it considered one of the top 50 jobs in the nation but it is also one of the
most satisfying jobs in America. In this field individuals holding a masters or
doctorate degree in speech-language pathology work with children, teens,
and adults to fix their communicative disorders so they may go through their
everyday life with as little as no communication problems. A communicative
disorder is something you can be born with or may get as a result of an
accident or disease. With proper and intense treatment, communication
disorders can be fixed.
The history of speech-language pathology gives the readers an
understanding of the methods used today. There is a growing demand for
speech-language pathologists in the public school system; the number of job
openings is 19% faster than it was ten years ago.
The effectiveness of treatment is based off of its intensity, environment, and
support system, which are discussed more in-depth in reference c. Although
there are a few negative opinions towards the role pathologists play there is
an overall positive view of the work they do. The reader will also learn about
EBP the approach that speech-language pathologists take in order to
effectively treat patients. Overall an individual seeking to help others cannot
go wrong with speech-language pathology as a career.
Research should analyze the following questions:

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

1. What is the history behind the methods of speech-language

pathology?
2. What is the demand and job outlook for speech pathologists?
3. Does speech therapy really work?
4. What are the pros and cons of being a speech language
pathologist?
5. What is the perspective on speech language pathology as a
career over all?
6. What causes the need for therapy and how do pathologists
diagnose an individual?

Reference A:
Duchan, J.F. (2002, December 24). What Do You Know About Your Professions
History? Why Is It Important?. The ASHA Leader. Retrieved from
http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2002/021224/021224a.htm
Summary: This reference written by Judith Felson Duchan, goes into detail
about the past of the profession, Speech Language Pathology. Duchan
discusses key points such as the first speech clinicians in America, the first
journal published in the United States that discussed topics about speech
language pathology, and when the first diagnostic tests were used by
speech-language pathologists in the United States. Knowing about this
professions history is more than just knowing dates and memorizing names.
This article gives readers a better understanding of the Speech Language
Pathology profession and methods behind todays practices.
Evaluation: This reference will be used in my paper to give my readers
background and historical information about my major as a career and where

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

it all began. It is important to show your readers that you, the writer, have
knowledge about the topic being discussed because it offers well-rounded
images for your audience.
Cited by: 3
Direct Quote #1: Originally speech pathologists were never taken
seriously, Duchan writes (2002), The first speech practitioners in America,
of course, were not certified clinicians. Some were considered quacks;
people who falsely claimed they had a secret technique or cure for particular
speech disorders, (Duchan, 2002).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #1: There was no degree or document of
certification needed when it came to curing individuals speech disorders.
Some of the speech practitioners were considered quacks, meaning people
who pretended they knew how to cure patients. In a sense speech language
pathology was taken as a joke in America (Duchan, 2002).
Direct Quote #2: Towards the end of Duchans paper (2002), she explains
how important it is to understand our past because it is what has led us to
our present speech therapy methods. Duchan says, Finding out who our
predecessors were and what they did can lead to an understanding of the
socio-cultural circumstances surrounding their practices and decisions. It can
also allow us to wonder where we would be if our forebears had taken other
paths and made other decisions, (Duchan, 2002).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #2: Duchan is explaining how important it is to
know where, whom, and how our profession originated because it has

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

shaped the present and future of speech pathology. The understanding of

how this field has been molded is important when considering the social and
cultural conditions of treatment. It is a mystery where this field would be had
our ancestors seen speech pathology from the present point of view
(Duchan, 2002).
Block Quote #1: Duchan (2002), explains how back then clinicians in
speech language pathology gained their experience and legitimacy through a
numerous amount of ways, stating,
These first clinicians gained expertise in different ways.
Those who were seen as legitimate by professionals of their
time (e.g., Potter) were from established professions, such
as education, medicine, or elocution. A second way that
American clinicians developed expertise was to serve as
apprentices or to study the work of established speech
clinicians in Europe. Most of these European clinicians were
physicians whose practice consisted of individuals with
communication disorders. They came to be known in Europe and
America as "speech doctors." Finally, a number of early
clinicians entered the field after having developed methods
for remediating communication difficulties in themselves or
in someone they knew well. (Duchan, 2002).
Block Quote #2: Duchan (2002), gives a detailed explanation of the
development of scientific foundation for future research in the field of speech
pathology and methods to be practiced, she states,

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

AASC's prime purpose was "the promotion of scientific

organized work in the field of speech correction" (Malone,
1999). The felt need for developing a scientific basis for
this new profession is indicated by the following
recollection of Charles Van Riper, who was just entering the
field at about the time AASC was being formed: "Back then we
had no texts, no tools," he remembered. "We recorded our
clients' speech on wax phonograph cylinders. Our sound waves
were scratched on a smoked kymograph drum. Using tuning
forks of different frequencies, we calibrated hearing loss
by marks on the office carpet. We had no standardized tests"
(see Van Riper, 1989, pp. 72'ndash;73). So the pioneers,
several of whom were in the founding group of ASHA, set out
to design diagnostic tools, concepts, and normative data for
creating a more scientific base for research and practice in
the field. Their efforts included creating and forwarding
diagnostic taxonomies of the causes and conditions
associated with different communication disorders,
developing diagnostic tests to measure client performance in
a variety of areas, and collecting normative data to be used
as standards for differentiating abnormal from normal
communication performance. (Duchan, 2002).
Definition Word:

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

Quacks people who falsely claim they have a secret technique or cure for
particular speech disorders.

Reference B:
Edgar, D. L., & Rosa-Lugo, L. I. (2007). The critical shortage of speechlanguage pathologists in the public school setting: features of the work
environment that affect recruitment and retention. Language, Speech, and
Hearing Services in Schools, Vol. 38, 31-46. Retrieved from
http://lshss.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1762934
Summary: This reference written by Debra L. Edgar and Linda I. Rosa-Lugo
informs the reader of a demand for speech language pathologists (SLPs)
throughout America in the public school system. Edgar and Rosa-Lugos
purpose was to collect the perspective of speech pathologists regarding their
work environment that add or take away from the recruitment and remaining
of SLPs in the public school setting. A questionnaire was given out in 10
school districts to find out the reasoning for less SLPs being in the public
education system. Several themes came out of the questionnaire that
provide new perspective as to why the demand for SLPs in public school
systems is so high yet the supply is low. Changes are being made in the
public school system not only to make a difference in the lives of children but
in the lives of SLPs wanting to join that particular system.
Evaluation: This reference will be used in my paper to show the demand for
speech pathologists over the next decade in the public school system. This

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

reference should persuade my readers to want to be part of this field and join
the movement to make a difference in the lives of children at public schools.
Cited by: 51
Direct Quote #1: Edgar and Rosa-Lugo (2007), state, Recruiting and
retaining well-qualified SLPs in public schools is a national priority (ASHA,
2004e). Research has identified job satisfaction, workload, and caseload as
factors that affect the recruitment and retention of school-based SLPs (Blood
et al., 2002; Dowden, Alarcon, Vollan, Cumley, Kuehn, & Amtmann,
2006; Miller & Potter, 1982; Pezzei & Oratio, 1991; Wisniewski & Gargiulo,
1997), (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #1: Without SLPs in the public school system
students are left behind and lagging in class due to a variety of speech
disorders. The importance of SLPs in childrens lives is a top priority in the
nation. Speech language pathologists happiness, amount of work given, and
the amount of children assigned to one speech pathologist all play a role in
the recruitment and retention of school-based SLPs (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo,
2007).
Direct Quote #2: Edgar and Rosa-Lugo explain that over the past ten years
changes have taken place in the training of communicative disorders, which
have increased demand and shown, earlier identification of children with
communication disabilities, the role of SLP in literacy, and increased
recognition of the needs of children with multiple disabilities have resulted in

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

large and oversized caseloads, greater time demands, and additional

workload responsibilities for SLPs, (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #2: The earlier children begin to develop
communicative disorders the larger the caseloads become for speech
language pathologists. The increased size of children seeking therapy results
in a high time demand from SLPs and more duty on the SLPs part (Edgar &
Rosa-Lugo, 2007).
Block Quote #1: Edgar and Rosa-Lugo (2007), find it important to give their
readers some perspective by showing percentages and numbers to get their
point across, stating,
The national demand for skilled clinicians in public school
districts combined with the need in the private sector has
exceeded the number of students who are graduating with
degrees in communication disorders. In the 20002001
academic year, 15,464 students applied to a masters program
in communicative disorders. Of the 15,464 students
nationwide, only 6,650 (43.0%) were admitted, and of those
admitted, only a little more than half, 3,733 (56.1%),
actually enrolled in graduate programs (ASHA, 2004e). (Edgar
& Rosa-Lugo, 2007).
Block Quote #2: Edgar and Rosa-Lugo (2007), point of the importance of
being able to speak in a second language due to the growing diversity and
migration rate throughout the Unites States, by stating,

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

10

Children from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD)

backgrounds present a challenge for SLPs due to the
linguistic diversity and proficiency they possess in their
first and second language. SLPs working with students from
CLD backgrounds must have the competency to distinguish
between normal characteristics of second language
acquisition, a communication difference, and/or a
communication disorder. Otherwise, they may violate state
and federal mandates by mislabeling children as language
disordered when the children may only be manifesting
language differences (Kritikos, 2003). (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo,
2007.
Definition Word:
Caseload the number of cases handled by a single clinician in a particular
period.

Reference C:
Enderby, P., & Emerson, J. (1996). Speech and Language Therapy: Does It
Work? BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol. 312, No. 7047, pp. 1655-1658.
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.lib.utep.edu/stable/29732116
Summary: This reference written by Pam Enderby and Joyce Emerson
explains the effectiveness of speech and language therapy and whether or

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

11

not it really works. Acquired dysphasia is known to have favorable outcomes

of language treatment. However, studies show that at an early age children
receiving treatment may experience a return of their original communication
disorder. Intensity and effectiveness go hand and hand when it comes to
speech therapy. Although the two authors cannot give the readers a yes or
no answer to whether speech therapy works they can give us a state of
knowledge from the research they have collected.
Evaluation: This reference will be used in my paper to show the
effectiveness of speech therapy and what studies and proven. Itll give my
readers a new point of view as to how much effort needs to come from both
the patients family and speech language pathologist. Itll also inform my
readers that treatment goes far more in-depth than just curing a single
communication disorder.
Cited by: 0
Direct Quote #1: Enderby and Emerson (1996) state that at a young age
children grow out of their communication disorders however short term and
long term therapy can effect a child at such a young age, while they may
benefit from speech and language therapy in the short termand their
development may be expeditedthere may be no difference in the long term
between this group and similar children not receiving therapy, (pp. 1655).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #1: Although therapy may work for younger
children because they tend to outgrow their difficulties, their original
communication disorders may return in the long run. This return of

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

12

communication difficulty has little to no difference with a child who never

had treatment (Enderby & Emerson, 1996).
Direct Quote #2: According to Enderby and Emerson (1996), acquired
dysphasia has shown evidence, that speech and language therapy is
effective if targeted to patients with specific defects and needs and is
provided intensely, (pp. 1655).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #2: When a patient has a diagnosis that a
pathologist is able to narrow down by one or two specific communication
disorders, that speech pathologist will be able to focus on treating that
disorder. If a speech language pathologist is able to focus on one or two main
disorders it allows them to give treatment intensely and potentially cure that
disorder (Enderby & Emerson, 1996).
Block Quote #1: Enderby and Emerson (1996), discuss other factors that
may affect the success of your treatment. Factors such as your environment,
support system, etc., the two authors state,
Additionally, in general, dysphasic patients and their
relatives require support and encouragement, and a speech
and language therapist may help these patients to
communicate more effectively using a variety of different
approaches. All the studies have been faced with the
question what constitutes good recovery. While many
standardized tests of language ability exist, these do not
necessarily inform us about the functionality, efficiency,

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

13

effectiveness, and naturalness of a persons communication

and the general ability to cope with life. (Enderby &
Emerson, 1996, pp. 1655).
Block Quote #2: Enderby and Emerson (1996), agree the reason children
have reoccurring speech problems later on in life is because their main
communicative disorder was not identified as a child or therapy was given at
too young of an age to comprehend. Enderby and Emerson state,
The difficulty for researchers and practitioners is to
identify those children who have disorders that indicate a
broader range of underlying difficulties that will not
resolve spontaneously or may lead to a different range of
patterns of speech and language development, therapists are
increasingly confident that these children can now be
identified so that treatment can be targeted more
effectively. Two randomized trials are underway to compare
the outcomes between children receiving early speech and
language therapy and those receiving delayed intervention.
(Enderby & Emerson, 1996, pp. 1655).
Definition Word:
Dysphasic loss of or deficiency in the power to use or understand language
as a result of injury to or disease of the brain. (Cerebrovascular
accident/Head injury)

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

14

Reference D:
Hoffman, L. M., Ireland, M., Hall-Mills, S., Flynn, P., Nippold, M., & Marinellie,
S. (2013). Evidence-based speech-language pathology practices in schools:
findings from a national survey. EBSCO Host, Vol. 44 Issue 3 p. 266-280.
Retrieved from
http://0-web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/ehost
Summary: This resource by Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, and
Marinellie explains the importance of using evidence-based practice (EBP)
when treating patients. These authors gave a national survey in the year
2010-2011 and came to find that out of 2,762 SLPs in 28 states only 85%
held a certificate of clinical competence in Speech-Language Pathology. In
addition, out of those 2,762 SLPs, 91% reported having no time to engage in
EBP activities. The use of American Speech and Hearing Association
resources and EBP activities were reported below average. Although the
amount was low SLPs in the school system are highly interested in receiving
additional training to support EBP.
Evaluation: I will use this resource in my writing as a government source it
gives an overall national perspective as well as national guidelines that must
be followed when it comes to EBP.
Cited by: 32
Direct Quote #1: Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, and Marinellie
(2013), explain the importance of evidence-based practice in the field of

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

15

speech language pathology, stating, For school based practitioners, use of

an evidence-based approach to evaluation and service delivery aligns with
existing requirements of federal and state regulations of the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act, also known as No Child Left Behind, (Hoffman,
Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, & Marinellie, 2013).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #1: Speech-Language Pathologists working in
the school system must use evidence-based practice. The evidence-based
approach is a required and important approach issued by the state and
government when treating children with disabilities (Hoffman, Ireland, HallMills, Flynn, Nippold, & Marinellie , 2013).
Direct Quote #2: Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, and Marinellie
(2013), explain the components of evidence-based practice within the school
system, they state, three major components of EBP require an integration
of high quality published research evidence, practitioner expertise, and client
preferences and values (ASHA, 2005), (Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn,
Nippold, & Marinellie, 2013).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #1: When treating patients with and without
disabilities, federal regulations require three components. A pathologist must
have an overall knowledge of the published research, must be trained and
knowledgeable personnel, and lastly obtain participation from both the child
and parent (Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, & Marinellie, 2013).

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

16

Block Quote #1: Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, and Marinellie
(2013), discuss the federal and state regulations that have been placed into
effect, stating,
These regulations note the importance of scientifically
based research, which is defined as rigorous and systematic
studies that employ empirical investigation strategies,
including experimental or quasi-experimental designs, and
which have been accepted by peer-reviewed journals or
approved by an independent panel of experts. Individuals
with Disabilities Education Improvement (IDEA) also requires
that each student's individualized education program include
a statement of services "based on peer-reviewed research, to
the extent practicable" (34 CFR 300-320 (a) (4)).1
Moreover, if local education agencies (LEAs) use a portion
of IDEA funds to develop and implement coordinated early
intervening services in general education, such as a
response to intervention (RtI) initiative, the education
agency must ensure that the professional development enables
school staff to deliver scientifically based academic and
behavioral interventions (34 CFR 300.226 (b) (1)).
(Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, & Marinellie,
2013).

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

17

Block Quote #2: Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, and Marinellie
(2013), discuss the type of training speech language pathologists must go
through to fully understand the concept of evidence-based practice, stating,
In their efforts to prepare future clinicians for the
demands of implementing EBP in the workforce, preservice
training programs strive to provide the necessary
foundational knowledge and skills to successfully implement
EBP. Formal, systematic training in EBP is a relatively
recent endeavor of the past decade. The Knowledge and Skills
Acquisition Standards to obtain certification (ASHA, 2012a)
require individuals to "demonstrate knowledge of processes
used in research and the integration of research principles
into evidence-based practice" (Standard III-F). Common
features of multiple proposals within the same decade
included building and providing tools for student clinicians
to evaluate research on a clinical topic, emphasizing the
role of EBP in academic and clinical work, and simplifying
EBP to manageable and practical terms (Dowden, 2006;
Lemoncello, Sohlberg, & Boettcher, 2005; Oppenheimer &
Stanhaus, 2003; Wolter, Corbin-Lewis, & Elsweiler, 2006).
(Hoffman, Ireland, Hall-Mills, Flynn, Nippold, & Marinellie,
2013).

Definition Word:

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

18

Evidence-based practice (EBP) applying the best available research results

(evidence) when making decisions about health care. Those who preform
EBP use research evidence along with clinical expertise and patient
preferences.

Reference E:
Palmer, J.B., Drennan, J.C., & Baba, M. (2000). Evaluation and treatment of
swallowing impairments. American Family Physician. Vol. 61 pp. 2453-2462.
Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0415/p2453.html
Summary: This reference by Dr. Jeffrey B. Palmer, Jennifer C. Drennan M.S.,
and Dr. Mikoto Baba is an informative reference thatll make my readers
more knowledgeable when reading my paper. This reference explains the
impact dysphagia can play in your every day life from eating to being able to
properly talk. When dysphagia occurs movement of the tongue becomes
impaired enhancing communicative disorders. For speech language
pathologists treatment of swallowing is just as important as treatment for
communicative disorders.
Evaluation: I will use this reference in my paper not only to give an expert
source but also to show the importance of treatment in swallowing. Many
who are no familiar with this field wouldnt think swallowing plays a role but
it does. Speech and language therapy is not only about being able to talk its
about taking the proper steps before speaking.
Cited by: 0

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

19

Direct Quote #1: Palmer, Drennan, and Baba all agree that dysphagia is a
very common disorder that occurs for a variety of reasons. Most importantly
this disorder affects a great amount of body functions such as, oral
preparatory, oral propulsive, pharyngeal and/or esophageal phases of
swallowing, (Palmer, Drennan, & Baba, 2000).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #1: According to Palmer, Drennan, and Baba
(2000), one disorder affects many other functions in the body. Breaking down
these words for non PhD comprehension, dysphagia affects chewing your
food, action of tongue when chewing is occurring, complete closure of
breathing tube so food does not digest down that tube, and lastly the
muscles which carry the food down to the stomach (Palmer, Drennan, &
Baba, 2000).
Direct Quote #2: Palmer, Drennan, and Baba list three important objectives
in evaluating dysphagia because most patients are unaware of their difficulty
with swallowing. With proper evaluation comes proper treatment. The
authors state, recognize the problem, identify the anatomic region
involved, and third acquire clues to the etiology of the condition, (Palmer,
Drennan, & Baba, 2000).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #2: According to Palmer, Drennan, and Baba
(2000), it is important to find the exact sources of the disorder. One must be
able to identify the swallowing problem even if the patient themselves is
unaware of the disorder. Knowing the region of the throat that is being
affected such as the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal, is very important.

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

20

Lastly, knowing the seriousness of the disorder and level of pain is necessary
in order to follow through with proper treatment (Palmer, Drennan, & Baba,
2000).
Block Quote #1: Palmer, Drennan, and Baba (2000), go into detail about
the importance of physical examination and what to look out for when
diagnosing dysphagia, stating,
During the physical examination, it is important to look
for evidence of neurologic, respiratory and connective
tissue disorders that may affect swallowing. To this end,
an examination of oral-motor and laryngeal mechanisms is
critical.
The anterior neck is inspected and palpated for masses.
Dysphonia (abnormal voice) and dysarthria (abnormal speech
articulation) are signs of motor dysfunction of the
structures involved in oral and pharyngeal swallowing. The
thyroid cartilage is gently mobilized by manual distraction
to either side. Laryngeal elevation is evaluated by placing
two fingers on the larynx and assessing movement during a
volitional swallow.
The oral cavity and pharynx are inspected for mucosal
integrity, masses and dentition. The soft palate is

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

21

examined for position and symmetry during phonation and at

rest.
The gag reflex is elicited by stroking the pharyngeal
mucosa with a cotton-tipped applicator or tongue depressor.
A gag reflex can be elicited in most normal persons.
However, absence of a gag reflex does not necessarily
indicate that a patient is unable to swallow safely.
Indeed, many persons with an absent gag reflex have normal
swallowing, and some patients with dysphagia have a normal
gag reflex. The pulling of the palate to one side during
gag reflex testing indicates weakness of the muscles of the
contralateral palate and suggests the presence of
unilateral brain-stem (bulbar) pathology.
The patient should also be observed during the act of
swallowing. At a minimum, the patient should be watched
while he or she drinks a few ounces of tap water. In normal
persons, swallowing is initiated promptly, and no
significant amount of material is retained after a swallow.
Drooling, delayed swallow initiation, coughing, throat
clearing or a change in voice quality may indicate a
problem. After the swallow, the patient should be observed
for a minute or more to see if there is a delayed cough
response. (Palmer, Drennan, & Baba, 2000).

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

22

Block Quote #2: Palmer, Drennan, and Baba (2000) list a few more
important facts and consequences of dysphagia that I felt were important to
inform my readers about,
The consequences of dysphagia include dehydration,
starvation, aspiration pneumonia and airway
obstruction.1,2 Dysphagia may result from or complicate
disorders such as stroke, Parkinson's disease and cancer.
Indeed, aspiration pneumonia is a common cause of death in
hospitalized patients. This article reviews the basic
concepts of normal and abnormal swallowing, methods of
evaluating dysphagia, and treatment strategies, with
emphasis on disorders of oral and pharyngeal swallowing.
(Palmer, Drennan, & Baba, 2000).
Definition Word:
Dysphagia difficulty or discomfort in swallowing, as a symptom of disease.

Reference F:
Sanger, D. D., Hux, K., & Griess, K. (1995). Educators opinions about speechlanguage pathology services in schools. EBSCO Host Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp. 7582. Retrieved from
http://0-web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/ehost
Summary: This reference by Dixie Sanger, Karen Hux, and Katherine Griess
will inform my readers of the opinions others hold towards speech language

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

23

pathologists. A study observed 628 educators opinions about the

performance of speech language pathologists. Results show that overall
people have positive opinions towards SLPs therapy; on the other hand they
have negative opinions towards their roles and training with some students.
Although speech pathologists had an overall positive feedback they were
lacking in the contribution and efforts department.
Evaluation: I will use this reference in my paper as an opposing point of
view towards my hypothesis. Since it is results from a survey it will give my
readers and I a different perspective than just the positive side.
Cited by: 1
Direct Quote #1: Sanger, Hux, and Griess (1995), through their studies
found less favorable feedback towards the roles speech pathologist play,
stating, because professional relationships in large school settings impact
service delivery and the overall treatment provided to students, speechlanguage pathologists need to examine routinely the ways in which their
coworkers view their professional role and performance, (Sanger, Hux, &
Griess, 1995, pp. 75).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #1: Sometimes the larger the school the harder
it becomes to deliver one on one with every child you are treating. In order to
perform better and fully play out your role one must look at themselves
through others and make corrections (Sanger, Hux, & Griess, 1995, pp. 75).
Direct Quote #2: Sanger, Hux, And Griess (1995), came to find that some
people didnt agree with speech pathologists treating bilingual students,

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

24

stating, Consequently, they indicated disagreement with the notion that

speech-language pathologists should serve these students. Other
respondents agreed that providing such service was part of a pathologists
role, (Sanger, Hux, & Griess, 1995, pp. 80).
Paraphrase Direct Quote #2: Although this quote is self-explanatory I felt
the need to add it in here because of its importance. Whether English is your
first language or not I agree that a speech-language pathologists role is to
provide service to children with disabilities in any language (Sanger, Hux, &
Griess, 1995, pp. 80).
Block Quote #1: Sanger (1995), created a survey with his partner Tomes
that reveled a lot of surprising results, the results were as follows,
Results of the Tomes and Sanger (1986) survey indicated that
education generally viewed speech-language pathology
services positively, although some areas of concern emerged.
For example, principals and school psychologist were more
positive in their view of the extent to which speechlanguage pathologists communicated with and provided
information to educators that were classroom teachers and
teachers of students with learning disabilities. Educators
expressed concern about a lack of helpful in-service
workshops and suggestions for classroom management of
students with communication disorders. Overall, education
professionals responded most favorably toward services when
they perceived that speech-language pathologists

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

25

incorporated their suggestions into the development of

treatment programs. (Sanger, Hux, & Griess, 1995, pp. 75).
Block Quote #2: Sanger, Hux, and Griess (1995), close their piece with a
very informative paragraph, stating,
To summarize findings from the present research indicate
that educators opinions about the role and performance of
speech-language pathologists is quite high overall and has
improved over the past several years. This improvement has
occurred during a time in which speech-language
pathologists roles have expanded and areas of expertise
have broadened. In view of the many challenges speechlanguage pathologists face in school settings and this
studys positive findings concerning the effectiveness an
appropriateness of speech-language pathologists
interactions with students and groups of educational
professionals, speech-language pathologists are to be
commended for their job performance. (Sanger, Hux, & Griess,
1995, pp. 82).
Definition Word:
Service delivery choosing the best format in which to deliver speech and
language treatment to a patient and their family.

SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AS A CAREER

26