Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 81, 1986 On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List Minecisui, Makoto versity of Tokyo, Graduate School 0. Introduction 2. Vowels 1. Consonants 3. Word list 0, Introduction It is generally admitted that the modern Khmer orthography reflects the phonological state of the former standard Khmer. Two sets of initial con- sonants are assumed from the present orthography; ‘aghosa (voiceless)’ and ‘ghosa (voiced). On the other hand, a vowel nucleus is assumed to correspond to each vowel symbol in the orthography. Later, influenced by the contrast of initial consonants, each vowel nucleus split into two nuclei (some vowels split into more than two types due to the differences of some final consonants). Finally, because of the later loss of certain contrasts of the initial and some final consonants, these split-nuclei obtained the phonemic contrast. Consequently, the modern Khmer orthography, in general, has two letters for a single initial stop, and one symbol for two vowel nuclei; e.g. in case of the standard Khmer, ka and ga for /k/, @ for [a:] and [eo]. Thus ka stands for [ka], ga for [kea] respectively. In addition to this articulatory differences of vowel nuclei, so-called ‘phona- tion contrast’, such as head register for ‘aghosa’, chest register for ‘ghosa’, has been observed since Henderson (1952), However, compilers of recent Khmer dictionaries do not seem to agree as to whether they should regard this register contrast as a distinctive feature, According to the author's latest examination (in 1982-84), only few informants have retained such a suprasegmental con- trast. Instead, a number of regional varieties in segmental differences, especi ly in vowel nuclei, are observed.» ‘As is often the case with language communities where political centraliza- tion has not been achieved, the standard Khmer (hereafter ST) is not prevail- ing in Cambodia. It follows that almost every individual has his own idiolect in this country. This paper deals with the data collected in 1984 in Japan 1) Henderson, Eugénie J. A. “The main features of Cambodian pronunciation” BSOAS 14, pp. 149-74, 1952. 2) For a survey of Khmer dialects, see Minegishi, Makoto “Modern Khmer Orthography and its Dialects", ‘Gengo Kenkyu’ No. 88, pp. 41-67, 1985.Mixroisnt, Makoto: On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 131 from two informants, whose dialects we will call hereafter as TK I and TK 2. place of birth be (in'1984) TK 1: Khaet Takeo, Srok Treang, Khum Prei Sloek male 32 TK 2: Khaet Takeo, Srok Kaoh Ondaet, Khum Prei Khlaa. female 19 ‘The speaker of TK 1 lived in his birthplace for seventeen years and stayed in Phnom Penh for a year, then came to Japan. The speaker of TK 2 also lived in her birthplace for seventeen years and came to Japan by way of Thailand. Takeo is one of the Cambodian Province (Khaet) located in about sixty- five kilometers south of Phnom Penh. TK 1, TK 2 and Phnom Penh dialect are apparently similar with regard to the fact that we can establish a set of consonant correspondences among them. Furthermore, the same historical change of */r/ into /f/ and the successive development of the tonal contrast are observed in TKI and Phnom Penh dialect. However as far as the vowel contrasts are concerned, there are striking similarities among TK 1, TK 2, and the northwestern Khmer dialects, such as the ones in Siem Reap and Bat Dambang, the cities which are located about 300 kilometers from Takeo. ‘The aim of this paper is to elaborate the author's description of Takeo phonological systems in order to show the similarities among these dialects. Since Khmer dialectology is still in its earliest stage, it would be helpful to present the word list together with the phonemic inventory. It should be noted that the English translations given in the word list are presented only for the convenience of the readers who are not acquainted with the Khmer translitera- tion developed and used by Huffman et al. (1978). 1, Consonants ‘The phonemic inventory of initial consonants in TK 1 and TK 2 is the same as that in ST, except that /B/ in TK 1 is not found in ST. The /fi/ in TK 1 corresponds to /r/ in ST. There is also /r/ in TK 1 which corresponds to /r/ in ST, but this phoneme can be regarded as a sophisticated pronuncia- tion adopted from the prestigious standard language. Therefore it can be regarded as exceptional. It should be noted that the /f/ is accompanied by a rising-falling tone (/2-8-1/) which contrasts with a normal level tone (/3-3/). The development of the tonal contrast, though it has not yet reached to the stage of being ‘phonemic’ contrast, could be motivated by the historical change of */r/ into /A/ in TK 1. In this respect, TK 1 appears to be related to the neighboring 3) Huffman, F. E, and Proum, Im ‘English-Khmer Dictionary’ New Haven and London, 1978132 TIT TT) ABBA 31 Phnom Penh dialect where, according to Sakamoto (1968),!) three-tone system is observed. As for final consonants in TK 1 and TK 2, k in the present-day ortho- graphy corresponds to either one of [c] [?] and [k] according to its preceding vowel. The consonant [c] appears after /ii/, /ee/ and /ae/. The palataliza- tion of */k/ to /c/ is assumed from the orthography, which is due to the assimilation to the front vowels. Note that the palatalization is not exclusive phenomenon in TK 1 and TK 2, but occurred in many other Khmer dialects, including ST. As long as the author has examined so far, /k/ is palatalized into /e/ in the speech of all the subjects. As is the same as in ST, the reduction of the elements in the first syllable (So-called minor syllable) is common in most of the bisyllabic words; ie., the Joss of the initial, or final consonant, or the vowel in the first syllable, Furthermore, the phonological changes of some initial consonant clusters occurred in TK 2. Notice that in the following examples, /s/ /c/ /k/, the first element of the cluster, in TK 2 corresponds to /e/ /s/ /t/ respectively in ST. sT TK2 [cb/ /sb/ fev] [sv /em/ /sm/ Jer] [sc] [elf [sl Jen/ |sn/ [ck/ sk/ /sm/ Jem/ |st/ for/ jsn] jen[ sk] [ck] [so/ fen [tn] [kn] ‘These data, as well as the present-day orthography, suggest that the consonant clusters in TK 2 are derived from the consonant clusters of the earlier stage which is assumed to have the same consonant clusters as ST. There are some words which were not subject to such changes. But these exceptions could be explained as the adoption of standard forms. The last correspondence has only one example in the collected data: ST [thnol] and TK 2 [khnol], where aspiration is not phonologically distinctive. Sakamoto, Yasuyuki “The standard Khmer language and is Phoom Penh Galea” “Toman Ajia Kenkya vol 6-2, 1968Minecisi, Makoto: On Takeo Dialects of Khm Phonology and Word List 133, Vowels The vowel systems in TK 1 and TK 2 are slightly different from each other. However they share some significant characteristics which is common to some of the northwestern dialects. That is,*) 1. Loss of the so-called register contrast. 2. Merger of the three front vowels, e;, e2, and ae, in the orthography. 3. Merger of the two middle long vowels, oe, and y, in the orthography. 4. Merger of the two back vowels, 0. and u, in the orthography. It is important to note here that these characteristics are not observed in the dialect of Phnom Penh, even though Phnom Penh is closer to the area where ‘TK 1 and TK 2 are spoken than the northwestern areas of the country. We tentatively assume that phonological contrast of vowels is as given below. Transliterations are also given in parentheses. TKI TK 2 Long vowels Long vowels i Hou / i % un / ee 20 ee 39 00 / | aa 20/ aa 20/ Long diphthongs Long diphthongs io ia ua | jia i wa | [eo ae ou ae ou a9 09 29 | ao / ao | Short vowels Short vowels i u/ ji tou e a of e a 0 a of a o/ Short diphthongs / ea wo / 2 TKI Long vowels Short diphthongs J ™/ TK 2 Long vowels Jif = BH) Hiereatier, we will attach subscript and sto the vowel symbols in the orthography. The subscript , indicates that the vowel symbol co. curs with the so-called ‘aghosa’ (voiceless) letters, and the subscript » with the ‘ghosa’ (voiced) letters. In case a vowel symbol always stands for a single vowel nucleus, no subscript is added to the vowel symbol.1s TOT 77) HERBST Bt /92/= (a1) Long diphthongs Ja/=(0e1) Ja0/ = (01) /ua/ = (wa) Jou] (01; 02) 09/= (ay; at) Short vowels hs) ray €Cz, fly, efi; ehy, ach; ; ehy, aehy; ai) Yo» ia) Yo i ec, ify, en; dv,5 att) Ja/=(@y, ami, aby, amy ; ais, auy) /u/= (25 amy, ums) /o/=(a13 um) i} amy) Short diphthongs Jea/=4,, amt, abz) Jee] = (G15 €23 aes) (Fa) [99] =(J15 082) [aa] = (4) [uu] = (G2) [00/ = (a2) [29/=(a) Long diphthongs Ee) Ja0/ =(0,) /1uo/ = (ua) Jou/ = (ty; 02) Short vowels ih) ica, €C2, ifig, efty; ehy, aby; igs icy, ecy, iif, efi) » Ammy, ahy, Am, 5 aiy, au,) 2» AP; Ata, um) iy; au; um.) Short diphthongs [wo/ = (2) It should be noted here that ty in TK 2 did not split according to its follow: ing consonant; while in ST, 4, split into (e9] and [9]. characteristics of the TK 2 dialect. This is a uniqueMinreistit, Makoto: On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 135 3. Word list® TRANSLITERATION TK 1 TK 2 MEANING Loa ka [ko] neck kra [krs:] poor krala - potter tampa > four ta to continue thma stone panta to continue Iga good sa white par to drive sarasar pillar skar sugar qaksar letter qankar husked rice qar glad kak to congeal kracak nail kqak to cough pak to answer sampak skin kait wheel Khnait back Khyait shellfish cari to tie chia [sb] to cross tampa [dombo:n] stick pan [bo:n] elder brother tap bottle tap to answer kraham red thay to retreat 6) An asterisk * in the word list indicates that the word form in TK 1 or TK 2 is an ex- jon to the rules of phonological correspondences between the Takeo dialects, TK 1 nd TK 2, and the former standard Khmer assumed from the present-day orthography.136 TOTTI ABBLICHR 31 TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING 2 a ga [ko] = dumb aa [no] = curved janla [calo-3] = to threaten ba [po] [po:] to carry on the hip ny flo} {lo} to uy gar [kor] [ko] Kapok jhar [chor>] [cho] to stand up phgar [phko-9] [phko:] thunder bhar [phos] [pho:] to tell a lie var [v0] {vo!] to spoil sgar [sko-3] [sko:] drum babak [papook] [papok] oud mak [mao] [mao] to come yak *[jo] “fod to take rak * [Blo] * [ro] to look for ralak [alook] [Ibto:k] wave jralaa [caloon] - valley baa {poon] (porn) xg rat [fioon] [ro:n] to support grap [kfoop] to cover bram [pfoom] to agree sgam [skoom] thin ray [foo] a hundred 3. & krakhvak [kakhvo7] [krokhv>?] dirty pak [bo] [bo] to fan sik [97] [97] hair qakrak [axkro?] [akro?] bad cath [on] [on] to want trith [tfon) [tfion] straight than [thon] [thon] bag thlat [thlon] [thon] deaf kas [khIbh] - parasol rapas [laboh} [roboh] thing as Pon] Poh] all koh [koh] [koh] island canloh {conbh] [onbh] intervalMixroisut, Makoto: On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 187 TRANSLITERATION TK 1 TK 2 MEANING toh [doh] [doh] breast poh [boh] [boh] to throw away stoh [sdoh] [sdoh] to spit hat [hot] [hot] exhausted qin [Pon] [on] to diminish sp ep] {a>p] ten sqap [sp] [sp] to hate khyal kcal] kool] wind thnal [thno]] [kbnol] street 4. fe, Obs jaajak [newok] [concwok] to suck lak [wok] [wok] to sell khbas [khpwoh] [khpwoh] high bis [pwoh] [pwoh] snake ris [rwoh] [rwoh] to live jhmoh [chmwoh] [smoh] name jhloh [chlwoh} [slob] to quarrel boh [pwob] [pwoh] stomach rit [rwot] [rot] to run sambat [sepwot] [sompot] sarong. din [twon] [ton] soft dbnan [thnwon} [thon] heavy prabandh [pepwon] [prpon] wife randh [Bwon] [ron] hole 5. ary jar [co-9] [cia] sap iar [no] [nko] to tremble dambar [tempo] [tompi'] page dharm [thos] [thi] Buddhist Law barn [po] [pi] color bibarn {[pi?po-s] exhibition bhjar - to fix rafter [anos] to shiver valli? [vo] creeping plant caitka [caka:} [coka:] jaw phka [phka:] [phka:] flower188 TET 77) WERSCIOE 81 TRANSLITERATION TK I TK 2 MEANING sna [en bow sma [chma:] shoulder sta aleohoric drink kar work camkar [caka:] field samrak *[somra?] to rest kha side kradas paper khlic worried panhait to show pad yes sqat clean qantat tongue cran to push pan to obtain p’onman how much slip wing chiay far phkay star kpal head srl light weighted tav sword pav sack made of jute qiv clothes a, [ceva] [ce] to be rand [lonera] [rapiva] cold hi [lea] [lir3] to leave va [ves] [vrs] he, it var [thve's] [thoi] door var [ves] [virs] to crawl baky [peo?] [pis] word bait [pean] [pian] jar lai [lean] [lian] to wash liae [loneac] [laniac] evening dat [tean] [tion] to pull jati [ceat] {ciat] taste gman [khmean] [khmion] not to beMinveasit, Makoto: TRANSLITERATION Mi, aby, im, mak kamlimh khlama chnami On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 139 TK 1 TK 2 [khlean} [kblion] [mean] [mian] [spean] [spion] [eomfeap] —_[comriap] {teap] [tiop] [reap] briep] [steap] [stiap] [cheam] [chiom] [maficom] {moriom] [toleoi] [tolisi] *injai] *injei] [iecai] * [jai] *[wail] *[wai] [veal] [vial] [khva?] [khva?] er @ [aa7] [pra] {ma?] [kemlan) {khlay] [chnay] [chban] Pan] [krah] [cah] [dah] *[thna:h] [phlan] [khlah] {srah] [seat] [kad] [kac] [khsaq] [khsac] [sae] [sad] [khlap] {khlap] [ean] [ean] [bap] [bap] MEA\ hungry to have bridge to inform low level to search for blood finger wide to talk grandmother to hit plain to lack to sting to put on silver friend power strong pan to fight to roast thick old to raise forehead to move some pond to break sand meat fat to lose to shootvo TIT F7) ARBLTR 31 TRANSLITERATION TK 2 MEANING samnafi [somnap] [omnap] net kat [kat] [kat] to cut pat [bat] [bat] to disappear saty [sat] [sat] animal kan [kan] [kan] to hold cip [cap] [cap] to catch, prap [pfirap] [prap] to tell samlip [somlap] [omlap} to kill stap [sdap] {sdap] to listen qabd Pap] [ap] fog Kham [kham] [kham] to bite cam [cam] [cam] to remember chnim. [chnam] [chnam] year aim [nam] [nam] to eat thnam. [thnam] [thnam} medicine pram [pficam] (pram) five stim. [sdam] [sdam} right kap"al [kopal] {kapal] ship fy, am, {koat] [kiot) he, she [wat] [tiat) to kick dhat [thoat] [thiat] fat mit [moet] [miat] mouth [coan] [cian] to step on [moan] [mian] chicken [kx9p] [kriop] seed {n-9p] [atop] to die [nap] - fast {fis9p] [riop] to count {noam] [niom] to accompany [Boom], [rim] to dance [thpoal] [thpial] cheek [poal] [pial] to touch, ral [hoal] [rial] every sgal [skoal] [skial] to be‘acquainted with 10. , amy, ah, trajak [tacea?] [tracia?] coolMineoisur, Makoto: On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 141 TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING ahak [thea?] [thia7] to kick dhlak [tdulea?] [ehléa?] to fall bak [pea?] [pis] part bhitak [phnea?] [phnio?] surprised lak [lea] [lis?] to hide qnak *[nea?] *[nia?] you jaijam, [ncean] [cincian] wall damit {tean] [tion] all rami [rea] [rian] dry khdah {khteah] [khtioh] pan jhnah [chneah] [snioh] to win phdah {phteah] [phtiah] house brah [pfieah] [prioh] saint rah {reah] [rik] to rise [khtih] [khtih] coconut milk {cih] [cin] to ride {erih] {erih] to brush past [malih] [malin] jasmine [rib] [rib] to think [vin] {vih] almost *{nih] *{nih] this 12. iy kti [kdai] Ikdai] legal case hei [kheai] [khooi young khait [khpai] [khpoi ginger kali {khloj] [khlai] short chi [chai] [chai] to eat [asi] [dai] earth [thai] *[urai] fish [thoi] [thai] why [thai] new [uwvoi] skill three oboe cigarette husband142 TET +77) ABBR 31 TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING lpi [lebai] [labai] famous sti [sdoi] [sdai] to speak sti [sfoi] [sro] woman sqi [s*ai] [s’ai] what qi [Pai] [Pai] what qui [oval] [aw what ancestor female place from about noodle to bear on one’s shoulder dhali dust si to eat bir two jik to dig rik in bloom im to roast mamis hair, feather Me yn phyk [phak] [phak] to drink slyk [slak] [slak] leaf khya [khan] [khan] to get angry chqyit [cran] [cran] bone a [dan] [don] to know py [ban] [ben] lake sravy [sovon] [sovan] drunk kampit [kabat] [kombat] knife cit [cat] [cat] heart pid [bot] [bot] to close pheit {psot] [pst] navel phsit [psat] [psot] mushroom hit [hat] {hat] to smell Klin [khlan] [khlon} scentMinecistt, Makoto: ‘On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 143 TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING hyr [hal] [haa] peppery gampil [mbal] [ombol] salt 15. Fn, by dadyk [totik] {totik] to get wet yk (tik) [uk] water nyk [nik] [nik] to think bryk [pAik] [prik] morning nyit [nin] [nin] and bin] [rin] hard [stin] [stin] pond [rth] [rib] root [kit] {kit] to consider [nit] [nanit] dark [cit] [cit] near [atit] - sun [min] [min] not [pail] [pri] hail rl] pil] blunt manuss *[manih] *[manih] man prambir *[mpil] *[prampil] seven 16. ¥; pyr [ba] Fr. beurre ty [torn] to get angry myn [me:y] tight myn [morn] ten thousand ratyn [ada:n] to speak slowly with modulation kamp”jt = tight kpyt - to suck slowly khlyt - stern khsjt [khsa:t] to sniff at pyt = to suck pratyt [proda:t] Jean styt [sta:t] slender slyt [start] fast hyt [host] bronchitis lye = haughty“4 TOT 77) ABBR HL TRANSLITERATION khnyp Pym 17. Ye sy jamay sampuk sruk knun krun, khus dus prus cul cramuh dut samudr puny squy 19. uw, ape qayu TKI [khns: [pam] > TK 2 [khna:p] [bok] [sombok] {erok] {khnoo} [kron] [khoh] [doh] [prob] [coh] [comoh] [dot] [somo] [bon] [oi] [aju’] MEANING to flatter surprised to be disease sick to insinuate to worry light bright to sound gear or to hear to prolong to try slow to rub long life to pound nest country inside town wrong rub man to get off nose to set fire sea festival to smell bad ageMinecistt, Makoto: On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 145 TRANSLITERATION TK 1 MEANING _ graluk [kalok] [kralok] wave duk [tok] [tok] keep buk [pok] [pok] beard mukh [mok] [mok] face aubuk [apok] [pok] father khduh [khtuh] [khtuh] clot cambuh [copuh] [compuh] beak damluh [tomlub] [tonluh] to pierce noh *[nub] *[nub] that buh [pub] [pub] to boil manus *[manuth] *[monwh] man raft [fon] [ron] to push buddh {pot] [pot] Buddha mut [mot] [mot] sharp mlip [malop] {malop] shade yap Gop] Gop] night lip [lop] [lop] to erase kanduy [kato [katoi] tail ruy [Boi] [roi] fly qanguy [nkoi] Dokoi] to sit jul [col] [col] to weave mjul [macol] [macol] needle 20. kar [koru] [koru] to stir tar [dovu] [dou] to change papar [baboru) [pabou)] lip ptar [pdoru] [pdovu] to change sir [sovu] [soru] sound har [hovu) {ho-u} to flow qar [or] [ou] stream fan [doun] [doun} coconut tpan [taboug] [doboun] south qantan, {ndouy] [ndoun] well kha [khouc] [khouc} to go bad tie [douc] [douc] same tac [touc] *[tu:c] small crat {cfiout] [srout] to harvest kan [koun] [koun] child146 TY 77) ARATE 31 TK 1 TK 2 MEANING fan [doun] [doun} grandmother pqin [poun} [p’oun] younger brother stiny {soun] [soun] zero mhip [mahoup] [mshoup] food cankim [cokoum] [conkoum] canine tooth cal [coul] [coul] to enter tampal [taboul] = roof pramal {pomoul] [promoul] to collect 21. ay, chlav [clay] [slou] ox tankiv [takay] [takoy] grub tamrav [tomFou] [tomrou] to require trav [tou] correct phliv [phlou) road satriy {sotrou] enemy sav [sou] rather samkiiv [omksu] 5 gray-haired skiv [skau] [chkou] gray-haired spav {sbou] [sbou] thatch sramav [somay] [somou] hairy srav [sfoy] {erau] paddy ilav [aloy] [alou] now u fou] = father 22. ay dhna [thnuy bow li [lw to bark gamnir [komnu:] to draw jor [eu] sour dhar [thu] relaxed jrak [suk] pig dak [tuk] boat ara (trun) chest gis [ku:h] to make a trace mis *[mub] mosquito bij {pu:c] species sdiic [stu:c] to fish gath [ku:t] bottomMivecisit, Makoto: ‘On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List. 147 TRANSLITERATION TK I TK 2 MEANING jat [cust] {cu:t] to wipe jan [cum] feun] to give lin [luzn] {lu:n] to crawl rap [rp] [ru:p] picture bhami *[phum) village mal [mul] round 23. ua khuar [khuo] {khwo] brain byuar [pewo] [peu'o] to suspend bhjuar [peo] [pewo] to plough suar [wo] [swo] to ask juan [cuon} [cuoy] bell juas [cuoh] [cuoh] to replace jamnuas {camnuoh] —[comnuoh] _ to replace rabuas {labuoh] [lbbuoh} wound huas [huoh] [huoh] to pass Pariquac [ban?uoc] [bon?uoc] window ruac [ruoc] [ruoc] to finish lac [luoc} [luoe] to steal jhmuait [chmuop] [chmuop} — marchant bruaii [phuop] [pruop] arrow kquat [kPuot] [kPuot] to vomit chkuat [ckuot] [skuot] mad suat [suot] [suot] lung siuat [squot] [enuot] dry khluan [khluon} [khluon] body camnuan [comnuon] = number puan [buon] [buon] four juap [cup] {euop] meet kmuay [khmuoj] {khmuoi] nephew juay [cuoi] [cuoi] to help muay [muoi] [muoi] one raluay [aluoi] [laluoi] to decompose tual {duol] [duol] to fall over dadual [tatuol] [totuol] to receive mual [muol] [muol] twist srual [sruol] {cruol] easyM8 TPT TIIABBXCHR 31 TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING 24. oe; poe [baa] [bas] if soe [sara] [sara] surface toer [dara] [da'3] to walk tamnoer [tomna‘a] [domnara]__ travel serasoer {sasa’a] [sosa'a] to praise hoer {ha’a] [haa] to fly kamroek [komfaak] {komask] to move pock [baok] *[bak] to open stoeit [sdaan] *[sdarg] thin Joen [Jaan] [aan] to ascend soec [sac] [sarc] to laugh koet [kaat] *[ko:t] to be born ctoen [cfaon] [sraan] many patikoen [pakaon] [bonkaan] to increase thoep [thaap] [thaap] to smell cificoem [ncaam] [ncaom] eyebrow chnoem [chnaam] [naam] wonderful toem [daam] [daam] trunk taihoem [tophaam] [donhasm] to breathe thloem [thlaom] [thlaom] liver soem [saam} *[so:m] damp hoem [haam] [haam] swollen chloey [chlaai] [slaai] to answer ramhoey [lshaai) (bmbhaaj] fresh hoey [haai] [haai] already 25. oes kaiijoe [kaca:] [koncar] basket jhoe [chai] tree dhvoe [thos] to do boe [p=] to imitate Joe above Joek to raise joe foot phloeat fire yoen we jroes to choose foes sweatMineoisi, Makoto: TRANSLITERATION TK toes qaiijoefi doep moel 26. ja aya iva jamnya tya ayak thyak smyak kyan ktyani kpyan gryan ayaa patikyat ryan yan sya sya khyan grjan wan jamryan tyan banlyan bhyan Jan Ipyan nyay Imyay yay 27. ja biar [rah] [nca:n] [ta:p] [mai] [né9] [cia] [comni-a] [t9] (nie?) [this?] [smia?] [kien] [dian] [kbian] [krioy] {nion) [pakion] [rion] [lian] [ston] [sriou] [khion] [krion] [cian] [comrion] [tion] {palian] [phion] [lian] [labion] [nioi] [lamiaj] [rial] [pi] [to:p] [mo] [ci] [eomni-3] [nia] [thio] [smi"] [kian] [kdian] [kbian] [krian] [bonkian] [rion] [ion] [ston] [eréan] [khian] [krion] [cian] [omrion] [tion] [ponlion] [phion] lion] [abion] [niai] [lemioi] [rial] (pia] On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 149 MEANING _ to choose to invite just to look at a kind of bed to believe belief short to claim stick sober to go aground mortar with pestle tile machine dobtful to strand story yellow brave drunk foundations to make progress bit by bit to make progress progress to warn to hasten friend fast speed tired soft often enemy150 TT 77) AHSCT 31 TRANSLITERAT ION TKI TK 2 MEANING traciak [tro:cio"] [tacia?] ear sliak [slia?] [slis?] to wear cria {crian] [crian] to sing camriai [camBian] [omrian] song bhlian [phlian] [phlion} rain canigiat [con?iat] eon?iat] narrow diat [tia] [tit] again cifijian [ncion] feancian] ring patrian [panfian] [bonrian] to teach mian [mion] {mian] longan vian, [vian] [vian] bowel qian [isn] Pion] ashamed dhiap [thiop] {thiap] to compare priap {[prisp] [priap] to compare ciam {ciam] [ciom] sheep rial [Biol] {rial] currency rasial Pasial] {asial] afternoon Khiav [khiou] green, blue 28. kerti? [ke:1] tke!) fame kafiche 5 basket ter [a¢:] to sew saraser [tase:] to write tek falgzec] to sleep phlek [phng:tc] lightning sek [sre:re] thirsty kmen [khme:n] child chven [sven] left pren [prep] oil phsen [psexn] other samlet fsomlg:p] voice ces fee:th] thread satiket [sonke:t] to observe sen [sern] 1/100 rial 29. e ge Uke:t] (ke?) they de [te:t] [te:] (negative particle)Minecisit, Makoto: dade danle darpner megh Tekh bhlea let vativent damret bel 30. icy, ec;, ifi,, eft, ktic cpic tic mec mtec Ipic samrec stec cet chit if 31. Hea, €¢2, fig, efi, khdec gec grec jhlec ec thbec dic dhmec bejir bric bree bhlec TRANSLITERATION On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 151 TK 1 [tates] [tales] [tang:t] [mezte] {leet} [phle:rn] [icien] [ovgren] {tamfezt] [pe:l] [kdac] [ebac] [tac] {mac} [mdac} [labac] [somfac] [sdac] *[eon] [chap] {dan} *[snan] {han} [khtec] {kec] [kBec] [chlec] [nec] [thpec] [tec] [thmec] [pec] {pfed] [prec] [phlec] [kdac] [ebac} [tac] [mac] [mdoc] [labac] [somrac] {sdac] *[con] *[chan] *[dan] *[snon] {han} {khtec] {kee} [krec] {slec] [nec] trea [thmec] [pec] (prec) [prec] [phlec] ING vacant river free sky number mi to to to play get lost take a nap time to to nip pick little why, how why how trick to decide king to to to go out gleam chase away bareness sour in to to to to to to to small bits avoid sprain break up crush nip sting close the eyes diamond to blink a kind of bamboo to forget152 TOT 77) ARBITER B TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING mic [mec] [mec] to blink mrec [mrec] [marec] pepper rec [rec] [rec] chipped lic [lac] *[lac] west lic [lec] [lec] to sink vec [vec] [vec] to pack jrefi [chien] {cren] bored ditt [ten] [ten] to buy dhmeat [thmep] [thmen] tooth beit (pen) [pes] full mifi [men] {mep] just past viii [ven] [ven] to return vei [ven] [ven] twist 32. ae, kae [kas] [kare] to repair khae [kha’g] [khare] month Khsae [ksa'e] {ksag] rope chkae [chka’e] [ska'e] dog tae [tare] [ee] tea panlae [pala’e] [pala'g] vegetable phlae [phla‘e] [phla'e] fruit mae [mare] [mae] mother srae [sfiare) [cae] paddy field taer [dare] *[de:] also kqaek [k?aec] [kaec] crow cack [caec] [caec] to distribute tack [daec] [daec] iron paek [baec] [baec] to break pampack [mbaec] [bombaec] to break rahack [lahaec] [Iahaec] torn santack [sondaec] {sodaec] bean spaek [sbaec] [sbaec] skin sraeck [sfiaec] [craec] to shout sqaek [s’aec] [saec] tomorrow haek [haec} [haec] to tear kanlaei [kolaen] {konlaep] place kaeit [kaep] [kaep] elbow phsaent [phsaep] [phsaep] smokeMixecisti, Makoto: ‘On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 158 TRANSLITERATION TK 1 TK MEANING saen [saen] [saen] to carry snaei {[snaep] [snaep] horn eb Paen] [aen] oneself HYaet [naet] [naet] baby chqaet [c’aet] [s’aet] bored gantaet [ndaet] [ondaet] to float paep [baep] [baep] sort phqaem [p’aem] [praem] sweet kqael [k?ael] [k’ael] dirt hael [hael] [hael] to swim 33. wey gae [ke:!] key] gizzard babae [paper] [p>:pe] goat bhnaek [phne:zc] [phne:ic] eye maek [mez] - branch raek [re:tc] [reztc] to carry with a pole on one’s shoulder prajaeh [pace:ep] [proce:tn] to compete baen [pettn] [pen] grass laen *[laen] *[laen] to give up lambaen, [mpexn] [bmpe:n] javelin vaen [oer] [vertn] long bedy pet] pert] doctor maen [me:n] {me:n] true 34. ehy, aehy kiieh [kneh] {kneh] to complain khmeh {khmeh} [khmeh] vinegar khveh [veh] [veh] to scratch out catkeh [cakeh] [cankeh] waist ceh {cch] [ech] to know cheh [cheh} [cheh} to burn peh [beh] [beh] to pick up preh [preh] {preh] to crack phach [pheh] [pheh] ash seh [seh] [seh] horse sraeh - [ereb] to patch upTIT 77) ABBR 31 TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING slach [sleh] {eleh] to stop telling for a moment geh [eh] [eh] to scratch 35. ehy, ach, babhlaeh [paphleh] [paphleh] to insist radeh [ateh] [rateh] cart Tach [leh] {leb] to excuse veh - [veh] to escape sandeh = [sonteh] distorted samyeh [samjeh] [samjeh] with the hem down sdaeh [steh] {steh] with the hem down sbaeh [speh] [speh] to hang down mdes *[mateth] *[materh] chili 36. al, khvai [khvai] [khvai] to steam cai [cai] [eai] louse chnai [chnai] to grind tai {dai} hand thai [thai] Thai thitai [thnai] day prai [prai] salty mai [mai] to doubt rai {rai] a unit for’area (Thai) spai [sbai] awrap hai [hai] vay [vai] [vai] 37. aly gai [kei] [kei] to cheat dai [tei] [tei] cloth-shoulder bag dhmai [thmei] [thmei] jute nai [nei] [nei] of pambhlai [mphlei] {bomphlej] to add in phdai [phtei] [phtei] stomach brai [phei] [prei] forest mamai [momei] [momei] to imagine mbhai [maphei] [maphei] twenty rai [fei] [rei] to contributeMixeeisi, Makoto: On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 155 ‘TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING _ raiai (Banei] [onei] to blot ravai [lovel] [Iovei] to spin rambai [repel] [rompei] to look constantly ai [ei] {lei} to divide up lalai [lalei] {Holei] high and distant vai [vei] [vei] quick witted sdai {stei] [stei] to sieve sbai [spei] [spel] cabbage 38. oy Kho [kha‘o] *[kho:] trousers kor [kao] [kao] to shave cor [caro] [cao] thief sior [sao] [chna‘o] to boil krok [kfiaok] *[kBoxk] to get up tratok [todaok] [todaok}] bell thok [thaok] [thaok] cheap pok [baok] [back] to beat sok [saok] [saok] to mourn koi kaon) [kaon] bent mon [maon] {maon] hour khmoc [khmaoc] *[khmo:e] ghost. stamoc [smaoc] [somaoc] ant krom [kfaom] under stom [shaom] envelope kroy [kBaoj] behind Khsoy [ksaoi] weak joy [daoi] by means of pantoy [bandaoi] [bondaoj] length oy {a0i) [aol] to give col [caol] {caol] to throw away sramol [smaol] [smaol] shadow 39. 0 £0 {korn} [koru] ox Tok {louk] [louk] you, world yon [joun] fjoun) to swing ralon faloun] [lou] wet dos [toub] [touh] guilt156 TET TIA TRANSLITERATION TKI TK 2 MEANING pandos [bontouh] - to criticize roc [rouc] [rouc} wane of moon lot [lout] [lout] to jump nom {noum] [noum} urine rom [roum] [roum] hair jhmol [chmoul] [smoul] male yol {joul] [joul] to hang down 40. au, tau [kaw] t hot kracau [kecau] 0 to claw at krau (kfiaut] {kraw] outside kheau [khcauy] [kheaw) a kind of shellfish khmau [khmaw] {khmau] black khhu (khlawt {khlaw] ignorant cau [cau] [caw] grandchild chau [chau] [chau] raw tau [daw] [daw] destination pau [baw] *[bag] to suck msau [masau] [masau] flour saur? [saw] [sau] Saturday smau [smaw!] {[smauu] grass hau [hau *{hao} to call lau [lau] flaw) floor 41. au, jrau [chou] {erou] deep jamrau [camfiau] feamrou] depth dau [tou] [tou] to go nau [nou] nou] to be bau [peu] (pou youngest of a family brau (pfu) [prow] unmarried bhiaw [phlou] [phlou] thigh lamnau {lomnay] [lomnou} address Thaw [lapau] *[lapau] pumpkin sambau [sompau] *[sompay] junk gambau [ompau] [pmpou] sugarcane 42. am, kram [kfom] [krom] sufferingMinecisitt, Makoto: TRANSLITERATION kham cam cram cralam dam pratham phiam phsam ham 43. um, kum krum khitum tum phtum phlum mtum sum. smum qum 44, am,, um, grum ghum ghmum jum dum dham nam phgum phjum phnam mum yam rum bum q’um ‘On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and Word List 157 TKI [khom] [om] [com] [calom] [dom] [pathom] [phnom] [phsom] [hom] [kom] {krom] [khnom] [dom] (pdom] [phlom] [madom] [som] [smom] [om] [krom] {khom] [khmom] [com] [tom] [thom] [nom] [phkom] [phcom] [phnom] [mom] [jom] [rom] [hom] *Pom] TK 2 [khom] [com] [crom] {crobom] [dom] [prothom} {phnom] [phsom] [hom] [kom] {krom] [khnom] [dom] [pdom] [phlom] [madom] [som] [smom] Pom] [krom] [khom] {kmom] [com] [tom] [thom] {nom] [phkom] [phcom] [phnom] [mom] [om] {rom] [hom] *Pom] MEANING | to wy to damm to stamp to mistake to hit with a hammer impatient to steam to unite sober to prohibit group I piece to form to blow a piece to ask beggar to row shellfish village bee around ripe big cake to assemble to gather mountain angle to ary to wind to wind uncle, aunt