Electromagnetics: its importance Electromagnetics is important because it provides a real-world, three-dimensional understanding of electricity and magnetism, Electormagnetic energy has highly diversified applications in Communications (radio, radar systems, etc.) Medicine and biology Materials characterization High-speed electronics and integrated systems Electromagnetics is the oldest and most fundamental branch of electrical engineering. Because electromagnetics is so fundamental and basic, it is important to non-specialists as well. Electromagnetics is by nature is highly abstract. Tho variables of electromagnetics are fields, which are described by three- dimensional vectors, The latter requires rigorous mathematical description. Electromagnetics has its inherent aesthetic appeal. This scholarly subject is self-contained, logical, elegant, and free of clumsy approximations, It is based on a few graceful principles from which the entire theory of electromagnetic fields is built. Its fun to solve electromagnetics problems.Vector Algebra + Scalar: is a physical quantity completely specified by a single number describing its magnitude. ‘+ Example: temperature * Vector: is a physical quantity completely specified by both its magnitude and direction + Example: velocity of a car Vector representation by an arrow OO © The length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector ‘+ Direction of the vector is indicated by the direction of the arrow Az|Ala, a, is a unit vectorVestor Addition and Subtraction C=H+e Um A-B-K-CB) a a (W+B\+D = ZA = fit (g+3) 4 re S Scalar (Dot) Product of Two Vectors ‘A°B=|A\[B|coso,, where ais the angle between A and B. m > 7 r ——>2 ae. CLIFT TTD The work dom to move the object - We [F|-cosd «ley WeEerVector (Cross) Product of Two Vectors ‘CehxB=IA|[BIsincZ, where cris the angle between A and B. The direction of C15 obkeined by He Seight—hand cule” ; = : ———eeooo—*F “IFT Sin F coma om related to \ A [tu component \ I CoS h perpencticaden” = do tre levers / IM\=\Flswalel — = maguabude of tle Torreon = Us product doest not chey a Commutarue \aw Tf Zpv wear is Axb ? 5Coordinate Systems Carkesian <5: Chyi2 @ > - ne dAz> dy ay rdyayrded, @Zl= AY = dxdy de a & y ay, y ASy = Ag d2a, oy re We peed 3 ipa é Varies 2 fires eit or thegon Cindi aS for 2) ber dé = 4pg +pdp G,rdeae du = papdp ae % Sphericed «ss (8,6)VECTOR REPRESENTATION IN THE COORDINATE SYSTEMS. The Vector A can be Represented 10 deems of its Comporanss = ~ = A= Ay Oy + Ay A + Ag Oe A= AU) +a +Aaics + Bq et cat +& i Rab= = (F, 1B) + (Arta) + (As +83) 03, Properties oj unit verbs Get =o Rel _ = (AiG, +h he + Agi) (B+ ath @30%,)= = Pr B t Aube + AyBsThe Coss produ ot > > > Oy UW us 7 AXB=la A. As| = B, Br Bs . vy | a i \" Bs |" mle . ~~ \e2 Bs B Bl B, Be 2 Uh (68, —Paeh) th (PBs -As8) 41h (A0.-Poe) =U (oBs-AsBo) +i (BoB, -8, 23) +06,(iBa-As8,) This Glows Gom Wu properhes = 7 7 = id >» = Uy Ur =, Vor ¥ Us =O Ga, = i? 7 ed Ut Ue tO = 3%, =OElecty; VoD Loulou Law - 2 k Q, Q ke 1 ti €, Eo >= 8.8 5y aneloaous to FE ~ _ Feld — (ST) “2 1o0 Fu pertatHinh od LQ Space Newtoues law & ae a R Llechic field ‘Ss a farin of Wr ic ¢ ! \l peerticle s ag _ fy “a, a AS SOG kl forth GF ome A Marged QElectric frald infensi ty 4 - Small fest Charse Clechyic fed if wten sit Aid bes cheven Q, E,- Ley ~ & : Ge 1 wer? E is the wef Aree on a enh pes Ave Charge : ~ Directin Grog Q fen. tons hact — Maen, itrele ~ Se rtace. NN Qe a = = —— Q, — E EF 2 & rade 2 eal “1 Rioyukakron 0 lux Veet eee tal EXAMPLES: Plot flux of E- Bex ay y 7 B29 Coordinate systen fi, q, * | 4 direheorw ta a x F-Bxay xFLUX REPRESENTATION OF VECTOR FIELD A, Divecton Lines and Coustad-magni tide. burlaes a. Eleclvic Flax Densiby ow Coulter Drece [cee aren = = E is aw Sem Geld Preld /2MAGNETIC FIELD Ya dield isa Lacon of mater Nae assoctated with Movirg Haryes Cenrrents, time-varying eleetvic fields) Biot-Savart’s Law oo Sena bag wos x a ‘ t a AF =mab - Inyo 232 = Tae By GRE > pz es Wan maquel strength Moz 8-157 H fa (s») eabily ni aay del = 2 Mapade flo density: he Ie Po Tae x dp ur R™ Whak is Hla Airechon of a maghebe ‘ps produd by a loep carrying - a oan D4Sovre Gone! {op = G, me ge = Glos ~ 4, Sin@ = =a - 4% ae lap 462 feTd? By dep 4° or oTd& p = a rz (Z aaxa, ~2¢ xq T Tap ae i - "ep * . a, 0 jp. NeTedze ABs (et Pee % 3 ly ar "epSe BEF fae 49 oo (ep) - Mer = ftp ie ™ eee OSLorentz Force Equation rocks Bie exerts ferca on any Charged Mognare Bald exerts force on only on Moving charges , = me AEB peer AUP, Q Superposition of E-field and m-fierd F-a(é+ Vx8 ) | ~ = Lovenk? force equrhronCOMPARISON OF EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD Electric Field Magnetic Field 1, Produced by charged 1. Produced by moving particles charged particles 2. The direction of the 2. The force is always force is along the line perpendicular to the joining two particles velocity of the particle 3. E-field causes energy 3. The work done by transfer between the field and the charged particle field is always zero DM field pay deflect Wa tajectory of the partidels motion bulk not ifs toad emery or tot2 veloc t, “The Worle clone: AWs Fede = gv B-Vat=oExamples ah ielectrc Xe magnesic ete fax nes hom 39 Lines of elects fax Beoven (a 9 postive and 2 Usted posite charge epi ae ar be ty 3 oh Magnetic fines of tux associated with a current-carying loop ‘Magnetic lies of fx surouncing a bac magnet + <Maxwells Equations Cinteqved form ) 1. Gauss’ law for electric Geld 2. Grass’ law Gr Magrebic Feld oe Faraday's laur uy, Amperess aur Gan ss’ Laur TO | Total electic Llax emanating from a Closed seirfre equals the electric. charge enclosed by that Surface.Infinitely large Alang Ser free (one plate of @ capacitor) mane fs yuck: rectangular paral elpi ped | ze | Fabs 0) (cand + s | 5 + Go CExde) CA) = Q Lee, A = 9s A ee ale. f || g-2,.c-£¢ es 2G |I en ge [__for X70 E--2EG ,x) here Tete flux = £6. Ft a, 7 Ss We nerd element of area 45, [we look page 15] S,= sino 98g & oe AS Total flax =( ( €E,-O.- sind do dg Ge = &=9 6:0 Gy = Charge density @ ayaro oy TotaQ Flux = CoEnr*| ap { sinaae S ¢20 0:0 = Deo, (cos) |" = 4ré,&, re O° Ohareg. enchosed by He surtee ¢ Q= (pra [We need clemout of Vv volume — loole peg 15| a0 = 7*Sin 9 dr abde Q= |p rrsingdrdodg = Vv ap 7 fo = 5 ( pu Sind ade ag = d=0 059 ro - nA 3 =hreg fue 3 = ar frreTot Flux = charge enclosed Tobe® Flux $2.6 G88. sheet r® — (Same 5 equation! ) Total drerge. win (*) Q=( \ \ ui? Sn8arae ag = #29 60 voy = tro, ath a 23Aré, Er = amp ?) EL Be ly im) Ste @ > E.z=G& Oa boundary : > fit from (D Eres ~ 3G G G ) we pn WN) frou (i): E, = fy - fu Ww Re 3a 17 3Eo & 1 t eer | Bee — > ‘e STota magratic Llux throwy/h He Closed surface Should be equa +e Zero Closed Surher —T/\ 1 hyuber of J Flux Cines entering () 4 tw wrke g ic equol fo the humber of flix Cines owt flowing tee Saati 25Faraday!s Law What we lenow: Current —carey ing Conductors (moving charges ) produce magreric field Question; Ts the reverse true? => only time varying magnetic field Produces current in Ly re ceiving \oop => time-varying M- Geld produws : an electric Held that dreulales around +e Me Bel J ZoeFaraday! § ees) : emf = $ Ed -o Eee > Thducod electromotive fre (emf) 1S equa to the work clone by the induced E-field in moving He free charges along some Lovey c of dig feceiving loop. Negative Sign iS Weperbark : [ The induced em? is in Such a direction So as to oppose the change in the WMagetic Hux producing it (Lene! Law)AC Electric Generator” > N-turn wire leo \}é With area AY P aS revolutions per sec. Ws & B43 = BAcos(h-OWe BA sin@ -M A O = arnt AW ; emf. — ae =He.e F (sin (anne) < =NBA Cos(amt) + arn EE eml = dy = arn NBA Cos (2rnt) 39Prinpere’s Law 1 The Gine imkgrad of he magrehic Tex density along a Closed contour Cc 1S equal 0 the tobaD current Crossing the area S enclosed by this Contour By yay —— = -Ag = (5. a , § aoe (Fas +H (et dg & s | Fad = Current resulting from flow s of charges a current flay density depv : Dro) LETT a aif EAS - ‘displacomamck * wurrenk. (added by ‘Maxwell \) NomCapacitor ttt & EE z cl. > é Eee oe @2ZZZEZ=D Pe a. dQ d | Te 8 4 Opa) — current lurrent density ees F. 4a) dt > 1 (F43 “jp [eb ds Ss — physica? meaning of Aisplceront lurtewk jntyoduced by MarneExample I. Example 1.95 Be Bg swt a tal emf ~ a a b eet as] { Becswt d, -Axdy & = i Ss X=O ys a b = Bo coswt { j dydy = ab Bo coswt ko 420 em $2 eee ate = abBisinwt cGeneral Characteristics » of Maxwell’s S Equations FS 4, Gauss’ law for E-field eo GeEas = f av Bre We & Gauss! Law fr M-feld Slo Cc Ss s BA