Modulation Telephonie.1
Modulation Telephonie.1
'RVVLHUGH7,3(
03 /\FpH7KLHUV0DUVHLOOH
INTRODUCTION
/D 0RGXODWLRQ SDU ,PSXOVLRQ HW &RGDJH 0,& HVW ORSpUDWLRQ TXL GpFRPSRVH XQ VLJQDO
DQDORJLTXH LFL HQ ORFFXUUHQFH XQ VLJQDO GH SDUROHV HQ XQH VpULH GLPSXOVLRQV pOHFWULTXHV
IRUPDQW XQ VLJQDO QXPpULTXH (OOH VH FRPSRVH GH WURLV pWDSHV HVVHQWLHOOHV O
pFKDQWLOORQQDJH OD
TXDQWLILFDWLRQ
HW
OH
WUDQVFRGDJH
DLQVL
TXH
GH
OHXU
UpFLSURTXH
2Q
QpWXGLHUD
SDV
LFL
)LJXUHUpJpQpUDWLRQG
XQVLJQDOQXPpULTXH
8Q DXWUH DYDQWDJH GH OD WUDQVPLVVLRQ QXPpULTXH HVW OD GpWHFWLRQ G
HUUHXUV (Q HIIHW VRXV
O
LQIOXHQFHG
XQ IRUW EUXLW VXUODOLJQHG SULQFLSDOHPHQW DX[ SHUWXUEDWLRQV pOHFWULTXHV GLYHUVHV
LOVHSHXWTX
XQHYDOHXUVRLWPRGLILpHHWLQWURGXLVHDORUVXQHHUUHXUGDQVOHVLJQDO0DLVLOH[LVWH
GHVFRGDJHVQXPpULTXHVTXLSHUPHWWHQWGHGpWHFWHUOHVHUUHXUVHWGHOHVpOLPLQHU/DWUDQVPLVVLRQ
HQHVWG
DXWDQWSOXVILDEOH
8QGHUQLHUSRLQWIRUWGHODWUDQVPLVVLRQQXPpULTXHHVWGHSRXYRLUDSSOLTXHUGHVPpWKRGHV
GHFRPSUHVVLRQFKRVHTXDVLPHQWLQDSSOLFDEOHjXQVLJQDODQDORJLTXH
,O H[LVWH SOXVLHXUV W\SHV GH PDWpULHOV 0,& 2Q OHV DSSHOOH GHV 7HUPLQDX[ 1XPpULTXH
G([WUpPLWp 71( ,OV XWLOLVHQW SOXVLHXUV QRUPHV TXL RQW pYROXp DX ILO GHV SURJUqV WHFKQLTXHV
QRWDPPHQW GH OD PLQLDWXULVDWLRQ GHV FRPSRVDQWV &HV QRUPHV VRQW OH 71 71D 71E HW
DFWXHOOHPHQWOH71*GHX[LqPHJpQpUDWLRQ
,O HVW j QRWHU TXH WRXWHV OHV RSpUDWLRQV SUDWLTXpHV GDQV OH 0,& VRQW VRXPLVHV j GHV
FRQWUDLQWHV WHPSRUHOOHV GXHV DX GpELW LPSRVp HW j OD EDQGH SDVVDQWH FKRLVLH &HV YDOHXUV VRQW
FRPPXQHVjWRXWHVOHVQRUPHV
/D EDQGH SDVVDQWH GX WpOpSKRQH HVW j +] FH TXL SHUPHW WKpRUqPH GH
6KDQQRQ 1\TXLVW XQH IUpTXHQFH G
pFKDQWLOORQQDJH )H GH +] VRLW XQH SpULRGH
7H
V
/D WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORFDOH VH IDLW VXU XQH OLDLVRQ PXOWLSOH[pH j YRLHV F
HVW j GLUH
YRLHVPpODQJpHVFLUFXODQWHQPrPHWHPSVGDQVOHPrPHILO&RPPHLOIDXWWUDQVPHWWUH
XQH GRQQpH XQ RFWHW SDU YRLH WRXWHV OHV V FKDTXH YRLH EpQpILFLH GH V WRXWHV
OHVVSRXUWUDQVPHWWUHXQRFWHWODSpULRGHG
XQELWHVWGRQF7E
QV
/HVV\VWqPHVpOHFWULTXHVVRQWSDUFRQVpTXHQWVRXPLVjXQHFRQWUDLQWHGHWUqVJUDQGHUDSLGLWpFH
TXLQRXVOHYHUURQVpOLPLQHGHVVROXWLRQVTXLSRXUWDQWV
DYqUHQWSOXVVLPSOHVjPHWWUHHQXYUH
HWPRLQVFRWHXVHV
1). LA QUANTIFICATION
3ULQFLSH
2QVXSSRVHDXSUpDODEOHTXHO
RQGLVSRVHG
XQVLJQDOGHSDUROHDQDORJLTXHpFKDQWLOORQQpj
ODIUpTXHQFHGH+]F
HVWjGLUHTXHO
RQDXQHVpULHGHYDOHXUVSULVHVWRXWHVOHVVVXUOH
VLJQDO&HVRQWOHVSRLQWVQRLUVVXUODFRXUEHGHODILJXUH
/HEXWGHODTXDQWLILFDWLRQHVWGHOLPLWHUOHQRPEUHGHYDOHXUVTXHSHXWSUHQGUHOHVLJQDO
&
HVW HQ HIIHW LQGLVSHQVDEOH FDU OH QRPEUH GH YDOHXUV TXH SHXW SUHQGUH FKDTXH pFKDQWLOORQ GRLW
rWUH ILQL SXLVTX
RQ XWLOLVH XQ WUDLWHPHQW QXPpULTXH LQFRPSDWLEOH DYHF O
LQILQL ,O IDXW GRQF VH
GRQQHU XQ QRPEUH GH ELWV PD[LPXP SRXU FKDTXH YDOHXU FRPSDWLEOH DYHF OHV GRQQpHV j
WUDQVPHWWUH HW OH GpELW YRXOX 'DQV OH V\VWqPH 0,& OH FRGDJH VH IHUD VXU ELWV FH TXL
FRUUHVSRQGDXGpELWLGpDOWKpRULTXHGHODOLJQHNELWVV
2QYDDLQVLFRQVWLWXHUSODJHVGH
YDOHXUV pWDJpHV HQWUH 9VDW HW 9VDW DX[TXHOOHV RQ DVVRFLHUD OH PrPH FRGH ELQDLUH 3DU
FRQVpTXHQW WRXV OHV pFKDQWLOORQV D\DQW XQH DPSOLWXGH FRPSULVH GDQV XQH PrPH SODJH VHURQW
FRGpHVGHODPrPHPDQLqUH&HWWHPHVXUHHVWFHOOHGXQLYHDXLQIpULHXUGHODSODJHWHQVLRQVHXLO
( F K H OR Q
9 D OH X U UH V WLWX p H
9 D OH X U T X D Q WLILp H
9 D OH X U Up H OOH
)LJXUH/HSULQFLSHGHODTXDQWLILFDWLRQ
8QSUHPLHUSUREOqPH
&HSHQGDQW RQ YRLW UDSLGHPHQW DSSDUDvWUH XQ SUHPLHU SUREOqPH ORUV GH OD UHVWLWXWLRQ GX
VLJQDO XQ EUXLW LPSRUWDQW HVW SURGXLW ,O HVW PDWpULDOLVp SDU OD GLIIpUHQFH HQWUH OD YDOHXU UHWHQXH
SRXU OH FRGDJH HW OD YDOHXU HIIHFWLYHPHQW pFKDQWLOORQQpH &H EUXLW HVW QRPPp EUXLW GH
TXDQWLILFDWLRQ 6
LO HVW WURS pOHYp OH VLJQDO G
LQIRUPDWLRQ OD SDUROH VHUD LQDXGLEOH 3RXU OH
UpGXLUHRQSHXWDXJPHQWHUOHQRPEUHGHQLYHDX[PDLVRQVHOLPLWHHQWpOpSKRQLHjpFKHORQV
FRGDJH VXU ELWV VRLW SDU SRODULWp SXLVTXH OD OLJQH ORFDOH GH O
XWLOLVDWHXU QH VXSSRUWH SDV
GHVGpELWVSOXVpOHYpVTXHFHX[DFWXHOOHPHQWXWLOLVpVHQ57&UpVHDXWpOpSKRQLTXHFRPPXWpFH
GHUQLHUpWDQWLPSRVpSDUGHVQRUPHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHV
2Q DPpOLRUH IDFLOHPHQW FH GpIDXW HQ HIIHFWXDQW FH TXH O
RQ DSSHOOH XQH TXDQWLILFDWLRQ
OLQpDLUH $X OLHX GH UHVWLWXHU OD YDOHXU GH VHXLO GH OD SODJH RQ DXJPHQWH FHWWH YDOHXU G
XQ GHPL
pFKHORQYRLUILJXUH/HEUXLWGHTXDQWLILFDWLRQHVWDORUVOLPLWpDXSOXVj(R(HVWOLQWHUYDOOH
GHWHQVLRQHQWUHODYDOHXUVHXLOHWODYDOHXUPD[LPDOHGXQpFKHORQGRQQp
3RXUOHQLqPHpFKHORQ
6
%
6
%
= ORJ
= ORJ
(
(
(
= G%
= ORJ Q + G%
8QVHFRQGSUREOqPH
,O HVW LPSpUDWLI GH FRUULJHU FH GpIDXW HQ WURXYDQW XQH IRQFWLRQ GH TXDQWLILFDWLRQ TXL
WRXMRXUV pWDJpH VXU pFKHORQV YD SHUPHWWUH GH UHQGUH OH UDSSRUW VLJQDOEUXLW FRQVWDQW 2U
DXJPHQWHU OH UDSSRUW VLJQDOEUXLW DX[ IDLEOHV WHQVLRQV UHYLHQW j DXJPHQWHU OD SUpFLVLRQ GH
TXDQWLILFDWLRQ DX[ IDLEOHV QLYHDX[ SXLVTX
LO IDXW UpGXLUH O
HUUHXU 'H SOXV OH UDSSRUW VLJQDOEUXLW
pWDQW WUqV LPSRUWDQW SRXU OHV IRUWHV WHQVLRQV RQ SHXW VH SHUPHWWUH GH OH UpGXLUH SRXU OHV QLYHDX[
KDXWV 2Q YD GRQF XWLOLVHU XQH FRXUEH j DOOXUH ORJDULWKPLTXH TXL RIIUH XQ SDV GH TXDQWLILFDWLRQ
UpGXLW DX[ IDLEOHV WHQVLRQV HW SOXV LPSRUWDQW DX[ IRUWV QLYHDX[ 3RXU FHOD RQ D FRQoX OD ORL $
LOOXVWUpHILJXUH(OOHHVWXWLOLVpHGDQVWRXVOHVV\VWqPHV0,&
)LJXUHODORLSVHXGRORJDULWKPLTXH
/D FRXUEH HVW FRPSRVpH GH VHJPHQWV GH GURLWH VXU OHVTXHOV RQ SUDWLTXH XQH
TXDQWLILFDWLRQOLQpDLUHjSODJHV(QWUHHWP9XQpFKHORQYDXWGRQFP9HWHQWUH
HWP9LOYDXWP9
(IIHFWLYHPHQW OH GpIDXW TXH SRVVpGDLW OD TXDQWLILFDWLRQ OLQpDLUH VHPEOH FRUULJp 6L RQ
PHVXUHOHUDSSRUWVLJQDOEUXLWLOHVWTXDVLPHQWFRQVWDQWVDXISRXUOHVWRXWHVSUHPLqUHVSODJHVGX
SUHPLHUVHJPHQW
2QOHFDOFXOHHQG%DXQLYHDX Q
{ }DYHFODIRUPXOH
6
%
= ORJ
R(QHVWODPSOLWXGHG
XQpFKHORQDXQLYHDXQHWXQODWHQVLRQVHXLOGXQLYHDXQ
X Q
( Q
"!"#$&%'!
)LJXUHOHUDSSRUWVLJQDOEUXLWGXV\VWqPH0,&
TXH
QRXV
DOORQV
UHWHQLU
SXLVTXH
F
HVW
FHOOH
XWLOLVpH
FRXUDPPHQW
HQ
WpOpFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
0LVHHQXYUHSULQFLSDX[FRGHXUV
/HFRGHXUjSHQWH
)LJXUH6FKpPDGXFRGHXUjSHQWH
/H SULQFLSH GH FH FRGHXU HVW GH FRQYHUWLU ODWHQVLRQ j TXDQWLILHU HQ XQH WHQVLRQ GH YDOHXU
FRQVWDQWH SHQGDQW XQ WHPSV SURSRUWLRQQHO j OD YDOHXU GH O
pFKDQWLOORQ HW QXOOH HQVXLWH Y 2Q
GpQRPEUH DORUV OH QRPEUH HQWLHU GH SpULRGHV G
KRUORJH LPPpGLDWHPHQW LQIpULHXU j OD GXUpH GH
FHWWHWHQVLRQY&HFLSHUPHWGHTXDQWLILHUFKDTXHYDOHXUpFKDQWLOORQQpH
&H V\VWqPH FRUUHVSRQG j OD QRUPH 71 TXL XWLOLVH FRQVpFXWLYHPHQW FRGHXUV j SHQWH
/H FRGDJH pWDQW OLQpDLUH ELWV VRQW QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU FRGHU OHV IDLEOHV QLYHDX[ DYHF
VXIILVDPPHQW GH SUpFLVLRQ 2Q SUDWLTXH HQVXLWH XQH FRPSUHVVLRQ SRXU UHWURXYHU OD ORL
ORJDULWKPLTXHVXUELWVXWLOLVpHGDQVOHV\VWqPH0,&/HFRGDJHVHIIHFWXHHQGHX[WHPSV
7RXW G
DERUG RQ GpWHUPLQH VXU TXHO pFKHORQ SDUPL HQWUH 9PD[ HW 9PD[ VH WURXYH
O
pFKDQWLOORQDYHFXQSUHPLHUFRGHXUjSHQWHSUHPLHUVELWV
'DQVXQGHX[LqPHWHPSVRQGpFRXSHO
pFKHORQSUpFpGHQWHQHWRQFKHUFKH VXU TXHO
QRXYHOpFKHORQVHWURXYHO
pFKDQWLOORQDYHFXQGHX[LqPHFRGHXUjSHQWH
3RXU FH FRGHXU OHV HQWUpHV VRQW YRLU OH VFKpPD ILJXUH Y HVW OD WHQVLRQ j TXDQWLILHU
XFHVWXQVLJQDOG
KRUORJHjXQHIUpTXHQFHFRQQXH
D(WXGHGH Y W
I YW
2Q FRQQDvW LFL YW TXL HVW OD WHQVLRQ j TXDQWLILHU (OOH HVW PDLQWHQXH FRQVWDQWH SHQGDQW
WRXWHODGXUpHGHODTXDQWLILFDWLRQSDUXQpFKDQWLOORQQHXUEORTXHXUQRQpWXGLpLFL
$W
$W
2QD XR W
$
WR .HVWIHUPpGRQFX
WR F
HVWOHGpEXWGHODFRQYHUVLRQRQRXYUH.
W
WR
&R
FDURQSUHQG XR W
= WR = 'RQF XRW =
/
$2HVWPRQWpHQFRPSDUDWHXUGRQF
&R
,
&R
W WR + $ HW
W WR
YW > XRW Y W = 9VDW
YW < XRW Y W = 9VDW
)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWLRQGHYWHQIRQFWLRQGHYW
E(WXGHGH YW
I Y W
/
DPSOLILFDWHXURSpUDWLRQQHOHVWXQVXLYHXU
+\SRWKqVH'HVWSDVVDQWHGRQFY
+\SRWKqVH'EORTXDQWHGRQFL
&RQGLWLRQGHYDOLGLWpX$
&RQGLWLRQGHYDOLGLWp L
2U L
X$
Y
5
= GRQFX$
Y!
YHVWGRQFODSDUWLHSRVLWLYHGHY
Y W > YW = Y W
Y W < YW =
Y
5
> Y <
YG
RY
Y
F*pQpUDWHXUGXVLJQDOG
KRUORJHX+
X+HVWXQHWHQVLRQHQFUpQHDX[YDULDQWHQWUHHW9VDWGXQHSpULRGH7+ELHQGpWHUPLQpH
(QYXHG
XQFRGDJHVXUELWVVRLWELWVSDUSRODULWpRQYDXWLOLVHU 7H
G5HFKHUFKHGH Y W
I YW X+ W
+\SRWKqVH'HW'+SDVVDQWHVDORUVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWY
YHWY+VRQWjYDOHXUVGDQV^9VDW`GRQFY
= 7+
X+
Y
YHW Y
X+
<
9VDW
+\SRWKqVH ' HW '+ EORTXpHV DORUV OH FRXUDQW GDQV 5 HVW QXO GRQF Y
/
K\SRWKqVHHVWYDOLGHVLY!YHWX+!YGRQFY
X+
Y+
<
9VDW
'RQFY
X+
Y
Y
9VDW
9VDW
9VDW
+\SRWKqVH ' SDVVDQWH '+ EORTXpH 3DU V\PpWULH RQ SHXW FRQFOXUH Y
Y+
2U
Y
9VDW
2QSHXWUpFDSLWXOHUFHVUpVXOWDWVGDQVXQWDEOHDX
X+
Y
Y
9VDW
9VDW
9VDW
9VDW
9VDW
/HFRGHXUSRWHQWLRPpWULTXHRXjUpVLVWDQFHV
&H W\SH GH FRGDJH HVW EDVp VXU OH SULQFLSH GH OD GLFKRWRPLH (Q HIIHW RQ YD FRPSDUHU OH
WHQVLRQ j TXDQWLILHU VXFFHVVLYHPHQW j GLIIpUHQWHV WHQVLRQV GH UpIpUHQFH GRQW OH FKRL[ HVW
FRQGLWLRQQp SDU OH UpVXOWDW GHV WHVWV SUpFpGHQWV &KDFXQ GHV UpVXOWDWV HVW VWRFNp GDQV XQH ]RQH
PpPRLUHjODILQGHVFRPSDUDLVRQVDXQRPEUHGHFKDFXQGHVUHJLVWUHVFRQWLHQWO
XQGHVELWV
GH OD YDOHXU DLQVL TXDQWLILpH ,O QH UHVWH SOXV TX
DORUV j YLGHU OHV UHJLVWUHV O
XQ DSUqV O
DXWUH DYHF
XQHIUpTXHQFHFRQQXHSRXUIRUPHUOHPRWELQDLUH
&H FRGHXU XWLOLVp GDQV OHV QRUPHV 71D HW 71E HIIHFWXH XQ FRGDJH SRWHQWLRPpWULTXH
W\SH VpULH 'DQV FH V\VWqPH OHV GLIIpUHQWHV WHQVLRQV VRQW REWHQXHV JUkFH j GHV UpVLVWDQFHV
FDOLEUpHV HW j GHV LQMHFWHXUV GH FRXUDQW SRQGpUp ,&3 /H GpFOHQFKHPHQW GHV WHQVLRQV GH
UpIpUHQFH QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU OHV FRPSDUDLVRQV HW O
LQVFULSWLRQ GHV UpVXOWDWV GDQV OHV UHJLVWUHV VRQW
JpUpVSDUXQHORJLTXHGHFRPPDQGHTXHQRXVQ
pWXGLHURQVSDVLFL
&RPPH SRXU OH FRGHXU j SHQWH RQ GRLW PDLQWHQLU OD WHQVLRQ j TXDQWLILHU FRQVWDQWH
SHQGDQW WRXWH OD GXUpH GX SURFHVVXV DX PR\HQ G
XQ pFKDQWLOORQQHXUEORTXHXU ,O QH VHUD
FHSHQGDQW SDV QpFHVVDLUH GH SUDWLTXHU XQH FRPSUHVVLRQ DSUqV OD TXDQWLILFDWLRQ FDU FH SULQFLSH
G
LVROHPHQW GH O
pFKHORQ FRUUHVSRQGDQWj O
pFKHORQ SDU GLFKRWRPLH VH SUrWH SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW ELHQ
j OD FRPSUHVVLRQ GLUHFWH (Q HIIHW LO HVW WUqV IDFLOH GH VXLYUH GqV OH GpEXW GX SURFHVVXV OD ORL
ORJDULWKPLTXHYXHHQ
/HVRSpUDWLRQVGHFRGDJHVHGpURXOHQWHQSKDVHVGpWHUPLQDWLRQGXVLJQHELW
GpWHUPLQDWLRQGXVHJPHQWELWV
GpWHUPLQDWLRQ GX QLYHDX GDQV OH
VHJPHQWELWV
2QUHSUpVHQWHOHPRWELQDLUHSDUODVpTXHQFH$%&'()*+DYHF$OHELWGHVLJQHHW%
OHELWGHSRLGVOHSOXVIRUWHWF
/H VLJQH FRQQX SDU XQ FRPSDUDWHXU j OD PDVVH HVW PpPRULVp GDQV OH UHJLVWUH $ 2Q QH
V
RFFXSH HQVXLWH SOXV TXH GHV YDOHXUV SRVLWLYHV SRXU OD WKpRULH FDU OD ORJLTXH GH FRPPDQGH
LQYHUVHDXWRPDWLTXHPHQWOHVWHQVLRQVHQIRQFWLRQGXFRQWHQXGXUHJLVWUH$
/D GpWHUPLQDWLRQ GX ELW GH SRLGV IRUW % VH IDLW
VLPXOWDQpPHQW DYHF OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ GX VLJQH &
HVW
SRXUTXRL HOOH XWLOLVH OH FRPSDUDWHXU UHSUpVHQWp FL
FRQWUHTXLFRPSDUHGHVWHQVLRQVHQYDOHXUDEVROXH/D
YDOHXU GH FH ELW HVW WUqV LPSRUWDQWH FDU HOOH YD
FRQGLWLRQQHU
OH
FKRL[
GH
WRXWHV
OHV
WHQVLRQV
GH
FRGHXU
SDU
XQ
DPSOLILFDWHXU
j
JDLQ
FRPPXWDEOH TXL SHXW SUHQGUH OHV YDOHXUV HW 6XLYDQW OH FRQWHQX GH % RQ YD FRPPXWHU OH
JDLQ GH FHW DPSOLILFDWHXU ,QLWLDOHPHQW OH JDLQ GH O
DPSOLILFDWHXU G
HQWUpH HVW IRUFp j 2Q
FRPSDUH OD WHQVLRQ j VD VRUWLH j 9PD[ FH TXL UHYLHQW j FRPSDUHU O
pFKDQWLOORQ 9H j 9PD[
6L OH UpVXOWDW GH FHWWH FRPSDUDLVRQ HVW %
F
HVWjGLUH
9H
> 9 PD[
OH JDLQ GH
O
DPSOLILFDWHXU G
HQWUpH HVW GpILQLWLYHPHQW EDVFXOp j GDQV OH FDV FRQWUDLUH LO HVW EORTXp j
&HWWH PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ GH OD WHQVLRQ G
HQWUpH SDU SRXU OHV IDLEOHV WHQVLRQV SHUPHW GH UpGXLUH OH
QRPEUH G
LQMHFWHXUV GH FRXUDQW SRQGpUp ,&3 QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU HIIHFWXHU WRXWHV OHV FRPSDUDLVRQV
DXOLHXGH
3RXUOHVFRPSDUDLVRQVGHVELWV&'()*+RQXWLOLVHOHPrPHFRPSDUDWHXUTXHSRXUOHELW$
2U FH GHUQLHU FRPSDUH OHV WHQVLRQV j OD PDVVH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW RQ QH FRPSDUH SDV GLUHFWHPHQW
O
pFKDQWLOORQ j OD WHQVLRQ GH UpIpUHQFH 2Q IDLW OD GLIIpUHQFH GH FHV GHX[ WHQVLRQ OD ORJLTXH GH
FRPPDQGH EDVFXOH OH VLJQH GH OD WHQVLRQ GH UpIpUHQFH SRXU TX
LO VRLW RSSRVp DX VLJQH GH
O
pFKDQWLOORQHWRQFRPSDUHOHUpVXOWDWjODPDVVH2QREWLHQWDLQVLO
HIIHWUHFKHUFKp
9RLFL HQ GpWDLO OD ORL ORJDULWKPLTXH GH FRPSUHVVLRQ WHQDQW FRPSWH GH O
DPSOLILFDWLRQ GHV
IDLEOHVWHQVLRQV
)LJXUH /HV FRXUEHV GH FRGDJH VXLYDQW TXH OH JDLQ GH O
DPSOLILFDWHXU HVW j RX OHV
VpTXHQFHVELQDLUHVFRUUHVSRQGHQWjODVpTXHQFH%&'
6LO
DPSOLILFDWHXUG
HQWUpHHVWFRPPXWpjRQVHEDVHUDVXUODFRXUEH*SRXUUDLVRQQHU
'DQVOHFDVFRQWUDLUHRQXWLOLVHUDODFRXUEH*
2Q SHXW UHPDUTXHU TXH VXU OD FRXUEH * OD FRPSDUDLVRQ GH 9H j 9PD[ GpWHUPLQH
ELHQ OH ELW GH SRLGV IRUW HQ UHJDUGDQW OHV VpTXHQFHV ELQDLUHV GH ELWV ILJXUDQW VXU FKDTXH
VHJPHQWFHTXLFRUUHVSRQGELHQjO
HIIHWGpVLUp
(FKDQWLOORQ9H
'pWHUPLQDWLRQGXVLJQH
&RPSDUDLVRQGH9Hj9PD[
*DLQ
ELW$
VLJQH
qPH
ELW%
*DLQ
9
HU
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
qPH
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
qPH
ELW'
qPH
ELW(
qPH
ELW)
(FKHORQ
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
qPH
ELW*
qPH
ELW+
)LJXUHRUJDQLVDWLRQGHVFRPSDUDLVRQV
JDLQ HW OD OLPLWH HQWUH OH ELW & j HW j HVW P9 VRLW H[DFWHPHQW 9PD[ FH TXL
FRUUHVSRQG j OD YDOHXU GRQQpH ILJXUH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW VL OD WHQVLRQ GH O
pFKDQWLOORQ HVW
VXSpULHXUH j P9 RQ PHW & j VLQRQ j 2Q GpWHUPLQH OH ELW ' GH OD PrPH PDQLqUH HQ
XWLOLVDQWOHVYDOHXUVLQGLTXpHVILJXUHVXLYDQWOHUpVXOWDWGHVWHVWVSUpFpGHQWV
$LQVL SDU H[HPSOH SRXU TXDQWLILHU OD YDOHXU 9H
9H!9 &
ELQDLUH$%&'
SRVLWLI %
9H9 2Q D GRQF VXU FHW H[HPSOH OH GpEXW GX FRGH
$ FH VWDGH RQ FRQQDvW OH VLJQH GH OD WHQVLRQ j TXDQWLILHU HW OH VHJPHQW VXU OHTXHO VH
WURXYH O
pFKDQWLOORQ 2Q YD GRQF PDLQWHQDQW GpWHUPLQHU TXHO pFKHORQ SDUPL OHV GX VHJPHQW
FRQFHUQp FRUUHVSRQG OH PLHX[ j O
pFKDQWLOORQ -XVTX
j SUpVHQW RQ D FRPSDUp OD WHQVLRQ j
TXDQWLILHUjXQHWHQVLRQGHUpIpUHQFH0DLVSRXUOLPLWHUOHQRPEUHG
,&3RQYDLFLSOXW{WVRPPHU
GLIIpUHQWHV WHQVLRQV 7RXW G
DERUG RQ YD XWLOLVHU SRXU WRXW OH WHPSV GH OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ GHV
GHUQLHUVELWVXQWHQVLRQSLpGHVWDOGXVHJPHQWFRQFHUQp(OOHFRUUHVSRQGjODWHQVLRQPLQLPDOHGX
VHJPHQW9RLFLXQWDEOHDXTXLLQGLTXHFHWWHWHQVLRQVXLYDQWODYDOHXUGH%&'TXLUDSSHORQVOH
GpWHUPLQHOHVHJPHQW
9DOHXUGXSLpGHVWDOGX
%&'
*
*
VHJPHQW
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
$ FHWWH WHQVLRQ SLpGHVWDO RQ YD VRPPHU GLIIpUHQWHV WHQVLRQV LQGLTXpHV ILJXUH $ FKDTXH IRLV
RQ FRPSDUH FHWWH VRPPH GH WHQVLRQV j OD WHQVLRQ j TXDQWLILHU 6L OD WHQVLRQ GH O
pFKDQWLOORQ HVW
SOXV IDLEOH TXH OD VRPPH GHV WHQVLRQV GH UpIpUHQFH RQ UHWLUH OD GHUQLqUH WHQVLRQ DMRXWpH F
HVW j
GLUH TX
RQ pWHLQW O
LQMHFWHXU FRUUHVSRQGDQW /D YDOHXU GX ELW DVVRFLp HVW PLVH j 'DQV OH FDV
FRQWUDLUH RQ PDLQWLHQW O
LQMHFWHXU HW RQ PHW OH ELW j 2Q FRQWLQXH HQVXLWH DYHF OD WHQVLRQ
VXLYDQWHLQGLTXpHjODILJXUHHQDSSOLTXDQWOHPrPHSURFHVVXVHWDLQVLGHVXLWH
2Q HVW VU SDU FHWWH PpWKRGH G
DUULYHU j TXDQWLILHU OD WHQVLRQ FDU RQ XWLOLVH XQH
DSSUR[LPDWLRQ SDU GLFKRWRPLH SXLVTX
RQ UHPDUTXHUD TXH OHV GLIIpUHQWHV WHQVLRQV XWLOLVpHV LFL
VRQWSRXUODSUHPLqUHODPRLWLpGHO
DPSOLWXGHGXVHJPHQWODGHX[LqPHOHTXDUWGXVHJPHQWHW
DLQVLGHVXLWHODGHUQLqUHFRUUHVSRQGDQWjO
DPSOLWXGHG
XQpFKHORQVXUOHVHJPHQWDPSOLWXGHTXL
YDULHVHORQOHVHJPHQW
5HSUHQRQVO
H[HPSOHSUpFpGHQWG
XQpFKDQWLOORQGHP9/HVHJPHQWHVW%&'
GRQFOHSLpGHVWDOHVW9
/H SUHPLHU WHVW HVW GRQF 9 9
O
LQMHFWHXU9
'HX[LqPH WHVW 9 9
9
7URLVLqPHWHVW99
P9P9GRQF*
RQJDUGHO
LQMHFWHXU9
DFWLI
'HUQLHUWHVW999
P9!P9GRQF+
2Q SRVVqGH PDLQWHQDQW OH FRGH GH OD YDOHXU P9 F
HVW j GLUH TX
RQ D TXDQWLILp FHW
pFKDQWLOORQ $%&'()*+
O
RUGUHSRXUIRUPHUXQHWHQVLRQHQFUpQHDX[LHXQVLJQDOELQDLUH
&H W\SH GH FRGHXU SUpVHQWH O
LQFRQYpQLHQW G
DYRLU KXLW RSpUDWLRQV j HIIHFWXHU OHV XQHV
DSUqV OHV DXWUH LPSRVDQW TXH OD YDOHXU GH O
pFKDQWLOORQ VRLW PDLQWHQXH SHQGDQW WRXWH OD GXUpH GX
FRGDJH 2Q D GRQF JUkFH j OD PHLOOHXUH LQWpJUDWLRQ GHV FLUFXLWV FRQoX XQH QRXYHOOH JpQpUDWLRQ
GHFRGHXUV
/HFRGHXUVpULHSDUDOOqOHVDQVPDLQWLHQ
,OV
DJLWGXFRGHXUXWLOLVpGDQVODQRUPHGX71*GHX[LqPHJpQpUDWLRQ&RPPHSRXU
OH FRGHXU XWLOLVp GDQV OH 0,& 71D HW 71E LO XWLOLVH OD ORL ORJDULWKPLTXH j ELWV SUpVHQWpH HQ
/DGXUpHGXFRGDJHHVWGHV
/HFRGDJHVHIDLWHQWURLVpWDSHV
/DSUHPLqUHpWDSHHVWSUHVTXHODPrPHTXHSRXUOHFRGHXUSRWHQWLRPpWULTXH
3HQGDQW OD GXUpH GHV SUHPLHUV ELWV V OH JDLQ GH O
DPSOLILFDWHXU j JDLQ FRPPXWDEOH HVW
IL[pj6L 9H
ELWGHVLJQH$HWOHJDLQVRQWPpPRULVpVGDQVODORJLTXHGHFRPPDQGH
3HQGDQW OD GXUpH GHV ELWV () RQ GpWHUPLQH OD YDOHXU GX VHJPHQW %&' 3RXU FHOD RQ
DSSOLTXH O
pFKDQWLOORQ 9H j XQ EORF GH FRPSDUDWHXUV )LJXUH GRQW OHV GHX[ WHQVLRQV GH
UpIpUHQFH 9+ HW 9% VRQW IL[pHV UHVSHFWLYHPHQW j HW 9PD[ RX 9PD[ VHORQ OH VLJQH SDU OD
ORJLTXHGHFRPPDQGH3RXUFHWWHpWDSHWRXVOHVFRPSDUDWHXUVQHVRQWSDVXWLOLVpVVLOHJDLQHVW
jRQXWLOLVHOHVFRPSDUDWHXUVHWGHSXLVODJDXFKHFRUUHVSRQGDQWDX[WHQVLRQV99
HW 9 UHVSHFWLYHPHQW 6L OH JDLQ HVW j RQ XWLOLVH OHV FRPSDUDWHXUV HW FRUUHVSRQGDQW
UHVSHFWLYHPHQWDX[WHQVLRQV999HW9
6XLYDQW OH UpVXOWDW GRQQp SDU FKDFXQ GHV FRPSDUDWHXUV RQ FRQQDvW OH VHJPHQW VXU OHTXHO
VHWURXYHO
pFKDQWLOORQ,OQHUHVWHSOXVTX
jFRQYHUWLUOHQXPpURGHFHVHJPHQWHQELQDLUH/HVELWV
%&'VRQWPpPRULVpVGDQVODORJLTXHGHFRPPDQGH
)LJXUHODUDPSHGHFRPSDUDWHXUV
'HUQLqUH pWDSH SHQGDQW OD GXUpH GHV ELWV *+ RQ PDLQWLHQW OD YDOHXU GH O
pFKDQWLOORQ
DX[ ERUQHV GH FH PrPH EORF FRPSDUDWHXU HW RQ PHW 9+ HW 9% UHVSHFWLYHPHQW DX[ WHQVLRQV
EDVVHV HW KDXWHV GX VHJPHQW LGHQWLILp SUpFpGHPPHQW %LHQ HQWHQGX FRPPH OHV UpVLVWDQFHV VRQW
WRXWHV pJDOHV HW TX
LO \ D FRPSDUDWHXUV RQ SHXW FRQQDvWUH VXU TXHO pFKHORQ WRXV pJDX[ VXU OH
VHJPHQW VH WURXYH O
pFKDQWLOORQ VL O
pFKDQWLOORQ HVW VXSpULHXU j Q WHQVLRQV SDU H[HPSOH VXU OHV
FRPSDUDWHXUVjLOVHWURXYHVXUOHQLqPHpFKHORQODYDOHXU GHV ELWV ()*+ HVW DORUV Q HQ
ELQDLUHpFKHORQFRGHVXUO
H[HPSOH
/HQLqPHFRPSDUDWHXUDELHQSRXUWHQVLRQGHUpIpUHQFHODWHQVLRQVHXLOGXQLqPHpFKHORQ
GXVHJPHQW(QHIIHWODWHQVLRQGHUpIpUHQFHGXQLqPHFRPSDUDWHXUHVW 9+
9% 9+
[[]] 2Q
DGRQFXQPR\HQGHGLVWLQJXHUOHVpFKHORQVGXVHJPHQW/HFRGHFRUUHVSRQGDQWjO
pFKHORQHVW
OHQXPpURHQELQDLUHGHjGXFRPSDUDWHXUDVVRFLpjFHGHUQLHU
$ OD ILQ GX FRGDJH RQ WUDQVPHW OH FRGH DLQVL pODERUp GDQV XQ UHJLVWUH j GpFDODJH TXL
FRQVWUXLWOHVLJQDOpOHFWULTXHQXPpULTXH
6LPXODWLRQGHODFDUWHFRGHXU
/H EXW GH FHWWH SDUWLH HVW GH FRQFHYRLU HQ & XQH IRQFWLRQ G
pPXODWLRQ GH OD FDUWH FRGHXU
/HFRGHXUjODQRUPH71*HVWGLIILFLOHjVLPXOHUjFDXVHGHVFRPSDUDWHXUVHQSDUDOOqOH1RXV
DOORQV GRQF UHSURGXLUH OH FRGHXU j OD QRUPH 71D 71E TXL VH SUrWH SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW ELHQ j FHW
H[HUFLFH
&HWWH IRQFWLRQ GRLW SUHQGUH HQ DUJXPHQW XQH YDOHXU TXHOFRQTXH IORDW TXL UHSUpVHQWH OD
WHQVLRQpFKDQWLOORQQpHjTXDQWLILHU/DVRUWLHVHUDXQ
LQW
UHSUpVHQWDQWOHVpOpPHQWVGRQFXQLQW
FRPSULV HQWUH HW ,O VXIILW SRXU FRGHU O
pFKDQWLOORQ GH VXLYUH O
RUGUH GHV FRPSDUDLVRQV
pWDEOLHQHWG
HQYLVDJHUWRXVOHVFDV
Q
RQUDSSHOOHTXHOHFRGHILQDOHVW$%&'()*+2QUHWURXYHDLQVLIDFLOHPHQWWRXWHVOHVGRQQpHV
FRUUHVSRQGDQWjFKDTXHFDV
7DEOHGHVGLIIpUHQWHVFRPSDUDLVRQVVXLYDQWODYDOHXUGH%&'
VWDWLFLQWOJFBUHI>@>@
^^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[`
^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[`
^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[`
^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[`
^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[`
^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[`
^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[`
^9PD[9PD[9PD[9PD[``
WDEOHGHVSLHGHVWDX[VXLYDQW%&'
VWDWLF
LQW
OJFBEDVH>@
^
9PD[
9PD[
9PD[
9PD[
9PD[9PD[9PD[`
8QH IRLV FHV YDULDEOHV GpILQLHV RQ SHXW pFULUH OH FRGHXU OXLPrPH TXL GLVSRVH SDU K\SRWKqVH
GDQV XQH ]RQH PpPRLUH GH OD ORJLTXH GH FRPPDQGH GHV WDEOHV GH FRPSDUDLVRQV GpILQLHV SOXV
KDXW/HVYDULDEOHVFRPPHQoDQWSDUOJFVRQWGHVUHJLVWUHVGHODORJLTXHGHFRPPDQGH
LQWFRGHLQWYDO
^
LQW$%&'()*+/HVUHJLVWUHV
LQWOJFBJDLQ
OJFBVLJQHUHIHUVHJPHQW
'pWHUPLQDWLRQGH$HW%VLPXOWDQpPHQW
$
YDO!
%
OJFBJDLQ YDO!
9PD[__OJFBJDLQ
YDO
9PD[
*HVWLRQGXJDLQGXVLJQHGDQVODORJLTXHGHFRPPDQGH
OJFBJDLQ
%
OJFBVLJQH
"
$
"
'pWHUPLQDWLRQGH&
UHIHU
&
9PD[
UHIHU
'pWHUPLQDWLRQGH'
UHIHU
'
&
"9PD[9PD[
UHIHU
1XPpURGXVHJPHQW
VHJPHQW
,QLWLDOLVDWLRQGXSLHGHVWDO
UHIHU
OJFBEDVH>VHJPHQW@
'pWHUPLQDWLRQGXVHJPHQW
LIOJFBJDLQ
OJFBVLJQH
YDO!
UHIHUOJFBUHI>VHJPHQW@>@
^
UHIHU
(
OJFBUHI>VHJPHQW@>@
`HOVH(
UHIHUOJFBUHI>VHJPHQW@>@
^
UHIHU
)
OJFBUHI>VHJPHQW@>@
`HOVH)
UHIHUOJFBUHI>VHJPHQW@>@
^
UHIHU
*
`HOVH*
+
OJFBUHI>VHJPHQW@>@
UHIHUOJFBUHI>VHJPHQW@>@
&H VLPXODWHXU UHSUHQG H[DFWHPHQW OHV pWDSHV GX FRGHXU SRWHQWLRPpWULTXH YDO HVW
O
pFKDQWLOORQ SDVVp HQ DUJXPHQW j FHWWH IRQFWLRQ /HV YDULDEOHV GH ORJLTXH GH FRPPDQGH VRQW
SRXU OHV YDULDEOHVVWDWLTXHV OJFBEDVH HW OJFBUHI /D ORJLTXH SRVVqGH GHX[ DXWUHV YDULDEOHV PLVHV
jMRXUjFKDTXHRSpUDWLRQGHGpFRPSRVLWLRQHWFRGDJHFHVRQWOJFBVLJQHTXLPpPRULVHOHVLJQH
GH O
pFKDQWLOORQ HW OJFBJDLQ TXL UHSUpVHQWH OD EDVFXOH GH JDLQ GH O
DPSOLILFDWHXU G
HQWUpH
FRPPDQGp SDU OD ORJLTXH /H VLPXODWHXU GLVSRVH DXVVL GH KXLW UHJLVWUHV $ % & ' ( ) * HW
+TXHODFRPPDQGHSHXWLQWHUURJHUjYRORQWpFHVUHJLVWUHVFRQWLHQQHQWOHVELWVFRUUHVSRQGDQWj
ODYDOHXUGHO
pFKDQWLOORQ/DYDULDEOHUHIHUHVWXQHYDULDEOHWHPSRUDLUHFRQWHQDQWjFKDTXHLQVWDQW
GHODFRQYHUVLRQODWHQVLRQGHUpIpUHQFHSRXUODFRPSDUDLVRQVXLYDQWH(OOHVLPXOHODVRPPHGHV
LQMHFWHXUVGHFRXUDQW(QILQVHJPHQWHVWXQHYDULDEOHFUpHDSUqVODGpWHUPLQDWLRQGHVSUHPLHUV
ELWVFRQWHQDQWOHQXPpURG
LGHQWLILFDWLRQGXVHJPHQW
2). LE TRANSCODAGE
3UpOLPLQDLUHV
&RQWUDLQWHVGHWUDQVPLVVLRQ
2Q YD V
DSHUFHYRLU TXH OH VLJQDO QXPpULTXH WHO TXHO QH VH SUrWH SDV j OD WUDQVPLVVLRQ HQ
OLJQH ,O IDXW OH PRGLILHU SRXU SRXYRLU OH WUDQVPHWWUH 2Q YD GRQF SUDWLTXHU XQ WUDQVFRGDJH GX
VLJQDO TXL D SRXU EXW G
DGDSWHU OH VSHFWUH GH SXLVVDQFH GX VLJQDO QXPpULTXH DX FRQWUDLQWHV GH
WUDQVPLVVLRQHQPRGLILDQWODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQpOHFWULTXHGXVLJQDOELQDLUH,OIDXWUHVSHFWHUTXHOTXHV
FULWqUHV
/H VSHFWUH GH SXLVVDQFH QH GRLW SDV DYRLU GH FRPSRVDQWH FRQWLQXH OD YDOHXU PR\HQQH
GXVLJQDOGRLWrWUHQXOOH2QDEHVRLQGHFHWWHSURSULpWpFDULOHVWLPSRVVLEOHGHFRQFHYRLU
XQFDQDOGHWUDQVPLVVLRQVDQVDXFXQWUDLWHPHQWpOHFWURQLTXH/DOLJQHGH)UDQFH7pOpFRP
FRPSRUWH HQ HIIHW SOXVLHXUV WUDQVIRUPDWHXUV TXL QH WUDQVPHWWHQW SDV OD FRPSRVDQWH
FRQWLQXHjFDXVHGXSKpQRPqQHG
LQGXFWLRQ
/H VSHFWUH GRLW DYRLU XQ VXSSRUW OH SOXV pWURLW SRVVLEOH (Q HIIHW WRXW V\VWqPH GH
WUDLWHPHQWSRVVqGHXQHIUpTXHQFHGHFRXSXUHEDVVHHWXQHIUpTXHQFHGHFRXSXUHKDXWHDX
GHOj GHVTXHOOHV LO QH IRQFWLRQQH SDV FRUUHFWHPHQW 7RXWH LQIRUPDWLRQ VH WURXYDQW KRUV GH
ODEDQGHGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGXPDWpULHOHVWDORUVSHUGXH
/HVLJQDOGRLWSRVVpGHUXQHUDLHG
pQHUJLHjODIUpTXHQFHG
KRUORJHRXIUpTXHQFHGHELW
)ESRXUSHUPHWWUHODUpJpQpUDWLRQGXVLJQDO
6LFHVFULWqUHVVRQWUHVSHFWpVOHVLJQDOYDSRXYRLUrWUHSURSDJpUpJpQpUpHWUpFXSpUp/D
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HVW GRQF SRVVLEOH 2Q YD DXVVL FKHUFKHU XQ FRGDJH YpULILDQW FHV FULWqUHV TXL VRLW
OH SOXV VLPSOH SRVVLEOH /D FRQYHUVLRQ HQ VHUD SOXV UDSLGH HW SDU YRLH GH FRQVpTXHQFH OH GpELW
SOXVpOHYp
4XHOTXHVRXWLOVGHFDOFXO
$X FRXUV GH FHWWH SDUWLH QRXV VHURQV DPHQpV j FDOFXOHU GHV VSHFWUHV GH SXLVVDQFH GH
GLIIpUHQWVVLJQDX[QXPpULTXHV1RXVDYRQVGRQFEHVRLQG
XQHIRQFWLRQSHUPHWWDQW GH FDOFXOHU OH
VSHFWUH GH SXLVVDQFH G
XQ VLJQDO pFKDQWLOORQQp &HWWH IRQFWLRQ HVW OD GHQVLWp VSHFWUDOH GH
SXLVVDQFH'63TXLVHFDOFXOHDYHFXQHIRUPXOHVLPSOH6RLW[WOHVLJQDOWHPSRUHOSRVVpGDQW
XQHWUDQVIRUPpHGH)RXULHU;IRQGpILQLWOD'63SDU 6
2Q
XWLOLVH
; I
OD
WUDQVIRUPpH
[N H
N
L
1
I N
GH
)RXULHU
[[
; I
GLVFUqWH
;I =
7)'
; I
GRQQpH
SDU
=
'X SRLQW GH YXH DOJRULWKPLTXH QRXV DOORQV LPSOpPHQWHU HQ & O
DOJRULWKPH GH OD ))7
F
HVW j GLUH O
DOJRULWKPH GH &RROH\ HW 7XFNH\ &
HVW XQ DOJRULWKPH IRQFWLRQQDQW VXU XQ SULQFLSH
VLPSOH
LO
VXIILW
GH
3 I = [ N H
P
, I = [N + H
P
=
P
L
1
L
1
TXH
; I
3 I + , I
I
R
N
UHPDUTXHU
j FRQGLWLRQ TXH O
RQ DLW 1 SDLU HW HQ SRVDQW 1
I
N
= P 2Q
/HIRUPDWGHVQRPEUHVFRPSOH[HVHWOHVSURWRW\SHVGHVRSpUDWLRQVGDQV&
W\SHGHIVWUXFW
^
IORDWUHLP
`FSO[
FSO[]F/H]pUR
FSO[PXOFFSO[FSO[0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ
FSO[DGGFFSO[FSO[$GGLWLRQ
FSO[VRXVFFSO[FSO[6RXVWUDFWLRQ
FSO[GLYFUFSO[IORDW'LYLVLRQSDUXQUpHO
FSO[FRQMFSO[&RQMXJDLVRQ
IORDWPRGXOHFSO[0RGXOH
/
DOJRULWKPH GH OD ))7 UpFXUVLYH SUHQG HQ DUJXPHQW H OH YHFWHXU GHV pFKDQWLOORQV DX
IRUPDWFSO[GpILQLWSOXVKDXWGHORQJXHXUXQHSXLVVDQFHGH
QN
LIQ
UHWXUQILQGHUpFXUVLYLWpIIW>D@
LI P
>D@
QUHWXUQ
L
S
'pFRXSDJHGHODVpULHGHGRQQpHVSDLUVLPSDLUV
IRUN
N
PN
^
SN
H N
LN
H N
`
LIIIWSP
UHWXUQ
UHWXUQ
ZNUH
ZNLP
ZUH
ZLP
&RPELQDLVRQGHODIIWGHVSDLUVLPSDLUV
IRUN
N
PN
^
[
SN\
HN
HNP
ZN
PXOFZNZ
`
IUHHLIUHHS
UHWXUQ
`
$X IXU HW j PHVXUH RQ GpILQLUD OHV JpQpUDWHXUV DOpDWRLUHV GH FKDFXQ GHV FRGHV ELQDLUHV
WHVWpVDILQGHFDOFXOHUXQHPR\HQQHVWDWLVWLTXHGHOD'63GHFKDFXQGHFHVFRGHVSRXUSRXYRLU
UDLVRQQHUVXUOHXUVDYDQWDJHVHWLQFRQYpQLHQWV&HVJpQpUDWHXUVGHYURQWUHQGUHXQHVpULHDOpDWRLUH
GHORQJXHXUXQHSXLVVDQFHGHHWXWLOLVDQWOHIRUPDW
FSO[
SRXUSRXYRLUH[SORLWHUOHVUpVXOWDWV
DYHFO
DOJRULWKPHIIWGpFULWSOXVKDXW
(WXGHGHGLIIpUHQWVFRGHVELQDLUHVSRVVLEOHV
/HFRGHELQDLUHEUXWRX15=
LQL
^
H LUH
) UDQG
H LLP
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
`
UHWXUQ
`
/HVDUJXPHQWVGHFHWWHIRQFWLRQVRQW
QOHQRPEUHVGHELWVGHO
pFKDQWLOORQ
IXQIDFWHXUDPSOLILFDWHXUGXVLJQDO
/HSURJUDPPHHQWUHIRLVODPrPHYDOHXU$LQVLRQREWLHQWO
pFKDQWLOORQQDJHG
XQVLJQDO
HQ FUpQHDX[ DOpDWRLUH IRLV SDU SpULRGH G
XQ ELW F
HVW j GLUH IRLV WRXWHV OHV QV &H FKRL[
Q
HVW SDV LQQRFHQW FDU LO VXIILW DORUV GH UHQWUHU HQ DUJXPHQW
Q
XQH YDOHXU SXLVVDQFH GH SRXU
REWHQLUXQUpVXOWDWGHGLPHQVLRQXQHSXLVVDQFHGH'HSOXVFHODSHUPHWG
REWHQLUXQVSHFWUHGH
SXLVVDQFH ILDEOH MXVTX
j IRLV OD IUpTXHQFH ELQDLUH (Q HIIHW DX GHOj GH FHWWH IUpTXHQFH RQ
UHWURXYHOHV\PpWULTXHGXVSHFWUHSpULRGLVpGXIDLWGHO
pFKDQWLOORQQDJHOHUpVXOWDWGHYLHQWDORUV
IDX[
)H
SRXU
OHV
KDXWHV
= )E = 0+]
IUpTXHQFHV
(Q
UpVXPp
RQ
VLPXOH
LFL
XQ
pFKDQWLOORQQDJH
DYHF
Q RQHVWOHQRPEUHGHELWV
2Q RSqUH XQH PR\HQQH VXU XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH '63 GH GLIIpUHQWHV VpULHV DOpDWRLUHV GH
PrPH ORQJXHXU SRXU REWHQLU XQH PHLOOHXUH SUpFLVLRQ GX VSHFWUH FDU G
XQH SDUW OH JpQpUDWHXU
Q
HVW TXH SVHXGR DOpDWRLUH HW G
DXWUH SDUWO
pFKDQWLOORQ QH SHXW SDV rWUH LQILQL /H JUDSKH VXLYDQW
DLQVL TXH WRXV OHV DXWUHV JUDSKHV GH '63 j VXLYUH VRQW IDLWV j SDUWLU G
XQH PR\HQQH GH VpULHV
GH ELWVVRLW pFKDQWLOORQV 2Q REWLHQW XQH UpVROXWLRQ VXIILVDQWH HW XQH PR\HQQH GH
VpULHVGRQQHGHVUpVXOWDWVFRUUHFWVDXJPHQWHUOHQRPEUHGHVpULHVQ
DSSRUWHDXFXQHLQIRUPDWLRQ
VXSSOpPHQWDLUH
9RLFLOHJUDSKHGHOD'63GXFRGDJH15=
A
?@:<;
?
=>:<;
=
9:<;
9
BDC
E@BDC
F@BDC
2QREVHUYHGHX[LQFRQYpQLHQWVPDMHXUV
,OH[LVWHXQHLPSRUWDQWHWHQVLRQFRQWLQXHDX[EDVVHVIUpTXHQFHVTXLHPSrFKHOHSDVVDJH
GX VLJQDO SDU GHV WUDQVIRUPDWHXUV &H GpIDXW HVW G j OD YDOHXU PR\HQQH GX VLJQDO TXL Q
HVW SDV
QXOOH9PD[
/HVLJQDOQ
DDXFXQHpQHUJLHjODIUpTXHQFHELQDLUH)E2QHVWGRQFGDQVO
LPSRVVLELOLWp
GHUpFXSpUHUOHVLJQDOG
KRUORJH
6LRQREVHUYHOHVLJQDO15=RQV
DSHUoRLWTXHOHPDQTXHG
pQHUJLHjODIUpTXHQFHELQDLUH
GRQF OD SHUWH GX VLJQDO G
KRUORJH HVW HQ SDUWLH G DX[ ORQJXHV VpULHV GH (Q HIIHW ORUVTXH OH
VLJQDOFRPSRUWHXQHLPSRUWDQWHVpULHGHLOQ
\DSOXVGHWUDQVLWLRQGHQLYHDX[RQDXQHWHQVLRQ
FRQVWDQWH pJDOH j 9PD[ 2Q D SDU FRQVpTXHQW FRQoX XQ DXWUH FRGDJH TXL FRUULJH FH GpIDXW F
HVW
OH5=
3UHPLqUHDPpOLRUDWLRQOH5=
&HFRGDJHHVWWUqVVLPLODLUHDX15=0DLVDXOLHXGHPDLQWHQLUODWHQVLRQSHQGDQWWRXWHOD
GXUpH G
XQ ELW RQ QH OD PDLQWLHQW TXH VXU OD PRLWLp GH OD SpULRGH ELQDLUH 7E VRLW QV 'H Oj
YLHQWVRQQRP5HWRXUj=pURj(QLOOXVWUDWLRQYRLFLOHVLJQDODVVRFLpjODPrPHVpTXHQFH
ELQDLUHTXHSUpFpGHPPHQW
6XLWVRQJpQpUDWHXUDOpDWRLUHWRXMRXUVHQ&
LQL
^
H
LUH
) UDQG
H LLP
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
]F
H L
]F
H L
]F
H L
]F
`
UHWXUQ
`
(IIHFWLYHPHQWYRLFLVD'63
M
L@HJI
L
K>HJI
K
G@HJI
G
NO
PNO
QNO
8QHpYROXWLRQVLJQLILFDWLYHOHFRGDJH$0,
'DQV FH FRGDJH OH $OWHUQDWHG 0DUN ,QYHUWHG 2Q QH PDLQWLHQW OD WHQVLRQ TXH SHQGDQW
7EVRLWQVFRPPHSRXUOH5=&HSHQGDQWVLOHVUHVWHQWWRXMRXUVDXQLYHDX9OHV
VRQWPDLQWHQDQWDOWHUQpVGDQV^99`2QDGRQFXQVLJQDOWULYDOHQW9RLFLODPrPHVpTXHQFH
ELQDLUHUHSUpVHQWpHSDUVRQVLJQDO$0,
9RLFLPDLQWHQDQWVRQJpQpUDWHXUDOpDWRLUH
LQL
^
H
LUH
H
LLP
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
]F
H L
]F
H L
]F
H L
]F
VLJQH
H LUH
`
UHWXUQ
`
"
9RLFLVD'63FDOFXOpHjO
DLGHGHFHJpQpUDWHXU
W
V@S<T
V
U>S<T
U
RS<T
R
XDY
ZXDY
[XDY
8QWHOPHVVDJHQHFRPSRUWHSOXVGHFRPSRVDQWHFRQWLQXH2QSHXWGRQFOHWUDQVPHWWUHHQ
OLJQH&HSHQGDQWODUDLHG
pQHUJLHQ
HVWSOXVSUpVHQWHjODIUpTXHQFHELQDLUH0DLVHQIDLWFHQ
HVW
SDVJUDYHHQHIIHWVLRQUHGUHVVHFHVLJQDORQUHWURXYHH[DFWHPHQWXQVLJQDO5=
'H SOXV XQ DXWUH DYDQWDJH HVW TXH HQYLURQ GH O
pQHUJLH GH FH VLJQDO VHWURXYHj XQH
IUpTXHQFHLQIpULHXUH j )E SLF j )E 2Q SHXW GRQF ILOWUHU OHVLJQDO SRXU QHFRQVHUYHU TXH
OD EDQGH GH IUpTXHQFH > )E@ VDQV SHUWH G
LQIRUPDWLRQ UpGKLELWRLUH &HFL SHUPHWWUD HQVXLWH GH
PRGXOHUSOXVLHXUVVLJQDX[HQIUpTXHQFHSRXUDXJPHQWHUOHGpELWELQDLUHWKpRULTXHGHODOLJQH
&HSHQGDQW FH VLJQDO SRVVqGH XQ LQFRQYpQLHQW XQH ORQJXH VpTXHQFH GH ULVTXH
G
HQWUDvQHU OD SHUWH GH OD UDLH G
pQHUJLH j )E GRQF XQH GpV\QFKURQLVDWLRQ GX VLJQDO G
KRUORJH ,O
IDXW GRQF PDLQWHQLU XQH GHQVLWp ELQDLUH VXIILVDQWH SRXU pYLWHU FH SKpQRPqQH &
HVW OH U{OH GX
FRGDJH+'%
8QFRGDJHYpULILDQWWRXVOHVFULWqUHOH+'%
6RQJpQpUDWHXUHVWSOXVFRPSOLTXpFDULOIDXWHQWUHWHQLUXQFRPSWHXUTXLGpWHUPLQHVLOHQRPEUH
GH VpSDUDQW GHX[ VpTXHQFHV GH TXDWUH HVW SDLU HW LQWURGXLUH OH ELW GH ERXUUDJH
UpWURDFWLYHPHQW
LQWKGEFSO[
HORQJQ
^
LQWLVLJQH
F
F
FSO[YDO
IRUL
LQL
^
YDOUH
YDOLP
LIYDOUH
^
H
L
F
F
YDO
VLJQH
`
HOVH
^
F
VZLWFKF
FDVHLIF
^
ELWGHERXUUDJHUHWURDFWLI
H
LUH
) VLJQH
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
H L
VLJQH
`
H
LUH
F
F
VLJQH )ELWGHYLRO
EUHDN
GHIDXOW
H
L
YDO
`
`
H
L
H L
H
L
H
L
H L
H L
H L
]F
H L
]F
H L
]F
H L
]F
`
UHWXUQ
`
&H FRGH EpQpILFLH GHV PrPHV DYDQWDJHV TXH OH $0, PDLV HQ SOXV LO PDLQWLHQW XQH
GHQVLWpELQDLUHEHDXFRXSSOXVpOHYpHLOQ
H[LVWHSDVGDQVFHW\SHGHFRGDJHGHVVpTXHQFHVQXOOHV
GHSOXVGHELWV2QpOLPLQHGRQFOHULVTXHGHSHUGUHODV\QFKURQLVDWLRQGHO
KRUORJH'HSOXVOD
IRUWH GHQVLWp GHV SHUPHW DSUqV UHGUHVVHPHQW GX VLJQDO G
DYRLU XQ FUpQHDX TXDVLPHQW FRPSOHW
SXLVTX
LOQ
H[LVWHSDVGHVXLWHGHSURORQJpH
&H VLJQDO D XQ DXWUH DYDQWDJH GH WDLOOH WRXW YLRO GH ELSRODULWp DXWUH TXH FHX[ LQWURGXLWV
SDU OH FRGDJH VRQW GpWHFWpV FRPPH GHV HUUHXUV RQ SHXW GRQF DXJPHQWHU OD ILDELOLWp GH OD
WUDQVPLVVLRQVDQVSRXUDXWDQWLQWURGXLUHGHVFRGHVFRUUHFWHXUVG
HUUHXUWUqVpYROXpV
(QLOOXVWUDWLRQYRLFLVD'63
a
`@]<^
`
_>]<^
_
\]<^
\
bDc
dbDc
ebDc