Unix Fundamentals and command references

Solaris
Linux
HP-UX
AIX

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Commands

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uname - It shows system identification information

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showrev - System information with Host ID

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# pwd It shows the present working directory

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Unix file types

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ls - List of directories and files

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ls continues

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ls continues

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cal - It shows calendar

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date - it shows the current date

Date format :
mm dd hh mm yy . s

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mkdir to create a new directory

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cd - to change the directory

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rmdir or rm r - to remove the directory

mv move or rename the directory or file

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mv continues ( if destination directory already exists

mv moves source directory to destination directory ).

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cp - It copies directories and files from one location to

another location.

cp command copies only files from one location to another

location. cp - r Can be used to copy directories.

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 cat command is used to create or read the contents

of the files.

To append some more content with the existing file >>

can be used.

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 file is a command which tells you the property of file or

Directory.

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 more command displays the file contents page wise.

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 less command displays the file content like more

command but, it has to be closed with q .

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 touch is the command which creates zero length files or

it puts time stamp on the file or files which are already exist.

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 head command displays the file contents with option

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 tail command displays file contents like head

with - , + option.

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 sort command displays file contents in ascending and

descending order.

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 wc - word count command displays words, lines, chars,

bytes, mem size and all.

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 which command shows the location of the commands,

which are set in environment variable PATH

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 df Disk free command shows the disk space level

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 clear command clears the screen

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 tty the terminal command shows the pseudo terminals.

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 echo command show the given value or shows the value

of the environment varriables.

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 grep is the command which displays the line with the

matching pattern. It can be executed with more options.
Option

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Definition

-i

Searches for both uppercase and lowercase characters

-l

Lists the names of files with matching lines

-n

Precedes each line with the relative line number in the file

-v

Inverts the search to display lines that do not match the

pattern

-c

Counts the lines that contain the pattern

-w

Searches for the expression as a complete word, ignoring

those matches that are substrings of larger words.
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The grep command supports several regular expression

Meta characters to further define a search pattern. This table
describes some of the regular expression meta characters.
Regular expression meta characters:
Metacharacter

Purpose

Example

Beginning of
line anchor

^pattern

Matches all lines

beginning
with pattern

End of line
anchor

pattern$

Matches all lines

ending
with pattern

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Result

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Additional regular expression meta characters:

Metacharacter

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Purpose

Example

Result

Matches one
character

p.....n

Matches lines
containing a
p, followed by
Five characters,
and followed
by an n

Matches the
preceding
item zero or
more times

[a-z]*

Matches
Lowercase
Alphanumeric
characters or
nothing at all

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 grep continues
Metacharacter

[]

Purpose
Matches one
character in
the pattern

Example

Result

[Pp]attern

Matches lines
Containing
Pattern or
pattern

[^]

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Matches one
character not
in the pattern

[^am]
attern

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Matches lines that

do not contain a
through m and
followed byattern

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 grep continues

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 grep continues .

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 grep continues ..

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 grep continues ..

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 grep continues .

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 grep continues.

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 grep continues

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Egrep

The egrep command searches the contents of one or more files

for a pattern using extended regular expression metacharacters.
Extended regular expression metacharacters include the regular
expression metacharacters that the grep command uses, plus
some additional metacharacters.

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Egrep
Metacharacter

Purpose

Sample

Result

Matches one or
more of the
preceding
characters

[a-z]+ark

Matches one or more

lowercase letters
followed by ark (for
example, airpark,
bark, dark,
landmark, shark,
sparkle, trademark)

Matches zero
or one
character

patte[r?]

Matches lines
Containing the literal
character or
metacharacter it
follows

x|y

Matches either x or
y

apple | orange

Matches for either

expression

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 egrep Example :

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 egrep continues

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 egrep continues

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Pgrep

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The process grep command finds and displays the

process ID along with Its parent process ID.

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FIND

find is a command to find a file or directory in the

system globally.

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 find continues

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 find continues

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 find continues

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 find continues ..

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 w is a command which shows the particular users

Information in an elaborate manner.

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 SU command can be used to switch over from one user to

an other user physically.

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 who command shows a respective users information

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 who continues

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 id command shows users ID and primary group ID

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 finger command displays the user information along with

users status

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 Link is a command which creates link between source and

destination file. The following example shows the symbolic link.

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 Hard Link creates link between source and destination.

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Unix File permissions

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Changing file permissions in symbolic mode

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 chmod continues

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 chmod continues in octal mode

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 chmod continues in octal mode

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 umask continues

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Korn Shell

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The Default korn shell variables

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Customizing Korn Shell Variable

To change the shell environment from Bourn shell to

Korn shell :

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To change the prompt ..

To change the prompt variable

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 History command

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 alias command

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Using VI Editor
Identifying the Fundamentals of vi Editor operation
Introducing the vi editor modes of operation
The command mode
The edit mode
The last line mode
Switching between the command and edit modes
Introducing the vi command

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Remote Login using TELNET and RLOGIN

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Using RLOGIN

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File Archives
tar
-c
-v
-f
-t
-x

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- to create tar archive

- to get verbose
- the out put device or directory
- table of contents
- extract from the tar archive

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To create tar archive

Example

To see the table of content

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To extract from the tar archive

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Compress
To compress the tar archive

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Example for compress archive

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Uncompressing tar archive

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gzip
To create gzip archive

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To extract the tar archive by gunzip

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Unix Administration

Solaris

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Solaris User Administration

Each user account consists of five main components:
User name
Password
Users home directory
Users login shell
User initialization files

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Managing User Accounts

Before you can add user accounts to the system, you must
determine the following information for each new user:
Login name
User identification (UID) number
Group identification (GID) number
Comment
home directory
Login shell
Password aging

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Storing User and Group Account information

The Solaris Operating Environment stores user account and group account
information in the following system files:
/etc/passwd Authorized system users have login account entries in the
/etc/passwd file.
/etc/shadow All passwords are encrypted and maintained in a separate
shadow file named
/etc/shadow.
/etc/group The /etc/group file defines the default system group accounts.

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The /etc/passwd file format

root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
daemon:x:1:1::/:
bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:
sys:x:3:3::/:
adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:
lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:
smtp:x:0:0:Mail Daemon User:/:
uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:
nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/
lib/uucp/uucico
listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:
nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/:
noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:
nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x Nobody:/:

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The /etc/shadow file format

root:LXeoktCoMtwZN:6445::::::
daemon:NP:6445::::::
bin:NP:6445::::::
sys:NP:6445::::::
adm:NP:6445::::::
lp:NP:6445::::::
smtp:NP:6445::::::
uucp:NP:6445::::::
nuucp:NP:6445::::::
listen:*LK*:::::::
nobody:NP:6445::::::
noaccess:NP:6445::::::
nobody4:NP:6445::::::

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The /etc/group file format

root::0:root
other::1:
bin::2:root,bin,daemon
sys::3:root,bin,sys,adm
adm::4:root,adm,daemon
uucp::5:root,uucp
mail::6:root
tty::7:root,tty,adm
lp::8:root,lp,adm
nuucp::9:root,nuucp
staff::10:
daemon::12:root,daemon
sysadmin::14:lister,torey
nobody::60001:
noaccess::60002:
nogroup::65534:

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Command line User Account Administration

The following command-line tools add, modify, and delete
user accounts and group accounts on the local system:
useradd Adds a new user account
usermod Modifies a users account
userdel Deletes a users account
groupadd Adds (creates) a new group account
groupmod Modifies a group account
groupdel Deletes a group account

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Example :

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Example :

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Example :

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Example :

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Example :

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Example :

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Solaris Package Administration

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Scheduled Process Control

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Viewing current process status

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Re-scheduling the process

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Administering the active process

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Crontab for the root user

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Solaris run level and Boot process

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The Boot Process

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Solaris syslog

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