Key points about bacteria

• Prokaryotic • In Kingdom Monera

• No nucleus • Asexual Reproduction by binary fission
• No organelles • Has DNA
• Unicellular • Has Cytoplasm
• Has ribosomes • Has 1 or 2 cell walls
• Cell Membrane
* Binary fission  cell splits in half to makes 2 similar cells

3 Shapes of Bacteria: Bacterial Respiration

Round/Sphere: Cocci/Coccus Aerobic  Requires O2
Rod shaped: Bacilli/Bacillus Anaerobic  No O2
Spiral shaped: Spirilla

• Gram Stain: Gram discovered that bacteria stain pink or purple based on the # of cell walls it has
• Bacteria are either aerobic (Requires O2 to live) or anaerobic (Dies in O2; Requires absence of O2)

Eubacteria Archaebacteria
• E.coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus • Thermophiles  Live in hot
places
• Common everyday bacteria • Acidophiles  Live in acidic
places
• Methanogens Produce
methane gas

EUGLENA PARAMECIUM AMOEBA

Points to remember: 3 Types of Movement: Nutrition & Energy

• Eukaryotic • Flagella long whip-like tail • Heterotrophic consumes other

• Normally Unicellular • Cilia  Small hairs • Autotrophic makes its own food
• Sexual or Asexual • Pseudopods  False feet using photosynthesis
• Has Organelles
• No Cell Wall
• Has cell membrane
 Key Points to remember:
• Multicellular • No Chloroplasts
• Eukaryotic • Has a Cell Wall
• Asexual or Sexual • Saprotroph

Additional points to remember:

• Saprotroph  breaks down dead/decayed
molecules
• Decomposers
• Alexander Fleming used fungus to produce
antibiotic called penicillin

• Gametophyte is the haploid state of the fungus • Sporophyte is the diploid state of the fungus

Key points to remember

• Goes from 1-14 • Red/Pink  Strong Acid
• 1.0 – 6.9  acid • Orange  Weak Acid
• 7.0  neutral • Yellow  Neutral
• 7.1 – 14.0 base • Green  Weak Base
• Acid  Donates H+ ions • Blue  Strong Base
• Base  Donates OH- ions

Additional key points:

• 2.3 acid is stronger than a 6.2 acid
• 12.6 base is stronger than a 9.2 base
• The closer to 7.0 the weaker the substance

Key points to remember:

• Isotonic  Outside concentration = Inside

• Hypotonic  More H2O outside than inside

 More solute inside than outside

• Hypertonic  More H2O inside than outside

 More solute outside than inside

• H2O moves from higher concentration to lower

• Water expands when it freezes  This causes ice to float on water. It also keeps lakes from
freezing solid
• Water is polar One end of the molecule is positive and the other is negative
• Water is a universal solvent:
• Solvent Does the dissolving/breaking Solute Gets dissolved/Broken down
• Water is cohesive molecules stick to each other but is also adhesive  sticks to other surfaces
like glass
OSMOSIS DIFFUSION

Key Points for Osmosis and Diffusion

• Osmosis is the movement of H2O
• Water moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
• Water is the solvent
• Sugar, Salt, or any other substance that is broken down or dissolved is considered the solute
• Look at the example below:

Question How much H2O is on the outside of the cell?

Answer 80% (If 20% is solute then the other 80% must be H2O. 20% + 80%=
100%)
40
20% Solute
% Question How much H2O is on the inside of the cell? Answer 60%

Question Which direction will the water move: Inside or Outside

Answer The water will move inside the cell.
 There is 80% water outside and 60% inside. Water goes from a
higher to lower concentration. This means that 10% of the water
will go into the cell making the outside and inside both 70% water

• There are 3 types of membranes

- Permeable  anything passes through the membrane
- Semipermeable (Selective permeable)  Only certain molecules can pass through the membrane
- Nonpermeable  Nothing can pass through the membrane

• Diffusion  molecules other than water move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

• Water is the most abundant molecule in all living things

• Molecules containing carbon are considered organic and those without carbon are considered
inorganic

• The 6 main elements found in all living things are: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, and Sulfur

• Isotopes Atoms that have more neutrons than protons

• Ions  Atoms that have a positive or negative charge

• Polar molecule  A molecule that has a positive end and a negative end

• Covalent Bonding Atoms within a molecule share their electrons with each other in order to
become stable

• Ionic Bonding  Atoms within a molecule give or take away electrons in order to become stable

• Homeostasis  Your body’s ability to keep internal conditions stable

 Body’s ability to regulate and maintain internal balance
 Ex. (Body temperature, Sweating, Heart Rate, Breathing)

• Metabolism  Your body’s ability to obtain energy

 All living things need energy to live
 Autotrophs get energy through photosynthesis but heterotrophs consume other
organisms to get theirs

• Cellular Organization
 All organism are either unicellular or multicellular
 Multicelluar organisms have different types of cells (Ex: Muscle, Skin, Nerve, Blood)

• Reproduction  All organism reproduce either Asexually or Sexually

- Asexual Reproduction uses Binary Fission or Budding (Bacteria)
- Sexual Reproduction uses Conjugation

• Genetic Material  All living things have either DNA or RNA

• Some organisms don’t need oxygen to live (anaerobic)

• Most organisms will somehow adapt to their environment
• Most organisms somehow respond to various stimuli in the environment
• Most organisms develop and grow over time