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4.operational Amplifiers

The document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (OPAMPs). It discusses OPAMP terminology like terminals and internal block diagram. It describes ideal and practical OPAMP characteristics such as gain, bandwidth, and input/output impedances. The document outlines different OPAMP circuit configurations including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, and integrators/differentiators. It provides examples of component values needed to achieve desired transfer functions. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to OPAMP fundamentals and applications.

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Chaitanya Kapila
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155 views

4.operational Amplifiers

The document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (OPAMPs). It discusses OPAMP terminology like terminals and internal block diagram. It describes ideal and practical OPAMP characteristics such as gain, bandwidth, and input/output impedances. The document outlines different OPAMP circuit configurations including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, and integrators/differentiators. It provides examples of component values needed to achieve desired transfer functions. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to OPAMP fundamentals and applications.

Uploaded by

Chaitanya Kapila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 4

Operational Amplifier
By

H V Balachandra Achar

Contents
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

Introduction
OPAMP Symbol
Internal block diagram
Open-loop configuration
Common mode rejection ratio
OPAMP equivalent circuit
OPAMP characteristics
Closed-loop configuration

Contents
z
z
z
z
z
z

Inverting Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier
Summing Amplifier Difference Amplifier
Differentiator
Integrator
Tutorials

Reference book
z OPAMPS

and Linear Integrated Circuits


by Ramakanth Gayakwad

Introduction
z

Operational Amplifier (OPAMP) is a very


high gain amplifier fabricated on Integrated
Circuit (IC)
Finds application in
z Audio amplifier
z Signal generator
z Signal filters
z Biomedical Instrumentation
z And

numerous other applications

Introduction
z

Advantages of OPAMP over transistor


amplifier
z Less power consumption
z Costs less
z More compact
z More reliable
z Higher gain can be obtained
z Easy design

OPAMP terminals
+VCC
Non inverting
input

Inverting input

Output

VEE

OPAMP terminals

OPAMP terminals
z

If input is applied to non inverting input


terminal, then output will be in-phase with
input
If input is applied to inverting input
terminal, then output will be 180 degrees
out of phase with input
If inputs are applied to both terminals, then
output will be proportional to difference
between the two inputs

OPAMP terminals
z
z
z
z

Two DC power supplies (dual) are required


Magnitudes of both may be same
The other terminal of both power supplies
are connected to common ground
All input and output voltages are measured
with reference to the common ground

OPAMP terminals

Integrated Circuit

Internal Block Diagram


Differential
Amplifier
Stage

z
z

Intermediate
Stage

Level
Shifter
Stage

Output
Stage

Four stages can be identified


Input stage or differential amplifier stage
can amplify difference between two input
signals; Input resistance is very high;
Draws zero current from the input sources

Internal Block Diagram


z
z

Intermediate stage (or stages) use direct


coupling; provide very high gain
Level shifter stage shifts the dc level of
output voltage to zero (can be adjusted
manually using two additional terminals)
Output stage is a power amplifier stage; has
very small output resistance; so output
voltage is the same, no matter what is the
value of load resistance connected to the
output terminal

Open-loop configuration

If v1 = 0, then vo = AOLv2 Inverting amplifier


If v2 = 0, then vo = AOLv1

Non inverting amp

Open-loop configuration
z

z
z
z

AOL is the open-loop voltage gain of OPAMP


Its value is very high
Typical value is 0.5 million
So, even if input is in micro volts, output
will be in volts
But output voltage cannot cross the value
of power supply VCC
So, if input is in milli volts, output reaches
saturation value Vsat = VCC (or VEE)

Open-loop configuration
z
z

If v1 = v2, then ideally output should be zero


But in practical Op-Amp, output is

v +v
v o = Acm 1 2
2

Where, ACM is the common-mode gain of


Op-Amp
So, final gain equation is:

v +v
v o = Ad (v1 v 2 ) + Acm 1 2
2
v o = Adv id + Acmv icm

Open-loop configuration
z

Common-mode rejection ratio


z It is a measure of the ability of Op-Amp
to reject the signals common to both
input terminals (noise)
z Defined as

Ad
CMRR =
Acm

(CMRR )dB

Ad
= 20 log10
Acm

Problems
z

An OPAMP has differential voltage gain of 100,000


and CMRR of 60 dB. If non inverting input voltage
is 150 V and inverting input voltage is 140 V,
calculate the output voltage of OPAMP
Ans: 1.01 V

For an OPAMP, when v1 is 0.5 mV and v2 is 0.5


mV, output voltage is 8 V. For the same OPAMP,
when v1 = v2 = 1 mV, output voltage is 12 mV.
Calculate the CMRR of the OPAMP
Ans: 56.48 dB

OPAMP equivalent circuit


Practical OPAMP

Ri
AOLvid

Ro

vo

vi1 vi2

OPAMP equivalent circuit


Ideal OPAMP

AOLvid

vi1 vi2

vo

OPAMP Characteristics
z

Ideal OPAMP
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

Infinite differential mode gain


Zero common mode gain
Infinite CMRR
Infinite input resistance
Zero output resistance
Infinite bandwidth
Infinite slew rate
Zero input offset voltage
Zero input offset current
Zero output offset voltage

OPAMP Characteristics
z

Differential mode gain Ad


z

Common mode gain Acm


z

It is the factor by which the difference between


the two input signals is amplified by the OPAMP

It is the factor by which the common mode input


voltage is amplified by the OPAMP

Common mode rejection ratio CMRR


z

Is the ratio of Ad to Acm expressed in decibels

OPAMP Characteristics
z

Input resistance Ri
z

Output resistance Ro
z

It is the equivalent resistance measured between


the two input terminals of OPAMP

It is equivalent resistance measured between


output terminal and ground

Bandwidth
z

It is the range of frequency over which the gain


of OPAMP is almost constant

OPAMP Characteristics
z

Output offset voltage Voo


z
z

It is the output voltage when both input voltages


are zero
Denoted as Voo

Input offset voltage Vio


z

It is the differential input voltage that must be


applied at the input terminals in order to make
output voltage equal to zero
Vio = |v1 v2|
for vo = 0

OPAMP Characteristics
z

Input offset current Iio


z

It is the difference between the currents in the


input terminals when both input voltages are
zero
Iio = | I1 I2 | when v1 = v2 = 0

Input bias current Iib


z
z

It is the average of the currents in the input


terminals when both input voltages are zero
Iib = (I1 + I2) / 2
when v1 = v2 = 0

OPAMP Characteristics
z

Slew rate SR
z
z

It is the maximum rate of change of output


voltage with respect to time
Slew rate has to be very high if OPAMP has to
operate efficiently at high frequencies

Supply voltage rejection ratio SVRR


z

It is the maximum rate at which input offset


voltage of OPAMP changes with change in
supply voltage

OPAMP Characteristics
z

Practical characteristics of 741C OPAMP


z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

Differential mode gain is 200,000


CMRR is 90 dB
Input resistance is 2 M
Output resistance is 75
Unity-gain Bandwidth is 1 MHz
Slew rate is 0.5 V / s
Output offset voltage is 1 mV
Input offset current is 20 nA
Input bias current is 80 nA

Closed-loop configurations
z

Open-loop voltage gain of OPAMP is very


high; such high gain is not required in most
applications
In order to reduce gain, a part of output
signal is fed back to the inverting input
terminal (called negative feedback)
Many other OPAMP characteristics are
improvised with this

Inverting Amplifier
RF

Inverting Amplifier
z
z
z
z

Input is applied to inverting terminal


Non inverting is grounded
Feedback is given to inverting terminal
through resistor RF
Assuming vo is less than VCC
since Ad is very high, vid should be very
small; vid taken as almost zero
Current entering OPAMP input terminal is
almost zero

Inverting Amplifier
i2
i1

RF

0
+

0V

Virtual
ground

Inverting Amplifier
v 0 vin
=
i1 = in
R1
R1

i2 =

0 vo vo
=
RF
RF

i1 = i2
vin vo
=
R1 RF
vo = vin

RF
R1

AV =

vo
R
= F
vin
R1

Non Inverting Amplifier

RF

Non Inverting Amplifier


z
z
z
z

Input is applied to non inverting terminal


Feedback is given to inverting terminal
Output voltage will be in-phase with input
voltage
Here again, the following assumptions are
made
z
z

Since Ad is very high, vid should be very small;


vid taken as almost zero
Current entering OPAMP input terminal is
almost zero

Non Inverting Amplifier


v1

v2

RF

i2

i1

Non Inverting Amplifier


vid = 0

v1 = v2 = vin

v2 vin
i1 =
=
R1 R1

vo v2 vo vin
i2 =
=
RF
RF
i1 = i2

vin vo vin
=
R1
RF

RF
vo = vin 1 +
R1

Problems
z

For an inverting amplifier using OPAMP, R1=1K,


RF=100K, vin=0.1sin(t). Find vo.
Ans: 10sin(t)

For a non inverting amplifier, R1=10K, RF=100K.


Calculate vo if vi = 25 mV dc.
Ans: 275 mV dc

An ac signal of rms value 2 mV needs to be


amplified to 1.024 V rms, 180 degree phase shifted.
Design a suitable amplifier choosing R1=1.2K
Ans: Inv amplifier with RF=614.4K

Voltage Follower

z
z
z

Special case of non inverting amplifier where RF=0


Voltage gain is unity. vo = vin
Has very high input resistance and very low output
resistance; Used as buffer for impedance matching

Summing Amplifier (Adder)


iF
iA

iB

Summing Amplifier (Adder)


iA =

vA
RA

i A + iB = iF

iB =

vB
RB

iF =

v
v A vB
+
= o
RA RB
RF

R
R
vo = v A F + vB F
RB
RA
z

If RA=RB=RF, then

vo
RF

vo = (v A + vB )

Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)


z
z

The circuit is analyzed using superposition


theorem
Consider only v1 to be present; v2=0
Now derive expression for output voltage vo1
Next consider only v2 to be present; v1=0
Derive expression for output voltage v02
Actual output voltage vo = vo1+vo2

Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

vx

R
vo1 = v x 1 + F
R2

v R R
vo1 = 1 3 1 + F
R2
R1 + R3

Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

RF
vo 2 = v2
R2

v R R
vo = vo1 + vo 2 = 1 3 1 + F
R2
R1 + R3

= v1 v2

R
v2 F
R2

if R1 = R 2 = R 3 = R F

Problems
z

z
z

Design an OPAMP circuit such that output is


given by vo=(0.5v1+0.75v2) where v1 and v2 are
input voltages. Choose RF=10K
Design an OPAMP subtractor to have output
given by vo = 23 v1 v2
Choose RF=R2=1K
Design an OPAMP adder/subtractor to get
output voltage vo = 12 v1 + 23 v2 v3

Integrator

Integrator
z

Integrator is a circuit whose output is


proportional to (negative) integral of the
input signal with respect to time
Feedback is given through capacitor to
inverting terminal
Since same current flows through R and C,
vin
dv
= C o
R
dt

1
vo =
vin dt
RC 0

Integrator

Differentiator

Differentiator
z

Differentiator is circuit whose output is


proportional to (negative) differential of
input voltage with respect to time
Input is given through capacitor, feedback
given through resistor to inv terminal
Since current through R and C are same,
C

dvin
v
= o
dt
R

vo = RC

dvin
dt

End of Module 4

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