aT MeN EV ag aT UM UUM a Tm MILI Sy TEST BS al 3PVT AND PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS ALI DANESH Department of Petroleum Engineering Heriot Watt University Edinburgh, Scotland 1998 ELSEVIER ‘Amsterdam ~ Lausanne - New York - Oxford ~ Shannon ~ Singapore ~ TokyoLorry of Coneress Catalog in Pubieation Data ‘cnlalog record tom the Libary of Congress has been appt a Ison: 0 444 82196 1 (© 1908 Elsevier Science LY. All ghts reserved No part oft puseaton may be repaid, stored na retinal System oF Lanse i ny foro ‘armission ofthe publisher. Elsevier Science 8.V., Conyr@ & Permissions Department, P.O, Box 521 {Tooo Av Amstardam. The Netherlands, ‘Specio regulations fr readers te U.S.A. ~ This pubiction nas buen git wih the Copyright Clearance Conor ne, (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Dee's, MA, 01923. information cat be eed trom the OCC about conditions under wnt photocopies af pats of hs pueaton maybe made Inthe USA other cone questions, mctuaingpotocosying outside of tha U.S.A. should be ofr 9 No responsniiy i assumes by the pubisher fr any pry and/or damage to persons or rope a8 Iratter of products labily, negligence of etnenvse, a rom any uso o* operation of ary methods ‘rodets,nsbustions or ises centaned i the materia heroin. ‘me paper used inthis publication meets the reitements of ANSI/NISO 239.48 1992CONTENTS PREFACE, NOMENCLATURE, 1. PHASE BEHAVIOUR FUNDAMENTALS TLL RESERVOIR FLUID COMPOSITION 12 PHASE BEHAVIOUR, Pure Compound Contesponaing Sites Muticomponent Mitre 13. CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS Dey Wet Gas Gas Com Voratie Oit Block O11 14 REFERENCES 13 EXERCISES 2. PVI-TESTS AND CORRELATIONS 21 FLUID SAMPLING Well Preparation Sample Collection 22. PYPTESTS38 221 Dry Gas 222 WaGas 223 Black OW 224 Gre Condensate 235. Volatile Ot 23. EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS 23.1 Black Oi) “ble Point Pressure Gas in Solution Oil Formation Volume Factor Tina! Formation Volume Factor Oi Dessity Oil Visewsity 2.3.2 Nawral Gas Volumetric Data Gas Viscosity 2.3.3. Formation Water Water Content of Hydrocarbon Phase Usdrocarbon soluble in Water Water Formation Volume Factor Compresaibiity of Water Water Density Water Viseoity REFERENCES. 40 0 oo 3 86 0 0 2 92 93 3 95 732 6a PHASE EQUILIBRIA CRITERIA FOR EQUILIBRIUM ‘Chemical Potential Fugacity Activity EQUILIBRIUM RATIO. Raoults Law Henry's Law Empirical Corelations [REFERENCES EXERCISES EQUATIONS OF STATE VIRIAL EOS AND ITS MODIFICATIONS. Starling-Benedict-Webb Rubin EOS. CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE, 42.1 Two Parameter EOS Soave Redlich Kwong EOS Peng: Robinson EOS. Volume Shift 42.2. Thiee-Parameter EOS Schmidt-Wenzel EOS Potel-Teja EOS 42.3._Atuaction Term Temperature Dependency MIXING RULES. 43.1 Random Mixing Rules 432 _Non-Random Mixing Rules REFERENCES. EXERCISES PHASE BEHAVIOUR CALCULATIONS. ‘VAPOUR. LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS. Root Selection Rapid Flash Calculations STABILITY ANALYSIS Stability Limit CRITICAL POINT CALCULATIONS ‘COMPOSITIONAL GRADING. Equilibrium Assumption Now-Eguiibrim Fluids Heat of Transport Significance REFERENCES. EXERCISES FLUID CHARACTERISATION EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, Distillation Gas Chromatography CRITICAL PROPERTIES Lee-Kesler Corelations Riazi-Daubert Coreations Perturbation Expansion Correlations DESCRIPTION OF FLUID IEAVY END ‘Single Carbon Number Function ‘Continuous Description 234 7 238 aDirect Application 64 REFERENCES 63 EXERCISES 7. GASINJECTION 71 MISCIBILITY CONCEPTS “Misciility in Real Reservoir Fluids 72 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES the ising Bubble Apparatus ‘Contact Experiments 3 ICTION OF MISCIBILITY CONDITIONS First Contact Miseiility Vapotising Gas Drive ing-Vaporising Gas Drive 14 REFERENCES. 75 EXERCISES 8. _ INTERFACIAL TENSION 1 MEASUREMENT METHODS 2. PREDICTION OF INTERFACIAL TENSION Paraehoe Method Corresponding States Correlation Comparison of Predictive Methous 3 WATER-HYDROCARBON INTERFACIAL TENSION Ra REFERENCES 5. EXERCISES 9, APPLICATION IN RESERVOIR SIMULATION 9.1 GROUPING {Group Selection Group Properties ‘Composition Retrieval 9.2 COMPARISON OF EOS Phase Composition Saturation Pressine Density Gae and Liquid Volumes Robustness 93 TUNING OF Eos oid Characterisation Selection of LOS, Experimental Dat Selection af Regression Variables Limits of Tuned Parameters Methodology 94 DYNAMIC VALIDATION OF MODEL Relative Permeatl Viscosity Prediction Implementation 95 EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR FLUID SAMPLES 9% REFERENCES: 97, EXERCISES APPENDICES: INDEX 288 289 292PREFACE Reliable measurement and prediction of phase haviour and propenties of petroleum reserve aids are essential in designing vptimium recovery processes al enhancing hydrocarbon production. This book explains relevant tndamenals and presents actial methods of determining required properties for engineering applications by Jodicious review of estabished practices andecent advances. i" ‘Anthough the emphasis is on the application of PVT and phase behaviour data to engineering problems, experimental methods are reviewed ‘nd their fritations are Identified. This should provide the eader with a more thorough undersianding of the Subject and a realistic evaluation of measured and predicted results, The book is based on the material developed over many years as lecture motes in courses presented to staff in gas and oil industry. and postgraduate students ot petroleum engineering. Il covers various aspects of te subject, hence can he tailored {or different audience. The first two chapters along with selected sections from chapters ‘and 5 can serve as the subject matter of an introductory course, whereas the Fest would be of more interest practising engineers and postgraduate sents ‘Ample examples are eluded to ilustate the subject, an furlcr exercises are given in each chapter. Graphical methods and simple correlations amenable to hand Calculations are still used in the industry, hence they are included in this book. The ‘emphasis, however, is on the more advanced compositional approaches which are taining wider application in industry as high computational capabilities. are becoming readily available {Experience gained through conducting research sponsored by the peeoleu instey, at Heriot-Watt University. 1am indebied to the sponsors, my students ad colleagues for their contcibutions that made this book possible. In_partiular, | weld acknowledge valuable contributions of Professor AC Todd, Mr Gooralpur, Dr DIL Xu, Mr K Movaghar Nerhad and Dr D Avoloniis, My son Amie eheesfally helped ‘nein preparing the book graphics,NOMENCLATUR ozz Ea Rarer tractive term parameter of equation of sate ‘dimensionless tractive term parameter of equation of stale repulsive tenn(co-volume) parameter of equation of sate “itnensionless repulsive tr parameter teqution of sate fas formation volume factor fn formation fs ethernal compressibility coefficient St eothernal compress cetficient toga Gibbs enerey teh molar ents {out entaipy ene const 3 nelarentalyy shy ny ierdction pataneter as elavepermesly Sitretave pemmeataiy exit aio Watson characterisation factor slope in a cotlation wih ‘honeculr weigh (ola ss) ‘mole or carbon auiber ter of components uber of pee components ie point press convergence prestie patachor Sapo pressure vers gas constant fie privity. relative density at 288 K (60) vin temperature renee tar ve vec volun True tok fraction in vapour pase tole ration omprenibiity for Racker compeessibiiy factorGREEK LETTERS temperature dependency coefficient of attesetive term ‘mean value parameter of T distribution function activity Tugacity coefficient parameter of F distribution function Calculated critical compressibility factor total number of phases chemical potential mass density molar density interfacial tension Towest molecular weight in F distribution function scenttc factor EOS parameter coefficient setiviy coeticient any phase spe taporns Figure 1.6, Continuity of vapour and figuk, Metra Hl Companies Copysighs Infos permission of a pute substance is shown in Figure 1.7, Consider the i temperate below the entcal temperature. The eduction of Aid pressive a constant temperate, increases ts vole. "As the liq ¥ relavely incompressible the fvid expneton i smal uni the vapour pressure reached, at Pont ‘snere the fist bubble evolves. Further expansion of th system reste in changing the High ino the vapeatr phase, For a pre suhstanee the pressure remaine constant aad equal othe ‘apa pressure a eonscgtence of the phase role, sil the lst drop ofthe Igual wapdrses The pressure-volume dinges commpwessed Tiguid, Point A Point “This pia, where the vapour im egies with a bfintesinalsnuint Tig islet the dew int1 Phase Behav Fandomenta Tete | Tote Single Pe Fi Two Pe Regan "a, Figure 1,7. Pressue-volume diagram of pute uid ‘The system bubble points at various temperatures form the bubble point curve, whereas the dew points form the dew point curve. The two curves mect a the eral point and together identify the phase envelope." Any fluid within the phase envelope, Point M., forms {Wo aqultated phases withthe vapouriquid molar ratio equal to BM/ MD. The bute point and dew point exrves appear ae single vapour pressure curve on a pressre-emperatue Pol Tor 4 pure compound, Figure 1-2. ‘The change of phase frm liquid to vapour is accompanied by & lage increase i vole at ae temperatires (Figure 17). The expansion reduces ns the temperate ppoaches the cial point Indeed the system changes Troma liquid into all vapour, or vice versa, without any Change inthe micute volume atthe crieal point An isothermal expansion wf a fluid 8 temperature above the critica temperature does not result in any phase change, Point N. This fluid scaled a superesitcal ud Corresponding States All gases behave ideally when the pressure approaches zero, The pressure volume relation for an eal gasis, PeskT as12. Phase Behaviour n where v isthe motar volume, P is (absolute) pressure, Ts (absolute) temperature, and R is the ‘niversal gas constant (Table A.3 in Appendix A). Hence ene mele of any ideal gas occupies the same Volume ata given pressure and temperature. In engincering applications, gases atthe standard conditions can be treated 2s ideal, The ‘cecupied volume af one mole of gs at various standard conditions, caleulated by Eq (1.3), is fiven in Table 1 Table 1 Molar volume of ideal gas at various standard conditions. s conte 30mg Ascone mole ofa hydrocarbon gas and ane mole of at aceupy the same volume atthe standard conditions, the specific gravity of gs relative to ai (relative density) 8, 4s simply determined by. SeeMy Mae where, Mae isthe molecular weight (molar mas) of ait, equal to 28.96 keke ‘uc to intermoecutar forces real gases do not behave ideally, particularly at elevated pressures. iy(1-3) is extended to real systems hy inching a compressiity factor Z, 8, on as) The compressibility Fsetor can be determined from various theoreical-empitial equations of state (Chapter 4), or determined frorn a generalised chart for gares as shown in Figure 1. Note that the compressbily factor depends only som the ttio of temperate 0 critical teniperaine (absolute), the reduced temperature, Ty. and the ratio of pressure 10 etal rmessute, the reduced pressure, Pe, ‘The above appreach is hased on a very important concept, known a6 the corresponding states principle, which states that substances behave similarly when they are atthe same relative proximity 10 thee erica povnts. This implies that all substances behave similarly a the rial points, hence, should fave equal rita compressibility facto, Ze 6 ‘Te real value of erica compressibility factor, however, is not the sane forall compounds (Table A.1 in Appendix A). "The compres char, however, provides reliable estimates rete for Miperenical gate am a low preci condone, Chats eating the compressibility factor to the redvced pressure and tcrnperatre, simian to Figure. 18, but specifi to compounds such as methane, ethane, propane, have been produced ¢ improve the sccuracy of predicted values {10} ‘Application of the corresponding sates principle to the vapour pressure of pure compounds, follows sitar end. ‘The logarithm a vapour pressure of pure compounds approximately ‘aes lineal with the reciprocal of temperatre ae shown in Figure 1.3." It can he expressed, Uherefore, a82 1. Phase Rehan Fundamentals Figure 18. Compressibilty chat fr low pressure gases. GPACopyreh Reren vores § -Z-vorng knpqissontuo12. Phase Resi n loge.) = 6-5 ie nN es an where P* is the vapour pressure and Gy and Cp are constants for each substance. Ate ctl pont PM, 1,1 ence ogi ==) (sy W the conesponding sates principle were exact, the vapour presstte curves of all the compounds, potted inthe rede form, sould have the same slope, that fe equal Gy fling ‘onthe same bine, In practice, dis dees at occur “The devision of mulels hase on the 19 parameter eoresponiling sales pring Ailferences in molecular siactes of vane enmpsis, seaulting mie Togces "The melusom of a thi parameter, vkliinal Wo the reduced (emperatne nl pressive which concurs tothe molecular since should improve the realty of the cwrespondin Sates principe dine 0 iver [11] noticed that the reduced vapour pressure curves of simple spherical molecules. seh asargan, krypton and xenon, indeed re on the sane chrve with 2 reduced vapour presse Of O.Fal the reiuced temperate of 7. Hence, for other substances he selected the deviation of {he reduced vapour pressure curve from that of spherical molecules at Ty=0.7 as the third parameter of the corresponding slates principle, and inrduced the acentric factor, as, Hog(P” py, en 10 as “The above definition gives an acentie factor of zero for simple spherical molecules, and positive valves for ocr congwniuls except hydrogen and thelium. The aceni factor fencrally increases with facreting size of homologve hydrocarbons. "The vale of acentrc Factor for some compounds are given in Table A.1 i Appecdin A. hacen its sen widely ase a he hil pares i generating ened coca ‘corresponding slates principe ly those tla to. fakd thane ey example, tke vapour presse of rounds ean he relialy fsiaied using the Lee and Kesler [12] corelation which is based onthe lee parameter cottesponding states, PUP, =exptt® Hot) (1.10) where, £0, and 1 ate functions ofthe reduced £6 = S97T14—6.09648/C,)~1. 2686210) +0.16934(7, 9 #9 215.2918 18687517, 1SA7AHINC,)4 0498777, sample 1 Calculate the vapour pressure of normal hexane a 385.15 K. sing (a) the Cox cat th) he Lee-Kesle equation“ 1. Phase Retro Fandomenta Solution (0) From Figure 1.3, at Ta3SS.15 K (179.6°F), the vapour pressure is read equal to 0.18, Mra 2 psa) s (by The eral properties of normal hexane are read frm Table A. in App ‘bed in Eg (1-10) to calelte the vapour presare as follows adie A and are Sas OTT Teac 8 ‘The use of critical compressibility facoe as the thial parameter for developing. generalised comrelations ta predict volumetic data hs also proved sticceseful, “An example f he Racket ‘equation [13] for the saturated molar volume of pure compounds, Wive2 aay where ¥%, and ve ae the saturated liquid and erica molar volumes, respectively. A more reliable estimation ofthe Liquid molar volume is expected feom the modification ofthe Racket ‘equation by Spencer and'Danner [14], where the crfical compressibility factor has bee replaced by the parameter Za known athe Racket compressibity factor, = ARTIP Ze aaa “The values of Zaq for some substances [15} are given in Table A.1 in Appendix A. For other ‘compound, it can be estimated from the Yamada Guna correlation {16 Zan=029056-0.087750 aay ‘The application of acentric factor and ential compressibility factor in developing generalised correlations wil be desribed fuer, particularly in Chapsce& dealing with equations of stale Example 1.2. CCalcolate the density of saturated normal tone igukl at 39% K. using the Racket Equation. "A cylinder contains T ke of saturated guid butane a iQ8K What the ‘SSiome of fgold butane remaining nthe eylundr aller consuming 0 hg of butane Solution: Reading the creat properties of normal butane from Table A.I in Appendix A and fusing them in og 12), at 84 Kye oa Tighe a Shu t6 OOo sS ‘where the density, hasbeen calculated as, preMiy! “The volume of cylinder, containing Ihe of the saturated liquid hate, is 00251 a12. Phase Redaviou 1s The cylinder pressure remains constant, equal to the nownal butane vapoor presse, as long athe minture remains two phases at 91K. ‘The vapour pressure ean be cleulsted fiom the Lee-Kester equation, Eq 10), silar to tat in Exanple 1. which velit 2160 MPa, at 398K. The vapour density atthe above conditions can be calculated from Eq(1.7), The compresbiity factor, 7.16 read ftom Figure 18, at revaing reduced valves Of Prati 2 21648.796-0.584R and T1=09244, to be ZAG). The universal gas Constant ‘Stead Tom Table Atm Appoints A, to be OOS Mam. Rgmel Benes, VeZREIPoLONY ago, amt the saps density is p=Miv=58. 120100 7.98 kn The mas lance ests in, ev pe Vt 0 SeVPeA25.4 40 002951-V")« $7.98 {gid utane vole, -V'=0.0600902 a Multicomponent Mixture The phase behaviour of a multi-component system is more elaborate then that of a pure compound. "The complexity generally: compouns. 98 components with widely different structures and meleculr sizes comprise the system. Reservoir luis are minty composed of hydrocarbons with siifarstrctures. Their phase behaviour, therefore, is not genetally highly comple. The phase hehaviour ofa binary system. although relatively simple, is ery much similar to a real mult-component reservoir flu. Tis, tetefore, an appropriate subsite Tor explaining the qualitative eleviour of reservoir hydrocarbon mistores The phase rule indicates that in binary vaponrfiguid system, bos the temperate and the Pressure are independent variables The presure temperature dgram of a binary mixta te Schemaiclly shown in Figure 19. The place envelope inside which the two phases coexist founded hy the buble point al dew point curves Tike two curves meet the tial pn (Ce where ll differenees hetwcen the two phases vanish andthe. phases, feeome indistinguishahe._ Note thatthe twa phases can chest a some conditions shove the erie Point The highest pressure (Hy and the highest temperature (D) on the phave envelope ae Calle the estconadonbar al the ericrndemherm. respectively. The pressure-volume diagram ofa bisary mixin is schema tat the system pressure decreases hae points, contr tot For a pure compound ly shown in Figure 1.10. Note ‘sothermal expansion between its bubble and dew The phase diagram of a mixture is determined by its composition. Figure 1.11 shows the phase diagram of ethane-heprane system. The citical temperature of different mints lies Fetween the eitical temperatures ofthe two pure eommpounde. The etal pressure, however, exceeds the values of bath components as pure, in most eases. The locus Of erica! points Is shown hy the dashed Tine in Figures LI. ‘The preter the difference between the erica16 1. Phase Rehioar Fone points of the two components, the higher the minture critical pressure cam ese as shown in Figure 1.12. No binary mixture can exist as a two-phase system autside the rezion ued by the locus of eitical points. ro © aia Poi Figure 1.10, Pressure-volume diagram of binary mixtures12 Phase Behasiour v The corresponding. states principle. deseribed for pure substances, is also used for nnicomprinent systems, Pseudo critical values are Wsed, however, instead of tle cial properties in applying Mid models developed for pure substances, such a8 those in Figure 18, and Ea.(110), Pseudo critical properties of a mixture are calculated by applying a mixing ale 10 the critica properties of is constituents. A number of mixing fules have heen proposed, but molar Averaging, also known as Kay's mixing rule, isthe most common rule, 0-520, ay where 74 1 the male Faction, 0, is any pseudo critical property, such as temperature, presse. ane volume, and 0, i the extical propery of component 3. Properties scaled Felative tothe pseu cial values are referred ts pred reinced properties. such as, peo rl ate = us ws pd 6 6 etch , : ae iis 7 ® Wor : 8 Pressure, MPa 2 y ol a a “Temperature, K Figure LL, Phase diagram of ethane - noel heptane, McGraw-Hill Conpanis Cott Rejdce fn wah esi8 1 Phase Behr ments “The trve ertical properties, however, are diferent from the pseudo values calculate by svecaging. The tue cris! prescure often shows the highest deviation from the pseudo value ‘Sete in Pgoe 12 The pectin of te cea ropes wl Te decid Section 5.8 “Temperature K 10 150 20025030) 380 SD 2000 soe} POC» i = Pres, psi g a I y i f LIzZTY4| TT [4 i Spas or Sag Termpertue.” F Figure 112. Critical loci for binary mixtures. Mecira-Hill Companies Crpytighs Rep fm [nth permission12. Phase Rebavior 19 ew Pt Cone Figure 1.13, Phase diagram of a multicomponent mixture ‘An jothormal reaction of pressure for 8 vapour-ike Muid, Point A, forms the first drop of Tiguid ot the dew point, Point B. Further reduction of pressure wil result in further ccnensation, as indicated by the quality lines. This phenomenon is known as the retrograde ‘condensation. ‘The condensation will cease at some point, Point D. and the condensed phase wll revaporise hy fonther rection of preseire, The shaded repion of the phase diagram. ‘where prescure rection rests n condcneaion ts relerte to ae the retrograde region. Note that the shove behavieur accirs only H the gas temperature His between the chtcl temperate andthe encondenthermt. Tigore 11} shows that there ae two dew point restores a any temperate for reuorade gases. The upper dew point is sometimes ealed the tewograde des Point The lower dew point sof litle peactical significance for most gas condensate Mui, “Te relative position of the critical point to the ericondentherm and the cricondenbar on the rinse envelope can lead Io ler rtgrade phenomena. Figure 1-14 shows that an isobaric Increate of temperate fom point {ta point? result n condensation, ‘This behaviour, which ‘also be called elroprade condensition, &© of Hie interest in reservoir operations, I indicates, however, that fasing the temperate ofa high pressure rich gas may not be a proper [ocedare to avoid condensation in Mud handling. “The vaporisation of liquid by isobanc Femperature decrease. shown in Figure 1.15, or by isothermal pressure increase is known 45 retrograde vaporisation i-compenent sytem, Figure 1.13, describes "There are, however, exceptional cases ‘Weise and rail [17] obser an anual fehaviour og natural occuring hycethon sninture ne shown in Figore 1.16, Note that an isothermal reduction of preseure,e gat 16O"T,2» 1. Phase Rehavionr Fudamertas results in an increase ofthe fguid volume afer an intl normal hebaviwr, A sin Tehaviour has aio heen repoed [18] for 8 multicomponent yc as shin Figure 1-17. Note thatthe paviquid volute Incteates inialy brow the babe in as enpocted. The wend reverses ver a fined pessie range, prior Wo behaving image cleat ar nei no mare swe ae ‘The rato icreaes very qradially ove the whole lest ela. Te vemon fr te apparent Ssgicement beeen ctw Iola volumes ofthe two phaser Cane Figure 1,14, Retrograde condensation a constant pressure ‘05 a | m® uid Perse “Temper > Figure 1.15. Retrograde vaporisaton at constant pressure12. Phase Behan cn PH1S9.67)1.8 — MP3=0.006895 pia Figure 1.16, Phase ding of. tvcarhon mixtwe. SPF Copyright Repo fom {171 ith 5 te 1.17. Vaiations of ga gu etio Hy seeing presse Below bubble point. StF hgh Repeal om 8 perm A single phase hydeocarhon reservoir fd may form more than two phases ding depletion Solid or semi-solid phases, such’ aspalienes cam ferry at come comdiions. Ahh [pessire gis, rich in hydrocarbon compounds of differat homologous series, may condense phases, cae rie ith one suuturat type OF inolectles. Cae mixtures Fich in CO2 or H2S at Tow temperatures can form sich hguid phase timisele with the Iiydrocarbon rich condensate phase2 1. Phase Retavous Fumes 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS “The typical phase diagram of a reservoir hyttracarbon system, shown in Figure 1.1 cam be used conveniently la describe various types of rescrvoi fuidy, A reservoir contains Bas if Hs temperature is higher than the uid eal temperate, otherwise it contains oi The depletin of reservoir will result in rewograde condencaion in the reservort if dhe reservoir temperature Ties between the critical temperature and the ericondentherm, whereas ne fiqud wil form i Is shove the ericondentherm. The oiln a eservor wilh a temperire clive 4 is cecal fxs ‘more volatile than that at a lower temperature. small reduction of pressure below the buble point ina reservoir with a temperature just below the flid critical termperature, may vaporise fa the oil volume. is evident, therefore, thatthe locaton of reservoit temperate 0m the phase diagram can be used to classify reservoir fluids “The temperature ofa reservoir is determined by its depth. ‘The phase hchaviour of 2 reservoir ‘uid is determined by is composition. Typical compositions of varius classes of excrvent hydrocarbon fluids are given in Table 1.2. Criial femperatues of heavy hysracatbons se hpher than thove of light compounals, Therefore, the cilia lemerare of hydrocarbon rixtures predominantly compored of ica compounds it higher than the sunnal range ot reservoir temperatures, and thexeflkls fave [igo like, i. oi, Where the femperatie ‘ofa reservoir mainly Compoced of methine, witha cial temperature of 190-6 Ky sil be higher than the mixtre entical emperature, Table 12. Typical compositions of various reservoir uid Dy Gas Gas Condensate Vola OT WOT 14 78 oa 30 ae ip oh 55 bos O55 ne ia bat in ah When the reservoir pressure falls below the saturation point, the phase diagram of the origi reservoir fluid is no fonger valid. Gas and liquid paces are prodiiced at arauo different 10 {ravitatonal segregation of the two phases wit differen densities will also inhibit the contact Between the phases, hence preventing the achievement of equilibrium thoughout the reservoir. In a hydrocarbon reservoir consisting of a gos cap and an oil column two separite phase diagrams. one foreach phase ean be considered The two phavcs are hath satrate, with the “tration pressures ieally equal tothe reservoir presse af the eso contact as shown Figure I 1B. Hence, when a salrated gas reservoir is discovered, an oil cohin below iis generally expected. Similarly a saturated ol reservoir may strongly inieate the presence Of @ Bas ap Petroleum reservoir uids ean be clasiied according o various criteria. Although identifying 4 fluid as gas or il is adequate in most phase behaviour ties, if more como to claeify the fluid in accordance to ts volumetric behaviour athe reservoir and surface conitions. The approach yields afew set of formulations, known as material balance equations, which can be Appropriately applied to each class of Mid for reservoir sludes,1.2 Clason of Reservoir Fai 2 H/C i E) | Carmen Reservair! | | igure 1.18, Phase diagrams of segregated oil and gas phases in the vicinity of gavel contact. ‘he reservoir ul is preuced and measured at the surface as the stock tank oil and ges at sandal eonditons, sv shown sccmatically in Figure 1.19. As the material halance equa te the priced fds to those the reserve Intnl producing gas to liquid volumet ‘ati ws consilered asthe most importint indicator of the clase of 2 reservoir fui. The gas (0 fil ti GOR, ts mst conminlysefined ae the nemnber of eubic feet of the associated. gas Preauced at standard conditions per barel of tock tank sin the Fiekd units. For pas Eondensste Nvids, where ie proxiaced fvid is Predominanily gae, the inverse of dhe above ‘efiniton, known asthe condensate to gas ato, CGR, Is often Used, rr aT Figure 1.19, Seliematic diagram of stabilising produced oi as stock tank oil and gas at standard conditions. The stock tank ol ravity generally varies significanlly for diferet classes of f ‘eam alsa he used asa ine ator The prawity fexpressed as API degrees in fel ums, APL = CAL S89 11S aan where Si isthe stock tank oil specific gravity o elative density, to water at 60 OF (288 KO. The concentration of heavy fraction, C,, i seservoir vid comeltes reasonably well with GOR."As the stock tank el moctiy comprised of thi faction, ican leo be used ay an inlicator ofthe reservoir Nui type, Figure 1-20 shows thal an inital producing GOR of $70 ‘viv (3.200 SCF/STB) and 12.5 mole% C,, ate valid boundaries for gas and ol systems {19], as shown in Figuee 1.20,m 1 Phase Behaviour Padme sot Ratio, ir Cre mote Figure 1.20, Cj GOR relation for typical oi and gas conde Patios Ie, Reread om 19) ste Ris Comte Ha “The most common method of identifying petroleum reservoir Mids isto classify the a Bas, wel gas, gas condensate (retrograde gas), volatile oil and black ot » Dry Gas Dry gases are predominantly compose of methane al non hydrocarbons sie a8 nithoy and ¢arbon dioxide. Figute 121 shows the plise diagram of a thy gas. The phase envelope ‘stelatvely tight and mostly cated below the anit emperature Note that the gas revvains Single phate from the reserve to the separator conitions. Wier, hwever. may eondense the surface conditions due tothe gas cooling. PY'T tet inte laboratory are Tied the as ‘compressibility measurement cimeat Reser an Presse J Serra Figure 121, Phase diagram of dry gos14 Chsiication of Renee Fits “ Wet Gas ‘A wet gas is mainly conse of methane and ote Hp components wi ts pase ensekre ince ently over temperature range below ta of Te yservir A wet pv theefoe il talent connate te reserve daring depletion. (1) 021 a we i Figure 2 ‘Te separator comitons he however. thin the phae envelope reducing seme colensate ‘the surface, Cis Tels inthe Southern Noah Sea are-posd cuamples of this Iype of Pre igure 1.22, Phase diagram of wet gas. [As no condensate is foamed ithe reserved, materia balance equations for a dry as ae ‘equally sable Toe wet gas Te ly PUT test eid at he reservoir enubiions 18the gas “conipressiility measnentent. Scparor fests ae gency comacted fa detenne the ates and properties of the cavlensea phase a the srface cnaliions ‘A wet gs reservoir is commonly peeduced by simple Blowdown, similar 1 # dey gas, a6 ne te 1 formed inthe reservoir, Producing fas to eonenste ratios ge Iypicily ate TO.0O0 ve (50,000 SCIISTB} and remain eonstan during the entire life of the reservoir The er-while witha he specific gravily which remantsanchanged ie {A typical gs comfensate phase apr is show in Ture 1.28, “The presence of heavy hnydincarbone expanats the phase envelope seaive tora wel gas, hence. Me reservent emiperatue fice bere the ete sont and de viene, “The gee eye Hig by retrate contention inthe revervoir when the pressure falls ele the dew pot on (i) to hin Figure 123. Further condensation from the produced gas aso occurs past ‘eonultons due To eng The aumunt of potetilly condensable hydrocarbons in the reservoir increases with the richness of the ps, 6 heavy compounds shift tie entical temperature towards the reservoir teniperture, Whereas: gas with a exicondenthecm nese the reservoir temperate will behave Nery mich fike a wel gas. Gast gid ratios range between 570 to 30,000 vi (3,200 to 150.000 SCSSTB)I19|” For pwatical purposes a gas condensate reservoir with a GOR of ive 10.00 vty (30,0080 SCHIST) can he treated ava wel gas. The prodicing GOR votaly fensins constant smi the reservoit preset Fas bel the dew point nd increases thereafter. Tr gces with GOR of above 20,008 (100.000 SCEISTB, the condensation in reser