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Module - 2: 4.1 Early Attempts

The document discusses the early attempts to classify elements and periodic trends in their properties. It describes Dobereiner's discovery of triads of elements with similar properties and Newlands' law of octaves. It then explains how Mendeleev constructed the first periodic table by arranging elements in order of atomic weight and predicted properties of yet undiscovered elements.

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59 views

Module - 2: 4.1 Early Attempts

The document discusses the early attempts to classify elements and periodic trends in their properties. It describes Dobereiner's discovery of triads of elements with similar properties and Newlands' law of octaves. It then explains how Mendeleev constructed the first periodic table by arranging elements in order of atomic weight and predicted properties of yet undiscovered elements.

Uploaded by

abhijeet_sangwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Periodic Table and Atomic Properties

Atomic Structure and


Chemical Bonding

explain the basis of periodic variations of


(a)
(c)

atomic size
ionization enthalpy

MODULE - 2

(b) ionic size


(d) electron gain enthalpy within a group or a period.

4.1 Early Attempts


Attempts were made to classify elements ever since the discovery of metals or may be
even earlier. J.W. Dobereiner in 1817 discovered that when closely related elements are
grouped in a set of three, the atomic weight of the middle element was almost the
arithmetical mean of the other two elements in that group e.g.,
Element
Atomic weight
mean atomic weight

Lithium
6.94
------

Sodium
22.99
23.02

Notes

Potassium
39.10
-------

He called such a group of three elements a triad. He could group only a few elements due
to lack of knowledge of correct atomic weights of the elements at that time.
In 1863, J.A.R. Newlands, developed a system of classification of elements and entitled it
as Law of Octaves. He arranged the elements is such a way that every eighth element
had similar properties, like the notes of music. The law could not apply to a large number
of known elements. However, the law indicated very clearly the recurrence of similar
properties among the arranged elements. Thus the periodicity was visualised for the first
time in a meaningful way.
Periodicity: Re-occurrence of properties after regular intervals.
More significant results were obtained when Lother Meyers work reflecting the periodicity
was found to be based on physical properties of the elements. He clearly showed that
certain propertics showed a periodic trend.

4.2 Mendeleevs Periodic Table


In 1869, Mendeleav, a Russian Chemist made a thorough study of the relation between
the atomic weights of the elements and their physical and chemical properties. He then
constructed a table in which elements were arranged in order of their increasing atomic
weights. It was also found that every eighth elements had properties similar to that of
the first element. Thus, there was a periodic occurrence of elements with similer
properties.
One of the most striking applications of Mendeleevs classification of elements was that
in his periodic table (Table 4.1) he left gaps for elements which were yet to be
discovered. He also predicted the properties of these elements. However, Mendeleevs
periodic table did not provide any place for isotopes and noble gases which were
discovered later on.
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