MODIS Land Products Quality Assurance Tutorial: Part-1

How to find, understand, and use the quality assurance

information for MODIS land products
NASA LP DAAC, USGS EROS Center, Sioux Falls, SD
(Created: March 1, 2012 | Last updated: April 4, 2014)
Introduction
All MODIS land products include quality assurance (QA) information designed to help
users understand and make best use of the data that comprise each product. This Part-1
document contains material for beginners as well as intermediate MODIS land product
users to help educate them on how to correctly use the QA information. It includes the
following five sections:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A general description of MODIS land products and QA

Why is it important for users to consult the QA information?
QA metadata sources in MODIS land products
Information on Land Data Operational Product Evaluation (LDOPE) tools
Links to MODIS QA-specific online information resources

Part-2 of this document (in the near future) will provide a detailed delineation and examples
of the pixel-level QA structure in three MODIS land product suites: land surface reflectance,
vegetation indices, and BRDF and albedo.
Section-1: MODIS land products and their QA information
The MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS) facility at the Goddard Spaceflight
Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, MD routinely produces MODIS land products from data
derived from twin MODIS instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua platforms that were
launched in December 1999 and May 2002 respectively. These data are archived at and
distributed from the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) at the
USGS EROS Center in Sioux Falls, SD. The MODIS Land Science Team (MODLAND)
is responsible for the MODIS land products in terms of their QA and validation. They help
evaluate and document the science quality of the products that are intended to constantly
inform the user community. The Land Data Operational Product Evaluation (LDOPE)

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facility, collocated with MODAPS at GSFC, is responsible for the overall coordination of
the QA activities in support of the MODIS Science Team. A fairly complex and laborious
process, this includes the evaluation and documentation of the science quality of all MODIS
land products, which is finally incorporated in the operational production code and carried
within the products (at the pixel-level) and their metadata (at the file-level).
The MODIS land collections comprise over sixty-five products that include dailies to n-day
composites. Over the 14+ years since Terras launch, MODIS data at the LP DAAC
comprise over 31 million granules and ~650 Terabytes in volume (as of April 4, 2014).
Over this time, the NASA data discovery interfaces to search and procure data have also
continued to evolve, and the current discovery interface called Reverb is the third
incarnation, which replaces the Warehouse Inventory Search Tool (WIST). A number of
other MODIS data search, access, and procurement methods exist as well.
Given the large number of MODIS land products (they include 16 daily, 1 four-day, 29
eight-day, 8 sixteen-day, 7 monthly, and 5 yearly products), the dependencies that exist
between them, and the differences in the QA procedures that are applied to them, it is
difficult to provide a generic description and approach that applies to all. Within the userdata interaction process, MODIS QA-related information has the potential to manifest itself
at different times and locations. One of the primary goals of this document is to direct users
to the best combination of QA information sources, and methods to tap them to help drive
the data requirements for their research and applications.
NASAs Earth Observing System (EOS) manages one of the largest science data production
and applications enterprises in the world, of which MODIS datasets comprise a leading
component. QA has always been identified as very essential to the success of the real-world
applications that MODIS datasets help support but its complexity has discouraged
widespread use. The mechanisms to generate, publish, access, communicate, and interpret
QA for diverse suites of MODIS products are very elaborate. This document is intended to
expose users to basic information that successfully helps initiate their interaction with the
QA layers of MODIS land products.
Section-2: Why is it important for users to consult the QA information?
MODIS QA information provides vital clues regarding the usability and usefulness of the
data products for any particular science application. Usability is the capability of being used
for a particular purpose while usefulness refers to what extent something serves a purpose

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towards meeting a practical objective. Usability and usefulness address any of the following
requirements that MODIS QA information provide, which are not mutually exclusive:

Are sufficiently enough cloud-free data available to meet the requirements of a

particular science application?

Do sufficiently enough data meet the nominal output specifications as expected by

the products algorithm?

What proportion of data artifacts and anomalies present in the data are deemed to
exist within a satisfactory threshold to proceed with a particular science application?

Are there mitigating conditions under which we can rule certain science data layers
within a product as more or less useful than others?

Are the science data layers derived using the main algorithm deemed satisfactory
compared to the back-up algorithm or vice-versa?

Parts 2 through 4 of this document (that are available separately), provide details regarding
the QA structure and implementation within MODIS Land Surface Reflectance, Vegetation
Indices, and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function and Albedo product suites.
Please note that the examples provided in these product suites demonstrate how the QA
characterization propagates to the higher-level products, and underscores the need to
understand the data fidelity at the very beginning stage when users contemplate use of a
particular MODIS data product.
Given the fact that any particular MODIS land product is the result of a fairly complex
process that involves a science algorithm, inputs that include MODIS level-1B data,
ancillary data, lookup tables, auxiliary inputs, and possibly, other derived MODIS data
products, users run a serious risk by not consulting the QA information. Some of the
known sources of error that impact data quality include data loss due to instrument contact
errors, striping in the land surface reflectance data, geolocation errors traceable to
instrument maneuvers, effects of solar eclipse on the data, and problems stemming from the
cloud mask, especially as a function of latitude. MODIS land data product users are
therefore strongly encouraged to consult the QA information before they decide to use their
data.

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Section-3: QA information sources in MODIS land products

Typically, a MODIS HDF dataset contains several Science Data Sets (SDS), one or more
QA data layers, and metadata. The QA data layers provide pixel-level QA for the science
data, and the metadata describe summary statistics of certain attributes, and also a
statement about the product QA. Three sources of QA information exist within MODIS
land products that serve specific purposes, and include the following:
File-level metadata
Pixel-level metadata
LDOPE Web information
File-level metadata: File-level QA refers to metadata that summarizes the data quality
within that file. Please note that this file-level assessment largely helps the search and discovery
process, and users should not solely rely on them as a means to filter data for their science
application needs. They include the following:
1. Additional attribute metadata returned from a user search on a data discovery
interface (this includes an overall percent quality, and a percent-based assessment of
product-specific variables)
2. Granule-level QA Stats and QA Flags metadata returned from a user search on a
data discovery interface (this includes percent-based assessments of cloud-cover,
missing-, interpolated-, and out-of-bounds data)
3. The encapsulated metadata that exist in the header of the HDF file
4. The external xml metadata file
Essentially, these metadata sources provide the same information that users encounter at
different stages of the data search and acquisition processes. The first two are generally
designed to help as part of the user search and screening processes, especially as users look
for good quality, cloud-free datasets. Numbers 3 and 4 refer to information from acquired
products that contain the same metadata represented in 1 and 2. This documents major
emphasis is on pixel-level metadata, discussed next.
Pixel-level metadata: QA metadata that reside at the pixel-level is most valuable for
applications that rely on consistent use of particular MODIS land products. For instance,
pixel-level QA metadata may help applications based on time-series analyses to ensure that

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their data inputs remain consistently of reliable quality. Two kinds of pixel-level metadata
implementations exist in MODIS land products.
1. The first includes a QA SDS that contains multiple information sources
accomplished through binary encoding.
2. The second involves a QA SDS that contains a single information source, such as
pixel reliability in the Vegetation Indices products, or albedo quality in the
BRDF/Albedo products.
All MODIS land products contain one or more SDS devoted to QA among the multiple
HDF arrays. These SDSs are critical to understand, parse, and interpret pixel-level QA. As
users open the MODIS HDF dataset in any image processing software system, the one or
more QA-specific SDSs are identifiable through the inclusion of QA, QC, or Quality
in their name. Table 1 identifies the QA SDS arrays for each of the MODIS land products.

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Radiation Budget Variables

Ecosystem Variables

Land Cover Characteristics

Land Surface Reflectance

Vegetation Indices

Thermal Anomalies & Fire

M*D09GA:
1 km Reflectance Data State QA
500 m Reflectance Band Quality
M*D09GQ:
250 m Reflectance Band Quality

M*D13A1:
500 m 16 days Pixel Reliability QA
500 m 16 days VI Quality
M*D13A2:
1 km 16 days Pixel Reliability QA
1 km 16 days VI Quality
M*D13A3:
1 km Monthly Pixel Reliability QA
1 km Monthly VI Quality
M*D13Q1:
250 m 16 days VI Quality
250 m 16 days Pixel Reliability QA
M*D13C1:
CMG 0.05 16 days Pixel Reliability QA
CMG 0.05 16 days VI Quality

M*D14:
Algorithm QA

M*D09A1:
500 m Reflectance Band Quality
500 m State Flags
M*D09Q1:
250 m Reflectance Band Quality
M*D09CMG:
Coarse Resolution QA
Coarse Resolution State QA

Land Surface Temp. & Emissivity

M*D11_L2:
Daytime LST QC
M*D11A1:
Daytime LST QC
Nighttime LS QC
M*D11A2:
QC for Daytime LST
QC for Nighttime LST
M*D11B1:
Daytime LST QC
Nighttime LST QC
QC for Retrieved Emissivities
M*D11C1:
Daytime LST QC
Nighttime LST QC
QC for Retrieved Emissivities
M*D11C2:
Daytime LST QC
Nighttime LST QC
M*D11C3:
Daytime LST QC
Nighttime LST QC

BRDF and Albedo

MCD43A2 and MCD43B2:
BRDF_Albedo_Quality
Snow_BRDF_Albedo
BRDF_Albedo_Ancillary
BRDF_Albedo_Band_Quality
MCD43C1, C2, C3, & C4:
BRDF_Albedo_Quality

M*D13C3:
CMG 0.05 Monthly Pixel Reliability QA
CMG 0.05 Monthly VI Quality

LAI and FPAR

M*D15A2:
FparLai_QC
FparExtra_QC
MCD15A3:
FparLai_QC
FparExtra_QC

M*D14A1:
QA
M*D14A2:
QA

Land Cover
MCD12Q1:
Land Cover QC
MCD12Q2:
Dynamics_QC
MCD12C1:
Majority_Land_Cover_Type_1_QC

VCC and VCF

MOD44A.004:
Labeled LC Change Past 1 Year
MOD44B.005:
Quality

GPP and NPP

Land Water Mask

M*D17A2:
PSN_QC_1km

MOD44W:
Water Mask QA

M*D17A3:
NPP_QC_1km

An asterisk refers to both Terra & Aqua

versions of the MODIS product.
MCD refers to a combined product
generated with Terra & Aqua MODIS
inputs.

The SDS names are either shortened or

abbreviated, and may not exactly
conform to those within the datasets.

Table 1: QA Science Data Sets within the HDF arrays for each MODIS land product suite

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Pixel-level QA is generated by the production code to evaluate product quality at the finest
granularity. This information is useful to both users who need to decide the quality of
retrieval at any particular pixel, and for LDOPEs evaluation as well. LDOPE performs
detailed analyses before decisions regarding this assessment are integrated into the final
production code. Pixel-level QA provides information for each science parameter through
the following two methods:

1. A binary representation of bit combinations that characterize particular quality

attributes.
2. An entire QA word may represent one summary quality information source such as
pixel reliability in VI, and Albedo quality in BRDF/Albedo
Pixel-level QA varies between products and their levels. In general, there are two types of
pixel-level QA metadata provided.
1. MODLAND-wide QA: The first is the MODLAND-wide QA bits that provide 1 or 2
generic QA (least-significant**) bits for each pixel of every product. Its purpose is to provide
a consistent quality interpretation across all MODIS land products. Prior to Collection-5, a
2-bit QA was used to describe four potential conditions. Table 2 describes the codes and
their interpretation for this product collection-wide QA.

Pixel-level QA code

Interpretation

00

Pixel produced, good quality, not necessary to examine more detailed QA

01

Pixel produced, unreliable or unquantifiable quality, recommend examination of

more detailed QA

10

Pixel not produced due to cloud effects

11

Pixel not produced primarily due to reasons other than cloud

Table 2: Pixel-level QA across all MODIS land products through Collection-4

Starting with Collection-5, some MODLAND products were implemented with a 1-bit
generic product assessment (Table 3) rather than a 2-bit summary (Table 2) in part to reflect

*

A bit (short for Binary Digit) is the smallest unit of information/memory in digital computing that can
represent two possible values, represented by 0 and 1.
**

The least-significant bit is the lowest bit in a series of numbers in binary notation, located at the far right of a
string; also referred to as the right-most bit.

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algorithm evolution. Land surface reflectance, land surface temperature & emissivity, and
vegetation indices retained the 2-bit MODLAND QA as it continues to remain relevant to
those products. The second bit describes the condition in which a pixel was not produced
because of clouds or other effects. Table 3 describes the 1-bit codes implemented in
Collection-5.
Pixel-level QA code

Interpretation

Pixel produced, good quality, not necessary to examine more detailed QA

Other quality (produced or not produced; if produced unreliable or

unquantifiable quality, examination of more detailed QA is recommended)

Table 3: Pixel-level QA across all MODIS land products implemented in Collection-5

2. Product-specific QA: The second type of pixel-level QA addresses product-specific

attributes. This metadata may address a variety of characteristic conditions that constitute a
products elements. For instance, products that can have meaningful error estimates
assigned to them store per-pixel uncertainty estimates and/or ranges: for example, the land
surface temperature product stores emissivity and temperature error estimates. Information
on external factors known to affect product quality and consistency is also stored for each
product. These data include atmospheric conditions (e.g., cloud cover); surface type (e.g.,
ocean, coast, wetland, inland water); scan, solar and viewing geometry; and whether
dynamic ancillary data or backup estimates have been used as input (e.g., aerosol
climatology estimates used to replace missing observations in the MODIS aerosol product)
(Roy et al., 2002).
Given the variety of MODIS land products, we cannot elaborate on all the different pixellevel QA attributes in this document. Links to relevant sources that offer both distilled
versions of this information as well as complete product file specifications maintained by the
MODIS Science Team are provided in Section-5. Users are strongly encouraged to consult
these sources to better understand and interact with their particular MODIS land products.
Generic description of the MODIS QA binary bits and bit-fields
Users often encounter problems with interpreting the binary encoded bitmap that represents
useful product-specific QA metadata. This section provides a generic introduction to the
basic elements of binary notation used to represent the pixel-level QA metadata.
The simplest way to parse the QA bits is by understanding the binary notation (built on
base-2 rather than base-10) used to represent the values. A single bit represents two values

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(0, 1), while two bits represent four values, and three bits represent eight values, etc. as
depicted below.

Hence, the number of bits and the number of values (or quality attribute meanings) they
potentially represent, doubles with each step as shown below:
Number of Bits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Number of Values
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256

Formula
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

The QA-specific SDS for each MODIS land product (listed in Table 1) generally breaks
down into four columns. The order of these columns as depicted under the Layers tab in
the product documentation on the LP DAAC Web page is described below. This order and

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the terminology used may vary slightly in the File Specifications and/or the User Guides,
which are referenced in Section-5:

The first column identifies the Bit Number(s)

The second column identifies the parameter Bit-field name

The third column identifies the bit values for each parameter

The fourth column provides the description of the bit-field

Users need to convert the pixel-level QA values from decimal to binary before they can
parse and interpret them. Several online converters are available to make such a

conversion, or users may convert the desired QA bits to their binary format using
LDOPEs unpack_sds_bits utility (further details regarding LDOPE tools are available in
Section-4). Once you have converted a pixel-level value from decimal to binary, you need
to correctly parse the bits before you can interpret them.
The following four examples demonstrate how you handle a particular pixel-level QA value
from four different products.
Example-1 (MOD09GQ: Terra/MODIS Surface Reflectance Daily L2G Global 250m)
A single pixels value of 7425 is derived from a 250 meters surface reflectance
(MOD09GQ) products QC_250m_1 SDS parameter. The 7425 decimal value converts
to a binary value of 1110100000001. (Users should check for the datatype, which provides
the number of bits in the QA word. The conversion should contain that many number of
binary positions as defined in the number of bits). We need to add three zeros to the mostsignificant bit to complete the 16-bit string (i.e., to the left). This value, as assigned to the
individual bit numbers, breaks down thus (based on the QA index specified in the
MOD09GQ products file specifications):

Users are reminded that all HDF-EOS products are written in the big-endian referencing scheme. The bits
are always numbered from right (least-significant bit) to left (most-significant bit).

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Please bear in mind that the binary bit-string is parsed from right to left, and the individual
bits within a bit-word are read from left to right; the above string breaks down thus:

Bit Word
01
00
0000
1101
1
0
00

Description
Less than ideal quality some or all bands
Clear (Cloud state)
Highest quality (Band-1 data quality)
Correction out of bounds pixel constrained to extreme allowable value
Yes (Atmospheric correction performed)
No (Adjacency correction performed)
Spare (unused)

Clarification regarding cloud information source: Some confusion persists regarding the source
of cloud information that users should consider as part of their screening process for their
particular applications. Users should tap the State QA SDSs for cloud-specific
information. The reflectance band quality SDSs in the M*D09GQ and M*D09Q1
products carry a parameter called Cloud State that has not been populated since the V3
MODIS collection, and therefore not a reliable source of information. The MODLAND
QA bits (discussed earlier in this tutorial) are not a viable source of cloud status information
for a particular reason: In the case of the LSR products, these bits imply whether a particular
pixel was not processed due to cloud effects, but, since the V3 MODIS collection, the
algorithm does perform atmospheric correction over clouds. Given these idiosyncrasies,
please ensure that you consult the 1 km State QA SDSs for cloud-specific information in
either the daily (M*D09GA) or 8-day products (M*D09A1). Please remember that you
can also use this information to extrapolate to apply to other LSR products with
different spatial resolutions.

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Example-2 (MOD09CMG: Terra/MODIS Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05

Deg CMG)
The second example demonstrates how to parse a pixel-level value of 1075576832 from a
single Coarse Resolution QA SDS of a land surface reflectance CMG (MOD09CMG)
product:
The decimal value 1075576832 converts to the following 32-bit binary string that is
separated into its bit-word components: 1000000000111000000000000000000. A single
zero is added to the most-significant bit to complete the 32-bit string (i.e., to the left).

0 | 1 | 0000 | 0000 | 0111 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 00

Reading from right to left, each bit-word is interpreted as follows:

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Bit Word
00
0000
0000
0000
0000
0111
0000
0000
1
0

Description
Correct product produced at ideal quality for all bands
Highest quality (Band-1 data quality)
Highest quality (Band-2 data quality)
Highest quality (Band-3 data quality)
Highest quality (Band-4 data quality)
Noisy detector (Band-5 data quality)
Highest quality (Band-6 data quality)
Highest quality (Band-7 data quality)
Yes (Atmospheric correction performed)
No (Adjacency correction performed)

Example-3 (MCD43A2: Terra+Aqua BRDF-Albedo Quality 16-Day L3 Global 500 m)

The third example is derived from a 500 meters, BRDF-Albedo Quality product
(MCD43A2), which provides quality-specific information. The pixel value used in this
example is derived from BRDF_Albedo_Band_Quality, which is one of four QA SDSs, a
32-bit unsigned integer. The pixels decimal value 70464307 converts to a binary value of
100001100110011001100110011. Since this string does not account for the leading zeros,
we need to add five zeros to the most-significant bit (i.e., to the left):
00000100001100110011001100110011. This binary string breaks down into the following
bit-words:

0 | 000 | 0100 | 0011 | 0011 | 0011 | 0011 | 0011 | 0011

This QA SDS is unique in that the above values are not directly interpreted for the first
seven 4-bit values. The dataset attributes for the MCD43A2 product provide the decimal
values that equate to certain binary strings. For instance, the Band 1 Quality attributes
provide the following values:
0003Band 1 Quality
0 = Best quality, full inversion (WoDs, RMSE majority good)
1 = Good quality, full inversion
2 = Magnitude inversion (numobs >= 7)
3 = Magnitude inversion (numobs >=3&<7)
4 = Fill value

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The individual bit-words, delineated above, are parsed again to derive their decimal values.
The final interpretation yields the following information:
QA bit value
0011 = 3
0011 = 3
0011 = 3
0011 = 3
0011 = 3
0011 = 3
0100 = 4
000
0

Description
Magnitude inversion (numobs >= 3 & < 7) (Band-1 data quality)
Magnitude inversion (numobs >= 3 & < 7) (Band-2 data quality)
Magnitude inversion (numobs >= 3 & < 7) (Band-3 data quality)
Magnitude inversion (numobs >= 3 & < 7) (Band-4 data quality)
Magnitude inversion (numobs >= 3 & < 7) (Band-5 data quality)
Magnitude inversion (numobs >= 3 & < 7) (Band-6 data quality)
Fill value (Band-7 data quality)
Unassigned TBD
Not fill-value (QAFill)

Example-4 (MCD15A3: Terra + Aqua Leaf Area Index Fraction of Photosynthetically

Active Radiation 4-Day L4 Global 1 km)
The final example is a pixel from a 4-day LAI-FPAR (MCD15A3) product. The decimal
value of 107 from the FparLai QC SDS converts to a binary value of 1101011 which,
following addition of a single zero to complete the 8-bit string, produces the following bitwords:

011 | 01 | 0 | 1 | 1
The above bit-words are interpreted to reveal the following:
QA bit value
1
1
0
01
011

Description
Other quality (Back-up algorithm or fill-values) (MODLAND QA)
Aqua (Sensor)
Detectors apparently fine for up to 50% of channels 1, 2
Significant clouds were present (Cloud State)
Main algorithm failed due to problems other than geometry,
empirical algorithm used (Science Computing Facility QC)

LDOPE Web information: Refer to Section-5

Section-4: Land Data Operational Product Evaluation (LDOPE) QA tools
LDOPE develops and maintains a number of software tools designed to manipulate,
visualize, and analyze MODIS data. A subset of LDOPE QA tools is available to the user
community to help parse and interpret the QA SDS layers. These tools, numbering about
two dozen, are provided as source code and command-line executables that run on a limited
number of operating systems (Linux, IRIX, Solaris, and Windows). Written in C, they are

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executed either from the command-line or invoked via scripts. One of the most commonly
used routines (referred in the earlier section) is unpack_sds_bits which helps parse and
interpret the bit-packed QA attributes.
Interested users may register and download these LDOPE QA tools and related
documentation from the following site:
https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/tools/ldope_tools
Section-5: Links to QA-specific online information sources
This section provides links to all QA-related online information that users should find
useful.
LDOPE Web site: http://landweb.nascom.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/QA_WWW/newPage.cgi
LDOPE maintains the MODIS Land Quality Assessment Web site that provides a
plethora of QA-specific as well as other information. Under the Quality drop-down
menu, there are Terra C5, Aqua C5, and Terra+Aqua C5 hyperlinks that lead to
product-specific QA documentation. This includes Science Quality Flag values, their
explanation, and related comments for each products discrete acquisition time ranges.
Hyperlinks also exist for Terra Known Issues, Aqua Known Issues, and Terra+Aqua
Known Issues. They provide detailed descriptions of past problems and current issues
under investigation for each MODIS land product.
The Docs drop-down menu contains hyperlinks to the following resources for each
product suite:
User Guides

Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents

File Specifications (provides QA bit descriptions)

List of the Earth Science Data Types (ESDT) and Science Data Sets

List of MODIS product interdependencies

A number of other links germane to MODIS land data quality assessment exists as well.
LP DAAC Web site: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/modis_products_table

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The above link to the LP DAACs Web site provides a table of all MODIS land products,
each of which leads the user to product-specific documentation. QA-specific attributes and
description information are provided under the Layers tab. This information is extracted
from the File Specifications for each product. The Links tab provides links to the
product-specific User Guide, ATBD, and the MODIS Validation Web site.

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References
Roy, D.P., Borak, J.S., Devadiga, S., Wolfe, R.E., Zheng, M., Descloitres, J. (2002) The
MODIS Land Quality Assessment Approach. Remote Sensing of Environment, 83: 6276.

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