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Introduction To Computation and Programming Using Python, Revised - Guttag, John v..120

This document summarizes key aspects of object-oriented programming and encapsulation. It discusses how code written for a parent class can work for a child class if the child class adheres to the parent's specification. Conversely, code written for a child class may not work for the parent class. It also introduces a Grades class that maps students to their grades and defines methods like adding students and grades, getting grades for a student, and retrieving the list of students.

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ZhichaoWang
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36 views

Introduction To Computation and Programming Using Python, Revised - Guttag, John v..120

This document summarizes key aspects of object-oriented programming and encapsulation. It discusses how code written for a parent class can work for a child class if the child class adheres to the parent's specification. Conversely, code written for a child class may not work for the parent class. It also introduces a Grades class that maps students to their grades and defines methods like adding students and grades, getting grades for a student, and retrieving the list of students.

Uploaded by

ZhichaoWang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 8.

Classes and Object-Oriented Programming


be possible to write client code using the specification of Student and have it
work correctly on a TransferStudent.39
Conversely, there is no reason to expect that code written to work for
TransferStudent should work for arbitrary types of Student.

8.3

Encapsulation and Information Hiding


As long as we are dealing with students, it would be a shame not to make them
suffer through taking classes and getting grades.
class Grades(object):
"""A mapping from students to a list of grades"""
def __init__(self):
"""Create empty grade book"""
self.students = []
self.grades = {}
self.isSorted = True
def addStudent(self, student):
"""Assumes: student is of type Student
Add student to the grade book"""
if student in self.students:
raise ValueError('Duplicate student')
self.students.append(student)
self.grades[student.getIdNum()] = []
self.isSorted = False
def addGrade(self, student, grade):
"""Assumes: grade is a float
Add grade to the list of grades for student"""
try:
self.grades[student.getIdNum()].append(grade)
except:
raise ValueError('Student not in mapping')
def getGrades(self, student):
"""Return a list of grades for student"""
try: #return copy of student's grades
return self.grades[student.getIdNum()][:]
except:
raise ValueError('Student not in mapping')
def getStudents(self):
"""Return a list of the students in the grade book"""
if not self.isSorted:
self.students.sort()
self.isSorted = True
return self.students[:] #return copy of list of students

Figure 8.5 Class Grades

39 This substitution principle was first clearly enunciated by Barbara Liskov and
Jeannette Wing in their 1994 paper, A behavioral notion of subtyping.

103

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