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com

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 3

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 3

2.1

2.2

CONCEPT MAP

GENERAL FORM

2.2.1 Identifying
Exercises 1

3
3

2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation

.ax2 + bx c = 0
Exercises 2

2.3

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.3.1

Factorisation
Exercises 1

6
6

2.3.2

Completing the square

Exercises 1

8
8

2.3.3 Quadratic formula

Exercises 1

10
10

2.4

PASS YEARS QUESTIONS

12

2.5

ASSESSMENT

13

ANSWERS

15

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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 3
2.1

CONCEPT MAP

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
GENERAL FORM
.ax2 + bx + c = 0

Factorization

x x = 0

Completing the square

x 2 x = 0

Formula

ROOTS
x = ,

b2 4ac

> = 0 (Positive)

=0

< = 0 (negative)

Two different
roots

Two
Equal
roots

No real
roots

Types of roots

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2.2

GENERAL FORM

2.2.1

Identifying

Example 1

Example 2

4x + 3 = 2x
2x + 3 = 0
The highest power of variable x is 1
Therefore 4x + 3 = 2x is not a quadratic
equation

x(x + 5) = 7
x2 + 5x - 7 = 0
The highest power of variable x is 2
Therefore x(x + 5) = 7 is a quadratic
equation

Exercises 1
Identify which of the following are quadratic equation
1. 3 =

5
2x

.2.

x(2x + 3) = x - 7

(3m + 5)2 = 8m

3. ( x + 4 )(2x 6) + 3 = 0

4.

5. x (7 - 2x + 3x2) = 0

6. 3x2 5 = 2x( x + 4)

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2.2.2 Recognising general form of quadratic equation .ax2 + bx c = 0

Example 1

Example 1

.x2 = 5x 9
.x2 5x + 9 = 0

4x

Compare with the general form

.ax2 + bx c = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9

x 2 2x
x

4x(x) = x2 2x
4x2 - x2 2x = 0
3x2 2x = 0
Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0

Exercises 2
Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c
1. 3x =

3.

5
2x

x( x + 4 ) = 3

.2.

(2x + 5) =

7
x

.4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3

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5.

4
x3
=
5 x
x

6.

7. px (2 x) = x 4m

9. (7 2x + 3x2) =

x2 + px = 2x - 6

8. (2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3

x 1
3

10. 7x 1 =

x 2 2x
x

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2.3.

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.3.1 Factorisation

Example 1

Example 2

.x2 + 6x + 5 = 0
( x + 3)(x + 2) = 0
.x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
.x = -3
x =-2

x + 3
.x + 2

3x
2x

.x2 + 6

5x

4(x +3) = x(2x 1)

4x + 12 = 2x2 - x
2x2 - 5x - 12 = 0
(2x + 3)(x - 4) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 or x - 4 = 0
3
.x =
x= 4
2
Therefore, The roots of the equation
are
3
.x =
and 4
2

Therefore, The roots of the equation are

.x = -3 and -2

Exercises 3
Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation

1.

x2 + 3x - 4 = 0

2.

x2 -2x = 15

3.

4x2 + 4x 3 = 0

4. 3x2 - 7x + 2 = 0

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5.

x2 = 3x 2

6.

7.

8x2 + x = 21(1 x)

8. (2y 1)(y + 4) = -7

9.

4y -

1
=3
y

10.

x(2x - 5) = 12

7 6m
=m
3m 2

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2.3.2. Completing the square

Example 1

Example 2

.x2 6x + 7 = 0
.x2 - 6x = -7
2

Rearrange in the
form
.x2 + px = q

6
6
.x 6x +
=-7 +

2
2
.x2 6x + (-3)2 = -7 + (-3)2 Add
2
(x - 3)2 = 2
coefficient..of .x

.x 3 = 2
2

To both sides
.x = 3 2
.x = 3 + 2 or 3 - 2
.x = 4.414 or 1.586
2

2x2 -5x 1 = 0
2x2 5x = 1
Change the
5
1
coefficient
2
.x - x =
of x2 to 1
2
2
2
2
5
1 5
5
2
.x - x +
= +

2
2 4
4
2

1
25
5

x = +
2
16
4

33
=
16
33
5
33
.x - =
=
4
16
4
5
33
5
33
+
or 4
4
4
4
5 33
5 33
.x =
or
4
4
.x = 2.686 or -0.186

.x =

Exercises 4
Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square

1. (x + 3 )2 = 16

2. (5x - 4)2 = 24

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3. x2 - 8x + 12 = 0

4.

3x2 + 6x 2 = 0

5.

5x2 7x + 1 = 0

6.

2x2 3x 4 = 0

7.

(x + 1)(x - 5) = 4

8.

1 -

1
3
=
x
2x 2

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Quadratic formula
Example 1

Example 2

.x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
.a = 1, b = 5, c = 2

3x2 = 4x + 2
3x2 - 4x 2 = 0
.a = 3, b = -4 , c = - 2
Using the formula

b b 2 4ac
Using the formula x =
2a
5 5 2 412
.x =
21

.x =

5 25 8
5 17
.x =
=
2
2
5 17
5 17
.x =
or
2
2
= - 0.438 or - 4.562

4
23

43 2

4 16 24
6
4 40
=
6
4 40
4 40
.x =
or
6
6
= 1.721 and 0.387

Exercises 5
Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula

1.

x2 11x + 28 = 0

2.

x2 3x + 5 = 0

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3. 2x2 + 11x + 9 = 0

4. 3x2 + 14x 9 = 0

5. 10x(2x 1) 8 = x(2x + 35)

6. (x 1)(4x 9) + 7 = 10x

7.

11v 2
= 2v
v3

8.

x 2 3x 1
=2
x2 x 1

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9.

3x 2
x3
+
=1
5
x2

2.4

10.

1 x
7
+3=
x
x5

PAST YEARS QUESTIONS

SPM 2001. PAPER 1 Question 3

1.

Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x + 3) = ( x + 4)(1 - x). Give your answer
correct to four singnificant figures.

SPM 2003. PAPER 1 Question 3

1.

Solve the quadratic equasion 2x(x 4) = (1 x)(x + 2)

Give your answer correct to four significant figures.

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2.5 ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)

1. Express 3x2 2px = 5x - 7p in genegal from

2.

Find the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x = 12

3. Find the roots of

1
x
= ,
x2
3

4. By using the quadratic formula, solve the equation 2x2 5x 1 = x(4x - 2)

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5. Solve the quadratic equation (5x 3)(x + 1) = x(2x 5) .

Give your answer correct to four significant figures.

6. Given the equation x2 + 4x 5 = (x a)2 + b , find the values of a and b

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ANSWERS
Exercises 1
1. No
3. Yes
5. No

2. Yes
4. Yes
6. Yes

Exercises 2
1. 6x2 5 = 0
2. 2x2 + 5x 7 = 0
3. x2 + 4x 3 = 0
4. x2 + x 5 = 0
5. x2 + 7x 20 = 0
6. x2 + (p 2)x + 6 = 0
7. px2 + (1 2p)x 4m = 0
8. 2x2 + (7 - k) x + k 7 = 0
9. 9x2 - 7x + 20 = 0
10. 6x2 + x = 0
Exercises 3
1. 1, -4
1
3
3.
, 2
2
5. 1, 2
7 3
,
2
4
1
9.
,1
4

7.

Exercises 4
1. 1, -7
3. 2, 6
5. 0.161, 1.239
7. 5.60, -1.60

a= 6, b = 0, c = -5
a = 2 , b = 5 , c = -7
a = 1, b = 4 , c = - 3
a = 1, b = 1, c = -5
a = 1, b = 7, c = -20
a= 1, b=(p 2), c= 6
a = p , b = (1 2p) , c = -4m
a = 2, b = (7 - k), c = (k 7)
a = 9, b = -7 c = 20
a = 6, b = 1, c = 0

2. 5, -3
1
4. , 2
3
3
6. 4,
2
1
7.
, -3
2
7
10. 1,
3

2.
4.
6.
8.

1.77, - 0.17
0.457 , - 1.437
2.351 , - 0.851
1.823, -0.823

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Exercises 5
1. 4, 7
9
3. -1,
2
5. 2.667, - 0.169
1
7. 2,
2
9. 2.812, - 0.119

2. 1.191, - 4.191
4. 0.573 , -5.239
6. 0.810, 4.94
8. 5.192, -1.925
10. -0.403, -3.069

PAST YEARS QUESTIONS

1. 0.393, -3.393

2. 2.591, -0.2573

ASSESSMENT
1. 3x2 (2p + 5)x + 7p = 0
3
2.
, 4
2
3. 3, 1
4. - 0.5, -1
5. 0.370, -2.70
6. a = 2, b = -9

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SPM

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 4

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 4
2.1

CONCEPT MAP

2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS

and

2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots

Exercises 1
2.2.2

Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the
following quadratic equations.
Exercises 2

5
5

2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION

2.3.1

2.4
2.4.1

2.4.2

2.4.3

Determine the types of roots for each of the following

quadratic equations
Exercises 3

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac )

Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic

equations which has two equal roots

Exercises 4

Find the range of values of h for each of the following

quadratic equations which roots are different

Exercises 5

Find the range of values of m for each of the following

quadratic equations which has no roots

Exercises 6

2.5

PASS YEARS QUESTIONS

2.6

ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES)

ANSWERS

10
12
14

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CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 4
2.1

CONCEPT MAP
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
GENERAL FORM
ROOTS
.x = and x =

FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATION

FROM GIVEN ROOTS

The quadratic equation

S
Sum of the roots
Product of the roots

The quadratic equation

TYPES OF ROOTS

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2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS and

Notes
If x1 = a and x2 = b
Then (x a) = 0 and (x b) = 0
(x a)(x b) = 0
2
.x bx ax + ab = 0
.x2 (a + b)x + ab = 0
Sum
of the
roots

Product
.of the
roots

ax2 + bx + c = 0
ax 2 bx
c
+
+
=0
a
a
a
.x2 +

bx
c
+ = 0 (2)
a
a

Compare with the equations (1) and (2)

.x2 ( )x + = 0 .(1)

Sum
of the
roots

Product
.of the
roots

From general form

The quadratic equation with roots

and is written as

( )=

b
c

( ) = -

.x2 ( )x + = 0 ..(1)
bx
c
x2 +
+ = 0 (2)
a
a

b
c
c
a

( The sum of the roots)

( The product of the roots)

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2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots

Exercises 1
Sum of
.the roots
( )

Roots
and
Example 1
3 , 2

Example 2
1
, -3
4

1
+ (-3)
4

Product of
.the roots

6
3
1
(- 3) =
4
4

1 12 11
=
4
4

The puadratic equation

.x2 ( )x + = 0
x2 (5)x + 6 = 0
11
3
.x2
x +
=0
4
4
4x2 + 11x 3 = 0

a) 4 , -7

b)
2,

1
3

c)
1 1
,
3 2

d)
1 2
,
5
3

e)
3k,

6k
5

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2.2.2

Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the following
quadratic equations.

Exercises 2
The puadratic equation

Sum of
.the roots

Product of
.the roots

Example 1
.x2 6x + 9 = 0
Example 1
.9x2 + 36x - 27 = 0
9 x 2 36x 27
+
=0
9
9
9
.x2 + 4x 3 = 0
a)

.x2 + 73x - 61 = 0

b)

7x2 - 14x - 35 = 0

c)

2x(x + 3) = 4x + 7

d)

2x +

-(4) = -4

2
1
=
x
4

e)
4x2 + kx + k 1 = 0

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2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION

.x =

4ac

2a
.b2 - 4ac

. b2 - 4ac = 0
. Two equal root

. b2 - 4ac > 0
. Two different

2.3.2

. b2 - 4ac < 0
. No real roots

Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

a) . x2 12x + 27 = 0
. a = 1, b = -12 , c = 27

b) .4 x2 12x + 9 = 0
. a = 4, b = -12 , c = 9

c) .2 x2 7x + 10 = 0
. a = 2, b = -7 , c = 10

.b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 4(1)(27)

= 144 108
= 36 > 0

.b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 4(4)(9)

= 144 - 144
= 0

.b2 - 4ac = (-7)2 4(2)(10)

= 49 80
= - 31< 0

Thus, 4x2 12x + 9 = 0

Has two equal roots

Thus, 2x2 7x + 10 = 0
Has no real roots

Thus, x2 12x + 27 = 0
Has two different roots

Exercises 3
1. 2x2 - 8x + 3 = 0

2.

-2y2 + 6x + 3 = 0

3. 3x2 = 7x - 5

4.

4x2 = a(4x - a)

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2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac )

The discriminant b2 - 4ac of the quadratic equation can be used to
a) find an unknown value in an equation
Example 1

Example 2

The quadratic equation x2 - 2px + 25 = 0

Has two equal roots. Find the value p

The quadratic equation x2 2kx = -(k 1)2

Has no roots. Find the range of values of k

x2 - 2px + 25 = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -2p , c = 25
Using .b2 - 4ac = 0
(-2p)2 4(1)(25) = 0
4p2 - 100 = 0
4p2 = 100
p2 = 25
p = 25
p = 5

x2 2kx = -(k 2)2

x2 2kx + (k 2)2 = 0
Compare with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Thus .a = 1, b = - 2k , c = (k 2)2
Using b2 - 4ac < 0
(-2k)2 4(k2 -2k + 1)< 0
4k2 - 4k2 + 8k 4 < 0
8k 4 < 0
8k < 4
.k < 4

2.4.1

Find the values of m for each of the following quadratic equations which
has two equal roots

Exercises 4
1.

mx2 - 4x + 1 = 0

2. x2 6x + m = 0

3.

x2 2mx + 2m + 3 = 0

4. x2 - 2mx - 4x + 1 = 0

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5. x2 + 6x - 9 = m (2x - 3)

2.4.2

6. x2 + 2(x + 2) = m(x2 + 4)

Find the range of values of h for each of the following quadratic equations
which roots are different

Exercises 5
1.

x2 - 6x - h = 0

2.

hx2 4x 3 = 0

3.

x2 + 6x + h + 3 = 0

8.

2hx2 + 4x + 1 = 0

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5.

2.4.3

x(5 2x) = h + 2

6. 2(hx2 1) = x(x 6)

Find the range of values of m for each of the following quadratic equations
which has no roots

Exercises 6
1. 2x2 + 2x - m = 0

2.

mx2 + 3x - 3 = 0

3. x2 + 2x + m - 3 = 0

4.

3x2 + 1 = 2(m + 3x)

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(h + 1)x2 + 8x + 6 = 0

5.

2.5

6. (m - 3)x2 + 2(1 m)x = -(m + 1)

PASS YEARS QUESTIONS

SPM 2001/P1 Question 4

1.

Given that -1 and h are roots of the quadratic equation

(3x 1)(x 2) = p(x 1), where p is a constant, find the values of h and p

SPM 2002/P1 Question 4

2.

Given that 3 and n are roots the equation (2x + 1)(x 4) = a(x 2),
where a and n are constants, find the values of a and n.

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SPM 2002/P1 Question 12

3.

and
are roots of the quadratic equation px(x 1) = 3q + x
3
3
If = 12 and = 3, find the values of p and q
It is given that

SPM 2004/P1 Question 4

4. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 5 and
Give your answer in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,
Where a, b, and c are constans

3
,
4

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2.6

ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES)

1. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 3 and - 4

2. Given that -3 and 4 are roots of the quadratic equation x2 + ax = b

Find the values of a and b

3. The quadratic equation x2 - kx + 2k = 4 has roots 2 and 6

Find the values of k

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.4

5.

Find the values of h if the equation x2 = 4hx - 36 has equal roots

The quadratic equation kx2 - 2(3 + k)x = 1 k has no real roots.

Find the range of vales of k

6.

The quadratic equasion x(x 2m) = - ( 3m + 4) has equal roots, find

a) the value of m
b) the roots

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ANSWERS
Exercises 1
a.
c.
e.

-3, -28, x2 + 3x 28 = 0

5 2
,
, , 3x2 -5x 2 = 0
3
3
7 2
d.
,
, 15x2 + 7x 2 = 0
15
15

b.

5 1
,
, 6x2 - 5x + 1 = 0
6 6
21k 18k 2
,
, 5x2 - 21kx 18 k2 = 0
5
5

Exercises 2
a.
c.
e.

-73 , - 61
7
-1,
,
2
k k 1
,
4
4

b. 2, - 5
1
d.
,1
8

Exercises 3
1.
3.

Two different roots

No real roots

2. Two different roots

4. Two equal roots

Exercises 4
1.
3.

m=4
m = 3 and -1

5.

m = 3 and 6

2. m = 9
4. m = - 3 and -1
3
1
6. m = and
2
2

Exercises 5
1.

h> - 9

2.

3.

h < 6
9
h<
8

4.

5.

6.

4
3
h < 2
7
h >
4

h >

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Exercises 5
1
2
m > 4
5
m>
3

3
4
4. m < -3
1
6. m >
3

1. m <
3.
5.

2.

m <

PASS YEARS QUESTIONS

4
3
n= 3

1. P = - 6 , h =
2. a = -7
3. p =

1
1
, q=
3
27

4. 4x2 + 17x 15 = 0

ASSESSMENT
x2 + x - 12 = 0
a = -1, b = 12
k=8
h= 3
9
5. k <
7
6. m = 4, -1
x = 4, -1
1.
2.
3.
4.

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