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Notes On Topology: 1 Fundamental Groups 2 Covering Spaces

This document contains notes on topology. It discusses covering spaces, fundamental groups, and lifting properties. Covering spaces are topological spaces that satisfy certain properties allowing paths in the base space to lift to paths in the covering space. Fundamental groups describe symmetries of spaces. Lifting properties state that paths and homotopies in the base space can be lifted uniquely to the covering space when the starting points are fixed. Examples of covering spaces include the real line covering the circle and spheres covering projective spaces.

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Tianyu Tao
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35 views

Notes On Topology: 1 Fundamental Groups 2 Covering Spaces

This document contains notes on topology. It discusses covering spaces, fundamental groups, and lifting properties. Covering spaces are topological spaces that satisfy certain properties allowing paths in the base space to lift to paths in the covering space. Fundamental groups describe symmetries of spaces. Lifting properties state that paths and homotopies in the base space can be lifted uniquely to the covering space when the starting points are fixed. Examples of covering spaces include the real line covering the circle and spheres covering projective spaces.

Uploaded by

Tianyu Tao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes on topology

Tianyu Tao
July 7, 2015

1 Fundamental groups
2 Covering spaces
All spaces are assumed to be path-connected and locally path-connected.
pq of a topological space X consists a space X

Definition 2.1 A covering space pX,


X, which is called the covering map, it satisfies the following
and a map p : X
conditions:
1. p is continuous and surjective (Hatcher uses a slightly different definition,
where surjectivity is not necessary, but I will stick with others);
2. for each x P X, there is a neighbourhood U of x in X such that p1 pU q
each of which is mapped homeomorphically
consists of disjoint open sets in X,
onto U by p. Such a neighborhood U is called elementary neighborhood of x,
and U is said be evenly covered
Some facts:
there is a
1. A covering map is a local homeomorphism, that is for each x P X,
nbhd of x on which p is a homeomorphism. Hence it is an open map.
2. R covers T by pptq pcos t, sin tq.
i , pi q are covering spaces of Xi for i 1, 2, then X
1 X
2 is a covering
3. If pX
space for X1 X2 . So the torus T2 is covered by R T, R R, or itself.
4. The projective space P is covered by S 2 via the natural quotient map which
identifies antipodal points.
5. A path-component A of a locally path-connected and connected subspace
with the restriction of the covering map p on A
A of the covering space X
covers A.
1

Topology

Tianyu Tao

2.1 Lifting properties


The lifting properties are the most important things to start the whole covering
space business
pq cover X with x0 P X,
and x0 pp
1. (path lifting) Let pX,
x0 q, then any path
which starts
f : I X which starts at x0 can be lifted to a path g : I X
at x0 .
with the freedom to
In other words, we can lift a path in X to a path in X
pick the starting point in the fiber of the original starting point under the
cover.
This lifted path g is unique by specifying its staring point, because:
pq cover X and Y is a connected space, with f0 , f1 : Y X
that
2. Let pX,
satisfy pf0 pf1 , then either f0 f1 agrees on all of Y or on H.
pq cover X, and g0 , g1 : I X
be two paths
3. (path homotopy lifting) Let pX,
which satisfy pg0 pg1 in X, then g0 g1 . i.e. lifts of homotopic paths
in X
are homotopic.
by path lifting, we have
pq cover X, then p1 pxq has the same cardinality for each x P X.
4. Let pX,
This number is called the number of sheets of the cover.
We have N, Z, Q, R, C, T right, and
Examples of commutative diagram:

V W

V bW
And
GpXq

Gplq

F pXq

GpY q
S

F plq

F pY q

Topology

Tianyu Tao

Lifting
x0 q
pX,
Df

pX, x0 q

Another lifting

p
f

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