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1 Summation Notation

1. Summation notation is used to represent the sum of values of a function f over integer indices from a lower limit to an upper limit. The general form is the sum from i=1 to n of f(i). 2. There are properties that apply to summations, such as additivity, linearity with respect to constants and functions, and behavior when the limits are changed. 3. Special summations exist for common functions like polynomials, where the summation can be written in closed form using other expressions.

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34 views

1 Summation Notation

1. Summation notation is used to represent the sum of values of a function f over integer indices from a lower limit to an upper limit. The general form is the sum from i=1 to n of f(i). 2. There are properties that apply to summations, such as additivity, linearity with respect to constants and functions, and behavior when the limits are changed. 3. Special summations exist for common functions like polynomials, where the summation can be written in closed form using other expressions.

Uploaded by

basudeb sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Summation Notation

When we wish to make a sum of many number, the following notation is used:
n
X

f (i) := f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + . . . + f (n 1) + f (n).

i=1

In summation notation, as this is called, the variable i is an integer and the function f is evaluated
at all integers between the lower and upper summation limits.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.

P5
3

i2 = 32 + 42 + 52 = 50

P10
1

P3
1

P2
0

i = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55

1+1+1=3
sin(i 2 ) = sin(0) + sin( 2 ) + sin() = 1

Summation Properties

Constant
Additivity
Linearity
Constant Multiple
Summation Limits
Monotonicity
Examples:

Pn
i=1 c = nc
Pn
P
P
f (i) + g(i) = ni=1 f (i) + ni=1 g(i)
i=1
Pn
P
P
= a ni=1 f (i) + b ni=1 g(i)
i=1 af (i) + bg(i)
Pn
P
cf (i) = c i=1 nf (i)
Pi=1
P
P
b
f (i) + ci=b f (i) = ci=a f (i)
i=a
Pb
i=a c = (b a + 1)c
Pb
Pb

If f (i) g(i) for each i then

1. For i 3, i2 9, therefore

P10
3

3 = 3(10 2)

i=a

P10
3

f (i)
i2

Special Summations

Constant

Pn

c = nc
n(n+1)
i=1 i =
2
Pn
n(n+1)(2n+1)
2
i
=
i=1
6
Pn
n(n+1) 2
3
i
=
(
)
i=1
2
Examples:

1.

Pn
1

Pi=1
n

2i 3i2 = 2

Pn

i=1

i3

Pn

i=1

i2 = 2 n(n+1)
3 n(n+1)(2n+1)
2
6

i=a

g(i)

Area Computation by Regular Partitions

To find the area of the region bounded by the graph y = f (x) (with f (x) 0), the vertical lines x = a
and x = b and the x-axis (that is, the area under the curve y = f (x) between a and b, proceed as follows:
1. Subdivide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals [xi1 , xi ], of equal width x =
xi = a + ix.

ba
.
n

The endpoints

2. In each interval, determine a point xi by a prescribed method. For example, for circumscribed
rectangles choose xi equal to the point where the absolute maximum of f occurs in the interval
(assuming f is continuous.)
3. Form the approximation to the area using the Riemann sum,
i=n
X

f (xi )x

i=1

and simplify using summation formulae.


4. Find the limit as n goes to infinity.
If f is a continuous function, this limit exists and is called the definite integral of f from a to b and
denoted:
Z b
f
a

Exercise

Find the area under the curve y = x2 + x from x = 1 to x = 2 using the method of regular partitions
and circumscribed rectangles.
6
5
4
3
2
1

0.5

1.5

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