The Indian Engineering College Vadakankulam

Department of Mechanical Engineering

UNIT - I

1. Distinguish between space diagram and free body diagram

Space Diagram is a graphical representation of the system. It generally shows the shape and
size of the system, the weight, the externally applied loads, the connection and the supports of the
system.
Free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which shows all the pertinent
weight forces, the externally applied loads, the reaction from its supports and the connections acting
upon it by the removed elements.
2. Define Static force analysis.
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However the
magnitudes of these forces are small compared to externally applied loads. Hence the inertia effects
due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.
3. Define force and applied force.
Force is a pull or push, which acts on the body changes or tends to change the state of rest or
uniform motion of the body.
The external force acting on a system of body from outside the system are called as applied
forces.
4. Give any 3 advantages of free body diagram
They assist in seeing and understanding all aspects of problem
They help in planning the approach to the problem
They make mathematical relations easier to the problem.
5. When will the three force member is in equilibrium.
The resultant of forces is zero.
The line of action of the forces intersect at a point.
6. When will the two force member is in equilibrium.
The two forces are of same magnitude.
The forces acting along same line.
The forces are in opposite direction.
7. Differentiate static force analysis and dynamic force analysis.
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However the
magnitudes of these forces are small compared to externally applied loads. Hence the inertia effects
due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.
If the inertia effect due to masses of the component is also considered it is called as dynamic
force analysis.
8. Define Inertia.
The property of matter offering resistance to any change of its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line is knows as inertia.
9. State DAlemberts principle.
DAlemberts principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and
torques acting together result in static equilibrium.
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10. What do you mean by equivalent offset inertia force?

It is the force which can replace both inertia force and inertia torque.

11. Define Inertia force.

It is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body brings it in an equilibrium
position.
Inertia force = - Accelerating force = - m.a
12. Define Inertia torque.
It is an imaginary torque, which when applied upon the rigid body, brings it in equilibrium
position. It is equal to the accelerating couple in magnitude but opposite in direction.
13. Define maximum fluctuation of speed.
The difference between maximum and minimum during a cycle is called as maximum
fluctuation of speed.
E = Max energy Min Energy.
14. List out few machines in which flywheel are used.
A) Punching Machines B) Shearing Machines C) Rivetting Machines D) Crushing Machines.
15. Why smaller fly wheels is used in multi cylinder engines.
In a multi cylinder engine, there are one or more number of power strokes per revolution of
the crank shaft. So lesser energy is to be stored in the flywheel. Hence smaller flywheel is sufficient.
16. Differentiate the functions of flywheel and governor.
S. No
1

2
3

Flywheels
The function of flywheel is to reduce the
fluctuations of speed during a cycle above
and below the mean value for constant
load from the prime mover.
It works continuously from cycle to cycle.
It has no influence on mean speed of the
prime mover.

Governors
Its function is to control the mean speed over
a period for output load variations
Its works intermittently i.e. only when there is
change in the load.
It has no influence over cyclic speed
fluctuations.

17. Define turning moment diagram.

It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of
the crank. The turning moment is taken in Y-Axis and crank angle is taken in X-Axis for plotting the
turning moment diagram.
18. Define the principle of superposition.
It states that for linear systems the individual responses to several disturbances or driving
functions can be superposed on each other to obtain the total response of the system.
19. Define turning moment.
In all reciprocating engines, force acting on piston due to expansion of charges or gases,
develops a torque on crank shaft, by means of connecting rod and crank mechanism. This torque is
called as turning moment or crank effort.
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20. Define coeft of maximum fluctuation of energy.

It is the ratio between max fluctuation of energy and the work done per cycle.
CE = Maximum Fluctuation of energy
Work done per cycle
21. Define coeft of maximum fluctuation of speed.
The ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called as coeft of maximum
fluctuation of speed.
CS = N1 N2 = 2(N1 N2)
N
(N1+N2)
N1 Max Speed : N2 Min Speed
22. Define crank pin effort.
The component of FQ perpendicular to crank is known as crank pin effort.
23. Define crank effort.
Crank effort is the product of crank pin effort ( FT) and crank pin radius (r).
24. State the function of a flywheel.
The function of flywheel is to reduce the fluctuations of speed during a cycle above and
below the mean value for constant load from the prime mover.
25. How will you reduce a dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent problem of static
equilibrium?
By applying DAlemberts principle to a dynamic analysis problem, we can reduce it into an
equivalent problem of static equilibrium.

UNIT II
1. Write the importance of balancing?
If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces are set up
which may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system. So the balancing of
machine is necessary.
2. Why balancing of dynamic forces are necessary?
If dynamic forces are not balanced, they will cause worse effects such as wear and tear on
bearings and excessive vibrations on machines. It is very common in cam shafts, steam turbine
rotors, engine crank shafts and centrifugal pumps etc.
3. Write the different types of balancing.
Balancing of rotating masses
1. Static Balancing
2. Dynamic balancing
Balancing of reciprocating masses.

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4. Define static balancing.

A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of the
system lies on the axis of rotation.
5. State the condition for static balancing.
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action
of their centrifugal forces must be same.
6. Dynamic balancing implies static balancing. Justify.
Condition for dynamic balancing are
1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This is the condition for
static balancing.
2. The net couple due to dynamic forces acting on the shaft is zero.
From the above it is understood that dynamically balanced system must be initially statically
balanced one.
7. Write the condition for complete balancing.
1. The resultant centrifugal force must be zero.
2. The resultant couple must be zero.
8. Differentiate static and dynamic balancing
S. No Static Balancing
1
The dynamic forces as a result of the
unbalanced masses are balanced by
introducing balancing masses in the plane of
rotation or diff planes
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is
made zero.
2
It deals with only balancing of dynamic
forces.

Dynamic Balancing
The arrangement made in static balancing
gives rise to a couple which tends to rock the
shaft in the bearing.
Dynamic balancing considers the net couple
as well as net dynamic force to do complete
balancing.
It deals with balancing of dynamic force and
balancing couple due to dynamic force.

9. The product of rotating mass and perpendicular distance between the rotating mass and
reference plane is called as ----------------------------.
(Ans: Mass Moment).
10. Write the equation for balancing a single rotating mass by a single mass.
m1r1 = m2r2
11. Define Dalbys method of balancing masses.
Dalbys method is used for balancing several masses rotating in different planes. In this
method several forces acting on several planes are transferred to a single reference plane.
12. Write the phenomenon of transferring forces from one plane to another.
Transferring a force (F) from one plane to another plane having a distance l is equivalent to
transfer of same force F in magnitude and direction in the reference plane is accompanied by a
couple of magnitude Fl.

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13. Whether grinding wheels are balanced or not. If so Why?

Yes. The grinding wheels are properly balanced by inserting some low density materials. If
not the required surface finish wont be obtained and the vibration will cause much noise.
14. Whether your watch needles are properly balanced?
Yes my watch needles are properly balanced by providing some extra projection in the
opposite direction.
15. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating masses?
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite to the
crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives rise to hammer
blow. In order to reduce hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is balanced. Hence complete
balancing is not possible.
16. What are the various cases of balancing revolving masses?
1. Balancing of single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
2. Balancing of single rotating mass by a two masses rotating in the diff plane.
3. Balancing of several rotating masses in single plane.
4. Balancing of several rotating masses in different plane.
17. Why cranks of a locomotive are generally at right angles to one another?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position the cranks of a locomotive are
generally at right angles to one another.
18. What are the effects of unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke of two cylinder
locomotive?
1. Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke
2. Swaying couple.
19. Define tractive force.
The resultant unbalanced force due to the 2 cylinders along the line of stroke, is known as
tractive force.
20. Define swaying couple.
The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the line of stroke of 2 cylinders constitute
a couple in the horizontal direction. This couple is called as swaying couple.
21. What is the effect of hammer blow and what is the cause it?
The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel and the
rail, such that vehicle vibrates vigorously. Hammer blow is caused due to the effect of unbalanced
primary force acting perpendicular to the line of stroke.
22. What are in-line engines?
Multi-cylinder engines with the cylinder centre lines in the same plane and on the same side
of the centre line of the crankshaft are known as in-line engine.

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23. Give the reason for selecting different firing orders.

In multi cylinder engines there are several possibilities of the order in which firing takes
place. To overcome the problems of vibration, fuel distribution, exhaust distribution etc. the
designers select different firing orders.
24. What are the conditions to be satisfied for complete balance of in-line engine?
1. The algebraic sum of the primary and secondary forces must be zero.
2. The algebraic sum of the couples due to primary and secondary forces must be zero.
25. Why radial engines are preferred?
In radial engines the connecting rods are connected to a common crank and hence the plane
of rotation of the various cranks is same, therefore there are no unbalanced primary or secondary
couples. Hence radial engines are preferred.

UNIT III
1. What are the causes of vibration?
The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, self excitations,
winds and earthquakes.
2. Define period and cycle of vibration.
Period: It is the time interval after which the motion is repeated itself.
Cycle: It is defined as the motion completed during one time period.
3. Define frequency of vibration.
It is the number of cycles described in one second. Unit-Hz.
4. How will you classify vibration?
A) Free vibrations
a) Longitudinal vibration b) Transverse vibration c) Torsional vibration
B) Forced vibrations
C) Damped vibrations.
5. What is free vibration?
When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement, then the body
is said to be under free vibrations.
6. What do you mean by damping and damped vibration?
Damping: The resistance against the vibration is called damping.
Damped vibration: When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then
the motion is said to be damped vibrations.
7. Define resonance.
When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of a vibrating body,
the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as resonance.
8. What do you mean by a degree of freedom or movability?
The number of independent coordinates required to completely define the motion of a system
is known as degree of freedom of the system.
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9. A cantilever beam has ---------------- number of degree of freedom. ( Ans: infinite).

10. Define steady state vibration.
In ideal systems, the free vibration indefinitely as there is no damping. Such vibration is
termed as steady state vibration.
11. List out methods of finding the natural frequency of free longitudinal vibration.
a) Energy method
b) Equilibrium method
c) Rayleighs method.
12. What is the principle of Rayleighs method of finding natural of vibrations?
The principle of Rayleighs method is the maximum kinetic energy at the mean position is
equal to the maximum potential energy (or strain energy) at the extreme postion.
13. A shaft supported in long bearing is assumed to have --------------- for solving transverse
vibration problems.
( Ans: Both ends fixed)
14. The damping force per unit velocity is known as ---------------. (Ans: damping coefficient)
15. Define critical or whirling or whipping speed of shaft.
The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft. In other words, the
speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of rotation
becomes infinite is known as critical speed.
16. What are the factors that affect the critical speed of a shaft?
The critical speed essentially depends on
a) The eccentricity of the C.G of the rotation masses from the axis of rotation of the
shaft,
b) Diameter of the disc
c) Span (length) of the shaft
d) Type of supports connections at its ends.
17. What are the causes of critical speed?
a) Eccentric mountings.
b) Bending due to self weight
c) Non-Uniform distribution of rotor material.
18. Define vibration.
Any motion which repeats itself after as interval of time is called as vibration or oscillation.
19. Define forced vibration.
When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said to be
under forced vibrations.
20. What is longitudinal vibration?
When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the
vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations.
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21. Define transient vibration.

In real systems, the amplitude of vibration decays continuously because of natural
damping and vanishes finally. Such vibration in real system is called transient vibration.
22. Define amplitude.
The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from the mean position is amplitude.
23. What is simple harmonic motion?
The motion of a body to and fro about a fixed point is simple harmonic motion.
24. What are transverse vibrations?
When the particles of the shaft or disc move approximately perpendicular to the axis of the
shaft, then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.
25. What are torsional vibrations?
When the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then the
vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.

UNIT IV
1. A vibrating system consist of a mass of 7 kg and a spring stiffness 50 N/cm and damper of
damping coefficient 0.36 Ncm-1 sec. Find the damping factor.
M= 7kg, s=50 N/cm, c= 0.36 Ncm-1 sec= 36N/m/sec
n = (s/m) = (5000/7) = 26.72 rad/sec
cc = 2m = 2x7x26.72 = 374.16 N/m/s
Damping factor = c/ cc = 0.0962.
2. What is the relationship between frequencies of undamped and damped vibrations?
fd/fn = (d / 2) / (n / 2) = (d / n )

3. What is meant by transmissibility?

When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on the
machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called as transmissibility.
4. Define transmissibility ratio or isolation factor
The ratio of force transmitted (Ft) to the applied force (F) is known as transmissibility ratio.

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5. Briefly explain elastic suspension.

When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational force
produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation. This is elastic
suspension.
6. Specify any 2 industrial applications where the transmissibility effects of vibration are
important.
1. All machine tools
2. All turbo machines.
7. Specify the importance of vibration isolation.
When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration in the
foundation. So, in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission of forces to the
foundation, vibration isolation is important.
8. What are the methods of isolating the vibration?
1. High speed engines/machines mounted on foundation and supports cause vibrations of
excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces. It can be minimized by providing spring
damper.
2. The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork etc. These are placed
between the foundation and vibrating body.
9. Define forced vibration.
When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said to be
under forced vibrations.
10. Give some examples of forced vibration.
1. Ringing of electrical bell where the vibration is by means of electrical means.
2. The vibrations of air compressors, IC engines, machine tools and various other machinery.
11. What are the various types of external forces that cause vibration?
1. Periodic forces
2. Impulsive type forces
3. Random forces
12. Define transient vibration.
In real systems, the amplitude of vibration decays continuously because of natural
damping and vanishes finally. Such vibration in real system is called transient vibration.
13. Define magnification factor or dynamic magnifier.
The ratio of the maximum displacement(
) to the static deflection under static force F0
(x0) is known as magnification factor.
= M.F
14. Define frequency response curve.
A curve between the magnification factor and frequency ratio (
) is known as frequency
response curve.

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15. What is phase response curve?

A curve between phase angle () and frequency ratio (
curve.

) is known as phase frequency

16. What are the types isolation?

1. Force isolation
2. Motion isolatioin
17. What is force isolation?
Vibrations produced in unbalanced machines should be isolated from the foundation so that
the adjoining structure is not set into vibrations. This type is force isolation
18. What is motion isolation?
The unbalanced machines are isolated from their foundation so that there should not be any
damage either to the machines or the foundation. This is motion isolation.
19. Define force transmissibility.
It is defined as the ratio of the force transmitted FT (to the foundation) to the force applied on
the F0.
20. Write the equation for phase angle.

21. Define logarithmic decrement.

Logairthmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor.
The amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the
mean position.
22. What is meant by harmoninc forcing?
The term harmoninc forcing refers to a spring mass system with viscous damoing, excited by
a sinusoidal harmonic force.
23. What is vibration isolation?
The term vibration isolation refers to the prevention or minimisation of vibrations and their
transmission due to unbalanced machines.

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24. Sketch the graph for frequency response curve.

25. Sketch the graph for phase-frequency response curve

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UNIT V

1. Explain the function of governors.

The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits
whenever there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and hence the fuel supply
to cater the load variations on engines.
2. What is the principle of working of centrifugal governors?
The centrifugal governors are based on balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by
an equal and opposite radial force.
3. Differentiate the functions of flywheel and governor.
S. No
1

2
3

Flywheels
The function of flywheel is to reduce the
fluctuations of speed during a cycle above
and below the mean value for constant
load from the prime mover.
It works continuously from cycle to cycle.
It has no influence on mean speed of the
prime mover.

Governors
Its function is to control the mean speed over
a period for output load variations
Its works intermittently i.e. only when there
is change in the load.
It has no influence over cyclic speed
fluctuations.

4. What is the principle of inertia governors?

In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular
acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their position.
5. What is equilibrium speed?
The speed at which the governor balls arms, sleeve etc, are in complete equilibrium and there
is no upward or downward movement of the sleeve on the spindle is known as equilibrium speed.
6. Explain controlling force?
An equal and opposite force to the centrifugal force acting radially inwards (1.e. centripetal
force) is termed as controlling force of a governor.
7. Explain governor effect?
The mean force acting on the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed for lift of the
sleeve is known as governor effect.
8. Define power of governor.
The power of governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed.
It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the distance through which the sleeve moves.
Power = Mean effort X Lift of sleeve.
9. Explain sensitiveness of governors?
The sensitiveness is defines as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference between the
maximum and minimum speeds.
Sensitiveness = N/N1 N2 = 2(N1 + N2)/ (N1 N2)
N1 Max Speed : N2 Min Speed
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10. Define the coefficient of sensitiveness.

It is the ratio between range of speed and mean speed.
Coefficient of sensitiveness = Range of speed/mean Speed
= N1 N2 /N
11. What is meant by hunting?
The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below the mean
speed is termed as hunting. This occurs in over sensitive governors.
12. Explain the term stability of governor?
A governor is said to be stable if there is only one radius of rotation for all equilibrium
speeds of the balls within the working range. If the equilibrium speed increases the radius of
governor ball must also increase.
13. What is controlling force diagram?
When the graph is drawn between the controlling force as ordinate and radius of rotation of
the balls as abscissa, the graph so obtained is called controlling force diagram.
14. What are the uses of controlling force diagram?
Controlling force diagram is used to examine the stability and sensitiveness of the governor
and also shows the effect of friction on governors performance.
15. Give the applications of gyroscopic couple.
1. In instrument or toy known as gyroscope.
2. In ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves.
3. In aeroplanes, monorail cars and gyro compass. Etc
16. Define steering.
It is the turning of a complete ship in a curve towards left or right, while it moves forward.
17. Define pitching.
It is the movement of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about transverse axis.
18. Why there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of a ship during rolling?
We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis of procession should
always be perpendicular to the axis of the spin. In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession is
always parallel to the axis of spin for all positions. Hence there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple
acting on a body of the ship during rolling.
19. The force end of a ship is called --------------- and the rear end is known as -------------(Ans: bow; stern or aft)
20. The left hand and the right hand sides of the ship when viewed from the stern are called -------------- and ------------------------- respectively.
(Ans: port; star-board)
21. Discuss the effect of the gyroscopic couple on a 2 wheeled vehicle when taking a turn.
The gyroscopic couple will act over the vehicle outwards. The tendency of this couple is to
over turn the vehicle in outward direction.

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22. A disc is spinning with an angular velocity rad/s about the axis of spin. The couple
applied to the disc causing precession will be
(Ans: 1.. p)
23. Explain gyroscopic couple.
If a body having moment of inertia I and rotating about its own axis at rad/s is also caused
to turn at p rad/s about an axis perpendicular to the axis of spin, then it experiences a gyroscopic
couple of magnitude (1.. p) in an axis which is perpendicular to both the axis of spin and axis of
precession.
24. The engine of an aeroplane rotates in clockwise direction when seen from the tail end and
the aeroplane takes a turn to the left. The effect of gyroscopic couple on the aeroplane will be ---------.
(Ans: to raise nose and dip the tail).
25. The rotor of a ship rotates in clockwise direction when viewed from the stern and the ship
takes a left turn. The effect of gyroscopic couple acting on will be ---------------------------.
(Ans: to move the ship towards star-board.)

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