Periodic table of elements

18

1
1

Rows in the table represent the periods and get longer as the atomic
numbers increase. The number of electrons increase from left to right
across the table. There are eighteen groups represented by columns
in the table; these groups have chemical features in common and
have the same number of electrons in the outer orbit of the atoms.
Most of the elements are metals with the non-metals occurring more
frequently in groups thirteen to eighteen. Groups one to twelve are
exclusively metals and on the boundary between the two are
metalloids which display properties of both metals and non-metals.
Some of the groups have collective names: group one are the alkali
metals; group two are the alkaline earth metals; group eleven are the
coinage metals; group seventeen are the halogens; and group
eighteen are the noble gases. The first widely recognised table was
published in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.

Hydrogen

1.0079

Li

2
1

9.0122

6.9410

Na

2
8
1

Sodium

2
8
8
1

Rb

2
8
18
8
1

85.4680

Cs
Cesium

2
8
18
18
8
1

Fr

Francium
(223.0000)

20

Ca

2
8
8
2

38

Sr

2
8
18
8
2

Sc

2
8
18
32
18
8
1

88

Ra
Radium

44.9560

47.8670

50.9420

39

2
8
18
9
2

40

Zr

2
8
18
10
2

Zirconium
91.2240

72

E57 - E71

Hf
Hafnium

2
8
18
32
10
2

104

E89 - E103

Rf

Rutherfordium

226.0300

2
8
18
32
32
10
2

261.1100

57

La

Lanthanium

2
8
18
18
9
2

138.9100

89

Ac

Actinium

(227.0000)

58

Ce
Cerium

90

Th

Thorium

232.0381

2
8
11
2

Gas
element

2
8
18
7

35

Br
Bromine
79.9040

Atomic weight (of

2
8
18
20
8
2

Cr

2
8
13
1

51.9960
2
8
18
12
1

42

2
8
18
13
1

25

54.9380

55.8450

43

Technetium

92.9060

95.9400

(98.0000)

Ta

Tantalum

105

Db
Dubnium

59

Pr

Praseodyium

91

Pa

Protactinium
231.0359

74

Tungsten

2
8
18
32
12
2

183.8400
2
8
18
32
32
11
2

106

Sg

Seaborgium

60

Nd

Neodymium

2
8
18
22
8
2

144.2400
2
8
18
32
20
9
2

92

Uranium
238.0300

Re
Rhenium

107

Bh
Bohrium

61

Ru

2
8
14
2

2
8
18
32
13
2

76

Os
Osmium

108

Hs
Hassium

2
8
18
15
1

62

45

Rh
77

Ir

Iridium

109

Mt

Meitnerium

93

Np

Neptunium
237.0500

Samarium

2
8
18
24
8
2

63

94

Pu

Plutonium
(244.0000)

Europium

2
8
18
32
24
8
2

95

46

Pd

2
8
18
32
32
15
2

2
8
18
18

47

Ag

Palladium

Silver

106.4200

107.8700

78

Pt

Platinum

2
8
18
32
17
1

Helium

14

13
5

2
3

Boron

13

Al

110

Ds

Darmstadium

64

Gd

Gadolinium

96

79

Au

Gold

2
8
18
32
32
16
2

111

Rg

Roentgenium

65

Tb

Terbium

97

Am Cm Bk

Americium
(243.0000)

Curium

(247.0000)

2
8
18
18
1

2
8
18
32
18
1

2
8
3

Berkelium

(247.0000)

48

2
8
18
32
32
17
2

2
8
18
18
2

49

Cd In
Cadmium

Indium

112.4100

114.8200

80

Hg
Mercury

2
8
18
32
18
2

112

Cn

Copernicium

66

Dy

Dysprosium

98

Cf

Californium
(251.0000)

2
8
18
3

81

Tl

Thallium

2
8
18
18
3

2
8
18
32
32
18
2

113

2
8
18
32
18
3

2
8
18
32
32
18
3

67

Ho
Holmium

99

Es

Einsteinium
(252.0000)

2
8
18
4

As

Arsenic

72.6400

74.9220

50

Sn

2
8
18
18
4

82

Pb
Lead

2
8
18
32
18
4

114

Flerovium

68

Er
Erbium

100

2
8
5

51

Sb

2
8
18
32
32
18
4

2
8
18
5

34

Se
52

Te

Antimony

Tellurium

121.7600

127.6000

83

Bi

Bismuth

115

2
8
18
32
18
5

84

Po
Polonium

69

2
8
18
32
32
18
5

116

Livermorium

2
8
18
31
8
2

70

101

Ytterbium

102

Fm Md No
Fermium

(257.0000)

Mendelevium
(258.0000)

Nobelium

(259.0000)

Cl

2
8
18
18
6

2
8
18
32
18
6

2
8
7

35.4530

39.9480

35

Br

2
8
18
7

53

36

Kr

2
8
18
18
7

54

Xe

Xenon

126.9000

131.2900

At

Astatine

117

2
8
18
32
18
7

86

Rn
Radon

71

Lu
Lutetium

103

Lr

Lawrencium
(262.0000)

2
8
18
18
8

2
8
18
32
18
8

222.0000
2
8
18
32
32
18
7

118

Uus Uuo
Ununseptium

2
8
18
8

83.8000

Iodine

85

2
8
8

Krypton

Ununoctium
(294.0000)

2
8
18
32
9
2

174.9700
0
18
32
32
8
2

Ar

Argon

(294.0000)

2
8
18
32
8
2

18

Chlorine

(210.0000)
2
8
18
32
32
18
6

Ne

2
8

20.1797

79.9040

173.0400
2
8
18
32
31
8
2

17

10

Neon

Bromine

(293.0000)

Tm Yb

Thulium

2
8
18
6

(209.0000)

Uup Lv
Ununpentium

2
8
6

78.9600
2
8
18
18
5

2
7

18.9984

Selenium

168.9300
2
8
18
32
30
8
2

4.0026

Fluorine

32.0650

(288.0000)

2
8
18
30
8
2

16

Sulphur

208.9800

167.2600
2
8
18
32
29
8
2

33

Germanium

(289.0000)

2
8
18
29
8
2

2
6

15.9994

30.9738

207.2000

164.9300
2
8
18
32
28
8
2

Ge

15

17

Oxygen

Phosphorus

118.7100

(284.0000)

2
8
18
28
8
2

32

Uut Fl
Ununtrium

2
8
4

Tin

204.3800

162.5000
2
8
18
32
27
8
2

Ga

Si

2
5

14.0070

28.0855

69.7230

(285.0000)

2
8
18
27
8
2

31

14

Nitrogen

Silicon

Gallium

200.5900

158.9300
2
8
18
32
25
9
2

Zn

2
8
18
2

2
4

12.0107

26.9815

65.3900

(280.0000)

2
8
18
25
9
2

30

16

15

Carbon

10.8110

Zinc

196.9700

157.2500
2
8
18
32
25
8
2

Cu

2
8
18
1

63.5460

(281.0000)

2
8
18
25
8
2

29

He

12

Copper

195.0800

151.9600

150.3600
2
8
18
32
23
8
2

2
8
18
32
15
2

266.1400

Pm Sm Eu
Promethium

2
8
18
16
1

192.2200
2
8
18
32
32
14
2

Ni

2
8
16
2

58.6930

102.9100
2
8
18
32
14
2

28

11

Nickel

Rhodium

264.1300

2
8
18
23
8
2

Co

2
8
15
2

58.9330

190.2300
2
8
18
32
32
13
2

27

10

Cobalt

101.0700

(145.0000)
2
8
18
32
20
9
2

44

Ruthenium

262.1200

226.0300

2
8
18
21
8
2

75

2
8
18
14
1

186.2100
2
8
18
32
32
12
2

26

Iron

Molybdenum

2
8
18
32
11
2

2
8
13
2

Manganese

Niobium

73

Mn Fe

Nb Mo Tc

140.9100
2
8
18
32
18
10
2

24

Chromium

262.1100

140.1200
2
8
18
32
18
9
2

41

180.9500

178.4900
2
8
18
32
18
8
2

23

Vanadium

88.9060

Barium

Ti

2
8
10
2

Titanium

87.6200

Ba

22

Scandium

Yttrium

2
8
18
18
8
2

2
8
9
2

21

Strontium

56

137.3300

132.9100

87

40.0780

Rubidium

55

Liquid
element

Aluminium

Calcium

39.0980

Mg

2
8
2

24.3050

Potassium

37

12

Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Other metals
Other non-metals
Halogens
Inert gases
Lanthanides
Actinides
Trans-actinides
(Manmade atoms
that exist for less
than a second)

Radioactive
element

Magnesium

22.9898

19

Be

2
2

Beryllium

Lithium

11

Atomic number
(number of protons
in an atom)
Chemical
formula
Number of
electrons
orbiting in
each shell

2
8
18
32
32
9
2

2
8
18
32
32
18
8