lg0f{o g+=**@)

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L a}Bgfy pkfWofo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdgf/fo0f bf;
@)^^DF))@$
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.@#.%
ljifoM c+z btf{ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lh= af/f, jl/ofk'/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= @ a:g] lzjgfy ;fx sfg"
lj4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lh= af/f, jl/ofk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
@ a:g] ljZjgfy ;fx sfg"
z' km};nf ug]{
df=Gof=>L zflGt/fh ;'jb] L
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L uf]ljGbs'df/ pkfWofo
df=Gof=>L cfTdf/fd e/fO{
o; cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk]t| L
k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gn] g}
clwsf/ lbO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xLcg'k
k'g/fj]bg kg]{ cjlw afFsL 5 jf 5}g eGg]
;d]tsf ljifodf oyfy{ tYo a'emL sfg"gsf]
/Lt k'ofO{ k'g/fj]bg k/] gk/]sf] osLg
u/L Ps}k6s cfkm\gf] txaf6 lg/f]k0f ug'{
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntsf] sfg"gL st{Jo
x'g] .
sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L
gx'bF } k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 s]jn jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 ePsf] km};nfn]
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL
697

xsnfO{ ;+sl' rt, lgolGqt jf lgik|efjL

agfpg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s' g } Pp6f ljjfbdf s' g } Pstxsf]
cbfntaf6 b'Oj{ 6f km};nf x'g ;Qm}g .
s'g} sfo{ljlwut q'l6 jf cbfntsf] e"n
jf uNtLaf6 Pp6} ljjfbdf klg klxn]
Psk| s f/sf] km} ; nf eP klg kl5
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;f]xL
ljjfbdf pxL txsf] cbfntaf6 csf]{
km};nf x'g uPsf] /x]5 eg] ljjflbt
ljifosf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljjfbsf
b'jk} IfnfO{ a'emL b'j} kIfsf] s'/f ;'gL
k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L ePsf] kl5Nnf]
km};nfnfO{ g} ;f] txsf] cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cflwsfl/s km};nf dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
zDe' yfkf tyf ljfg clwjQmfx
O{Zj/Lk|;fb e/fO{ / /fdljnf; /fpt
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf lszf]/
clwsf/L, ljfg clwjQmfx dgdf]xg
ltdN;]gf / ljhos'df/ u'Ktf
cjnlDa ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt @)^).%.#) sf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ eO{ ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'bF f ;f] Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzxsf] km/skm/s /fo eO{ lg0f{ofy{ o;
Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo Pj+
lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
lktf ;'/h ;fx sfg"sf] b'O{ 5f]/fdWo] h]7f]
d jfbL, sfG5f] k|ltjfbL ePsf]df lktf / cfdfsf]
:juf{/f]x0f e};s]sf] 5 . lktf / sfsf xl/x/ ;fx
sfg"sf] aLrdf ldlt @)!(.!!.@^ df c+za08fsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

lnvt /lhi6z
] g kf; u/L cnucnu a;L cfpg'
ePsf] lyof] . ljkIfLn] wg ;DklQ n'sfpg nfUbf
ldlt @)%%.%.@% sf lbg c+z dfUbf glbPsf]n]
lkm/fb k/]sf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt
sfod u/L tfobftL kmfF6jf/L lnO{ b'O{ c+lzof/f
x'bF f b'O{ v08sf] Ps v08 c+z 5'6o\ fO{ d]/f] gfpFdf
btf{ ;d]t ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf]
ldlt @)%%.^.@! sf] lkm/fb bfjL .
bfjLadf]lhd k':tfjnL 7Ls} 5 . d]/f]
5f]/fsf] hUuf ;uf]nsf] e} /fh]z, dgf]hk|;fbsf
gfpFdf v/Lb u/]sf] xf] eGg] jfbLsf] egfO{ kmh"n
xf] . d}n] jL/u~h gu/ ljsf; ;ldltaf6 lsg]sf]
Kn6 g+=&(^ sf] hUuf / as;kqaf6 kfPsf hUuf
;d]t c+za08fsf] !* g+= sf] cfwf/df lghL cfh{g
/ as;kqsf] hUuf x'bF f ;f]df jfbLn] c+z kfpg'kg]{
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ldlt
@)%%.!).!! sf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
jfbL k|ltjfbLxaf6 tfobftL kmfF6jf/L
bflvn u/fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%^.!).# sf] z' lhNnf cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ jfbL / k|ltjfbLsf
;fIfLsf] askq e} ldl;n ;+nUg /x]5 .
gftf / c+za08f gePsf] s'/fdf d'v
ldn]s} b]lvPsf]n] a'lemP;Ddsf] k|df0faf6 jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 c+z kfpg] g} b]lvof] . jfbLn] ldlt
@)%^.!!.@@.! df / k|ltjfbLn] @)%^.!!.@# df
bflvnf u/]sf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt
hUufaf6 b'O{ v08sf] Ps v08 c+z jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 5'6o\ fO{ lng kfpg] / c+z kfPsf] btf{
x'g] hUuf jfbLsf] gfddf btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.@.@( sf] km};nf .
af/f lhNnf cbfntn] km};nf ubf{ d}n]
tfobftL kmfF6jf/Lsf] bkmf @ df plNnlvt lghL
cfh{gaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] / as;kqaf6 k|fKt hUuf
a08f gnfUg] u/L ePsf] km};nfdf ;f] xb;Dd lrQ
a'em]sfn] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ lng' k/]g . jfbLn] k]z
u/]sf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt ls=g+=!%! /

!%# sf] hUuf ;'/h ;fxsf gfpFdf btf{ geO{

cnUu} JolQm cyf{t\ xl/x/ ;fxsf 5f]/f ;'bfdf
;fxsf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf]df a08f nufpFbf hUufsf]
btf{ ptf/ / btf{jfnf JolQm ;d]tnfO{ ga'emL
a08f nfUg] 7x/ u/]sf] / d}n] k]z u/]sf] tfobftL
ljj/0fsf] ls=g+=^%& sf] hUuf a08f nfUg], gnfUg]
;DaGwdf s]xL gaf]nL z' lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nfdf d'ns
' L P]g c=j+=!*$s=, !*%, !*(,
!(@ / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ sf] q'l6
ePsfn] ;f] xb;Ddsf] z' km};nf ab/ u/L Gofo
kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ldlt @)%(.$.#
df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
a08f nfUg] u/L ePsf] ls=g+=!%! / !%#
sf] hUuf lkmN8a'saf6 /fdsnL sg"Ogsf] gfpFdf
/x]sf] k'g/fj]bssf] clesyg cg';f/ ;'/h ;fx
sfg"sf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf], jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFdf
btf{ /x]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf btf{jfnf JolQm
c+lzof/ x'g\ xf]Ogg\ ;f] / To:tf] btf{ ga'emL tyf
jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] ;+oQ' m gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] ls=g+=^%&
sf] hUuf tfobftLdf pNn]v eP klg a08f gu/]sf]
z' km};nf k|df0f u|x0fsf] /f]xdf km/s kg{;Sg]
b]lvFbf ljkIfL lemsfpg' . ;fy} ls=g+=!%! / !%#
hUuf s;sf] gfpFdf 5 a'emL k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, x]6f}8+ faf6 ldlt @)%(.(.@@ df ePsf]
cfb]z .
sfg"gn] g} oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ sfg"gL pkrf/
lbPsf] / k'g/fj]bg k/]kl5 /Lt k'u]sf] ;f]
k'g/fj]bgdf clgjfo{ kdf km};nf ug'{kg]{ s'/f
klg sfg"gf/f g} Jojl:yt ePsfn] o; cbfntn]
;DalGwt ;a} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/] gk/]sf], gk/]sf]
eP Dofb hf/L x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] jf c
sf/0fn] xf], ;f] s'/f ;a} x]/L a'emL /Lt k'ofO{ Ps}
;fy km};nf ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] x'g g;s]sf], cbfntsf]
uNtLsf] ;hfo kIfn] kfpg' Gofo;+ut gx'Fbf
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgdf km};nf e};s]sf] eP klg
k|ltjfbLsf] sfg"gadf]lhd k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf
km};nf ug{ s'g} afwf b]lvPg . ls=g+=!%! / !%#

698

**@) lzjgfy ;fx sfg" lj=ljZjgfy ;fx sfg"

sf] btf{ ptf/ k7fO{ lbg egL z' cbfntn]

dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ n]v]sf]df ;f]sf] btf{ ptf/
k|fKt ePsf] b]lvGg . tfobftL lbg] jfbLn] klg
pQm hUuf cfk"m jf lktf ;'/h ;fxsf] gfpFdf
btf{ e} hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ kfPsf] lhsL/ lng
g;sL hf]tef]u u/]sf] ;Ddsf] lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvFbf c+lzof/fsf] gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] k|df0f bflvn
x'ga' u] / pQm hUuf a08f x'g] 7xofPsf] km};nf;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg . jfbL ljZjgfy ;fxn] k]z
u/]sf] tfobftLdf ls=g+=^%) dfq / k'g/fj]bsn]
k]z u/]sf] tfobftLdf ^%& dfq pNn]v ePsf]
t/ tL b'a} tfobftLxdf ls=g+= ^%) / ^%& b'a}
lsQf Ps} ;fy pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFb}g . dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 k|fKt btf{ ptf/df & sf] c k|i6
;lRrPsf] eP klg ls=g+=^%& g} ePsf] / ldl;n
;+nUg btf{ ptf/sf] k|ltlnlkdf klg ls=g+=^%& g}
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf ;f] hUuf ls=g+=^%& g}
dfGg'kg]{ x'Fbf z' km};nfdf ls=g+=^%) pNn]v
ePsf] ldn]sf] b]lvPg . ls=g+=!%! / !%# sf]
hUuf a08f x'g] 7xofPsf] af/f lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L e} z'
km};nfsf] tk;Lndf pNn]v ePsf] ls=g+=^%) sf]
;fdf ls=g+=^%& ;Dd sfod u/L lbg] 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^).%.#)
sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ faf6 z' af/f
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ cf+lzs pN6L u/]sf]
km};nfdf k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd
x'g] 7x/ eP klg z' lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nfn] k'g/fj]bsn] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
lnvtaf6 k|fKt u/]sf hUufx ;d]t a08f x'g]
7x/ u/]sf] xf] egL JofVof u/L jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgdf
ldlt @)%*.#.@% df km};nf u/]sfn] k|:t't km};nfdf
k'g/fj]bg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf pQm km};nf clGtd
ePsf] eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] ePsfn] of] k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf] 5' . k'g/fj]bssf] lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ
a08f gug]{ 7x/ u/]sf] af/f lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf 7x/nfO{ g} k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ f ;d]tn]
699

;b/ u/]sf] 7x/ km};nf u/L OG;fkm ul/kfpFm eGg]

Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ldlt @)^!.$.@@ df o;
cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
ldlt @)$).$.!# sf] /=g+=@$^, ldlt
@)#^.!!.!# sf] /=g+=@$^&, ldlt @)$*.*.# sf]
/=g+=!*($ / ldlt @)$$.#.@* sf] gu/ ljsf;sf]
/=g+=$$*! af6 k|fKt hUufx ldlt @)%^.!!.@#
df k]z ul/Psf] tfobftLdf lghL eO{ a08f gnfUg]
egL pNn]v ePsf] ljifodf a08f nfUg] jf gnfUg]
lglZrt pNn]v u/]sf] gx'bF f 5nkmnsf nfuL k|ToyL{
lemsfpg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.*
sf] cfb]z .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ log}
k|ltjfbLn] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL lbPsf] @)%(
;fnsf] bf]=lg=g+= #@$# df o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^$.!!.* df d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ug{
ldn]g egL clGtd cfb]z eO{ ljjfbsf] lgK6f/f
eO;s]sf] x'bF f ;f]xL ljifodf k'gM Goflos lg/f]k0f
ug{ ldNb}g . ;fy} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfkZrft\
jfbL bfjLadf]lhd a08f 5'6o\ fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg
eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf c=j+= !& g+= / b08 ;hfosf]
^! g+= cg'z/0f u/L ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cfb]z
ab/ u/fpg ;Sg'kg]d
{ f gu/]sf] b]lvFbf Psk6s
clGtd 6'+ f] nfuL km};nf sfof{Gjog ;d]t eO;s]sf]
ljifodf cGoyf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf g/x]sf] x'bF f
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g eGg]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfxsf] /fo .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.#.@%
sf] km};nfpk/ d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL lbPsf]
lgj]bgdf @)^!.&.!* df k|:t't k'g/fj]bg ;d]t
;fy} /fVg' egL cfb]z ePsf] / bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f lbg ldn]g egL / k|:t't
k'g/fj]bgdf k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] u/L Pp6} ldltdf
Pp6} Ohnf;af6 cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't
ljjfbdf lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ d'Vo ljifodf tfobftLdf
plNnlvt ;DklQ lghL cfh{gsf] xf], xf]Og eGg]
g} /x]sf] sf/0fn] ;f]xL cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL
k|:t't k'g/fj]bgdf k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z ePsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

b]lvG5 . t/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] tfobftL

kmfF6jf/Lsf] k|s/0f @ df plNnlvt ;DklQ lghL
cfh{gsf] egL bfjL lnPtkm{ s]xL af]ns
] f] b]lvPg .
of] cbfntn] dftxtsf cbfntsf] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg ;'gL tNnf] txsf] cbfntaf6 ePsf
km};nfdf s'g} q'l6 ljBdfg eP ltgsf] clGtd
lg/fs/0f u/L ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ k"0f{ Gofosf]
cg'el" t ;d]t lbnfpg' kg]{ ePaf6 bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg gePsf] dfq cfwf/df
k|:t't k'g/fj]bgpk/ ljrf/ ug'g{ kg]{ eGg ldn]g .
t;y{ k|:t't d'2fsf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ ljifodf
gaf]n]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf !(@ g+= n]
;d]t q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca ;a"b
k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg u/L k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLaf6
k]z ePsf] tfobftLsf] k|s/0f g+= @ df pNn]v
ePsf] ;DklQ lghL xf], xf]Og eGg] ;d]tsf
k|Zgxdf lg/f]k0f ug'{ egL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8fsf] tfl/v tf]sL ldl;n
;d]t k7fO{ lbg] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz
>L e/t/fh pk]|tLsf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf
tyf ljfg clwjQmfx >L O{Zj/Lk|;fb e/fO{ /
>L /fdljnf; /fptn] o; ljjfbdf z' af/f
lhNnf cbfntsf] km} ; nfpk/ k| l tjfbLnfO{
k'g/fj]bg Dofb hf/L gx'Fb} jfbLsf] tkm{af6
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8fdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;f]
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@% df z'sf] km};nf
;b/ x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf]df ;f] km};nfpk/
k|ltjfbLn] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg lbPsf]
/ ;f] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.!!.*
df lg:;f gx'g] cfb]z ePsf] xf] . t/, lhNnf
cbfntn] lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg Dofb tfd]n ePkl5
k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg btf{ eO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, x]6f}+8faf6 ldlt @)^).%.#) df z'sf]
OG;fkm s]xL pN6L ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] km};nfpk/
k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] xf] . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]

xsdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] kl5Nnf] km};nfaf6

c;/ k/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg]
k|ltjfbLsf] xs ;'/lIft /x]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]
5 . k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb afFsL 5Fb}
z'sf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
ldlt @)%*.#.@% df ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog
x'g} ;Sb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ldlt @)^).%.#)
df u/]sf] bf];|f] km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf] 5}g . To;}n] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ c;/
g} gkg]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf
bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f gePsf] eGg] cfwf/n] dfq
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xs ;dfKt x'g ;Qm}g .
b'O{j6f km};nfdWo] kl5Nnf] km};nf g} k|ltjfbLsf]
xsdf cfslif{t x'G5 . t;y{, dfggLo GofofwLz
>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfxsf] /fo k|f;ls 5}g .
tfobftLsf] k|s/0f @ df pNn]v ePsf] lghL
cfh{g eGg] ;DklQ a08f nfUg] gnfUg] af/]df k"0f{
Ohnf;n] cfkm}n] jf ;f] ljifodf lg/f]k0f ug{
;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k7fpg klg ;Qm5 . To;}n]
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgpk/ ljrf/ u/L ljjflbt
ljifosf] lg/f]k0f x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax;
ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L lszf]/ clwsf/L, ljfg clwjQmfx
>L dgdf]xg ltdN;]gf / >L ljhos'df/ u'Ktfn]
z' af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.@.@( sf]
km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@%
df ePsf] km};nf af/] k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%(.#.!&
d} yfxf kfPsf] s'/f lghn] ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6} b]lvG5 .
kl5af6 k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb uPs} cfwf/df klxn]
yfxf kfPsf] s'/fnfO{ gh/ cGbfh ug{ ;lsFbg} .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).%.#) sf]
km};nfpk/ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] eP klg cGttM
ldlt @)%*.#.@% sf] km};nf ;Rofpg] p2]Zo
lnOPsf] 5 . Psk6s ljlw;Ddt kdf clGtd
ePsf] km};nfpk/ k'gM k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Qm}g .
t;y{ k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ g} sfg"gljk/Lt

700

**@) lzjgfy ;fx sfg" lj=ljZjgfy ;fx sfg"

5 . lg:;f glbg] u/L ePsf] clGtd cfb]zcg'k

k|:t't k'g/fj]bg cf}lrTolxg ePsf] x'bF f vf/]h
x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'e{ Psf] ax;
;'gL ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . o;df o; cbfnt,
;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzxaLr dt}So
x'g g;s]sf a'bF fx ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ k|:t't
ljjfbdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f x'gk' g]{
b]lvg cfof]M
-s_ k|:t't ljjfbdf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^$.!!.* df bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg
ug{ gldNg] u/L ePsf] cfb]zaf6 k|:t't
ljjfbsf] clGtd lg/f]k0f ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ xf],
xf]Og <
-v_ k'g/fj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljjflbt ljifosf]
lg/f]k0f k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og <
@= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 b'O{ efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpFm egL
bfjL lnPsf]df z' af/f lhNnf cbfntaf6 jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd b'O{ efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg] u/L
km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] km};nfpk/ jfbLs} tkm{af6
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf z'n] u/]sf] OG;fkm ;b/ x'g]
egL ldlt @)%*.#.@% df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}8+ faf6 km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . tTkZrft\ z'sf]
km};nfpk/ ldlt @)%(.$.# df k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6
k'g/fj]bg btf{ eO{ ls=g+= !%! / !%# sf] hUuf
a08f nfUg] 7x/ u/]sf] xb;Ddsf] z'sf] OG;fkm
s]xL pN6L eO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^).%.#) df km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.#.@% sf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbL
lzjgfy ;fx sfg"n] ldlt @)%(.%.!* df o;
cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg btf{
u/]sf], k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).%.#) sf]
km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbL lzjgfy ;fx sfg"n] g} ldlt
@)^!.$.@@ df o; cbfntdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kq
btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . tTkZrft\ ldlt @)^!.&.!*
701

df o; cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbL lzjgfy ;fxn] btf{

u/fPsf] ldlt @)%(.%.!* sf] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{]
lg:;f kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kq k]z
x'bF f ;fy} k]z ug'{ eGg] cfb]z eO{ Ps};fy /xg
uPsf]df ldlt @)^$.!!.* df o; cbfntaf6 d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f lbg gldNg]
egL clGtd cfb]z ePsf] / ;f]xL ldltdf g} pxL
Ohnf;n] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kqdf ;'gj' fO{ u/L ldlt
@)$*.$.!# sf] /=g+= @$^ ldlt @)#^.!!.!# sf]
/=g+= @$^&, ldlt @)$*.*.# sf] /=g+= !*($ /
ldlt @)$$.#.@* sf] gu/ljsf;sf] /=g+= $$*!
af6 k|ltjfbL lzjgfy ;fxn] k|fKt u/]sf hUufx
a08f nfUg] gnfUg] eGg] af/]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfdf lglZrt pNn]v gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] u/L cfb]z
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= o;/L o; ljjfbdf af/f lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.@.@( sf] Pp6} km};nfpk/
jfbL ljZjgfy ;fx sfg"sf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg
k/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ faf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@%
df z'sf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/ e} km};nf ePsf]df
kl5 k|ltjfbL lzjgfy ;fx sfg"sf] tkm{af6 klg
k'g/fj]bg k/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^).%.#) df km};nf x'Fbf z' af/f lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.@.@( sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L
e} ls=g+= !%! / !%# sf] hUuf;Dd a08f gnfUg]
7x/ ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
ldlt @)%*.#.@% sf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbL lzjgfy
;fx sfg"n] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL lbPsf] bf]=lg=g+=
#@$# sf] lgj]bgdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{ gldNg]
egL o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.!!.* df clGtd
cfb]z ePsf] ePtfklg k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^).%.#) sf] km};nfaf6 z' af/f lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.@.@( sf] pxL km};nf s]xL
pN6L eO{ pQm km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfg"gL dfu{ k|z:t eO/x]sf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . ;f]xLcg'k g} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

lzjgfy ;fx sfg"n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8fsf]

ldlt @)^).%.#) sf] km};nfpk/ lrQ g'aemfO{
o; cbfntdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ u/fPsf]
cj:yf b]lvof] .
$= z' af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%&.@.@( sf] km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] tkm{af6}
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] km};nfdf c=j+= @)@ sf] k|of]u
geO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@% df
z' ;b/ x'g] egL km};nf ePsf] b]lvPsf] /
z'sf] ;f]xL km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bgdf c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd jfbL ;d]tnfO{
lemsfO{ b'j} kIfnfO{ 5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fO{
z' af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L x'g]
7x/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . j:t'tM k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^).%.#) sf] kl5Nnf] km};nfcg';f/ klg
;f] cbfntsf] cl3Nnf] ldlt @)%*.#.@% sf] km};nf
k|efjxLg x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . oyfy{df ljjfbsf]
lg/f]k0f ug]{ qmddf z' lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nfpk/ sfg"gadf]lhd k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf
k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL Dofb hf/L u/L ;f]
Dofbleq k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kg]{ cjlw ljBdfg
x'Fbf x'Fb} ;f] tYotkm{ ;d'lrt Wofg glbO{ s]jn
jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] cfwf/df dfq}
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@% df z'sf]
km};nf ;b/ x'g] egL OG;fkm af]lnPsf] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . z' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ sfg"gn] g}
clwsf/ lbO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL cg'k lghsf]
tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg kg]{ cjlw afFsL 5, jf 5}g
eGg] ;d]tsf ljifodf oyfy{ tYo a'emL sfg"gsf]
l/t k'ofO{ jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg
k/] gk/]sf] osLg u/L cfkm" ;dIf ljrf/fwLg
s'g} klg d'2fdf Ps}k6s cfkm\gf] txaf6 lg/f]k0f
ug'{ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntsf] sfg"gL st{Jo x'g
cfpF5 . t/ o; ljjfbdf k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf
sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L gx'Fb}
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 s]jn jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgsf]
/f]xaf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@% df km}:fnf ePsf] b]lvFbf

;f] km};nfn] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg]

sfg"gL xsnfO{ ;+s'lrt, lgolGqt jf lgik|efjL
agfpg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
%= s'g} Pp6f ljjfbdf s'g} Pstxsf]
cbfntaf6 b'O{j6f km};nf x'g ;Qm}g . s'g}
sfo{ljlwut q'l6 jf cbfntsf] e"n jf uNtLaf6
Pp6} ljjfbdf klg klxn] Psk|sf/sf] km};nf eP
klg kl5 sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;f]xL
ljjfbdf pxL txsf] cbfntaf6 csf]{ km};nf x'g
uPsf] /x]5 eg] ljjflbt ljifosf] lg/f]k0f ug]{
l;nl;nfdf ljjfbsf b'jk} IfnfO{ a'emL b'j} kIfsf]
s'/f ;'gL k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L ePsf] kl5Nnf]
km};nfnfO{ g} ;f] txsf] cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cflwsfl/s km};nf dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
^= k|:t't ljjfbdf klg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}+8faf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@% df k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Dofb afFsL /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ c=j+= @)@ g+=
adf]lhd glemsfO{ z' cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
egL km};nf ePsf] b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
xsdf jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgaf6 ePsf] pQm km};nfn]
s'g} k|lts"n c;/ ug]{ egL ;Demg ldn]g . o;
l:yltdf k|ltjfbLn] z'? km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{
kfpg] cj:yf afFsL g} /x]sf] x'bF f lghsf] ;f] xs
;'/lIft g} /xsf] b]lvof] . ctM k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf
k|lts"n c;/ gkfg]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm
ldlt @)%*.#.@% sf] km};nfpk/ lgh k|ltjfbLsf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^$.!!.* df d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ug{
ldn]g egL cfb]z ePtfklg ;f] cfb]z ePs} cfwf/df
dfq k|:t't ljjfbsf] clGtd lg/f]k0f ePsf] dfGg
ldNg] cj:yf ePg .
&= k|ltjfbLn] sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{
kfpg] xscGtu{t k'g/fj]bg u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^).%.#) df km};nf x'bF f z'
af/f lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.@.@( sf] km};nf
s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/ ePsf] l:yltdf pQm km};nfpk/

702

**@) lzjgfy ;fx sfg" lj=ljZjgfy ;fx sfg"

o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sfg"gL xs klg

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;'/lIft g} /x]sf] 5 .
;f]xLcg'k g} k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfntdf k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ u/fPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^).%.@) sf] kl5Nnf] km};nf km/s kg{;Sg]
b]lvPsf] egL o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^$.!!.* df k|:t't d'2fdf c=j+= @)@ g+=
adf]lhd k|ToyL{ jfbLnfO{ 5nkmnsf] nflu lemsfpg]
u/L cfb]z ;d]t eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= o;/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%*.#.@% sf] km};nfpk/ k/]sf] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
kfpFm eGg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg ug{ ldn]g egL
/ ldlt @)^).%.#) sf] km} ; nfpk/ k/] s f]
k'g/fj]bgdf 5nkmnsf nflu k|ToyL{ lemsfpg]
egL Pp6} Ohnf;n] Ps} ldltdf cfb]z u/]sf]
cj:yfaf6} k|:t't ljjfbdf d'Vo kdf lg/f]k0f
ug'{kg]{ ljjflbt ljifodf clGtd 6'+uf] nflu;s]sf]
eGg] b]lvg cfpFb}g . t;y{, ldlt @)^$.!!.* df
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{ gldNg] egL
ePsf] cfb]zaf6 k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL k|ltjfbL
aLr d'v gldnL lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvPsf ljjflbt
k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f eO;s]sf] dfGg ldn]g . ctM
pQm ldlt @)^$.!!.* df d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{
lg:;f k|bfg ug{ ldn]g egL o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]zaf6} k|:t't ljjfbsf]
clGtd lg/f]k0f ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnO{ k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg kqsf] ljifodf ljrf/ ul//xg' gkg]{
eGg] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L
/fds' d f/k| ; fb zfxsf] /fo;F u ;xdt x' g
;lsPg .
(= k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}+8faf6 ldlt @)^).%.#) df km};nf x'Fbf z'
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.@.@( sf] km};nf
s]xL pN6L ePsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] km};nf ;d]t
pk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6 k|ToyL{
lemsfpg] u/L ePsf] cfb]zdf ;d]t k|ltjfbLn]
tfobftL k]z ubf{ k|s/0f g+= @ df ldlt @)$).$.!#
703

sf] /=g+= @$^, ldlt @)#^.!!.!# sf] /=g+= @$^&,

ldlt @)$*.*.# sf] /=g+ = !*($ / ldlt
@)$$.#.@* sf] gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] /=g+= $$*!
af6 k|fKt hUufx c+za08fsf] !* g+= cGtu{t
lghL cfh{gsf] eO{ a08f gnfUg] ;DklQx x'g\
egL k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/ lnPsf] / ;f] lhsL/sf
;DaGwdf k|df0f a'emL ;f] ;DklQ a08f nfUg] jf
gnfUg] s] xf] :ki6 af]Ng'kg]d
{ f k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
;f] tkm{ gaf]n]sf] egL k'g/fj]bg txaf6 ;d]t
ljjflbt k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f e} g;s]sf] tYonfO{
:ki6;fy pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|:t't
ljjfbdf k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] ldlt @)%^.!!.@#
sf] tfobftLsf] k|s/0f g+= @ df pNn]v ePsf
;DklQsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t k|df0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/L
;f] ;DklQ a08f nfUg] gnfUg] s] xf] eGg] af/]df
z' af/f lhNnf cbfnt tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}+8fsf] km};nf ;d]tdf osLgsf ;fy af]nL
lg/f]k0f u/]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] ljifodf k|fKt k|df0fsf]
ljZn]if0f u/L o; cbfntn] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg
cfof] . t;y{, k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf] ljifodf ;a"b k|df0f / k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] d"Nofg / ljZn]if0f u/L o; cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] clGtd lg/f]k0f ug{ s'g} afwf
kg]{ b]lvg cfPg . ctM ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg kqdf p7fOPsf ljjflbt k|Zgxsf]
;DaGwdf af]Ng ldNg] cj:yf x'Fbf ;f]xLadf]lhd
af]Ng'kg]{df gaf]nL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8fsf]
ldlt @)^).%.#) sf] km};nf ab/ u/L k'gM lg0f{o
ug'{ egL ldl;n ;d]t ;f]xL cbfntdf k7fO{ lbg]
eGg] ;Ddsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz
>L e/t/fh pk]t| Lsf] /fo klg ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf]
b]lvPg .
!)= ctojM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Pcg'k
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] ldlt @)%^.!!.@#
sf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Lsf] k|s/0f g+= @ df pNn]v
ePsf ;DklQx lghsf] lghL cfh{gsf] xf] xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf z' af/f lhNnf cbfnt tyf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf ;d]taf6 :ki6

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

lg/f]k0f ePsf] cj:yf gb]lvPsf] / sfg"gadf]lhd o; cbfntdf /foafemL km};nf ug]{ M

k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L /x]sf]df ;f] ljifodf
;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6} clGtd lg/f]k0f x'gk' g]{ ;d]t
df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
b]lvFbf k|:t't d'2fsf] ljjflbt ljifodf 7x/ lg0f{o
ug{ k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] nut sf u/L lgodfg';f/
c+z gePsf] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ s'g}
k|:t't d'2f ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df k]z ug"{ .
Aoxf]/fn] laqmL jf xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
clgjfo{ ?kdf c+lzof/sf] d~h"/L lng'kg]{
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
x'G5 . o;/L xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ c+lzof/n]
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
;fIfL ga;]sf] / xs 5f8L lbg d~h"/
;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t dlxgf @# ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
gu/]df To:tf] c+lzof/sf] xs hfg] l:ylt
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
g/xg] .
P]gn] cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpg] ;DklQsf] xs
l
x:tfGt/0f ubf{ eg] ;Fu} a:g]sf] d~h"/L
lng' kg]{ cfjZostf g/xg] .
lg0f{o g+=**@!
-k|s/0f g+=#_
cfgf] xs 5f8L ;s]sf] 5f]/fsf] d~h"/L
glnO{ csf]{ 5f]/fnfO{ dfq ;fIfL /fvL
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
/fhLgfdf kfl/t u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"gljk/Lt
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
eGg gldNg] .
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
-k|s/0f g+=$_
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
cGo c+lzof/nfO{ a08f ug'{ gkg]{ cfkm"v;
' L
d'2f g+= )^& -DF- ))!$
ug{ kfpg] / laqmL lat/0f ubf{ s;}sf]
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!!.!*.%
d~h"/L ;d]t lng gkg]{ ePsf]n] 3/sf]
d'2f M lnvt btf{ ab/ .
d'Vo JolQmsf] x}l;otn] cfdfn] cfgf]
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ;f]nv
' D' a' lhNnf, g]n] uf=lj=;=j8f
kfnfdf cfh]s
{ f] crn ;DklQ /fhLgfdf
g+ $ 3/ eO{ xfn eQmk'/ lhNnf l;?6f/
kfl/t u/L xs x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] sfo{nfO{
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ a:g] dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
cGoyf eGg gldNg] .
lj?4
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM ;f]nv
' D' a' lhNnf, g]n] uf=lj=;=j8f
g+ $ 3/ eO{ xfn eQmk'/ lhNnf l;?6f/ k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo xl/k|;fb
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ a:g] jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{
pk|t] L tyf huGgfy l;+x dxtf]
;d]t
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
Zofdk|;fb v/]n / ljfg clwjQmf gd;
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
sfsL{
df=Gof=>L lagf]bk|;fb zdf{
cjnlDat ghL/M
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{] M
;Da4 sfg"gM
df=Gof=>L cnL csa/ lds/fgL
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=
df=Gof=>L hgfb{gaxfb'/ v8\sf
c+za08fsf] !* / !(-@_ g+=
704

**@! dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ lj=jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{ ;d]t

km};nf
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df /foafemL e} ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
d]/f] ;d]t xs nfUg] ;uf]nsf] hUuf xf]
eGg] hfgL hfgL cfdf jL/]Gb|dfof / efO of]uZ] j/
sfsL{sf] ldnf]dtf]df ls=g+= !*( sf] h=/f]= !))
) hUuf cfdf jL/]Gb|dfofn] b]jsL dxtnfO{
/fhLgfdf u/L lbPsf] x'bF f d]/f] d~h"/L a]u/ d]/f]
xs dfg]{ lgotn] u/]sf] pQm /fhLgfdf lnvt ab/
u/L kfpg d'ns
' L P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=,
hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+=
adf]lhd tyf c=a+=*@ g+=adf]lhd lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf]
5' . ldlt @)^).$.@# sf] /fhLgfdfdf plNnlvt
ls=g+= !*( sf] If]qkmn !)) hUuf / ;f] hUufdf
ag]sf] 3/ d]/f] c+z xs hlt # efusf] ! efu
lnvt btf{ ab/ u/L d]/f] gfddf btf{ ;d]t ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]] lkm/fb kq .
xfdL aLr ldlt @)$@.&.!& ut] a08fkq
e} cnu a;]sf 5f}+ . ;f]xL cj:yfdf cfgf] dfq
xs nfUg], xfn}b]lvsf] as;kqjf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
;DklQ sfg"gtM cfk"mv'z ug{ kfpg] sfg"gn] k|i6
u/]sf]n] pQm 3/ hUuf k|ltjfbLdWo]sL b]jsL
dxtnfO{ /fhLgfdf u/L lbPsf] x' F b f dfu
bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{ ;d]tsf] k|ltpQ/
kq .
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ af6 ljkIfL
:jtM ljjlGwt x'g' ePsf] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] em"7f lkm/fb
vf/]hefuL 5 . lkm/fbstf{ / d]/f] bftfaLr 3/;f/df
a08f ePsf] klg x'gk' 5{ . ljkIfLn] ljjflbt hUuf
s;/L cfgf] c+z nfUg] xf] egL k|i6 kfg{ ;d]t
;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . t;y{ ljkIfLsf] xsb}ofljxLg
lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] b]jsL
dxtsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
705

Ps c+lzof/af6 s'g} Joxf]/fn] csf]{

c+lzof/df x:tfGt/0f x'bF d} f ;f] pk/sf] xs ;dfKt
ePsf] dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . ;f] ;DklQdf
jfbLsf] c+z xs lgxLt /x]sf] tyf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
!) g+=adf]lhd lghsf] ;xdlt lnPsf] jf d~h"/Lsf]
lnvt ePsf] cj:yf gb]lvFbf bfjLadf]lhd # v08sf]
! v08 lnvt tyf btf{ ab/ u/L ;f] ab/ eP hlt
efu jfbLsf gfddf btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^#.$.@! sf] km};nf .
ls=g+= !*( sf] 3/ hUufdf ljkIfL jfbLsf]
s'g} k|sf/sf] c+z xs gnfUg] ePsf]n] ;f] 3/ hUuf
d}n] /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/fO{ lnFbf d'ns
' L P]g, n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] !) g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL jfbLsf] d~h"/L
lng' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . o:tf] d~h"/L lng' gkg]{
cj:yfdf d}n] kfl/t u/fO{ lnPsf] pQm 3/ hUufsf]
;DaGwdf # v08sf] ! v08 lnvt ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL lkm/fb bfjL ug]{ xsb}of ljkIfL jfbLnfO{ gx'bF f
c=a+= !*) g+= adf]lhd vf/]h ug'k{ g]d
{ f gu/L #
v08sf] ! v08 lnvt ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] plNnlvt
k}m;nf c=a+=*@ g+=/ n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=sf]
lak/Lt eO{ ab/efuL 5 . t;y{ z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nfnfO{ pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] b]jsL dxtsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{sf] lghL
cfh{gsf] 3/ hUuf lghn] /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/L
lbPsf] lnvtsf] jfbL bfjLcg';f/ lnvt ab/ x'g]
7xofO{ ePsf] z'? OG;fkm gldnL km/s kg{ ;Sg]
b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!!.!)
sf] cfb]z .
ljjflbt ls=g+=!*( sf] hUuf jfbL
dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ / lghsL cfdf jL/]Gb|dfof
sfsL{n] c+lzof/ eGbf aflx/sf] JolQmaf6 ;+oQ
' m
?kdf ldlt @)%$.!.!! df as;kqf/f k|fKt u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . jfbL dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{n] ;f]xL hUuf
cfgf] efu hlt k'gM ldlt @)%*.(.@% df

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

xfn}bl] vsf] as;kqsf] lnvtf/f cfgL cfdf

jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{nfO{ xs 5f8L lbPsf] x'bF f pQm
hUuf jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{sf] Psnf}6L cfk"mv'z ug{
kfpg] ;DklQsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . To:tf] cfk"mv'z
ug{ kfpg] ;DklQdf jL/]Gb|dfofn] b]jsL dxtnfO{
/=g+=%)% af6 ldlt @)^).$.@# df kfl/t u/L
lbPsf] /fhLgfdf lnvt ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf]
bfjL sfg"g;+ut b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ /=g+=%)%
af6 ldlt @)^).$.@# df kfl/t u/L lbPsf]
/fhLgfdf lnvt ab/ x'g] 7xofPsf] eQmk'/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.$.@! sf] k}m;nf pN6L x'g]
7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.!@.@^ sf] km};nf .
dfgf] g5'l6[O{ ;Fu} a;]sf c+lzof/df h'g;'s}
c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQaf6 jf ;uf]nsf] v]tL,
pBf]u, Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 a9]a9fPsf] ;uf]nsf]
cfh{gsf] ;DklQdf ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu nfUg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] / d jfbL / k|ltjfbLx
Psf;uf]nsf c+lzof/ /x]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb g/x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;uf]nsf] ;DklQsf ?kdf /x]sf] ljjfbsf]
lsQf g+= !*( sf] hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ ;d]tdf
cfkm\gf] ;d]t xs nfUg] lglZrt g} 5 . To:tf] 3/
hUuf cfdf jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{n] /fhLgfdfsf] lnvt
kfl/t u/L k|ltjfbLdWo]sL b]jsL dxtnfO{
lbPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpg]
;DklQ cGtu{t kf/L u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf
pN6L u/L z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{
;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df c+za08f eO;s]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsf]
l:yltdf jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] OG;fkm k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ;l/tfb]jL
yklnof lj=eujtL yklnof ePsf] d'2f -;=c=j'nl] 6g,
@)^^ a}zfv, k"0ff{ $)#, k[i7 #_ df k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtsf] /f]xdf ;d]t km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf
5nkmnsf nflu k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.!$
sf] cfb]z .

o;df cfdf jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{sf] cfkm"vz

' L
ug{ kfpg] ;DklQsf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ lsQf g+=
!*( sf] 3/ hUufnfO{ jfbLsf] ;d]t xs nfUg]
;DklQleq ;dfj]z ug{ ldNg] cj:yf g} gb]lvFbf
To:tf] ;DklQ lgh jL/]Gb|dfofn] k|ltjfbL b]jsL
dxtnfO{ /=g+= %)% af6 ldlt @)^).$.@# df
kfl/t ul/lbPsf] /fhLgfdf lnvt ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!@.@^ sf] km};nf ldn]s}
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;DdfggLo k|wfg
GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo .
ldlt @)%$.!.!! / ldlt @)%*.(.@% sf]
xfn} s f] js;kq lnvt ;d] t jf6 k| l tjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofn] ljjflbt 3/hUuf ;Dk"0f{ g} as; kfO{
lghsf] lghL cfh{gsf] eGg] b]lvPklg afa' cfdfsf]
gfddf h'g;'s} ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;DklQ
5f]/f5f]/Lxsf] nflu k}ts
[ g} dflgg] l;4fGtnfO{
OGsf/ ug{ ldNb}g . o;} ;Gbe{df ;uf]nsf] Ps
c+lzof/n] ;uf]ns} csf]{ c+lzof/nfO{ h'g;'s}
Joxf]/fn] xs x:tfGt/0f u/L lbPtfklg ;f] ;DklQ
tTsfnLg sfg"g cg';f/ ;uf]nsf] g} dfGg' kg]{
egL ;/Ltfb]jL yklnof lj?4 eujtL yklnof
ePsf] d'2fdf- ;=c= a'nl] 6g, @)^^ j}zfv, k"0ff{
$)#_ o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k|ltkflbt
ghL/ l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df jfbL bfjL k'Ug
g;Sg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L e} bfjLadf]lhd # v08sf] !
v08 lnvt tyf btf{ ab/ u/L ;f] ab/ eP hlt
efu jfbLsf gfddf btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7xofPsf] z'?
eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
t;y{ ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb
>]i7n] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/L JoQm ug'{
ePsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g g;s]sf] x'bF f Gofo
lg?k0fsf nflu k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf]
nut sf u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd
k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] nutdf btf{ u/L lgodfg';f/ k]z

706

**@! dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ lj=jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{ ;d]t

ug'{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb

pkfWofosf] /fo .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfo
>L xl/k|;fb pk|t] L tyf huGgfy l;+x dxtf]n] log}
jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr rn]sf] c+z d'2fdf @)$@ ;fndf
a08fkq ePsf] tYonfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] 5}g .
jfbL / k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{ Psf;uf]nsf
c+lzof/ /x]sf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb gePsf] / k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofn] ljjfbsf] ;DklQnfO{ lghL cfh{gsf]
eGg] lhsL/ lnO{ ;f] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf klg 5}g . ljjflbt hUuf k|ltjfbLsf] lghL
cfh{gsf] xf] eGg] s'/f xfn}sf] a;skq lnvtaf6
;d]t v'Nb}g . o; l:yltdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L u/L z'? km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofosf] /fo ;b/
x'g' kb{5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . ljkIfL k|ltjfbL
b]jsL dxtsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L Zofdk|;fb v/]n / clwjQmf >L
gd; sfsL{n] k"0f{zs
+ / dxh{g ;d]taf6 xf=a=sf]
lnvtsf dfWodf/f k|fKt u/] kl5 jfbLn] cfgf]
efu lx:;f cfdfnfO{ g} as;kqsf] lnvtaf6 xs
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf ljjfbsf] hUuf cfdf
jL/]Gb|dfofsf] lghL cfh{gsf] / cfkm"vz
' L ug{ kfpg]
eGg] k|i6 g} 5 . o;/L lghL cfh{gsf] e} cfkm"vz
' L
ug{ kfpg] ;DklQ /fhLgfdf kf; u/L lbg gkfpg]
eGg] x'bF g} , To;}n] lnvt ab/ x'g' gkg]{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7xofPsf]
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf]
/fo ;b/ x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/
;'gL k'g/fj]bg kq ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df
dfggLo GofofwLzxf/f JoQm /fo dWo] s'g /fo
;b/ x'g] xf] tyf jfbLsf] bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/
x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
707

jfbLn] cfdf jL/] G b| d fofn] ldlt

@)^).$.@# df /fhLgfdf ul/lbPsf] hUuf
;uf]nsf] ;DklQ ePsf]n] d]/f] xs hlt # efusf]
! efu lnvt / btf{ ;d]t ab/ u/L d]/f] gfpFdf
btf{ ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] lkm/fb bfjL u/]sf]df
ldlt @)$@.&.!& df ljkIfL / xfdLaLr
c+za08fsf] lnvt ;d]t e};s]sf]n] 5'L leGg
e};s]sf] JolQmn] d]/f] ;DklQdf bfjL ug{ kfpg]
g} xf]Og eGg] jL/]Gb|dfofsf] / ldlt @)%*.(.@%
df lkm/fbLn] cfgf] xs 5f8L ;s]sf] ljjflbt
hUufdf ljkIfLsf] xs g/xg] x'Fbf xsb}ofljxLg
lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] b]jsL dxtsf]
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntaf6 jfbL bfjLadf]lhd # v08sf]
! v08 lnvt tyf btf{ ab/ u/L jfbLsf gfddf
btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7xofO{ ePsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 pN6L e} jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]
7x/] p k/ jfbLn] o; cbfntdf k' g /fj] b g
u/] s f] d f o; cbfntsf] ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;df
/foafemL e} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_
adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL dx]Gb|axfb'/
sfsL{ tyf k|ltjfbLx jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{ / of]uZ] j/
sfsL{ cfdf 5f]/f Pj+ bfh'efO gftfsf JolQm eO{
lghx c+lzof/ /x]sf] eGg] tYodf lghx aLr
ljjfb 5}g . jfbLn] cfkm" Psf;uf]nsf] c+lzof/
egL ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ k|ltjfbL laqmL u/]sf] lnvt
ab/ ul/kfpg bfjL lnPsf]5 . k|ltjfbLxn] cfkm"
jfbL;Fu ldlt @)$@.&.!& df c+za08f u/L 5'LleGg
e} cnu a;]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 t/ o;}
nufpsf] jfbL dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ / jL/]Gb|dfof
sfsL{ ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf] @)^#)^$ sf]
))^#%!$ sf] c+z rng d'2f x]bf{ k|ltjfbLn]
lhsL/ lnPsf] a08fkqnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ pQm c+z
d'2f k/]sf] ldltnfO{ dfgf] 5'lPsf] ldlt sfod u/L
jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 c+z kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]
/ ;f]xL km};nf clGtd /x]sf]n] jfbL k|ltjfbLx

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

Psf;uf]nsf JolQmx ePsf] eGg] tYonfO{ cGoyf

eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lv+bg} .
#= jfbLn] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= nfO{
d'Vo cfwf/ agfO{ k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|dfofn] k|ltjfbL
b]jsL dxtnfO{ ls=g+= !*( sf] hUuf /fhLgfdf
u/L laqmL u/L lbPsf] ldlt @)^).$.@# sf] lnvtnfO{
ab/ ul/kfpg lkm/fb u/]sf] / ljjfbsf] lsQf g+=
!*( sf] 3/hUufnfO{ k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{sf]
lghL cfh{gsf] eO{ cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpg] ;DklQ
cGtu{tsf] xf] eGg] k|ltjfbL kIfsf] lhsL/ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ljjfbsf] pQm hUuf
k'g/fj]bs jfbL dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ / k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofn] k"0f{ z+s/ dxh{g ;d]taf6 ldlt
@)%$.!.!! df xfn}sf] as;kqsf] lnvtaf6 ;+oQ' m
?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] / ;f] tYonfO{ jfbL k|ltjfbL
b'an
} ] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; tYojf6 ;+oQ
' m
gfddf /x]sf] ljjflbt hUufsf] cfwf lx:;f k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofn] cfkm\gf kfnfdf cfh{g u/]sf]
;DklQcGtu{t g} kg]{ b]lvG5 . afFsL cfwf lx:;f
klg ;+oQ' m btf{jfnf oL k'g/fj]bs jfbL dx]Gb|axfb'/
sfsL{n] ldlt @)%*.(.@% df cfdf oL k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofnfO{ xfn}sf] as;kqsf] lnvtaf6 xs
x:tfGt/0f u/L lbPsf] tYo klg lglj{jfb /x]sf] 5 .
jfbLn] cfdfnfO{ as;kq u/L lbPsf] lnvt x]bf{
tkfO{+ cfdf jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{nfO{ cfkm\gf] xsef]usf]
pQm hUuf /Lem afkt xfn}bl] vsf] as;kq u/LlbPF
eGg] ;d]tsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
jfbLn] bfjLsf] hUufdf /x]sf] cfgf] xssf] cfwf
efu ;d]t xfn}sf] as;kq lnvtaf6 k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofnfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f u/]kl5 pQm cfwf
lx:;fdf klg cfdf jL/]Gb|dfofs} xs k'Ug uPsf]
kfOG5 . cfgf] gfddf cfPsf] ;f]xL ls=g+= !*( sf]
hUuf oL btf{jfnf jL/]Gb|dfofn] /fhLgfdf u/L
lbPsf] lnvtsf ;DaGwdf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !)
g+= adf]lhd ab/ ug{ k|:t't lkm/fb k/]sf] 5 .
n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{
c+z gePsf c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ
a]rlavg ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lbFbf

P]gn] cfkm"vz
' L ug{ kfpg] c?sf] d~h"/L lng' gkg]d{ f
afx]s c?df Psf3/;Fusf c+lzof/ ;a} ;fIfL a;]sf]
jf lghxn] d~h"/Lsf] lnvt ul/lbPsf] eP dfq
kSsf 7x5{ . cfkm\gf] lghL cfh{gsf] eP ;Fu a:g]sf]
d~h"/L lng' kb}g{ . a]rlavg ;d]t u}x| ug{ x'G5
eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ c+z gePsf] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ
s'g} Aoxf]/fn] laqmL jf xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ clgjfo{
?kdf c+lzof/sf] d~h"/L lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;/L
xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ c+lzof/n] ;fIfL ga;]sf] /
xs 5f8L lbg d~h"/ gu/]df To:tf] c+lzof/sf]
xs hfg] l:ylt /xFbg} . t/ P]gn] cfkm"vz
' ug{
kfpg] ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ eg] ;Fu} a:g]sf]
d~h"/L lng' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] b]lv+b}g .
c+za08fsf] !* g+= n] ===== s'g} c+lzof/n] cfgf]
1fg jf ;Lk jf k|of;af6 lghL cfh{g u/]sf] jf
s;}af6 lghL tj/n] bfg jf as; kfPsf] jf
s;}sf] ck'tfnL k/]sf] jf :qL c+zwgsf] % g+=
adf]lhd kfPsf]df To:tf] cfh{g jf kfPsf] ;DklQ
;f] cfh{g ug]{ jf kfpg] c+lzof/sf] lghL 7x/L
cfkm"vz
' ug{ kfpF5 . a08f ug{ s/ nfUb}g eGg]
Joa:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
s;}af6 lghL tj/n] bfg jf as; kfPsf] ;DklQ
cfkm"v'z ug{ kfpg] / To:tf] ;DklQ cGo
c+lzof/xnfO{ a08f ug{ gkg]{ eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L c+za08fsf] !( g+=sf] b]xfo
-@_ df cfkm\gf kfnfdf cfh]s
{ f] rn crn ;a}
cfkm\gf] v'z ug{ kfpF5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . 3/ Jojxf/ rnfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu ul/Psf]
o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] klg cfkm\gf] kfnfdf cfh{g
ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] xsdf ;uf]nsf cGo c+lzof/sf]
d~h"/L lng'kg]{ b]lvFbg} . :qL c+z wgsf] ! g+= n]
klg sGof, ;wjf jf ljwjf :jf:gL dflg;n] cfkm\gf]
cfh{gsf] rn crn ;DklQ cfkm\gf] v'z ug{ kfpF5g\
egL :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 .
$= pko' { Q m sfg" g L Joj:yfxsf]
kl/k|]Iodf ljrf/ ubf{ ljjfbsf] lsQf g+= !*(
sf] hUuf dWo] cfwf lx:;f k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|dfofn]

708

**@! dx]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ lj=jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{ ;d]t

ldlt @)%$.!.!! df k"0f{z+s/ dxh{g ;d]taf6

xfn}sf] as;kqsf] lnvtf/f / cfwf lx:;f
ldlt @)%*.(.@% df log} jfbLaf6 xfn}sf]
as;kqsf] lnvtf/f k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] tYodf
ljjfb g/x]sf] x'bF f ;f] ;Dk"0f{ 3/hUufdf k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofsf] xs /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
o;/L pQm ljjflbt ls=g+= !*( sf] hUuf lktf
k'vf{sf kfnfsf] ;DklQ xs x:tfGt/0f e} cfPsf]
ge} k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|dfofn] cfkm\gf kfnfdf cfh]s
{ f]
;DklQ xf] eGg] s'/fdf klg ljjfb 5}g . k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfofn] b]jsL dxtnfO{ kfl/t ul/lbPsf]
/fhLgfdfsf] lnvtdf lghsf] sfG5f] 5f] / f
of]u]Zj/ sfsL{ ;fIfL a;]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] ljj]rgfjf6 jfbLn]
xfn}sf] as;kq kfl/t u/L cfgf] xs5f8L
cfdfnfO{ lbO{ ;s]sf] hUuf cfdfn] cGo JolQmnfO{
xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ lgh jfbLsf] d~h"/L cfjZos
kg]{ / lgh ;fIfL a:g'kg]{ eGg' sfg"g;Ddt
b]lv+b}g . hUufdf /x]sf] cfgf] xs 5f8L ;s]sf]
5f]/f oL jfbLsf] d~h"/L glnO{ csf]{ 5f]/fnfO{
dfq ;fIfL /fvL /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/]sf] sfo{
sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
%= o; l:yltdf ljjfbsf] ls=g+= !*( sf]
hUuf k|ltjfbLn] as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf], n]gb]g
Jojxf/sf] !) g+= tyf c+za08fsf] !* / !( g+= sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd cGo c+lzof/nfO{ a08f
ug'{ gkg]{ cfkm"v;
' L ug{ kfpg] / laqmL lat/0f ubf{
s;}sf] d~h"/L ;d]t lng gkg]{ ePsf]n] 3/sf]
d'Vo JolQmsf] x}l;otn] cfdf jL/]Gb|dfofn] cfgf]
kfnfdf cfh]s
{ f] crn ;DklQ /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/L
xs x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg]
b]lvFbg} .
^= t;y{, ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6 bfjLsf]
ls=g+= !*( sf] 3/ hUuf oL jfbL / k|ltjfbL
jL/]Gb|dfof sfsL{n] ;+oQ
' m ?kdf cGo JolQmjf6
as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]kl5 jfbLn] cfgf] xs lx:;f
ldlt @)%*.(.@% df k|ltjfbL jL/]Gb|dfofnfO{
j;skq kfl/t ul/lbPsf] b]lv+bf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
709

!) g+=, c+za08fsf] !(-@_ tyf c+za08fsf] !* g+=

adf]lhd cfgf] kfnfdf cfh{g u/]sf] / cfkm"vz
' L
ug{ kfpg] / a08f ug{ s/ gnfUg] ;DklQsf] kl/efiff
leq kg]{ x'bF f ;f]xL hUuf lgh jL/]Gb|dfofn] k|ltjfbL
b]jsL dxtnfO{ /=g+= %)% af6 ldlt @)^).$.@#
df kfl/t ul/lbPsf]n] ;f] /fhLgfdf lnvt ab/
ul/kfpFm egL oL jfbLn] bfjL ug{ gkfpg] x'gfn]]
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!@.@^ sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo
dgfl;j x'bF f ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L

lg0f{o g+=**@@
;jf{R] r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
b]=k'=g+=)^&CI)()!
km};nf ldltM @)^(.@.!$.!
d'2fM vfgnfpg lbnfO{ kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM df]/ lhNnf, s]/fjf/L
uf=lj=;=j8f g+=& a:g] g/axfb'/ cfrfo{
;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM P]=P]=d[uf}lnof uf=lj=;=j8f g+=&
a:g] ?sd]0fLb]jL zfx
o; cl3 lg0f{o ug]M{
df=Gof=>L gf/fo0fk|;fb >]i7

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

kl5 cfP/ dfgfrfdn eg{ ;Sg] cfly{s

x}l;ot lyPg jf 5}g egL lng] lhsL/
cfwf/xLg x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_

k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{

df=Gof=>L xl/axfb'/ a:g]t
df=Gof=>L 8Da/axfb'/ zfxL
;fdfGotofM cfk\mgf] 3/ kl/jf/af6 dfgjLo
Jojxf/ kfpFbfkfpFb} dfgfrfdn dfu u/L
c8\8f cbfnt wfpg] s'/f d'2f ug{s} nflu
jf klt ;d]tsf cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf
;b:oxnfO{ b'Mv lbg] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf]
xf]nf egL cg'dfg ug{' :jfefljs x'g
g;Sg] .
;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf] n}ls / 3/]n'
lxF;fsf] sf/0faf6 vf; u/L dlxnfx /
To;df klg a'xf/Ldfly o; k|sf/sf
36gfx 36\g] u/]sf] s'/f a/fa/ k|sfzdf
cfpg] u/]s} kfOFbf ;fdfGotM bfjLnfO{
c:jfefljs egL cGoyf cg'dfg ug{
gldNg] .
z/L/df cfuf] nufOPsf] sf/0faf6 k/]sf
elgPsf vt / rf]6k6ssf] k|sl[ taf6 3/]n'
lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / ;f]
tYo ;fIfLxsf] askq ;d]taf6 k'li6
e}/x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf c+z glnP;Dd
dfgfrfdn e/fO{ lng kfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
cfk"mn] ljjfx u/L NofPsL kTgL tyf
a'xf/Lk|lt dfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'{ ;DalGwt
kl/jf/sf] sfg"gL / g}lts b'a} k|sf/sf]
bfloTj xf] . kl/jf/af6 ;f] bfloTj k"/f
ul/b}gF / To:tL dlxnfdfly lx+;fhGo
Aojxf/ u/L 3/df a:g g;Sg] cj:yf
l;h{gf ul/G5 eg] lglZrt\ ?kdf d'ns
' L
P]g c+za08fsf] !) g+= / nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf]
$ g+ = adf] l hd vfgnfpgsf] nflu
dfgfrfdn eg'k{ g]{ .
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] cdfgjLo / s7f]/ Aojxf/
u/L ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ 3/df a:g g;Sg]
jftfj/0f tof/ kfg]{ JolQm jf kl/jf/n]

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M / ljfg clwjQmf

ltnaxfb'/ e/fO{
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g c+za08fsf] !) g+=
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $ g+=
km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.@# sf] km};nfpk/
k|ltjfbL g/axfb'/ cfrfo{ ;d]tsf] o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfLdWo]sf j'l4axfb'/ cfrfo{;uF d]/f]
;fdflhs k/Dk/fcg';f/ ldlt @)^@.!.@! sf lbg
ljjfx ePsf]df kltsf] gful/stf gePsf] sf/0faf6
ljjfx btf{ x'g jfFsL g} lyof] . ljjfxkl5 klt;lxt
3/sf kl/jf/n] s]xL ;do;Dd /fd|} Jojxf/ ub}{
cfPsf]df k|ltjfbLxn] g/fd|f] Jojxf/ ub}{ ljleGg
;dodf ufnLunf}h ug]{ / jf/Djf/ s'6kL6 ug]{
u/]sf]df d}n] r"krfk ;x]/ a;]sLdf ljkIfL kltn]
ldlt @)^@.^.!^ ut] ;fFem & jh]sf] ;dodf dfbs
kbfy{ ;]jg u/L s'6kL6 u/L d]/f] z/L/df dlt]n
;d]t xfnL hLp+bF } hnfpg'sf ;fy} To;kl5 klg
ljleGg ;dodf s'6kL6 u/L /xg] u/]sf]n] d ldlt
@)^#.*.& ut]bl] v dfOtLdf g} a:b} cfPsL 5' .
o;/L cfuf]n] hn]sf] plrt pkrf/ ug{ / jt{dfg
;dodf vfg nfpg j:g ;d]t s'g} cfwf/ 5}g .
lghxsf] kl/jf/df d'n3/ ePsf 7fp+d
F f dx+uf]
h=lj=@)) hUuf 3/, oflznftkm{ s/Lj !%)
) hUuf /x]sf] 5 . /fd|f] pTkfbg Jofkf/ sf/f]jf/

710

**@@ g/axfb'/ cfrfo{ lj=?sd]0fLb]jL zfx

klg /x]sf] / kz'kfng ;d]taf6 jflif{s &* nfvsf]

cfo;|ft] ;d]t /x]sf] x'bF f d}n] dfgjLo ?kdf /xg
a:g, sf]7f ef8f, nQf sk8f, vfgfsf] nflu
@)^#.*.@@ b]lv dfl;s ?=^,))). / ljz]if1af6
z/L/df pkrf/ u/fp+ F b f nfUg] vr{ ;d] t
ljkIfLxaf6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpF+m eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^#.(.% sf] lkm/fbkq .
ljkIfL d]/f] kTgL /x]sL, lgh lj/fdL x'bF f
pkrf/ u/]sf] / c+za08f;DaGwL kfl/jfl/s 5nkmn
ePsf] afx]s cGo lkm/fb syg e"mf xf] . d]/f]
3/sf] bfh' czQm ePsf]n] lghnfO{ lbgx"F vfg
nfpg lbg'kg],{ ;'tfpg' kg]{ lbzf lk;fj u/fpg'
kg]n
{ ufotsf sfd ug'k{ g]{ ePsf]n] ;+w} emsf]{ kmsf]{
ug{ yfn]sf]n] cfdf afj' / ljkIfLsf] ;Nnfxaf6
lh=df]/ oflznf uf=lj=;=j8f g+=% /frf l:yt
hUuf / ;f]xL 7fpFdf /x]sf] 3/df v]tL u/L d /
ljkIfL a:g] u/]sf lyof}F+ . Toxf+F klg jfbLn] ljleGg
ljifodf emu8f ug]{ u/]sL / o:t}df lkm/fbdf
plNnlvt ldltdf lgh cfkm}n
+ ] cfkm\gf] hLpdf cfuf]
nufPsf] yfxf kfO{ d}n] lgefP/ pkrf/ ;d]t u/fPsf]
xf] . jfbLn] lkm/fbdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] xfd|f] cfDbfgL
5}g . Jofkf/ Joj;fo klg 5}g . kz'kfngsf] gfp+dF f
Ps xn uf]? / rf/ j6f afv|f dfq 5 . cfuf]
nfu]sf] 3fp xfdLn] pkrf/ u/]sf]n] pkrf/ vr{
e/fpg' kg]{ xf]Og . lkm/fbdf pNn]v u/]adf]lhd
dfl;s vr{ e/fpg ;Dej 5}g . d}n] afa'af6 c+z
glnPsf] x'bF f ;Dk"0f{ C0f wgaf6 & efusf] Ps
efunfO{ b'O{ efu nufO{ ;f]sf] Ps efu ljkIfLnfO{
c+z lbg d afa'nfO{ cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL pQd eGg] j'l4axfb'/ cfrfo{sf]
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ .
ljkIfL xfd|f] a'xf/L /x]sL, lgh lj/fdL
x'Fbf pkrf/ u/]sf] / c+za08f;DaGwL kfl/jfl/s
5nkmn ePsf] afx]s cGo lkm/fb syg e"mf xf] .
xfd|f] 3/df d k|ltjfbL xl/axfb'/ cfrfo{ czQm
ePsf]n] lghnfO{ lbgx'F vfgnfpg lbg'kg],{ ;'tfpg'
kg],{ lbzf lk;fj u/fpg' kg]n
{ ufotsf sfd ug'k{ g]{
ePsf]n] ;+w} emsf]{ kmsf]{ ug{ yfn]sLn] xfdL ;j}sf]
711

;Nnfxaf6 lh=df]/ oflznf uf=lj=;=j8f g+=%

/frLl:yt hUuf / ;f]xL 7fp+Fdf /x]sf] 3/df
v]tL u/L k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] a'l4axfb'/ cfrfo{ /
ljkIfL a:g] u/]sf x'g\ . Toxf+F klg jfbLn] ljleGg
ljifodf emu8f ug]{ u/]sL / o:t}df lkm/fbdf
plNnlvt ldltdf lgh cfkm+}n] cfkm\gf] hLpdf
cfuf] nufPsf]n] xfdLn] g} pkrf/ ;d]t u/]sf]
xf] . jfbLn] lkm/fbdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] xfd|f]
cfDbfgL 5}g . Jofkf/ Joj;fo klg 5}g .
kz'kfngsf] gfp+Fdf Ps xn uf]? / rf/ j6f
afv|f dfq 5g\ . cfuf] nfu]sf] 3fp xfdLn] pkrf/
u/fPsf]n] pkrf/ vr{ e/fpg' kg]{ xf]Og . lkm/fbdf
pNn]v u/]adf]lhd dfl;s vr{ e/fpg ;Dej
5}g . dfl;s vr{ e/fpg ;Sg] g;Sg] ;h{dLg
a'emL lkm/fb bfjLcg';f/sf] dfl;s vr{ / pkrf/
vr{ e/fpg gkg{] 7xofO{ ljkIfLsf] e"mf lkm/fb
bfjLaf6 cnu k'm;{b ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltpQ/ kq .
z' ? cbfntsf] cfb] z fg' ; f/ jfbL
k|ltjfbLaf6 s'g s'g 7fp+dF f s] slt hUuf /x]sf] 5
eGg] / lghxsf] kfl/>lds ;DaGwdf sfuh
u/fO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] dfl;s / jflif{s cfDbfgL
slt 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf u/fPsf] sfuh / hUufsf]
btf{ ;|:] tfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;d]t ldl;n ;+nUg
/x]sf] .
z' ? cbfntsf] cfb] z fg' ; f/ jfbL
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfLn] u/]sf] askq ldl;n ;+nUg
/x]sf] .
k|ltjfbLx g/axfb'/ cfrfo{, eLds'df/L
cfrfo{ / j'l4axfb'/ cfrfo{af6 lkm/fb k/]sf]
ldltb]lv km};nf x'Fbf;Ddsf] cjlwsf] dfl;s
?=@,))). sf b/n] x'g] /sd jfbLn] dfgfrfdn
e/fO{ kfpg] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLx xl/axfb'/ cfrfo{
/ b|f0] fs'df/L cfrfo{af6 dfgfrfdnafkt /sd
e/fO{ ljz]if1af6 z/L/df pkrf/ u/fpFbf nfUg]
vr{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLxaf6 lbnfO{ kfpFm+ eGg] jfbLsf]
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] z'? df]/
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.^.@@ sf] km};nf .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

z'?sf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . lkm/fb k/]sf]

ldltb]lv km};nf ldlt;Ddsf] vfg nfpgafkt dfq
?=@,))). n] dfl;s kfpg] egL ePsf] uf]nd6f]n
km};nf cfkm}df q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]n] ;f] km};nf pN6L
u/L lkm/fb bfjLcg' ; f/sf] dfl;s /sd
vfgnfpgafkt ljkIfLxaf6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ d]/f]
z/L/sf] Knfli6s ;h{/L ug{ nfUg] vr{ ;d]t
ljkIfLxaf6 e/fO{ kfp+mF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
z'?sf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . xfd|f] gfddf
hUuf btf{ ePs} cfwf/df xfdL k'g/fj]bsn] vfg
nfpg vr{ e/fpg] u/L ePsf] km};nf :jtM q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf pQm km};nf ab/ u/L xfd|f] k|ltpQ/
lhsL/adf]lhd lkm/fb vf/]h u/L ljkIfLnfO{
dfgfrfdn e/fpg gkg]{ ul/kfp+mF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
o;df jfbL ?sd]0fLb]jL ;fx / k|ltjfbL
g/axfb'/ cfrfo{, pQd eGg] j'l4axfb'/ cfrfo{ /
eLds'df/L cfrfo{sf] bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]n] tL
k'g/fj]bg Ps csf{nfO{ ;'gfpg / k|ltjfbLdWo]sf
xl/axfb'/ cfrfo{ / b|f]0fs'df/L cfrfo{ cGo
k|ltjfbLsf Psf;uf]ndf g} /x] ePsf] b]lvPsf]n]
lghxnfO{ ;d]t /fvL 5nkmn ug{ ljkIfL lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
o;df jfbL k|ltjfbLx aLr gftfdf
ljjfb g/x]sf] / jfbLsf] s'g} klg cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft]
/x]sf] eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5}g . jfbL /
k|ltjfbLxsf aLrdf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] c+za08f
ePsf] cj:yf gePsf] tyf k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL
/fdaxfb'/ lk7fsf]6L du/n] s/La !# hgfsf]
kl/jf/nfO{ ;fwf/0ftofM vfgnfpg k'Ug] cfDbfgL
k|ltjfbLx;Fu /x]sf] egL askq u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
;d]taf6 k|ltjfbLx;Fu vfgnfpg k'Ug] cfDbfgLsf]
;|ft] /x]ePs} b]lvPsf] x'bF f lkm/fb k/]sf] ldltaf6
km};nf ldlt;Dd dfq dfl;s ?=@,))). dfgfrfdn
e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7xofPsf] z'?sf] km};nf s]xL
pN6L eO{ jfbLn] k|ltjfbLxpk/ c+z d'2f bfo/
712

gu/];Dd k|lt dlxgf ?=@,))). sf b/n] dfgf

rfdn e/fO{ lbg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.@#
sf] km};nf .
ljkIfn] d'ns
' L P]g c+za08fsf] !) g+=
adf]lhd bfjL lnPsf] xf] eg] lghsf] klt d
k' g /fj] b s a' l 4axfb' / cfrfo{ a fx] s sf cGo
kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ k|ltjfbL sfod ug{ ldNb}g .
ljkIfLn] cfk\mgf] z/L/df cfkm}n
+ ] dlt]n vGofO{
cfuf] nufPsf] / pN6} xfdLn] pkrf/ u/fPsf] eGg]
/fdaxfb'/ lk7fsf]6Lsf] jskqaf6 k'li6 e}/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . ljkIfLn] cfwf/ lnPsf] nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf]
$ g+= ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ xfdL k'g/fj]bsxaf6 ePsf]
s'/f lkm/fbdf g} ls6fgL ?kdf n]Vg ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
jfbL :j]R5fn] dfOt uPsf] eGg] lkm/fbsf] k|s/0f
$ df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] 3/df b'O{ b'O{ hgf
czQm / gfjfnsx ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . v]tLaf6
kl/jf/sf] u'hf/f ug{ klg d'l:sn 5 . cfly{s
cfDbfgL s]xL gePsf] s'/f xfd|f] ;fIfL jskqaf6
;d]t klg k'li6 ePsf] 5 . cfkmF+} 3/ 5f8L lx8\g]
jfbLnfO{ C0f vf]hL dfgfrfdn e/fpg' k5{ eGg]
klg sfg"gsf] dg;fo xf]Og . ctM z'? tyf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L lkm/fb vf/]h
ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] k' g /fj] b s
k|ltjfbLxsf] o; cbfnt;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg clwjQmf >L ltnaxfb' / e/fO{ n ]
k|ltjfbLxn] jfbLnfO{ vfg nfpg glbO{ s'6kL6
u/L 3/af6 lgsfnf gu/]sf] / dfl;s ?=@,))).
dfgfrfdn eg{ ;Sg] cfly{s x}l;ot ;d]t g/x]sf]
x'bF f z'? / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L
lkm/fb vf/]h x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL
k'g/fj]bg kq;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg] ljifodf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .

**@@ g/axfb'/ cfrfo{ lj=?sd]0fLb]jL zfx

@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfL

k|ltjfbLxn] vfgnfpg glbO{ s'6kL6 u/L lgsfnf
u/]sf] x'Fbf dfl;s ?=^,))). dfgfrfdn e/fO{
pkrf/ u/fpFbf nfu]sf] vr{ ;d]t e/fO{ kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t lkm/fb dfu bfjLdf jfbLnfO{ s'6kL6
u/L lgsfn]sf] xf]Og, cfkm}+ emu8f u/L 3/af6
lg:s]sL x'g,\ lkm/fbdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd dfl;s
vr{ lbg ;Sg] x}l;ot 5}g eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . z'?n] lkm/fb
k/]sf] ldltb]lv km};nf ldlt;Dd dfl;s ?=@,))).
sf b/n] jfbLn] dfgfrfdn e/fO{ lng kfpg]
7xofPsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 s]xL pN6L
u/L jfbLn] k|ltjfbLx pk/ c+z d'2f bfo/
gu/];Dd k|lt dlxgf ?=@,))). dfgfrfdn e/fO{
lng kfpg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfpk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf]
k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . jfbLnfO{
s'6kL6 u/L lgsfnf gu/]sf] / dfl;s ?=@,))).
dfgfrfdn eg{ ;Sg] cfly{s x}l;ot gePsf] x'bF f
z'? / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L ul/kfpFm
eGg] g} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= o;df k|ToyL{ jfbL / k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLx gftf ;DaGw /x]sf] tYodf d'v ldn]s}
b]lvg cfpF5 . k'g/fj]bsxn] k|ToyL{ jfbLnfO{
vfgnfpg glbO{ af/Daf/ s'6kL6 u/L 3/af6
lgsfnf u/]sf] eGg] jfbLsf] lkm/fbdf pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] k6s jfbLsf] z/L/df dlt]n
vGofO{ cfuf] ;d]t nufO{ lbPsf]n] 3/df a:g
g;Sg] cj:yf eO{ aflx/} a;L pkrf//t\ /x]sf]
eGg] jfbLsf] bfjL ;fIfLxsf] askq ;d]taf6
k'li6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . jfbLn] cfk\mgf] z/L/df cfkm}n
+ ]
dlt]n vGofO{ cfuf] nufPsL x'g\ xfdLxn] To;f]
u/]sf] xf]Og eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf] lhsL/
/x]sf] kfOG5 . k/Gt' k|ltjfbLxaf6 dfgfrfdn
dfu ug{ s} nflu jfbLn] cfk\mgf] z/L/df cfkm}n
+ ]
dlt]n vGofO{ cfkm}l+ j?4 zf/Ll/s lx+;f u/]sf]
xf]lng egL k|ltjfbLxsf] lhsL/cg'k ljZjf;
713

ug{ ldNg] s'g} cfwf/ ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpFbg} .

;fdfGotofM cfk\mgf] 3/ kl/jf/af6 dfgjLo Jojxf/
kfpFbfkfpFb} dfgfrfdn dfu u/L c8\8f cbfnt
wfpg] s'/f d'2f ug{s} nflu jf klt ;d]tsf cfk\mgf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:oxnfO{ b'Mv lbg] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf]
xf]nf egL cg'dfg ug{' :jfefljs x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f]
;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf] n}ls / 3/]n' lxF;fsf]
sf/0faf6 vf; u/L dlxnfx / To;df klg
a'xf/Ldfly o; k|sf/sf 36gfx 36\g] u/]sf] s'/f
a/fa/ k|sfzdf cfpg] u/]s} kfOFbf ;fdfGotM jfbLsf]
bfjLnfO{ c:jfefljs egL cGoyf cg'dfg ug{
ldNg] b]lvFbg} . z'? ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf jfbLsf]
z/L/df cfuf] nufOPsf] sf/0faf6 k/]sf elgPsf
vt / rf]6k6ssf] k|sl[ t x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf klg
k|ToyL{ jfbL 3/]n' lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]
/ ;f] tYo jfbLsf ;fIfLxsf] askq ;d]taf6
k'li6 e}/x]sf] cj:yf x'bF f c+z glnP;Dd lghn]
dfgfrfdn e/fO{ lng kfpg] u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf cGoyf b]lvg cfPg .
$= cfk"mn] ljjfx u/L NofPsL kTgL tyf
a'xf/Lk|lt dfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'{ ;DalGwt kl/jf/sf]
sfg"gL / g}lts b'a} k|sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . olb
kl/jf/af6 ;f] bfloTj k"/f ul/b}Fg / To:tL
dlxnfdfly lx+;fhGo Aojxf/ u/L 3/df a:g
g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/G5 eg] lglZrt ?kdf
d'n'sL P]g c+za08fsf] !) g+= / nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf]
$ g+= adf]lhd vfgnfpgsf] nflu dfgfrfdn
eg'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . sfg"gljk/Ltsf] o:tf]
cdfgjLo / s7f]/ Aojxf/ u/L Pshgf ljjflxt
dlxnfnfO{ 3/df a:g g;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/
kfg]{ JolQm jf kl/jf/n] kl5 cfP/ dfgfrfdn
eg{ ;Sg] cfly{s x}l;ot lyPg jf 5}g egL lng]
lhsL/ cfwf/xLg x'g hfG5 . To;df klg ldl;n
;+ n Ug k| d f0f sfuhftxaf6 k' g /fj] b s
k|ltjfbLxsf] dfl;s ?=@,))). dfgfrfdn eg{
;Sg] cfly{s x}l;ot olTs+lrt 5}g eGg] cj:yf
gx'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf :jfefljs g}
b]lvg cfpF5 .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

%= t;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6

z'?sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L k|ToyL{ jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLx pk/ c+z d'2f bfo/ gu/];Dd k|lt
dlxgf ?=@,))). sf b/n] dfgfrfdn e/fO{ lng
kfpg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gfu/sf]
ldlt @)^^.#.@# sf] km};nf dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/
x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ ===
Ohnf; clws[t gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L

lg0f{o g+=**@#
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
l/6 g )^#WO)##(
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.!(.!
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f .
lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= #% 3/ e} k|x/L
k| w fg sfof{ n o gS;fndf o' = Pg=
hu]8fk'ndf sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf
u}/sfg"gL kn] k|x/L gfoj pk/LIfs
kbaf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] dw';w' g a'9fyf]sL
lj4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ug]{ egL s'g}
sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] s'g} sfdsf/jfxL
jf lg0f{o ubf{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/k|fKt
dlGqkl/ifb\af6} ul/Psf] x'gk' g]{ .
714

k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod (# sf]

b]xfo -&_ sf] v08 -v_ df k|x/L gfoa
pk/LIfs bhf{sf] k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{
eljiodf ;/sf/L gf] s /Lsf] lgldQ
;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6
avf{ : t ug] { lg0f{ o ug] { lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Ldf g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L
% sf] ;/sf/_ egL :ki6 ls6fg u/]sf]
cj:Yffdf g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L %
sf] ;/sf/_ dlGqifl/ifb\ afx]s cGo lgsfo
jf kbflwsf/Laf6 x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
k|rlnt s'g} sfg"gn] g]kfn ;/sf/
-tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/_ n] g} ug'k{ g]{
egL :ki6 ls6fg u/]sf] s'g} sfdsf/jfxL
jf lg0f{o To:tf] sfg"gf/f g} cGoyf kdf
:ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf]df afx]s cGo lgsfo
jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ug{ gldNg] .
g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/_
df cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/ cGo lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L
% sf] ;/sf/_ sf] gfdaf6 k|of]u u/L s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ub}{df To:tf]
sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{onfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/k|fKt dlGqkl/ifb\n] g} u/]sf] egL
cy{ ug'{ sfg"g JofVofsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt
;d]taf6 plrt / ljj]s;Ddt\ gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
sfg"gn] g} :ki6 ;fy z' sf/jfxL ug]{
/ ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] kbflwsf/L jf
lgsfodf g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L
% sf] ;/sf/_ egL ls6fg ul//x]sf]
x'Fbf dlGqkl/ifb\n] g} z' lg0f{o ug{ /
;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg gldNg] egL cy{
ug{ / lagf cfwf/ z' sf/jfxL ug]{
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] clwsf/ cGo
kbflwsf/Ldf :jtM ;g]{ eGg' Gofo;Ddt
x'g g;Sg] .

**@# dw';w' g a'9fyf]sL lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

clwsf/} gePsf] u[x ;lrjaf6 ePsf]

lg0f{opk/ tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
k'g/fj]bg ;'gL clGtd lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg]
cfwf/n] dfq clwsf/If]qljxLg kdf
ePsf] ;lrj:t/sf] lg0f{on] j}wtf k|fKt
ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bs tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfx g/]Gb|k;
| fb
kf7s, huGgfy dxtf] / cRo"t/fh a'9fyf]sL
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z zdf{
kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^*, lg=g+=*^$$, k[=!!!*
;Da4 sfg"gM
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod **
-_ / -em_, (#-&_-3_
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod (#
cfb]z
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM tTsfnLg g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_
adf]lhd bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs ldlt @)$$.!@.@( b]lv k|x/L
lg/LIfs kbdf k|x/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/L ldlt
@)%$.(.!^ df k|x/L gfoj pk/LIfs kbdf a9'jf
eO{ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub}{ cfPsf]df o'=Pg=
ld;gcGtu{t o'uf]:nfleofl:yt sf];f]ef]df 6f]nL
k|dv
' sf] kdf sfo{ ug{ uO{ sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ldlt
@)%(.&.@* df kmls{O{ k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nodf
o'=Pg= hu]8fdf /x]sf] lyP+ . ;f]xL cj:yfdf $%
lbg 3/ ljbf kfpg cg'/f]w ubf{ ;'gj' fO gePkl5
ldlt @)%(.(.@ df $% lbg 3/ ljbf k|l] ift u/]F .
To;df s'g} sf/jfxL geO{ k'gM ldlt @)%(.!).!%
df $% lbg 3/ ljbf kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg x'nfsdfkm{t\
k7fPsf] lyPF . ;f]sf] ;d]t hfgsf/L glbO{ ldlt
@)^).@.@^ df d]/f] 3/ j;f]jf; sf]6Z] j/df k|x/L
k|wfg sfof{noaf6 n]lvPsf] k=;+= @.)@.@^ sf=
715

&-v_ )%(.)^).#% r=g+= !@^( sf] kq lnO{ cfpg]

JolQmn] d]/f] efOnfO{ pQm kq j'emfO{ uPsf] / pQm
kqdf g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^).!.@% sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ egL k|x/L lgodfjnLsf]
lgod **-_ / -em_ sf] s;"/df P]=sf] lgod *$
-h_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ
;fdfGotof cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 cjsfz
ul/Psf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] /x]5 . ;f] lg0f{odf
d]/f] lrQ gj'emL g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ ;dIf
k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/-d=k_ af6
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;sL vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ egL
ldlt @)^@.!!.$ df lg0f{o eO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L kq
ldlt @)^#.$.!% df d] / f] efO cRo" t /fh
a'9fyf]sLnfO{ a'emfO{ k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod (# df
k|x/L clws[tnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ clVtof/ k|fKt
clwsf/Lsf] kdf >L % sf] ;/sf/ eGg] pNn]v
e}/x]sf] cj:Yffdf lgod *$-h_ adf]lhdsf]
sf/jfxL ubf{ lgod (#-&-3_ adf]lhd clVtof/
k|fKt JolQmn] dfq sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]df
;lrj:t/af6 dpk/ ul/Psf] pQm sf/jfxL / ;hfo
clwsf/If]qljxLg 5 . d lgj]bs pQm lg0f{o krf{df
pNn]v ePh:tf] sf];f]ef]af6 lkmtf{ eO{ cfkm\gf]
sfof{nodf xfhL/ geO{ PsfPs ljbf k]z u/L
sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /xL km/f/ ePsf] eGg] tYo
cfkm}d
F f lg/fwf/ 5 . lsgsL d ldlt @)%(.&.@*
ut] g]kfn lkmtf{ eO{ sfof{nodf xfhL/ eO{ sfdsfh
u/]sf] eGg] s'/f lg0f{o krf{d} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg' gkg]{ sf/0fdf cfkm\gf] st{Joaf6
ljd"v eO{ k|x/L cfr/0f lj4sf] lqmofsnfk k|bz{g
u/]sf]n] k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod **-_ / -em_
sf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]df To:tf]
s;"/sf] dx;"; ug]{ ljlQs} ;kmfOsf] df}sf g} lbg'
gkg]{ st} s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g . d]/f] kl/jf/
@)$% ;fnb]lv pQm :yfO{ 7]ufgfdf a;f]af; gu/L
jf8{ g+= #% sf]6Z] j/df j;f]jf; u/L /x]sf]df d]/f]
a;f]af; g} gePsf] 7fpFdf ;"rgf 6fF; ug]{ / cd's
klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ xr'jfk"0f{ 5 .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

d]/f] a;f]af; ePsf] :yfgdf pQm ;"rgf k|fKt

ePsf] eP d}n] k|ltjfb ug]{ / ;kmfOsf] df}sfaf6
al~rt x'g' gkg]{ :ki6} 5 . t/ ;f] sfo{ gu/L k|jQ
[
efjgf /fvL :ki6Ls/0f ;d]t g;f]wL ;kmfO k]z
ug]{ df}sf ;d]t glbO{ ljbf c:jLs[ltsf] hfgsf/L
;d]t glbO{ krf{ v8f ug]{ sfo{ k|fs[lts Gofo
l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLxsf] pQm
sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{oaf6 dnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-@_-_ / !&
f/f k|bQ df}lns xs Pj+ k|x/L P]g / lgodfjnLf/f
k|bQ sfg"gL xssf] xgg x'g uPsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @# / **-@_ adf]lhd ljkIfLxaf6 ldlt
@)^).!.@% df eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] nflu
cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L avf{:t ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{o
Pj+ ;hfo / ;f] lg0f{oadf]lhd lbOPsf] kq tyf
g]kfn ;/sf/-d=k=_ af6 ldlt @)^@.!!.$ df
ul/Psf] lg0f{o tyf kqx;d]tsf sfdsf/jfxL,
lg0f{o, ;"rgf ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
d lgj]bsnfO{ k"jj{ t\ kdf k'g/\axfnL u/L jvf{:t
ul/Psf] ldltb]lv k'g/\axfnL ePsf] ldltsf] jLrsf]
cjlwsf] tnj eQfnufot cGo ;'ljwf lbg' lbnfpg'
eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxnfO{
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^#.&.# sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bs tTsfn k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, o"=Pg=
hu]8f b/aGbLdf sfo{/t /xFbf cfkm"vz
' L u}/xfhL/
ePsf] n ] xfhL/ x' g cfpg] , cGoyf k| x /L
lgodfjnLadf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g5
] eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
Dofb ;"rgf a'emfpg :yfoL jtgdf vf]htnf;
ubf{ km]nf gk/L Dofb ;"rgf lghsf] 3/b}nf]df 6fF;
u/L d'r'Nsf ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6 k|fKt x'g
cfpFbf;Dd klg lghn] sxLFaf6 sfof{nodf ;Dks{
716

gu/L u}/xfhL/ /x]kZrft\ lghnfO{ k|x/L lgodfjnL,

@)$( sf] lgod **-_ / -em_ sf] s;"/df P]=sf]
lgod *$-h_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf]
nflu ;fdfGotof cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6
avf{:t ug]{ egL tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/
-;lrj :t/_ af6 ldlt @)^).!.@% df lg0f{o ePsf]df
lghn] u[x dGqfnodf k]z u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf
sf/jfxL x'bF f k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;sL vf/]h
x'g] 7x5{ egL tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ -d=k=_
af6 ldlt @)^@.!!.$ df lg0f{o eO;s]sf] x'bF f
cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no,
gS;fnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ldlt @)^@.!!.!$ df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o
x'bF f lgj]bs sf];f]ef] ld;gdf sfo{/t /xL ldlt
@)%(.&.@* df :jb]z lkmtf{ eO{ ldlt @)%(.(.#
af6 $% lbgsf] ljbf 5f8L u}/xfhL/ /x]sf] / lghsf]
ljbf c:jLs[t eO{ lghnfO{ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s #
lbgleq :ki6Ls/0f;lxt xfhL/ x'g cfpg' egL
k| x /L k| w fg sfof{ n on] uf] / vfkqdf ldlt
@)%(.!).@@ df ;"rgf hf/L ubf{ ;d]t cg'kl:yt
/xL k'gM ldlt @)%(.!@.% df lghsf] :yfoL jtgdf
;"rgf 6fF; x'bF f ;d]t sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /xL
lghn] k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ** sf]
b]xfo -_ / -em_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . lgh
lhDd]jf/ k|x/L clws[t eP/ o"=Pg= ld;gdf vl6O{
sfo{/t\ /xFbf lghn] cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg ug'k{ g]{ sfddf
plrt Wofg glbFbf s]xL k|x/L clws[t ld;gaf6
cfkm\gf] sfo{ cjlw ;dfKt gx'bF } ljb]z uPsf],
kmls{Psf dWo] klg s]xL u}/xfhL/ /x]sf] / lgh
:jo+ klg u}/xfhL/ /x]af6 r/d cg'zf;gxLg
tyf lghsf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj ljk/Lt ePsf] /
;f] sfo{n] g]kfn k|x/Lsf] 5ljdf gsf/fTds k|efj
kg],{ u}/xfhL/ /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;]jfdf /fVbf cGo
Odfgbf/ k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]andf k|lts"n c;/
kg{ hfg] b] l vPsf] / zflGt ;' / Iffsf]
;Da]bgzLntfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L ;+u7g 5f8L
sfo/tfk"js
{ efuL lxF8L st{Joaf6 ljd"v eO{ k|x/L

**@# dw';w' g a'9fyf]sL lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cfr/0f la4 lqmofsnfk k|bz{g u/]sf]n] lgh

lgj]bsnfO{ k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
**-_ / -em_ sf] s;"/df P] sf] lgod *$-h_
adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] nflu
;fdfGotof cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t
ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^).!.@% df ;lrj:t/af6 ePsf]
lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvFbf pQm cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L
lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug{ kfpg]
;Ifd clwsf/Ln] sfg"g;Ddt 9+uaf6 u/]sf] pQm
lg0f{opk/ lbPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg cfwf/lxg x'bF f
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^).!.@% sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L ePsf]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg k/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;d]t 6'uF f]
nfuL ;s]sf] b]lvFbf df}lns xs xgg x'g] lsl;daf6
sfdsf/jfxL gul/Psf]n] k|:t't cfwf/xLg l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn
;/sf/, u[x dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg
))!# lgj]bs jL/axfb'/ /fpt clx/ ljkIfL k|x/L
k|wfg sfof{no, gS;fn ;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg
k"0f{ Ohnf;df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] eGg] x'bF f ;f]sf]
lg0f{o ePkl5 k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.@! sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bs k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs dw';b' g
a'9fyf]sLnfO{ tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ -;lrj
:t/_ sf] ldlt @)^).!.@% sf] lg0f{oaf6 x6fPsf]
eGg] b]lvFbf ;f] lg0f{o;lxtsf] ;Ssn} sf/jfxL
kmfon dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{ n odfkm{ t \
5nkmnsf] lbg Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug]{ u/L lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^*.!!.!% sf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmfx >L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7s, >L
huGgfy dxtf] / >L cRo"t/fh a'9fyf]sLn]
717

lgj]bsnfO{ k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf

!-u_ tyf k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod *(@_-u_ adf]lhd avf{:t ug'{ k"j{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf
lbO/xg' gkg]{ eGb} 5'} krf{ v8f u/L u[x dGqfnosf]
;lrjn] k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ** sf]
b]xfo -_ / -em_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL lgod *$ sf]
b]xfo -h_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf]
nflu ;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6
avf{:t ul/Psf] eGb} ldlt @)^).!.@% df lg0f{o
ul/Psf] 5 . k|x/L P]g, tyf lgodfjnLadf]lhd
lgj]bsnfO{ gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o g]kfn
;/sf/n] dfq ug{ ;Qm5 . ;lrjsf] lg0f{o g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o x'g ;Qm}g . k|rlnt sfg"gdf
;lrj:t/af6 x'g] lg0f{onfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o
;/x dflgg] egL st} Joj:Yff ePsf] 5}g . gf]s/Laf6
avf{:t ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ug{ sfg"gn] clVtof/L k|bfg
gu/]sf] kbflwsf/Ln] avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o ug'{
clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 x'G5 . ;fy} To;/L avf{:t
ug'k{ j" { /Ltk"js
{ ;"rgf lbO{ :ki6Ls/0f lng] sfo{
;d]t ePsf] 5}g . ctM pQm ldlt @)^).!.@% sf]
;f] u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ k"jj{ t\
kbdf axfn u/L sfddf nufpg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L
x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ u[x dGqfno ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
] n] lgj]bsnfO{
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod *$ -h_ adf]lhd
;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] 5 . ;f]xL lgod (# df k|x/L
clws[tx pk/ ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z jf lg0f{o
ug]{ kbflwsf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/,
;lrj:t/af6 ePsf] lg0f{osf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo
g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ g} xf] . To;}n] z' lg0f{o
ug]{ / k'g/fj]bg ;'gL lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/L
Pp6} gxf] ; \ eGg] p2] Z on] z' sf] lg0f{ o
;lrj:t/af6 ePsf] xf] . To;pk/ k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
k'g/fj]bg ;'gL clGtd lg0f{o u/L lgj]bsnfO{
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf] x'bF f clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo
cyf{t\ tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 ePsf] clGtd

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

lg0f{oadf]lhd lgj]bssf] ;]jf ;dfKt ePsf]nfO{

clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 eGg ldNb}g . t;y{ dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf gx'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf]
ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ k|:t't ljjfbdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxsf]
lg/f]k0f x'gk' g]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
!=

@=

lgj]bsnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L

tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ -u[x ;lrj:t/_
af6 ePsf] lg0f{odf clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6
/x]sf] 5 jf 5}g <
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf],
xf]Og <

@= ;j{ky| d, klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{

l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn k|x/Lsf] k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs
kbdf sfo{/t /xFbfsf] cj:yfdf k"jL{ o'uf]:nfleofsf]
sf];f]ef] ld;gdf sfo{/t /xL ldlt @)%(.&.@*
df :jb]z lkmtf{ ePsf]df ldlt @)%(.(.# df $%
lbgsf] ljbfsf] lgj]bg 5f8L sfof{nodf u}/xfhL/
ePsf] b]lvG5 . lghn] dfu u/]sf] ljbf c:jLs[t
ePsf] egL af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s # lbgleq sfof{nodf
:ki6Ls/0f;lxt xfhL/ x'g cfpg', cGoyf k|x/L
P]g, lgodadf]lhd ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]tkm{ sf/jfxL
e} hfg] 5 eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L ldlt @)%(.!).@@
df uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . ;f] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 klg lgj]bs
cg'kl:yt g} /x]sf] sf/0f k'gM ldlt @)%(.!@.% df
af6fsf] Dofb afx]s # lbgleq sfof{nodf xfhL/
x'g cfpg' egL lgj]bssf] jtgdf Dofb ;"rgf
6fF; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 klg lgh cfkm\gf]
b/aGbL /x]sf] sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] sf/0f
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ** sf] b]xfo
-_ / -em_ sf] s;"/df P] lgodfjnLsf] lgod *$
sf] b]xfo -h_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf]
nflu ;fdfGotof cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L k|x/L ;]jfaf6

avf{:t ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^).!.% df tTsfnLg >L

% sf] ;/sf/ -u[x ;lrj:t/_ af6 lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvof] . pQm lg0f{opk/ lgj]bsn] tTsfnLg >L %
sf] ;/sf/;dIf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df ldlt @)^).!.@%
sf] ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{o ;b/ ug]{ u/L tTsfnLg >L
% sf] ;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^@.!!.$ df clGtd lg0f{o
ePsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfof] .
#= k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod (#
df k|x/L ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lpk/ x'g] ;hfosf]
lsl;d, To:tf] ;hfo lbg] clwsf/L / ;f]pk/
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
h;cg';f/ pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod (! adf]lhd
s'g} k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cGTo ug'k{ g]{ cj:Yff
afx]s ;f] lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b ( cGtu{tsf] ljleGg
kbsf] k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf 5'f5'} kdf
z' ;hfo ug]{ / ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] kbflwsf/L
tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bs g]kfn k|x/L ;]jfsf]
k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs kbdf /xFbfsf] cj:Yffdf
lghnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^).!.@%
df ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'bF f k|x/L
gfoj pk/LIfssf] xsdf ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L
z' lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] / To;pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg
kfpg] kbflwsf/L egL k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod (# n] u/]sf] ;DalGwt Joj:Yff cjnf]sg
ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 . ;f] lgod (# sf] pk
lgod -&_ sf] b]xfo -3_ df "k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs
bhf{sf] k|x/L sd{rf/Lpk/ tNnf] 6fOd:s]n jf
ToxL 6fOd:s]nsf] tTnf] :s]ndf 36'jf ug],{ eljiodf
;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] nflu cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L
gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] jf eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf]
lgldQ ;fdfGotof cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6
avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o ug]{ kbflwsf/Ldf g]kfn ;/sf/
/ ;f] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] kbflwsf/Ldf g]kfn
;/sf/" egL :ki6 kdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
$= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k k|x/L
gfoa pk/LIfs bhf{sf] s'g} k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{
eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ ;fdfGotM cof]Uo
7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L z' lg0f{o

718

**@# dw';w' g a'9fyf]sL lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ug]{ / ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] kbflwsf/L jf lgsfosf]

kdf g]kfn ;/sf/ dfq /xg] eGg]df s'g} ljjfb
/xg ;Sg] b]lvFbg} . lgj]bs k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs
kbdf /x]sf avt g} tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/
-u[x ;lrj:t/_ af6 ldlt @)^).!.@% sf]
lg0f{odfkm{t\ lgj]bsnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf]
nflu ;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6
avf{:t ul/Psf] eGg]df klg ljjfb 5}g .
%= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
;lrj:t/af6 ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o dfGg ldNg] xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L
% sf] ;/sf/_ sf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn sfg"g
JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ sf] -em_ df
ul/Psf] kl/efiffnfO{ x]gk{' g]{ x'g cfof] . pQm bkmf
@ sf] b]xfo -em_ df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DaGwdf
;doqmdsf lx;fjn] ljleGg ;do cjlwsf]
sfdsf/jfxLsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 5'f5'}
kl/efiff ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6
avf{:t ul/Psf] lg0f{o ldlt @)^).!.@% df ePsf]
;Gbe{ ;d]tnfO{ x]bf{ bkmf @ sf] b]xfo -em_ sf]
v08 -3_ df g]kfn ;/sf/sf af/]df ul/Psf]
kl/efiff x]g{' kg]{ b]lvof] . pQm bkmf @ -em_ sf]
v08 -3_ df "g]kfn ;/sf/ eGgfn] @)$& ;fn
sflQs @# ut]bl] v @)^# ;fn h]7 # ut];Dd
ul/Psf] jf ug'k{ g]{ s'g} sfdsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / cGo sfg"gadf]lhd
g]kfn clw/fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
aS;g] >L % dxf/fhlw/fh / dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ ;Demg'
kb{5" elgPsf] 5 . o; kl/efiffaf6 tTsfnLg >L
% sf] ;/sf/n] ug]{ egL s'g} sfg"gdf pNn]v
ePsf] s'g} sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ubf{ sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/k|fKt dlGqkl/ifb\af6} ul/Psf] x'gk' g]{ b]lvg
cfpF5 . To;}n] k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
(# sf] b]xfo -&_ sf] v08 -v_ df k|x/L gfoa
pk/LIfs bhf{sf] k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf
;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ ;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g]
u/L gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfo jf
719

kbflwsf/Ldf g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L % sf]

;/sf/_ egL :ki6 ls6fg u/]sf] cj:YffnfO{ x]bf{
To:tf] lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/_ dlGqifl/ifb\ afx]s cGo lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Laf6 x'g g;Sg] :ki6 b]lvG5 .
^= k|rlnt s'g} sfg"gn] g]kfn ;/sf/
-tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/_ n] g} ug'{kg]{ egL
:ki6 ls6fg u/]sf] s'g} sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{o
To:tf] sfg"gf/f g} cGoyf kdf :ki6 Joj:yf
u/]sf]df afx]s cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6
ug{ ldNb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/_ df cGt/lgxLt clwsf/ cGo lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/_ sf] gfdaf6 k|of]u u/L s'g} sfdsf/jfxL
jf lg0f{o ub}d
{ f To:tf] sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{onfO{
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/k|fKt dlGqkl/ifb\n] g} u/]sf]
egL cy{ ug'{ sfg"g JofVofsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt
;d]taf6 plrt / ljj]s;Ddt x'Fb}g . o:t}
k|s[ltsf] ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs An'd'g
cf]e/l;h g]kfn k|f=ln= ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 wg]Gb|/fh
>]i7 lj4 dGqL, >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+=)^&WF)))& sf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ePsf] s'g} clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\
afx]ssf] cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 k|of]u
ug{ gkfOg] eGg] JofVof eO{ lglZrt\ l;4fGt
;d]t sfod eO;s]sf] 5 -g]sfk @)^*, lg=g+=
*^$$, k[i7, !!!*_ . pQm l;4fGt ;d]taf6
k|rlnt s'g} sfg"gn] g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsfnLg >L
% sf] ;/sf/_ n] ug'{kg]{ egL :ki6 ls6fg u/]sf]
sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\ afx]s cGo
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . t;y{,
k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs kbdf /x]sf lgj]bs dw';w' g
a'9fyf]sLnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ
;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t
ug]{ u/L u[x ;lrj:t/af6 ldlt @)^).!.@% df
ePsf] lg0f{o :ki6tM clwsf/If]qljxLg e} q'l6k"0f{
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

&= hxfF;Dd lgj]bsnfO{ gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t

ug]{ lgsfo / ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'gL clGtd lg0f{o
ug]{ lgsfo ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/ g} egL k|x/L
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod (#-&_ -3_ n] Joj:yf
u/]tfklg z' lg0f{o ug]{ / k'g/fj]bg ;'gL lg0f{o
ug]{ Pp6} lgsfo Jofjxfl/s kdf ;Dej gx'g]
x'bF f gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L ;lrj:t/af6 ePsf]
z'? lg0f{opk/ tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
k'g/fj]bg ;'gL clGtd lg0f{o ul/Psf] x'bF f pQm
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5 eGg] ljkIfL tkm{sf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmfsf] ts{ 5 . ;f] af/]df ljrf/ ubf{
sfg"gn] g} :ki6 ;fy z' sf/jfxL ug]{ / ;f]pk/
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] kbflwsf/L jf lgsfodf g]kfn ;/sf/
-tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/_ egL ls6fg ul//x]sf]
x'bF f dlGqkl/ifb\n] g} z' lg0f{o ug{ / ;f]pk/
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg gldNg] egL cy{ ug{ / lagf cfwf/
z' sf/jfxL ug]{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] clwsf/ cGo
kbflwsf/Ldf :jtM ;g]{ eGg' Gofo;Ddt x'g ;Qm}g .
To;}n] clwsf/} gePsf] u[x ;lrjaf6 ePsf]
lg0f{opk/ tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k'g/fj]bg
;'gL clGtd lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/n] dfq
clwsf/If]qljxLg kdf ePsf] ;lrj:t/sf] lg0f{on]
j}wtf k|fKt ug{ klg ;Qm}g .
*= ca, bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ dfly
ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/ Pj+ sf/0f ;d]taf6 l/6
lgj]bs dw';b' g a'9fyf]sLnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L
gf]s/Lsf] nflu ;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L k|x/L
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/
-u[x ;lrj:t/_ af6 ldlt @)^).!.@% df ePsf]
lg0f{odf clwsf/If]qfTds q'l6 b]lvPsf] x'bF f To:tf]
clwsf/If]qsf] cefjdf ;lrj:t/af6 ePsf]]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'gL tTsfnLg >L % ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifb\ a f6 @)^@.!!.$ df ePsf]
lg0f{ o nufotsf sfdsf/jfxL ;d] t :jtM
sfg"gljk/Lt e} ab/efuL b]lvPsf]n] pQm ldlt
@)^).!.@% sf] ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o
;b/ ug]{ u/L tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 ldlt
@)^@.!!.$ df ePsf] lg0f{o nufotsf sfdsf/jfxL

pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca lgj]bs

dw';'bg a'9fyf]sLsf ;DaGwdf clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L jf lgsfon] sfg"gadf]lhd h] hf] a'em\gk' g]{
xf], a'emL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] /Lt k'ofO{ k|lqmof;Ddt
kdf 7x/]adf]lhd k'gM lg0f{o ug'{ egL g]kfn
;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'G5 .
cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLnfO{ lbg" . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+=**@$
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnfz
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
)^%CI)!)^
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!.@*.%
d'2fM k/dfb]z .
k'g/fj]bs ljkIfLM lhNnf dxf]Q/L, lkk/f uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= & a:g] g/]Gb|df]xg ld>
lj?4
k|ToyL{ lgj]bsM lhNnf dxf]Q/L, lkk/f uf=lj=;=
j8f g+=& a:g] hfgsL b]jL
z'? km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L /f3jnfn a}B
df=Gof=>L zf/bfk|;fb l3ld/]

720

s'nf], kfgL jf ;fFw;Ldfgf h:tf ;fj{hlgs

lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] ;DklQsf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ s'g} em}emu8f jf ljjfb e} :yfgLo
:t/df zflGt e+u x'g] l:ylt k}bf ePdf

**@$ g/]Gb|df]xg ld> lj=hfgsLb]jL

To:tf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug'k{ g]{ eP /f]Ssf

u/L zflGt axfn u/fpg];Ddsf] zflGt
;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ /xg] t/ JolQmsf]
lghL ;DklQsf] cgGtsfn;Dd /f]Ssf /fVg]
clwsf/ gx'g] .
zflGt ;'/Iff axfn u/fpg] k|of]hgsf]
nflu;Dd s'g} ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg' kg{]
ePdf dfq k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Ln] /f]Ssf
/fVg ;Sg] u/L :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@*
sf] bkmf ^-%_ n] clwsf/ lbPsf]n] zflGt
axfn ePkl5 klg cgGtsfn;Dd oyfjt\
;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] c;Lldt clwsf/ k|dv
'
lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lbPsf] dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ $_
k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
dxfb]j ofbj
k|ToyL{ lgj]bs tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf ^-%_
hUuf khgLsf] @-s_ g+=
km};nf
k| = Gof=lvn/fh /] U dLM k' g /fj] b g
cbfnt,hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^%.#.!& sf] km};nfpk/
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ -s_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
:j= klt l;tf/fd d08nsf] gfddf btf{
/x]sf] lhNnf dxf]Q/L, lkk/f uf=lj=;=j8f g+= !
l:yt ls=g+= !)$ sf] If]qkmn )$@ hUuf /x]sf]df
pQm hUufaf6 ;8s km/flsnf] kfg]{ sfddf lsQfaf6
x'bF f ls=g+= %$@ / %$# sfod ePsf] / ls=g+=%$@
af6f]df ;dfj]z e} ls=g+= %$# sf] )!!$ hUuf
:j= kltsf] gfddf g} sfod 5 . ldlt @)%^.!).*
df kltsf] sfnultn] d[To' eO;s]sf] x'bF f d'ns
' L
721

P]g, h=k=sf= @ -s_ adf]lhd h'g;'s} a]nf gfd;f/L

x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'k gfd;f/L ug]{ p2]Zon]
dfnkf]t sfo{fnodf hfFbf hUuf /f]Ssf /x]sf]n]
gfd;f/L ug{ gldNg] df}lvs hfgsf/L kfpFm .
tTkZrft\ ldlt @)^$.*.!* df dfnkf] t
sfof{noaf6 gSsn lnFbf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
sf] r=g+= *&#% sf] kqn] dfnkf]t sfof{no dxf]Q/Ln]
/f]Ssf /fv]sf] /x]5 . sfg"gadf]lhdsf] clVtof/
gePsf] JolQm k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Ln] /f]Ssf /fVg]
egL u/]sf] u}/sfg"gL cfb]z / ;f]sf] cfwf/df
dfnkf]t sfof{non] /f]Ssf /fv]sf] sfo{x u}/sfg"gL
/ cgflwsf/ ePsf] x'bF f d]/f] :j= klt l;tf/fd
d08nsf] gfdsf] ls=g+= %$# sf] )!!$ sf] hUuf
km'sj' f u/L lbg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]lbsfsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]lbsfsf]
dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g'
gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f, cfwf/
jf k|df0f eP ;f] ;d]t ;fy} /fvL af6fsf] Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL of] cfb]z
/ lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
Dofb hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf kg]{ cjlw
Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.(.!&.% sf] cfb]z .
hUuf ;DaGwdf jfbljjfb x]g{] clwsf/
o; sfo{fnonfO{ 5}g . t/ lhNnfleq hUuf, hldg,
s'nf] kfgL, ;fFw, ;Ldfgf af/] zflGt e+u x'g hfg]
h:tf] emu8f ePsf] jf x'g nfu]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf
ePdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf sfod /fVg
To:tf JolQmnfO{ lemsfO{ aofg u/fpg] /
cfjZostfg';f/ ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg] clwsf/ :yfgLo
k|zf;g P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf ^ -%_ n] k|=lh=c= nfO{
lbPsf] 5 . ;femf ;+:yfsf] gfddf ePsf] hUuf
kfl/t ul/lbg] ljifodf g/]Gb|df]xg ld> tyf
ljkIfLsf kltsf aLrdf aGb]hkqsf] sfuh eO{
ljkIfLsf kltsf] gfdsf] lkk/f uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= !
sf] lsQf !)$ sf] )$@ hUuf ljkIfLsf] kltn]
;femf ;+:yfsf] gfddf btf{ u/L lbPsf lyP . ;femf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;+:yfnfO{ hUuf lbPafkt ;f]wegf{ :j?k g/]Gb|df]xg

ld>n] cfgf] gfd btf{sf] tTsfnLg lkk/f uf=k+=jf=g++
! ls=g+= *)@ sf]= )&) hUuf ljkIfsf kltsf]
gfddf kfl/t u/L lbPsf /x]5g\ . ;femf ;+:yfaf6
hUuf lkmtf{ ePsf] x'bF f pQm hUuf g/]Gb|df]xg
ld>nfO{ lkmtf{ u/L lbg'kg]{ aGb]hkqsf] sfuh /x]5 .
;femf ;+:yfsf] pQm hUuf ljkIfsf] kltn] lkmtf{
kfP klg g/]Gb|df]xgaf6 /fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf] pQm
hUuf lkmtf{ gu/L ljkIfsf] kltsf] gfddf g} btf{
/lx/x]sf] eP klg rng g/]Gb|df]xg ld>s} /x]sf]
lyof] . ablnFbf] /fhgLlts kl/j]zsf] kmfObf p7fO{
hj/\h:tL hUuf sAhf ug{ vf]hs
] f] / ;f]cg';f/
geP x'n, czfGt x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] g/]Gb|df]xg
ld>n] lbPsf] lgj]bg adf]lhd :yfgLo:t/df x'n
czflGt x'g glbg plrt k|aGw ldnfpg :yfgLo
k|zf;g P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L /f]Ssf
ul/Psf] xf] . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ePdf pQm P]gn] u/]sf] ljz]if Joj:yfdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{ hfg] x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{fno dxf]Q/L P]=sf
k|=lh=c=sf]= lnlvt hjfkm .
d]/f] / ljkIfLsf] kltsf] aLrdf ePsf]
;femf ;+:yfnfO{ hUuf lbg] ;DaGwL aGb]hkq adf]lhd
ljkIfsf kltsf] gfdsf] hUuf ;femf ;+:yfnfO{ lbg]
/ ;f] hUufsf] ;f]wegf{afkt d]/f] gfdsf] hUuf
ljkIfLsf kltnfO{ lbg] zt{ ePsf] xf] . ejg
lgdf{0fsf ;dodf /fhgLlts sf/0fn] ljjfb pTkGg
e} pQm hUufdf ejg lgdf{0f ge} ;fj{hlgs hUufdf
ejg lgdf{0f eof] . ;femf ;+:yf ;~rfng x'g
g;s] ;femf ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] hUuf ljkIfLsf] kltsf]
x'g] / d}n] /fhLgfdf ul/lbPsf] hUuf dnfO{ lkmtf{
ug'k{ g]{ zt{ ePsf] 5 . ;femf ;+:yfnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg ;xdt ePsf] ljkIfL kltsf gfd btf{sf]
ls=g+= !)$ sf] hUuf x:tfGt/0f e} ;+:yfsf] gfddf
btf{ e} g;s]sf] sf/0f lghs} gfddf /xg uof] .
d}n] /fhLgfdf ul/lbPsf] d]/f] gfd btf{sf] ls=g+=
*)@ sf] hUuf dnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg cfu|x ubf{ lkmtf{
gu/]sf] / ablnFbf] /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf] kmfObf
722

p7fO{ kltsf] gfdaf6 cfgf] gfddf NofO{ pQm

hUuf cGoq x:tfGt/0f ug]{ s'/f k|s6 u/]sf]n]
zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|of]hgfy{ hUuf oyfl:yltdf /fVg]
p2]Zon] d}n] lbPsf] lgj]bgadf]lhd P]gn] lbPsf]
clVtof/L adf]lhd k|=lh=c=n] hUuf /f]Ssf /fv]sf]
xf] . cfgf] lnlvt k|ltj4tf ljk/Lt bfo/ ul/Psf]
k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] g/]Gb|df]xg
ld>sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu hUuf k|fKt ug]{ xf]
;f] k|of]hg g} k"/f gePsf] / lgj]bssf] kltsf]
gfddf /x]sf] hUuf lkmtf{ lbg] egL tTsfnLg
c~rnfwLz sfof{noaf6 kqfrf/ ;d]t ePsf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf JolQmsf] hUuf nfdf] ;do;Dd
/f] S sf /flv/fVg] clwsf/ lhNnf k| z f;g
sfo{fnonfO{ /x]sf] eGg] k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;d]t
gePsf] / kltsf] z]ifkl5 >LdtLsf] gfddf
gfd;f/L u/L lng kfpg] h=k=sf] @-s_ g+= adf]lhd
lgj]bssf] sfg"gL xs / To;/L gfd;f/L ul/lbg'kg]{
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] bfloTj sfg"gn] l;h{gf u/]sf]
cj:yfdf lgj]lbsfsf] kltsf] gfddf sfod ePsf]
ls=g+ = %$# sf] hUufnfO{ /f] S sf ul//xg
sfg"g;+ut gb]lvFbf pQm hUuf /f]Ssf km's'jf
ul/lbg' egL ljkIfL sfof{nosf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^%.#.!& sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf lrQ a'em]g .
ljkIfLsf] kltn] ;femf ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu lbPsf]
hUufsf] ;f d}n] cfgf] gfdbtf{sf] ls=g+= *)#
sf] )&) hUuf kfl/t ul/lbPsf] eGg] s'/f
/fhLgfdf / ldlt @)%*.^.!) sf] zt{gfdfaf6
klg k|i6 eO/x]sf] 5 . d}n] kfl/t ul/lbPsf]
hUufsf] ;f ljkIfLsf] kltsf] gfddf ePsf]
hUufdf ;femf ejg lgdf{0f gePkl5 d]/f] hUuf
dnfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{df s'g} lljwf 5}g . To;}n]
xfn ljkIfL hfgsLb]jLsf kltsf gfddf sfod
x'g cfPsf] ls=g+= %$# sf] hUuf d}n] k|fKt ug'k{ g]{
:ki6 5 . d]/f] :yflkt ef]u /x]sf] lsQf hUufdf
lgj]lbsfn] x'nbFuf ;d]t u/fO{ czflGt l;h{gf

**@$ g/]Gb|df]xg ld> lj=hfgsLb]jL

u/]sf] sf/0faf6 d}n] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf

lgj]bg lbPsf] / sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/cGtu{t
k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Ln] /f]Ssf /fVg] cfb]z lbPsf]
xf] . ldlt @)%*.^.!) sf] zt{ aGb]haf6 ls=g+=
%$# df xfn cfP/ ef]u ug{ glbg] / dnfO{ kfl/t
ul/lbg OGsf/ ug{ ljkIfLnfO{ k|df0f P]g,@)#!
sf] bkmf #$ n] laalGwt ub{5 . To;}n] ;f]
zt{gfdfcg';f/ lgj]lbsfn] pQmhUuf d afx]s
csf]{ JolQmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ jf ef]u clwsf/df
cltqmd0f u/L zflGt e+u ug{ kfpg] xf]Og . t;y{,
:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf ^-%_ n]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/L k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Ln]
/f]Ssf u/L u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf x'g] u/L ;f]
hUuf km's'jf ug'{ egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ e} ab/ efuL 5 . ctM pQm km};nf
pN6L u/L ;f] hUuf /f]Ssf ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL
dWo]sf] g/]Gb|df]xg ld>sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] ls=g+=%$# sf]
hUuf lgj]bssf] klt ;Ltf/fd d08nsf gfddf
btf{ 5, 5}g jf cGo s;sf] gfdf btf{ 5, ;DalGwt
dfnkf]t sfo{fnoaf6 a'emL k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt
@)^*.$.@^ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"RLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dxfb]j ofbjn] ldlt
@)%*.^.!) sf] zt{gfdf adf]lhd k'g/fj]bssf]
gfdsf] hUuf ljkIfLsf] kltsf gfddf btf{ ePsf],
ls=g+= !)$ sf] hUuf ;femf ;+:yfnfO{ lbPafkt
ls=g+= *)@ sf] hUuf lgj]lbsfsf kltsf] gfddf
kfl/t u/]sf] xf] . t/ ls=g+= !)$ df ;femf ejg
gagL cGoq} ag]kl5 ;f] ls=g+= !)$ klg lgj]lbsfs}
kltsf gfddf oyfjt sfod x'g cfO;s]sf] 5 .
;f] ls=g+= !)$ ;femfnfO{ lbPafkt k'g/fj]bssf
gfdsf] ls=g+= *)@ dWo]af6 )#!) hUuf
lgj]lbsfn] kfl/t u/L cfgf] gfddf lnO{;s]kl5
ls=g+=+ !)$ af6 lsQfsf6 eO{ cfPsf] ls=g+= %$#
sf] hUuf k'g/fj]bsnfO{ lkmtf{ u'gk{ g]{ :ki6 5 .
t;y{, ;f] zt{gfdfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg ls=g+=+
723

%$# sf] hUuf xfn /f]Ssf km'sj' f x'g ;Sg] xf]Og .

ctM ;f] hUuf /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfn] ug'e
{ Psf] ax;
;'gL ldl;n cWoog ;d]t ul/of] . o;df k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 eGg] ljifodf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d]/f] :juL{o kltsf]
gfddf btf{ /x]sf] ls=g+= %$# sf] hUuf gfd;f/L
ug{ hfFbf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] kqaf6 /f]Ssf
/flvPsf] eGg] yfxf ePsf] x'bF f cglws[t lgsfoaf6
cglws[t tj/n] JolQmut hUuf /f]Ssf u/]sf] x'bF f
;f] /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;femf ;+:yfsf] gfddf
ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon] lgj]lbsfsf] kltsf] gfddf
/x]sf] ls=g+!)$ sf] hUuf ;femf ;+:yfnfO{ kfl/t
u/L ;f]sf] ;f]wegf{df g/]Gb|df]xg ld>sf] gfdsf]
ls=g+= *)@ sf] hUuf lgj]lbsfsf] kltsf] gfddf
/fhLgfdf kfl/t eO{ uPsf] / ls=g+= !)$ df ;femf
;+:yfsf] ejg gaGg] ePkl5 ;f] hUuf lgj]lbsfs}
kltsf gfddf lkmtf{ /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/]sf] x'bF f
k'g/fj]bs g/]Gb|df]xg ld>sf gfdsf] hUuf klg
lgj]lbsfsf] kltn] lkmtf{ ug]{ u/L b'j} kIfaLr ldlt
@)%*.^.!) df zt{gfdf sfuh ePsf] x'bF f ;f]
zt{gfdfadf]lhd ls=g+= !)$ af6 lsQfsf6 e}
cfPsf] ls=g+= %$# sf] hUuf g/]Gb|df]xgn] g}
ef] u rng ul/cfPsf] cj:yfdf lgj] l bsfn]
:yfgLo:t/df x'n x'Hht u/L czflGt u/]sf] egL
g/]Gb|df]xgn] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ^-%_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L /f]Ssf
/flvPsf] eGg] ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 .
#= :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf
^-%_ df lhNnfleq s'nf]kfgL, ;fFw;Ldfgf af/]
zflGt e+u x'g hfg] h:tf] emu8f ePsf] 5 jf x'g
nfu]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf x'g cfPdf k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lemsfO{ aofg
u/fpg] / cfjZostfcg';f/ ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

kfpg] u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] cfb]z lbg

;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ s'nf], kfgL jf ;fFw;Ldfgf h:tf
;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] ;DklQsf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ s'g} em}emu8f jf ljjfb e} :yfgLo :t/df
zflGt e+u x'g] l:ylt k}bf ePdf To:tf] ;DklQ
/f]Ssf ug'k{ g]{ eP u/L zflGt axfn u/fpg] ;Ddsf]
zflGt ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f]
Joj:yfn] s'g} JolQm aLrsf] ljz'4 lghL ;DklQsf]
ljifodf x'g] ljjfb klg x]g{] jf JolQmsf] lghL
;DklQsf] cgGtsfn;Dd /f]Ssf /fVg] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . d"ntM zflGt ;'/Iff axfn
u/fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu;Dd s'g} ;DklQ /f]Ssf
/fVg' kg{] ePdf dfq k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln]
/f]Ssf /fVg ;Sg] u/L o; bkmfn] clwsf/ lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . t/ To;/L /f]Ssf /flvPsf] ;DklQ zflGt
axfn ePkl5 klg cgGtsfn;Dd oyfjt /f]Ssf
/fVg] c;Lldt clwsf/ o; bkmfn] k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/LnfO{ lbPsf] dfGg ;lsb}g .
$= k|:t't ljjfbdf k'g/fj]bs g/]Gb|df]xg
ld> / lgj]lbsf hfgsLb]jLsf] kltaLr ePsf] ldlt
@)%*.^.!) sf] zt{gfdfadf]lhd lgj]lbsfn] ls=g+=
%$# sf] hUuf k'g/fj]bs afx]s cGo JolQmnfO{
xs x:tfGt/0f u/fpg g;Sg] eGg] cfwf/ lnO{
/f] S sf ul/Psf] eGg] b] l vg cfpF 5 . pQm
zt{gfdfadf]lhd lgj]lbsf hfgsLb]jLsf kltsf
gfddf sfod ePsf] ls=g+= %$# sf] hUuf lkmtf{
lng] af/]df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL rnfpg]
jf grnfpg] eGg] ljifo k'g/fj]bs g/]Gb|df]xg
ld>sf] lghL ljifo b]lvG5 . o:tf] JolQmut tj/df
pkrf/ vf]Hg] k|s[ltsf] ldlt @)%*.^.!) sf]
zt{gfdfsf] ljifon] hUuf khgLsf] @-s_ g+=
adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL xsnfO{ ;Lldt, lgb]l{ zt jf
lgliqmo agfpg ;Sg] klg b]lvFbg} .
%= ctM hUufkhgLsf] @-s_ g++ adf]lhd
kltsf] gfddf sfod /x]sf] ls=g++ %$# sf] hUufdf
/x]sf] lgj]lbsf hfgsLb]jLsf] sfg"gL xscg'k

pQm hUuf kltsf] gfdaf6 cfgf] gfddf gfd;f/L

;d]t ug{ kfpg]df ;f] sfo{ ;d]t ug{ gkfpg]
u/L cgGtsfn;Dd hUuf /f]Ssf /fVg] clwsf/
ljkIfL k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ /x] ePsf] gx'bF f
lgj]lbsfsf] dfucg'k pQm hUufsf] /f]Ssf
km's'jf ul/lbg' egL ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no / dfnkf]t sfof{no ;d]tsf] gfddf
k/dfb] z hf/L u/] s f] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt,
hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)%^.#.!& sf] km};nf ldn]sf]
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5'
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+=**@%
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
@)^^CR)@!#
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.!$.%
d'2f M Hofg dfg{] pBf]u .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM hutaxfb'/ /fjnsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf sfnLsf]6, dfGdf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= % a:g] ;Ltf rf}nfufO{
z'? cbfntdf km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L 7fs'/k|;fb zdf{
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L s]bf/k|;fb rfln;]
df=Gof=>L 6+saxfb'/ df]Qmfg

724

**@% g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=;Ltf rf}nfufO{

Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf kLl8tnfO{ kg{

uPsf] rf]6 / To;sf] c;/nfO{ dfq Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u u/]sf] xf] xf]Og egL 7x/ ug]{
lg0ff{os k|df0f dflgb}g, Hofg dg];
{ Ddsf]
sfo{ ul/;s]sf] xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/f
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tyflk 3fpsf] cj:yfn]
;f+3fltstfsf] j:t'ut ?kdf d"Nofg ug]{
cfwf/ x'g] x'bF f To:tf] k|df0fnfO{ cbfntn]
dxTjk"0f{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
tYo / k| d f0fxn] k' l i6 gePsf] ,
lrlsT;sn] JoQm u/]sf] dgf]ut /fonfO{
dfq csf6\o k|df0f dfgL kLl8tsf] cj:yf
uDeL/ / dg{;
] Dd lyof] egL lgisif{df
k'Ug gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
xl/k|;fb /]UdL
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)%!, ;fpg, lg=g+=$*(), k[=@@^
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= @)@ g+=
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@& g+=
km};nf
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o;} cbfntsf]
If]qflwsf/ leqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M
k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] cfkm\gf] nf]Ug]
dx]Gb| rf}nfufO{nfO{ st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf kf/]sf]
l/;OjL lnO{ ldlt @)^$.!!.# ut]sf lbg af6f]df
ukm ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k5fl8af6 cfO{ kmnfdsf]
wfl/nf] bfjn] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]sf]df d;Fu} ukm
725

ul//x]sf hutaxfb'/ zfxLn] k|ltjfbL ;Ltf

rf}nfufO{nfO{ ;dftL lghn] c? rf]6 xfGg gkfO{
afFRg ;kmn ePsf]n] k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{nfO{
d'ns
' L P]g Hofg ;DaGwLsf] dxncg';f/ Hofg
dfg{] pBf]u u/]sf] s;"/df sf/jfxL u/L ;hfo
ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t k| x /L gfoj lg/LIfs
hutaxfb'/ /fjnsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
k"j{ dfGdfaf6 hL/f] KjfO{G6 hfg] af6f], klZrd
k|tLdf rf]s hfg] af6f], pQ/ k|ltdn vqLsf] b'O{ tn]
3/ / blIf0f g/L zfxLsf] vfnL hUuf olt rf/
lsNnfleq k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] k|=gf=lg=
hutaxfb'/ /fjnnfO{ k|xf/ ug{ k|of]u u/]sf] ! nDafO{
@=& b]lv &=% rf}8fO{ Pj+ ! s]=hL= *) u|fdsf] k"/}
kmnfd} kmnfdsf] wfl/nf] xltof/ -bfp_ e"Od{ f /x]sf],
hdLgdf 7fpF 7fpFdf /utsf l56f -yf]kf_ /x]sf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn k|sl[ t d'rN' sf .
hfx]/jfnf hutaxfb'/ /fjnsf] sf/0fn]
d]/f] >Ldfg\ dx]Gb|k;
| fb rf}nfufO{ h]n uPsf]df
5'6s
] f lyPgg\ . k|x/Ln] 5'6fpg] kxn u/L b]nfg\
eg]sf] u/]gg\ . >LdfgnfO{ h]ndf xfNg] d'Vo e"ldsf
hfx]/jfnfn] v]ns
] f]n] @)^$.!!.# ut]sf lbg a]ns
' f
^M)) ah]sf] ;dodf cfkm\g} xf]6n;Fu} hf]l8Psf]
w'j| tf/f xf]6nsf] ;fx'gLaf6 wfl/nf] xltof/ bfj
dfu]/ NofO{ xdfn /]l8of] k;n cufl8 pleO{ ukm
u/L /x]sf hfx]/jfnfnfO{ Hofg dfg{] lgotn] Ps
k6s 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]sL x'F . /fjnnfO{ gdf/L
x'Gg egL cufl8b]lv g} df}sf x]/L j;]sL lyPF .
b]vfPsf] bfj d}n] df;' sf6\g egL w'j| tf/f xf]6nsf]
;fx'gLaf6 dfu]sf] x'F . hfx]/jfnfnfO{ g} dfg{] lgotn]
g} xltof/n] k|xf/ u/]sL x'F eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL
;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf
u/]sf] aofg .
@)^$.!!.# ut] d 36gf:yn glhs lyPF .
36gf 36\bfsf] cj:yfdf hfx]/jfnf hutaxfb'/
/fjn / hutaxfb'/ zfxL s'/fsfgL ul//x]sf lyP .
;f] a]nf k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] b'j} sfvLdf b'j}
xft RofkL hfx]/jfnf ;d]tn] ukm u/L /x]sf
cj:yfdf k5fl8 cfO{ Psl5g pleOg\ / To;kl5

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cfkm"n] sfvLdf RofkL n'sfO{ l5kfO{ NofPsf]

kmnfdsf] bfjn] hfx]/jfnfsf] k5fl8af6 6fpsf]df
k|xf/ ul/g\ . slt k6s k|xf/ ul/g\ osLg v'nfpg
;lSbg . ;f] xltof/ k|xf/ u/L ;s]kl5 e"Od
{ f
v;]sf]n] d}n] l6kL k;ndf NofPsf] x'F . hfx]/jfnf;Fu
;fydf /x]sf hutaxfb'/ zfxLn] k|ltjfbL ;Ltf
rf}nfufO{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ vf]Hbf k|ltjfbLn]
hutaxfb'/ zfxLsf] xft 6f]sL lbO{ e"Oa{ f6 9'f
p7fO{ xfGg vf]hs
] L x'g\ . 36gfsf ;dodf lgh
k|ltjfbLn] d]/f] nf]Ug]nfO{ km;fpg] oxL xf], o;nfO{
df5'{ / cfkm" klg d5'{ eGb} kmnfdsf] bfj k|xf/
u/]sf]n] k|ltjfbLn] Hofg dfg{] lgotn] k|xf/ u/]sf]df
ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t 36gf ljj/0fsf pbo
xdfn, gfgL sf]O/fnf l;+x, afFr' clwsf/L ;d]tn]
ul/lbPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] sfuh .
hfx]/jfnfsf] 6fpsf]df #=! ;]=dL= sf] rf]6
/x]sf], pQm rf]6 wfl/nf] xltof/n] k|xf/ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf], lj/fdLsf] cj:yf gfh's x'gs
' f] ;fy}
dg{;
] Ddsf] cj:yf /x]sf] egL sfnLsf]6 c:ktfnsf
8f=ljgf]b lu/Ln] u/L lbPsf] hfx]/jfnfsf] 3f hfFr
s]z kmf/fd .
k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] hfx]/jfnfnfO{
n'sfO{ NofPsf] xl/tofn] k5fl8af6 em'SofO{ 6fpsf]df
k|xf/ u/L Hofg dfg{;
] Ddsf] sfo{ u/]sf] / tTsfn
t];f| ] kIfsf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ Hofg dg{af6 hf]luPsf]
cj:yf x'bF f lghn] d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf]
!% g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;f]xL g+=
cg';f/sf] ;hfo ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
cleof]ukq dfubfjL .
hfx]/jfnfn] d]/f] k;ndf ## k6s cfO{
lh:sfPsf] x'bF f bfj k|xf/ u/]sf] x'F . l/;sf] emf]sdf
bfj k|xf/ ubf{ hfx]/jfnfsf] z/L/sf] s'g s'g
efudf nfUof] yfxf ePg . d]/f] lbdfun] Tolta]nf
sfd u/]g . xfGg' unt lyof] . bfj b]vfpFbf ;gfvt
ul/lbPF . hfx]/jfnf;Fu k"j{ l/;OjL lyPg .
hutaxfb'/ zfxLn] o:tf] s] uof}+ alxgL egL
5'6o\ fPsf x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;Ltf
rf}nfufO{n] z'? cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
726

@)^$.!!.# ut]sf a]n'sL ^M#) ah]sf]

;dodf d xdfn /]l8of] k;n cufl8 pbo
xdfn;Fu ukm ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf hfx]/jfnf
cfpg' ePsf]n] s'/f ul//x]sf lyof}+ . k|ltjfbLn]
hfx]/jfnfsf] k5fl8kl ;n cf]9]/ cfO{ bfjn]
hfx]/jfnfsf] k5fl8 klaf6 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]sL
x'g\ . d}n] k|ltjfbLnfO{ 5'6\ofpFbf bfj e"O{df
v;]sf] xf] . k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ /fF8Lsf]
5f]/fn] d]/f] lhGbuL aaf{b uof], >Ldfg\nfO{
sf/fuf/df kfof] eg]sL lyOg . k|ltjfbLn] xltof/
k|xf/ u/]sL x'g\ . Hofg dfg{] lgot ePsf] gePsf]
yfxf ePg . k|ltjfbLnfO{ hfx]/jfnfn] lh:sfPsf]
eGg] s'/f yfxf 5}g egL jfbLsf ;fIfL hutaxfb'/
zfxL / pbo xdfnn] u/]sf] Ps} ldnfgsf]
askq .
hfx]/jfnfn] k|ltjfbL / d ;d]tnfO{
af/Daf/ lh:sfpFby] . hfx]/jfnfn] 3/df cfO{
lh:sfpg] af6f]df lx8\bf cg]s y/Lsf s'/f ug{] /
3/df k'Ubf y'Sg] ;d]t ub{y] . k|ltjfbL ;Ltf
rf}nfufO{n] ;kmfO kfpg' kg{] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL uLtf rf}nfufO{n] u/]sf] askq .
@)^$.!!.# ut] a]ns
' f ^M#) ah] d xdfn
/]l8of] k;nsf] cufl8 pleO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] k5\of}/Lleq n'sfO{ NofPsf]
kmnfdsf] bfjn] k5fl8af6 d]/f] 6fpsfsf] jLr
efudf k|xf/ u/]sL x'g\ . k|ltjfbLsf] nf]Ug] Hofg
d'2fdf y'gfdf k/]sf] sf/0f l/;OjL lnO{ 6fpsf]df
k|xf/ u/]sL x'g\ . z'? hfx]/L b/vf:t d]/f] xf] .
k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] dnfO{ k|xf/ ubf{sf]
cj:yfdf hutaxfb'/ zfxL ;d]t ;fy}df lyP .
k|ltjfbLsf] 3/df slxNo} k;]sf] / lh:sfPsf] 5}g
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf hutaxfb'/ /fjnn]
u/]sf] askq .
hfx]/jfnfn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ lh:sfPsf] eGg]
s' / f k| l tjfbLaf6 ;' g ] s f] x' F . k| l tjfbLn]
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ xfg]sf] s'/f yfxf kfOg, 36gfsf]
af/]df s]xL yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL lji0f' rf}nfufO{n] u/]sf] askq .

**@% g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=;Ltf rf}nfufO{

jf/bftsf] lbg k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfsf]

6fpsf]df kmnfdsf] bfjn] xfg]sf] b]vs
] f] x'F . k|x/Ldf
u/]sf] sfuh / ;lx5fk d]/} xf], xfg]sf] s]xL a]/kl5
rf]6 b]vs
] f] xf] / 36gf:yn d} b]vs
] f] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf ;fIfL /d]z 9'u+ fgfn] u/]sf] askq .
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ xfg]sf] eg]sf]
;dodf d lh/f] KjfO{G6 eGg] 7fpFdf lyPF . k|ltjfbLn]
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] d}n] b]lvg . hfx]/jfnfn]
lh:sfpg] u/]sf] s'/f k|ltjfbLsL 5f]/Ln] egL yfxf
kfPsf] x'F . hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/ ug'k{ g{]
c? sf/0f s]xL 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsL
;fIfL nIdL rf}nfufO{n] u/]sf] askq .
k|x/Ldf ePsf] Joxf]/f / ;lx5fk d]/} xf] .
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ kmnfdsf] bfj k|xf/ u/L
Hofg dfg{] pBf]u u/]sL x'g\ eGg] jfbL kIfsf ;fIfL
df]xg s]=;L= n] u/]sf] askq .
36gf:yndf df}hb" JolQmxsf cg';f/
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k"j{ l/;OjLsf] sf/0f
xltof/ k|xf/ u/L dfg{ vf]hs
] f] eGg] sygnfO{
k|ltjfbLn] s'g} v08g ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{bg} . df}sfdf
sfuh ug{] JolQm hutaxfb'/ zfxLnufotsf
dflg;xn] klg df}sfdf JoQm u/]sf] s'/fnfO{
cbfntdf cfO{ askq ubf{ t];f| ] kIfsf] pkl:yltsf
sf/0f hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg aRg ;kmn ePsf] /
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLxn] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/nfO{ ;dy{g
;d]t x'g g;sL /x]sf] l:yltdf oL k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/
xf]Ogg\ eGg ldn]g . ctM Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
!% g+= n] !@ jif{;Dd s}b x'g ;Sg]df k|ltjfbLsf]
nf]Ug] h]ndf ePsf] k|ltjfbL dlxnf e} bfofF xftsf]
a'9L cf}n
+ f ;d]t gePsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf s}b jif{ %
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] z'? sflnsf]6 lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf .
;j{ky| dtM d]/f] klt k|df0f kl/jGbn] bf]ifL
aGg k'uL ;hfo ef]uL /xg' ePsf]n] d}n] lgh
hfx]/jfnfn] d]/f] nf]Ug] 5'6fpg] cfzf /fv]sL klg
5}g / pgsf] ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} x}l;ot klg 5}g .
To;sf/0f d]/f] / hfx]/jfnfaLr s'g} k"j{ l/;OjL
lyPg, hfx]/Ldf n]lvPsf] l/;OjL ;DaGwL s'/f
727

;/f;/ em'f dfq xf] . hfx]/jfnfnfO{ d}n] dfg{]

p2]Zon] k|xf/ u/]sf] eP hfx]/jfnfsf] 6fpsfsf]
s'g 7fpFdf s] slt 3fprf]6 nfu]sf] 5, ;f] pNn]v
ug{ g;Sg'sf] ;fy} pQm rf]6af6 lghnfO{ tTsfn
s] c;/ k/]sf] lyof], tTsfn pkrf/sf nflu s] s]
u/] eGg] s'/f ;d]t pNn]v gug's
{ f ;fy} cfkm}n
+ ]
hfx]/L n]vL btf{ u/fO{ ;s]kl5 dfq 3fphfFr s]z
kmf/fd ePsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf klg hfx]/jfnfnfO{
d}n] dfg{] dg;fon] dg{;
] Ddsf] l:ylt x'g] u/L xfg]sf]
xf]Og eGg] s'/f k|i6 5 . lghn] dnfO{ yk a]OH{ hlt
zAbx af]nL kms{s
] f]df dnfO{ ;fx|} l/; p7L lgh
k|x/LnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kd} r]tfjgL lb'gk5{ eGg]
;DemL t;f{pg] p2]Zon] bfj ;fydf nuL 3/ aflx/
lg:sL x]bf{ lgh hfx]/jfnf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
glhs pbo xdfnsf] k;n cufl8 cGo JolQm
;lxt # hgf s'/f u/L /x]sf] b]vL tTsfn l/;sf]
emf]sdf u} c;r]t e} pu| cfj]zdf cfO{ bfjn]
k|xf/ ubf{ lghnfO{ nfu] gnfu]sf] ;d]t dnfO{ yfxf
ge} ;f] kl5 klg c;r]t e} @ lbgkl5 xf];df
cfPsL x'F . o;/L d u|fdL0f cjnf gf/L / hfx]/jfnf
;Ifd k|x/L sd{rf/L ePsf]n] cg';Gwfg tyf cbfnt
;d]tdf d}n] jf:tljs s'/f JoQm ug]{ df}sf kfOg .
;fy} d}n] bfjn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|xf/ u/]kl5 bfj
v;]sf] / km]l/ p7fO{ xfGg nfu]sf] / t];f| ] kIfsf]
pkl:ylt e} Hofg dg{af6 hf]luPsf] tYo slxst}af6
k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yf x'bF f / ljleGg ghL/xsf]
alv{nfk x'g] u/L u/]sf] z'?sf] km};nf ab/ u/L
Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;Ltf
rf}nfufO{sf] k'g/fj]bg .
hfx]/jfnfsf] 3fhfFr s]z kmf/fddf
6fpsf]df !-Ps_ dfq 3f vt b]lvg cfPsf]df
cleof]u dfubfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ug{] u/]sf] z'?sf]
km};nf ljrf/0fLo b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbg' eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
3fOt]sf] 3fhfFr s]z kmf/fdaf6 rf]6
uDeL/ eGg] / dg{];Ddsf] eGg pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvPtf klg 3fpsf] gfk ;fOh -#=! ;]=dL=_ x]bf{

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

klg To:tf] k|tLt x'bF g} . rf]6 To:tf] uDeL/ /x]sf]

eP ;f]sf] c;/ b]lvg] lsl;dsf ;Da4 sfuhftx
cbfntdf askq ubf{ ;d]t 3fOt] hfx]/jfnfn]
k]z u/]sf] x'g'kg{] ;f] b]lvb}g . cbfntdf ePsf]
askqaf6 lghsf] ;f] 3fpsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ctM k|ltjfbLn] 3fOt]sf] Hofg
dfg{] g} p2]Zon] xltof/n] k|xf/ u/]sf] dfGg ;lsg]
l:ylt b]lvg cfPg . jf/bft ePsf] / 3fOt]nfO{
rf]6 nfu]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't
jf/bft s'6kL6sf] jf/bft b]lvg cfPsf]n] d'ns
' L
P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !% g+= adf]lhd Hofg
dfg{] pBf]usf] s;"/ sfod u/L ;f]xLadf]lhd
;hfosf] dfubfjL lnPsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cleof] u dfubfjL ldn] s f] gb] l vF b f k| : t' t
jf/bftnfO{ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf @& g+= adf]lhd s'6kL6df kl/0ft ug'{kg{]df
cleof]u kq dfu bfjLadf]lhd d'n'sL P]g,
Hofg;DaGwL !% g+= sf] s;"/ sfod u/L ;f]xL g+=
adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug{] u/]sf] z'?
sfnLsf]6 lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf
ab/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt h'Dnfsf] km};nf .
36gfsf 3fOt] hfx]/jfnf hutaxfb'/
/fjnsf] 3fp hfFr s]z kmf/fdaf6 lghsf] cj:yf
uDeL/ eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . 3fOt] JolQm k|x/L clws[t
ePsf] / lbgsf] ;dodf cGo ;fyL;u} s'/f u/L
/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . 3fOt] / k|ltjfbLsf aLr
k|ltjfbLsf] nf]Ug]nfO{ Hofg d'2fdf oL hfx]/jfnfn]
km;fPsf] eGg] ljifodf lghx aLr k"j{ l/;OjL
ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf
u/]sf] aofg tyf hfx]/jfnfn] lbPsf] hfx]/Ldf
plNnlvt k|df0f v08df n]vfO{ k]z u/]sf] /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf lbPsf] ph"/L ;d]taf6
k|i6 ePsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLsf] bflxg] xftsf] a'9L cf}nf
gePsf] sf/0f ;zQm k|xf/ x'g g;Sg] eGg] ts{
cfkm}d+ f unt 5 . ctM sflnsf]6 lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf pN6L x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt h'Dnfsf]
km};nf pN6L u/L cleof]u dfubfjLadf]lhd

k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ul/kfpmF eGg] jfbL g]kfn

;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
xl/k|;fb /]UdLn] k|ltjfbLsf] nf]Ug]nfO{ Hofg d'2f
nfu]sf] ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t;Fu l/;OjL u/L
/x]sf] eGg] s'/f dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;d]tdf
lbPsf] ph"/Laf6 k|i6 5 . k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/ u/]sf]
kmnfdsf] bfj 3fts xltof/ ePsf] tyf kLl8tsf]
6fpsf]df nfu]sf] rf]6 uDeL/ /x]sf] eGg] s'/f 3f
hfFr s]z kmf/fdaf6 :ki6 5 . kLl8tsf] ;fy}df
ePsf hutaxfb'/ zfxLn] g5'6o\ fPsf] eP kLl8tsf]
Hofg hfg ;Sg] cj:yf lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf
cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo
ug'k{ g{d
] f af/bftnfO{ s'6kL6df kl/0ft ug{] u/L
ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ljkIfL lemsfpg] cfb]z
x'g' k5{ egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfn] ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k]z ePsf ldl;n
sfuhft cWoog u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] k'g/fjb]g
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < ljkIfL
lemsfpg] cfb]z x''g'k5{ kb{}g eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{o ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL
;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ n'sfO{ NofPsf]
xltof/n] k5fl8af6 em'SofO{ 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/L
Hofg dfg{];Ddsf] sfo{ u/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ Hofg
;DaGwL dxnsf] !% g+= cg';f/ ;hfo ul/kfpmF
eGg] cleof]u dfubfjL ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf z'?
lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u dfu
bfjLadf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/fO{ kfFr jif{ s}b
x'g] km};nf ePsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] z'?
OG;fkm pN6L u/L k|:t't jf/bftnfO{ ;/sf/L
d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @& adf]lhd
s'6kL6df kl/0ft x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nfpk/ jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] /x]5 .

728

**@% g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=;Ltf rf}nfufO{

#= ldl;n cWoog ubf{ k|ltjfbL ;Ltf

rf}nfufO{n] cfkm\gf] nf]Ug] dx]Gb| rf}nfufO{ st{Jo
Hofg d'2fdf k/]sf] l/;O{jL lnO{ ldlt @)^$.!!.#
df af6f]df ukm ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf kmnfdsf] wfl/nf]
xltof/ bfjn] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]sf] / ;Fu} ukm
ul//x]sf hutaxfb'/ zfxLn] k|ltjfbL ;Ltf
rf}nfufO{nfO{ ;dftL c? rf]6 xfGg glbPsf]n] afFRg
;kmn ePsf] eGg] kLl8t hutaxfb'/ /fjnsf]
hfx]/L b]lvG5 . hfx]/jfnf d]/f] k;ndf tLg
k6s;Dd cfO{ dnfO{ lh:sfPsf] x'bF f l/;sf] emf]sdf
bfj k|xf/ u/]sf] x'F . To; jvt d]/f] lbdfun] sfd
u/]sf] lyPg . nf]Ug]nfO{ h]n xfn]sf] sf/0fn] xfg]sf]
eGg] s'/f em"7f xf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] cbfnt;dIf
aofg /x]sf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] k|:t't
d'2fnfO{ s'6kL6df kl/0ft ug]{ km};nf u/]sf] x'bF f
o; d'2fdf d'Vo u/]/ 3l6t jf/bft Hofg dfg]{
pBf]usf] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf k|df0fxsf]
d"Nofg u/L lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] . ;DalGwt
sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ d'ns
' L P]g Hofg ;DaGwL
dxnsf] !% g+= df lgDgcg';f/ sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfOG5M

Hofgdfg]{ dg;fon] uf]nL rnfpg] jf

ad xfGg] jf 3fts xltof/n] sf6\g] jf dfg{sf
nflu c? h'g;'s} s'/fsf] pBf]u u/L dfg];
{ Ddsf]
sfd u/]sf]df s'g} sf/0fn] Hofg dg{ kfPsf] /x]g5
eg] To:tf] sfd ug]{ / ug{ nufpg] tyf ;f] 7fFpdf
u} jrg lbg] jf d2t ug]n
{ fO{ kfFr jif{bl] v afx|
jif{;Dd s}b ug'k{ 5{ .
pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 Hofg dfg]{
pBf]usf] s;"/ 7x/ x'gnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] Hofg lng]
dg;fo lnO{ dfg]{;Ddsf] sfo{ u/L ;s]sf] t/
s'g} sf/0fn] Hofg ;Dd dg{ gkfPsf] x'g'kg]{
b]lvG5 . k|:t't sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoogaf6
Hofgdfg]{ pBf]usf] jf/bft 7x/ x'gnfO{ d'Vo
?kn] lgDg tLg j6f lg0ff{os tTjx ljBdfg
x'g'kg]{ x'G5,
729

s_
v_
u_

k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tsf] Hofg lng];Ddsf]

dg;fo lnPsf],
k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] dg;fonfO{ sfo{?kdf
kl/0ft ug{ k|ltjfbLn] Hofgdg]{ ;Ddsf] sfo{
u/]sf], /
t];f| ] kIfsf] ck|Toflzt x:tIf]ksf] sf/0f
kLl8tsf] Hofg aRg uPsf] b]lvg'kg]{ x'G5 .

pk/f]Qm l;4fGtnfO{ o; cbfntaf6

dx]Gb|/fh ad lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ -lg= g++ $*()_
d'2f nufot ljleGg d'2fdf JoVof eO{ o; cbfntn]
:yflkt l;4fGtsf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L ;s]sf] x'bF f o;
;DaGwdf lj:t[t ljj]rgf ul//xg k/]g .
$= ca pk/fQm l;4fGtnfO{ k|:t't d'2fsf]
jf/bftsf] tYo;Fu ;dfof]hg u/L x]bf{ k|ltjfbLsf]
Hofg dfg]{;Ddsf] k"j{ l/;OjL jf dg;fo lyof]
lyPg eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . ;f]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ nf]Ug]nfO{ Hofg d'2f
nufPsf] / y'gfdf /x]sf] sf/0fn] k|ltjfbLn]
l/;OjL /fv]sf] x'Fbf dfg{] dg;fon] k|xf/ u/]sf]
eGg] jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
Hofg d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug{] tyf d'2f nufpg]
s'/f k|x/L clws[t tyf k|x/L ;+u7gsf] lgoldt
st{Joleq kg{] ljifo x'G5, tyf cbfntsf] cfb]zn]
y'gfdf /xg] g/xg] s'/f lgwf{/0f x'G5 . oL
kLl8tn] cfkm"vz
' L s;}nfO{ Hofg d'2fdf km;fpg]
/ cfkm\g} :jljj]sdf pGd'lQm lbg] s'/f gePsf]n]
oL k|ltjfbLn] ;f]xL sf/0fn] kLl8tpk/ JolQmut
?kdf l/;OjL /fVg' kg{ ] sf/0f b] l vb} g .
k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{ k6sk6s
lh:sfPsf] sf/0fn] l/;sf] cfj]udf k|xf/ u/]sf]
xf], dfg{] dg;fo lyPg egL cbfnt;dIf u/]sf]
aofg Joxf]/f dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 .
%= k| l tjfbLn] lnPsf] dg;fonfO{
sfo{?kdf kl/0ft ug{ k|ltjfbLn] Hofgdg]{ ;Ddsf]
sfo{ u/]sf xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
k|ltjfbLn] cfkm"n] kLl8tsf] Hofg lng] ;Ddsf]
s'lT;t dg;fonfO{ sfo{?kdf kl/0ft ug{ s] s:tf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

kl/l:yltdf, s] s:tf] ;fwg jf ljlw ckgfP/

Hofg lng] ;Ddsf] sfo{ u/]sf] /x]5 egL cbfntn]
;du| kl/l:ylt / k|df0fxnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . k|:t't jf/bft x'Fbfsf] kl/l:ylt x]bf{ ldlt
@)^$.!!.# ut]sf lbg a]ns
' L ^M#) ah]sf] ;dodf
xdfn /]l8of] k;n cufl8 hutaxfb'/ zfxL /
pbo xdfn;Fu ukm u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn]
kLl8t hutaxfb'/ /fjnnfO{ bfjn] 6fpsf]df k|xf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tn] gb]Vg] u/L
k5fl8af6 k|xf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 t/ jf/bft:yn
;fj{hlgs ePsf] / cGo dflg;xsf] aLrdf
36gf ePsf] xF'bf k|ltjfbLn] dfg]{ g} lgotn]
n'lsl5kL PsfGt:yndf k|xf/ u/]sf] eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf b]lvb}g . To:tf] k|xf/af6 k/]sf] rf]6sf]
ufDeLo{tfnfO{ ubf{ x]bf{ kLl8tsf] 3f hfFr s]z
kmf/fddf 6fpsf]df #=! ;]=dL= wfl/nf] xltof/n]
sf6]sf] 3fp -Incised wound_ /x]sf] / pQm
3fhFfr kmf/ddf uDeL/ -Serious_ / dg{];Dd Fatel_ egL lrlsT;sn] /fo JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 .
oBkL Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf kLl8tnfO{ kg{
uPsf] rf]6 / To;sf] c;/nfO{ dfq Hofg dfg]{
pBf]u u/]sf] xf] xf]Og egL 7x/ ug]{ lg0ff{os
k|df0f dflgb}g, k|ltjfbLn] Hofg dg]{;Ddsf] sfo{
ul/;s]sf] xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
tyflk 3fpsf] cj:yfn] k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{sf]
;f+3fltstfsf] j:t'ut ?kdf d"Nofg ug]{ cfwf/
x'g] x'Fbf To:tf] k|df0fnfO{ cbfntn] dxTjk"0f{
k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . kLl8tnfO{ kg{
uPsf] 3fpsf] gfk ;fO{h x]bf{ 6fpsf]df #=! ;]=dL=
sf6]sf] Psj6f dfq 3fp -Incised wound_ afx]s
z/L/df cGo s'g} uDeL/ rf]6 k6sx b]lvb}gg .
pQm rf]6sf] k|efjn] 3fOt]sf] z/L/df s] s:tf]
c;/ kgf{sf] sf/0f uDeL/ -Serious_ ePsf] xf] /
dg{];Ddsf] -Fatel_ kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] xf]
eGg] s'/f pQm 3f hfFrnufot kLl8tsf] pkrf/
u/]sf cGo k|df0fxaf6 v'Ng cfPsf] kfOPg .
kLl8tsf] pkrf/;DaGwL cGo k| d f0fxn]
3fOt]nfO{ uDeL/ rf]6 k'u]sf] jf To:tf] rf]6sf]

c;/af6 3fOt]sf] cj:yf uDeL/ ePsf] eGg]

s'/f ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfPg . o;sf] ;fy} kLl8tsf]
cbfnt;dIfsf] askqaf6 ;d] t lghnfO{
k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/ u/]sf] rf]6sf] To; lsl;dsf]
uDeL/ c;/ k/]sf] tYo k|i6 ePsf] kfOb}g . ;fy}
k|ltjfbLsf] bflxg] xftsf] a'9L cf}nf gePsf] tYodf
klg ljjfb gb]lvPsf]n] lghn] kLl8tsf] Hofg}
lng] u/L ;zQm k|xf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf klg
b]lvb}g .
^= ctM kLl8tnfO{ k/] s f] rf] 6 sf]
ufDeLo{tfnfO{ x]bf{ k|ltjfbLn] dfg]{ dg;fon]
zlQmzfnL 9+un] k|xf/ u/]sf] geO{ s'6kL6sf] p4]Zon]
;fdfGo k|xf/ u/]sf] ;Dd b]lvg cfof] . t;y{ tYo
/ k|df0fxn] k'li6 gePsf] lrlsT;sn] JoQm u/]sf]
dgf]ut /fonfO{ dfq csf6\o k|df0f dfgL kLl8tsf]
cj:yf uDeL/ / dg{;
] Dd lyof] egL lgisif{df k'Ug
ldn]g .
&= jf/bftsf] ;du| kl/l:yltnfO{ ljrf/
ubf{ kLl8t cGo ;fyLx;Fu ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf
ukm u/]/ al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ k6sk6s
lh:sfPsf] cfj]u yfDg g;sL k|ltjfbL ;Ltf
rf}nfufO{n] cfkm\gf] a'9L cf}nf gePsf] xftn] bfj
;dftL 6fpsf]df ;fdfGo rf]6 k|xf/ u/]sf] s'/f
:jo+ k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt;dIfsf] aofgdf :jLsf/
u/]sf] eP klg pQm rf]6 Hofg dfg]{ dg;fon] g}
kLl8tnfO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] s'/f lghsf] sfo{af6 k'li6
ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]usf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] egL 7x/ lgisif{df
k'Ug ldNg] ePg .
*= k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tsf] Hofg lng];Ddsf]
dg;fo lnPsf] tyf k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] dg;fonfO{
sfo{?kdf kl/0ft ug{ k|ltjfbLn] Hofg dg];
{ Ddsf]
sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] ljj]lrt k|df0fxaf6 gb]lvbf
t];f| ] kIfsf] ck|Toflzt x:tIf]ksf] sf/0f kLl8tsf]
Hofg aRg uPsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf
ul//xg k/]g .
(= t;y{ k|ltjfbL ;Ltf rf}nfufO{n] kLl8t
hutaxfb'/ /fjnnfO{ bfjn] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]sf]

730

**@^ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnL

eGg] tYo :jo+ k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt;dIfsf] aofgdf

:jLsf/ u/]sf] eP klg jf/bft x'bF fsf] ;du| cj:yf,
kl/l:ylt / kLl8tnfO{ k/]sf] rf]6sf] cj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ k|:t't jf/bft Hofg dfg{] pBf]usf] geO{
s'6kL6sf] jf/bft b]lvg cfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
h'Dnfaf6 z'? km};nf pN6L u/L k|:t't d'2fnfO{
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @& g+=
adf]lhd s'6kL6df kl/0ft ug{] u/L ePsf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] d'ns
' L
P]g c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfpg] cfb]z
u/L /xg k/]g . jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fjb]g
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tMsdnk|;fb kf]v/]n

lg0f{o g+=**@^
;jf{R] r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt\ @)^*CR)&%$
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.!*.@
d'2fM a}ls s;"/ .
jfbLM ;f]nv
' D' j' lhNnf, g]rf atf;] uf=lj=;= j8f
g+=( 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=+ $ afn'jf6f/ a:g]
;'Gb/L /fO{ ;d]tsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ltjfbLM ;f]nv
' D' j' lhNnf, h'j' uf=lj=;= j8f g+=+ @
3/ eO{ nlntk'/ lhNnf, ;ftbf]af6f]] j8f
g+= ( 7f]nflx6L a:g] O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg]
O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnL
731

ljwflosfn] P]g lgdf{0f ubf{ Gofostf{nfO{

;hfosf] dfqf - Quantam of
Punishment_ lgwf{/0f ug{ :jljj]sLo
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]df ;f] clwsf/sf]
k|of]u Gofostf{n] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df ug'{
kb{ 5 / pQm clwsf/ k| o f] u ;t\
ljj]sk"0f{ tj/n] ePsf] 5 5}g egL
k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ cl3 km};nf ug]{
Ohnf; eGbf j[xt Ohnf;, km};nf ug]{
cbfnteGbf dflyNnf] cbfnt jf
GofofwLzdf /xg] .
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf ;f/e"t leGgtf
(Substantial Difference_ sf] JofVof ubf{
Gofostf{n] cfTdut ?kdf ge} ;DalGwt
P]g sfg"gsf] ;"Id cWoog u/L ljwflosL
dg;fonfO{ kl/nlIft u/L j:t'lgi7 tj/n]
ug'k{ g]{ .
a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, 2064 sf]
bkmf !%-!_ adf]lhd P]gn] Gofostf{nfO{
bzxhf/;Dd h/Ljfgf ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Joj:yf u/] s f] d f ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;sf]
/fojfemL km} ; nf ug] { GofofwLzn]
?=*,))). h/Ljfgf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf
t];f| ] GofofwLzaf6 ?=(,))). h/Ljfgf
u/L lg0f{odf dt aflemPsf] egL ljgf
cfwf/ t];f| ] /fo sfod u/L lg0f{ofy{ o;
cbfntdf k|l] ift u/]sf] lg0f{o pko'Qm Pj+d\
dgfl;j gb]lvg]] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ;"ok{ ;
| fb
kf]v/]n
k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf
#-u_ / !%-!_

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

km};nf
Gof=bfdf]/k|;fb zdf{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf *-$_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt l6kf]6 /
lg0f{o o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/
g]kfnLn] eQmk'/ lhNnf, eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f
g+=% l:yt ls=g+=@^* If]qkmn !))) hUuf laqmL
ug{] egL d hfx]/jfnL nIdL /fO{;uF a}gfafafkt
?= @^,)),))). lnPsf] / kl5 hUufsf] hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t lbPsf], To:t} d hfx]/jfnL
;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{nfO{ lhNnf eQmk'/, l;?6f/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+=& ls=g+=$$& / $%* sf] If]qkmn )(@
) / !@@) hUufsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t
b]vfO{ ;f] hUufx laqmL ug{] atfO{ a}gfafafkt
?=42,00,000/ lnPsf]df ;f] hUufx lghsf]
gfddf g/x]sf] eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ;d]t
a'lemPsf] ;fy} lghn] sLt{] sfuhftx tof/ u/L
e'mSofO{ k};f lkmtf{ gu/L 7uL u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{ / nIdL /fO{sf] ;+oQ
' m
hfx]/L b/vf:t .
OGb| tfd|fsf/n] eQmk'/ lhNnf, eQmk'/
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % l:yt ls=g+=268 If]qkmn 10-0-0 laqmL ug{] atfO{ a}gfaf afkt nIdL /fO{;uF
?=26,00,000/ a'em]sf] sfuhsf] k|ltlnlk .
;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{nfO{ lhNnf eQmk'/, l;?6f/
uf=lj=;= j8f g+=& ls=g+=447 / 458 sf] If]qkmn
0-9-2-0 / 1-2-2-0 hUuf laqmL ug{] atfO{
a}gfaf afkt OGb| tfd|fsf/n] ?=42,00,000/
lnO{ u/L lbPsf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbL OGb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/
g]kfnLn] hUuf laqmL ug{] atfO{ a}gfaf afkt /sd
lnPsf] / hUuf laqmL gu/]sf] ;fy} pQm hUufx
lghsf] gfddf g/x]sf] eGg] yfxf x'g cfPsf] x'bF f
/sd lkmtf{ dfu ubf{ lghn] xfdLnfO{ e'mSofO{ /sd
g} gePsf] lghsf] gfddf lxdfnog a}df /x]s
] f]
vftfaf6 /sd e'QmfgL lng' egL d hfx]/jfnL
nIdL /fO{ s f] klt ys{ a xfb' / /fO{ n fO{
732

?=30,00,000/ sf] r]s / d hfx]/jfnL ;'Gb/L

/fO{nfO{ ?=1,00,00,000/ sf] r]s lbO{ 7uL Pj+
a}ls s;"/ u/]sf]n] ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
hfx]/L b/vf:t .
ldlt 2068/3/20 ut] hfx]/jfnL
;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{ ;d]tnfO{ 7uL ug{] sf7df8f}F lhNnf,
/fdsf]6 uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * df OGb| tfd|fsf/ eGg]
OGb|axfb'/ g]kfnLnfO{ km]nf kf/L cfjZos
sf/jfxLsf] nflu kqmfp u/L bflvnf ul/Psf] ;fy}
lghn] bf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnPsf] a'lemPsf]
x'bF f lghpk/ ;f] ;DaGwdf ;d]t cg';Gwfg x'g
;Sg] eGg] k|x/L k|ltj]bg .
k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] OGb|axfb'/
g]kfnLn] hfx]/jfnLxnfO{ laqmL ug{ egL a}gfaf
afkt /sd a'em]sf eQmk'/, lhNnf eQmk'/
gu/kflnsf j8f g+= 5 l:yt ls=g+= 268, lhNnf
eQmk'/, l;?6f/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & ls=g+=447 /
458 sf hUufx OGb| tfd|fsf/sf] gfddf g/x]sf]
eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/sf] kq .
k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] OGb|axfb'/
g]kfnLn] hUuf laqmL u/]sf] egL /sd a'emL
hfx]/jfnLsf] gfddf hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ agfO{
lbPsf] egL hfx]/jfnL nIdL /fO{n] hfx]/L b/vf:t
;fy k]z u/]sf] eQmk'/, l;?6f/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
& ls=g+=448 sf] hUuf ;'/z
] k|;fb nfld5fg]sf]
gfddf ;|:] tf sfod /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
dfnkf]t sfof{no, eQmk'/sf] kq .
vftf gDa/ 02702424630014 OGb|
tfd|fsf/sf] gfddf vf]lnPsf] 5 . pQm vftfdf
r]snfO{ vfDg] /sd gePsf] x'bF f k]z ePsf r]sx
e'QmfgL x'g g;s]sf] xf], kq;fy k|fKt l/6g{ :nLk
o; a}af6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lxdfnog a} lnld6]8, sf7df8f}s
F f] hjfkm .
hUuf laqmL u5'{ egL k|ltjfbL OGb| tfd|fsf/ eGg]
OGb|axfb'/ g]kfnLn] d tyf d]/f] >Ldfg\nfO{ 7uL
u/]sf] /sd ?=26,00,000/ dfq xf] . Jofh /sd
hf]8b\ f ?=30,00,000. eGbf a9L /sd ePtfklg
lghn] ?=30,00,000/ /sd lbg] eg]sf]n] lghsf]

**@^ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnL

s'/fdf ;xdt ePsf]df lghn] d]/f] gfddf

?=30,00,000/ sf] r]s sf6L lbPsf x'g\ . Jofh
/sd ;lxt u/L lgh k|ltjfbLaf6 ?=30,00,000/
lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnL
nIdL /fO{sf] sfuh .
hUuf laqmL u5'{ egL k|ltjfbL OGb| tfd|fsf/
eGg] OGb|axfb'/ g]kfnLn] dnfO{ 7uL u/]sf] /sd
?=42,00,000/ dfq ePsf] xf] . d}n] a}gfaf
u/]sf] hUufsf] d"No a9]sf] ;fy} d}n] lghnfO{ lbPsf]
;f] /sdsf] Jofh ;d]t u/L lghn] dnfO{
?=1,00,00,000/ lbg] atfO{ d]/f] gfddf
?=1,00,00,000/ sf] r]s sf6L lbPsf x'g\ .
Jofh /sd;lxt u/L hDdf ?=53,79,000/ lbnfO{
e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{sf]
sfuh .
O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ gfdsf] gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ?kf
tfd|fsf/sf] lgj]bg .
d / /d]zs'df/ sfsL{n] sLt{] hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{x tof/ u/L ;f]xL sfuhftx b]vfO{
7uL ug{] of]hgf agfPsf] / lgh /d]z sfsL{n] d]/f]
gfddf /x] s f hUufsf] sLt{ ] hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{nufotsf sfuhftx tof/ u/L dnfO{
lbPkZrft\ d}n] hfx]/jfnL ;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{ / nIdL
/fO{nfO{ ljZjf;df kf/L hfx]/jfnL nIdL /fO{ tyf
lghsf] >Ldfg\ ys{axfb'/ /fO{nfO{ eQmk'/ lhNnf,
eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % l:yt ls=g+= 268
If]qkmn 1-0-0-0 hUuf laqmL ug{] egL a}gfafsf]
sfuh u/L lgh;Fu 26,00,000/ / hfx]/jfnL
;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{nfO{ lhNnf eQmk'/, l;?6f/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+=+ & ls=g+= 447 / 458 sf] If]qkmn 0-92-0 / 1-2-2-0 hUufx laqmL ug{] atfO{ hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{{ ;d]t b]vfO{ ;f] hUufx a}gfaf afkt
?=42,00,000. lnO{ 7uL u/]sf] x'F . hUuf laqmL
ug{] egL hfx]/jfnL ;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{ / nIdL
/fO{;uF k};f a'em]sf] a}gfafsf] sfuhdf ePsf]
;lx5fk d]/f] cfkm\g} xf] . hfx]/jfnL nIdL /fO{n]
hfx]/L b/vf:t ;fy k]z u/]sf] lghsf] gfdsf]
733

gSsnL hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ /d]z sfsL{n] agfP/

dnfO{ lbPsf] / d}n] lgh hfx]/jfnLnfO{ lbPsf] x'F .
d}n] lghxnfO{ 7uL u/L efu]sf]df lghxn] km]nf
kf/L /sd dfu ubf{ hUufsf] d"Noj[l4 ePsf] /
Jofh ;d] t nfO{ cg' d fg u/L hfx] / jfnL
;' G b/Ls' d f/L /fO{ n fO{ ?= 1,00,00,000 . /
hfx]/jfnf ys{axfb'/ /fO{nfO{ ?=30,00,000. sf]
r]s sf6L lbPsf] x'F . d}n] ;f]nv
' D' a'af6 O{Gb|axfb'/
g]kfnLsf] gfdaf6 lnPsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq
x/fPsf] x'bF f gfgLdfofF tfdf -tfd|fsf/_ nfO{ cfdf
agfO{ OGb| tfd|fsf/sf] gfdaf6 sf7df08f}af6 ;d]t
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnPsf] 5' eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] OGb|axfb'/
g]kfnLn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ul/lbPsf]
aofg sfuh .
k|ltjfbL O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnLn] lxdfnog
a}df vf]ns
] f] 02702424630014 g+= sf] vftfdf
/sd gePsf] hfgLhfgL ;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{nfO{
?=50,00,000/ sf] r]s yfg 2 / ys{axfb'/
/fO{nfO{ ?=30,00,000/ sf] r]s sf6L lbPsf]df
tL r]sx /sd cefjdf e'QmfgL geO{ a}af6
cgfb/ ePsf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLn] a}ls s;"/ tyf
;hfo P]g, 2064 sf] bkmf 3-u_ ljk/Lt s;"/
u/]sf] k'li6 ePsf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf 15-1 adf]lhd
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ldlt 2068.4.20 sf] cleof]ukq .
d}n] hfx]/jfnL ;'Gb/Ls'df/L /fO{sf] gfpFdf
?=50,00,000/ sf] 2 yfg / ys{axfb'/ /fO{sf]
gfpFdf ?=30,00,000/ sf] 1 yfg u/L hDdf
tLgj6f r]ssf] ?=1,30,00,000/ ;fFjf Jofh
lx;fa u/L ldlt 2068/3/20 df cufl8sf]
2067.12.10 sf] ldlt kf/L xg'dfg9f]sf k|x/L
sfof{nodf hj/\h:tLsf ;fy r]sdf ;xL ug{
nufO{Psf]n] d}n] tL r]sxdf ;xL ul/lbPsf] x'F .
ldlt 2066/5/24 sf] a}gfafsf] sfuh 7uL ug{]
lgotn] geO{ hUufdf nufgL ug{ ul/Psf] xf],
hfx]/jfnfxaf6 hDdf ?=68,00,000. lnPsf]df
?=21,00,000. lghxnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{ ;s]sf]] 5',

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

d]/f] sf/0faf6 pQm r]sx afpG; ePsf] xf]Og,

cleof]u bfjLadf]lhdsf] a}ls s;"/ gu/]sf]n]
dnfO{ ;hfo x'gk' g{] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnLn]
ldlt 2068/4/26 df cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnLn]
cfkm\gf] vftfdf k};f gePsf] hfgLhfgL r]s sf6]s
] f]
b]lvPsf]n] lghn] a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g,
2064 sf] bkmf 3-u_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ / P]=
P]gsf] bkmf 15-1 adf]lhd s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ?=8,000/ cf7 xhf/_ h/Ljfgf x'g]
7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz 6+saxfb'/ df]Qmfgsf]
/fo / ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';r
" L
! df ;dfj]z g} gePsf] d'2fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t
lnP/ cg';Gwfg u/L cleof]ukq k]z x'g cfPsf]
o; d'2fsf] z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{] If]qflwsf/
o; cbfntsf] jfl0fHo Ohnf;nfO{ ePsf] gx'bF f
k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] xf] xf]Og egL Gofo
cGofosf] lgSof{n
] u/L k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvP
;hfo ug'k{ g{] cj:yf g} b]lvPg . ctM ljlgdo
clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf !)&s cGtu{tsf]
o; d'2fsf] z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{] If]qflwsf/
u|x0f u/L OG;fkm ug{ ldNg] cj:yf gx'bF f cleof]ukq
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . z'? sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{] If]qflwsf/
u|x0f u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug{] 7x/ ug'{ ePsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 6+saxfb'/ df]Qmfgsf] /fo;Fu
;xdt x'g g;lsPsf]n] k|:t't d'2f Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, 2048 sf] bkmf 8-4 / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lgodfjnL, 2048 sf] lgod !! adf]lhd lg0f{ofy{
t];f| ] GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/s'df/ kf]v/]nsf] /fo .
k|:t't d'2fdf ;+oQ' m Ohnf;df /xg' ePsf Ps hgf
dfggLo GofofwLzHo"n] k|:t't r]s cgfb/ d'2f
ljlgd]o clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t kg{] x'bF f
;/sf/jfbL e} bfo/ x'g] a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g,
@)^$ cGtu{t gkg{] egL cleof]u dfubfjL vf/]h
x'g] /fo JoQm ug'e
{ Psf] 5 eg] csf{ dfggLo
GofofwLzn] k|:t't d'2f a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g,

@)^$ cGtu{t g} kg{] x'bF f cleof]u bfjL 7x/ u/L

k|ltjfbLnfO{ h/Ljfgf x'g] /fo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
b'j} P]gdf r]s cgfb/ ePdf JolQmjfbL of
;/sf/jfbL e} d'2f rNg ;Sg] b'j} sfg"gL af6f] v'nf
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljlgdo clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$
cg';f/ JolQmjfbL e} of a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g,
@)^$ cg';f/ ;/sf/jfbL e} h'g ?kaf6 cbfntdf
d'2fsf] k|jz
] ePsf] 5 p;} ?kaf6 x]/L Gofo lg?k0f
lsgf/f ug'k{ g{] x'bF f a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g,
@)^$ cGtu{t ;/sf/jfbL e} cleof]ukq bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't r]s cgfb/ d'2fdf a}ls s;"/ tyf
;hfo P]g, @)^$ adf]lhd ;/sf/jfbL e} cleof]ukq
bfo/ x'g g;Sg] ljlgd]o clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$
cGtu{t JolQmjfbL e} rNg] d'2f egL cleof]ukq
dfu bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] dfggLo GofofwLz
>L xl/s'df/ kf]v/]nsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g g;sL
k|:t't d'2fdf a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf #-u_ sf] s;"/ sfod u/L s;"/ 7x/ u/]sf]
xb;Dd dfggLo GofowLz >L 6+saxfb'/ df]Qmfg
Ho"sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt e} ;f] xb ;Ddsf] /fo ;dy{g
x'g ;Sg] b]lvg cfof] . dfggLo GofofwLz >L
6+saxfb'/ df]Qmfgsf] /fodf a}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo
P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-u_ cg';f/ s;"/ sfod u/]sf]
xb;Dd ;xdt e} ;dy{g ug{ ;lsg] eP klg cgfb/
ePsf] r]s, /sdsf] lauf], d'2fsf] k|sl[ t tyf s;"/
x'bF fsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf
!%-!_ adf]lhd ?=(,))). -gf} xhf/ ?k}ofF_
k|ltjfbLnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug'k{ g{d] f ?=*,))). -cf7 xhf/
?k}ofF_ dfq h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofPsf] h/Ljfgf /sd
sd b]lvPsf]n] sd h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofPsf] ;f]
xb;Ddsf] h/Ljfgf /sdsf] xsdf ;Dd ;xdt x'g
g;lsPsf]n] 5'} /fo JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't d'2fdf h/Ljfgfsf] xsdf ax'dtsf]
/fo gldn]sf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
*-$_ / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf]
lgod !! adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ tfl/v tf]Sg lgh
cGo d'2faf6 y'gfdf a;]sf] b]lv+bf lgh y'gfdf
/x]sf] sf/fuf/ sfof{nodf lghnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{

734

**@^ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnL

k|:t't d'2fdf 5'f5'} /fo JoQm ug'x{ g' ] b'j} hgf

dfggLo GofofwLzHo"xsf] /fo / daf6 cfh
JoQm ul/Psf] of] /fo;lxt of] d'2fsf] ldl;n lg0f{ofy{
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k7fO{ lbg" eGg] dfggLo
GofofwLz e/tk|;fb clwsf/Lsf] /fo .
nIdL /fO{ ;d]tsf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/ k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/
g]kfnL ePsf] a}l+ s s;"/ d'2fsf] ldlt @)^*.&.!&
/ ldlt @)^*.*.@% df ;+oQ
' m Ohnf; / t];f| ]
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 /fo gldnL 5'f5'} km};nf
ePsfn] lg0f{ofy{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ;Ssn
ldl;n k|fKt ePsf]n] o; cbfntdf @)^*CR
)&%$ df btf{ ePsf] /x]5 .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L ;"ok{ ;
| fb kf]v/]nn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 Pshgf GofofwLzn]
j}ls+ s;"/ 7x/fPsf] /fonfO{ t];f| ] GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ;b/ u/L :jljj]sLo clwsf/ cGtu{t
ul/g] h/Ljfgf /sdsf] xsdf dfq km/s k/]sfnfO{
km};nfdf km/s kg]{ u/L 5'} /fo eGg gldNg] x'bF f
o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o x'g k|Zg g} /x]sf] cj:yf
5}g egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 k|fKt ;Ssn
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|ltjfbL OGb| tfd|fsf/
eGg] OGb|axfb'/ g]kfnLnfO{ lghn] lxdfnog j}s
+ df
vf] n ] s f] vftfdf /sd gePsf] hfgfhfgL
;'Gb/s'df/L /fO{nfO{ ?=%),)),))). sf] r]s yfg
@ / ys{axfb'/ /fO{nfO{ ?=#),)),))). r]s sf6L
lbPsf]df tL r]sx /sd cefjsf] sf/0fn] e'QmfgL
x'g g;sL j}s
+ af6 cgfb/ ePsf] b]lvPsfn] lgh
k|ltjfbLn] j}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf #-u_ ljk/Lt s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf !%-!_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cleof]u kq /x]sf]df k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^*.&.!&
ut] km};nf x'bF f Pshgf GofofwLzaf6 k|:t't d'2f
735

j}ls s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ cGtu{tsf]

geO{ ljlgdo clwsf/kq P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t bfo/
x'g' kg]d
{ f ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]
cg';r
" L ! df ;dfj]z g} gePsf] d'2fsf] hfx]/L
b/vf:t lnP/ cg';Gwfg u/L cleof]ukq k]z x'g
cfPsfn] z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ jfl0fHo
Ohnf;nfO{ gePsfn] cleof]ukq vf/]h x'g] egL
/ csf]{ GofofwLzaf6 cfgf] vftfdf /sd gePsf]
hfgfhfgL k|ltjfbLn] ljjflbt r]sx sf6L
hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ b'Mv x}/fgL Pjd\ wf]sf lbO{ j}ls+
s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-u_ sf]
s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/fO{ P]=P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_ adf]lhd
s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ ?=*,))).
-cIf?kL cf7 xhf/_ h/Ljfgf 7x/ u/L /fojfemL
km};nf ePsf]df lg/f]k0fsf nflu t];f| ] GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;df k]z x'bF f j}ls+ s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo -u_ cg';f/ k|ltjfbLn]
s;"/bf/ 7x/fPsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df GofofwLzsf]
/fo;Fu ;xdt eO{ ;hfosf] xsdf P]= P]gsf] bkmf
!%-!_ adf]lhd bzxhf/;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g ;Sg]df
?=*,))). dfq k|ltjfbLnfO{ h/Ljfgf u/]sf]df
;xdt xg' g;sL ?=(,))). h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x/
ePaf6 OG;fkmdf km/s k/L 5'} /fo x'g uPsfn]
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-$_ / k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod !! adf]lhd
d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o o; cbfntaf6 x'gk' g]{ egL
ldl;n k7fPsf]df lg0f{ofy{ cfh Ohnf;;dIf k]z
x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 k|ltjfbL O{Gb| tfd|fsf/
eGg] O{Gb|axfb'/ g]kfnLnfO{ j}ls+ s;"/ tyf ;hfo
P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-u_ ljk/Lt s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/
u/]sf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] GofofwLzsf] /fo;Fu t];f| ]
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf; ;xdt /x]sf] / s]jn ;hfosf]
xsdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ P]=P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_ adf]lhd
?=*,))). x'g] egL ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] /fo;Fu
?=(,))). x'g] egL /foaf6 d'2fsf] lg0f{odf Ps?ktf
sfod x'g g;s]sf]n] o; cbfntdf clGtd lg0f{osf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

nflu k7fPsf] b]lvPaf6 h/Ljfgf ;DaGwdf

:jljj]sLo clwsf/cGtu{t 7x/ u/]sf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] GofofwLzsf] /fo;Fu h/Ljfgfsf] cdf
km/s x'g] egL JoQm /fosf] cfwf/n] km};nfdf
km/s kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf e}
lgisif{df k'Ug' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
#= ;j{ky| d k|ltjfbLpk/ cleof]u nufOPsf]
j}ls+ s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-u_
/ !%-!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf s] /x]5 pNn]v ug{
;fGb{les b]lvg cfof] .
bkmf # sf] v08 -u_M cfkm"n] sf6]sf] r]snfO{ vfDg]
/sd cfgf] vftfdf gePsf] hfgLhfgL
r]s sf6L e'QmfgL lng jf lbg x'bF g} .
bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf -!_M s;}n] bkmf # sf] v08 s_ -v_ -u_ bkmf $ jf bkmf !! adf]lhdsf]
s'g} sfo{ u/]df s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/ bz
xhf/ ?k}of;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g] 5 .
$= dfly plNnlvt P]gsf] Joj:yf x]bf{
bkmf # sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf bkmf
!%-!_ adf]lhd Gofostf{n] s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/
bzxhf/ ?k}of;Dd h/Ljfgf 7x/ ug{;Sg] u/L
Gofostf{nfO{ :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf ;+oQ' m Ohnf;df /fojfemL
km};nf ug]{ GofofwLzn] k|ltjfbLn] j}ls+ s;"/
u/]sf] 7x/fO{ ;hfosf] xsdf P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf
d'tfljs bzxhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf ug{ ;Sg]df
cf7 xhf/ h/Ljfgf 7x/ u/]sfnfO{ P]gdf ePsf]
Joj:yf d'tfljs / jfbL kIfsf] cleof]u dfubfjL
k'Ug ;Sg] u/L 7x/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . oxfF
P]gdf ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf / cleof]u dfubfjL
eGbf sd jf Go"g ;hfo 7x/ u/]sf] egL cy{ ug{
ldNg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . ljBflosfn] P]g lgdf{0f ubf{
Gofostf{ n fO{ ;hfosf] dfqf - quantam of
punishment_ lgwf{/0f ug{ :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf]df ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u Gofostf{n] j:t'lgi7
cfwf/df ug'{ kb{5 / pQm clwsf/ k|of]u ;t\
736

ljj]sk"0f{ tj/n] ePsf] 5 5}g egL k/LIf0f ug]{

clwsf/ cl3 km};nf ug]{ Ohnf; eGbf j[xt
Ohnf;, km};nf ug]{ cbfnteGbf dflyNnf] cbfnt
jf GofofwLzdf /xg] x'G5, h'g sfg"gsf] ;fdfGo
l;4fGt klg xf] . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf ;dfg txsf]
cbfntsf] t];f| ] GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;sf] GofofwLzaf6 P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] :jljj]s
clwsf/cg'k 7x/ ePsf] h/Ljfgfsf] /sd
ckof{Kt egL h/Ljfgf /sd cs}{ 7x/ u/]sf]nfO{
km/s /fosf] cy{ u/]sf] kfOof] . sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
k|of]udf ;f/e"t leGgtfsf] -Substantial Difference_
JofVof ubf{ Gofostf{n] cfTdut ?kdf ge} ;DalGwt
P]g sfg"gsf] ;"Id cWoog u/L ljBflosL
dg;fonfO{ kl/nlIft u/L j:t'lgi7 tj/n] ug'k{ b{5 .
k|:t't ljjfbdf j}l s;"/ bkmf !%-!_ adf]lhd
P]gn] Gofostf{nfO{ bzxhf/;Dd h/Ljfgf ug{
;Sg] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf]
/fojfemL km};nf ug]{ GofofwLzn] ?=*,))).
h/Ljfgf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf t];f| ] GofofwLzaf6
?=(,))). h/Ljfgf u/L lg0f{odf dt aflemPsf]
egL ljgf cfwf/ t];f| ] /fo sfod u/L lg0f{ofy{ o;
cbfnt k|l] ift u/]sf] lg0f{o pko'Qm Pj+d\ dgfl;j
b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bg txsf] cbfntaf6 lg/f]k0f
e};s]sf] d'2fsf] ljifodf /fo jflemPsf] egL lg0f{ofy{
o; cbfntdf k7fOPsf] sf/0fn] cgfjZos ?kdf
d'2f nlDjg hfg] Psftkm{ 5 eg] csf{tkm{ o:tf
sfdsf/jfxLn] ;du| Gofokflnsfsf] ljZj;gLotf
/ hgcf:yf j[l4df ;d]t ;xof]u k'ofpg ;Sg]
gb]lvFbf ;r]t /xg'kg]{ x'g hfG5 .
%= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/xaf6 k|:t't
d'2fdf ;dli6ut ?kdf x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^*.&.!& sf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf]
/fojfemL km};nf t];f| ] GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;df k]z
eO{ ldlt @)^*.*.@% sf] lg0f{o x'bF f j}ls+ s;"/
tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #-u_ sf] s;"/
k|ltjfbL OGb| tfd|fsf/ eGg] OGb|axfb'/ g]kfnLn]
u/]sf] 7x/fO{ JoQm ePsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt e}
;hfosf] xsdf Gofostf{nfO{ bzxhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd

**@& lbnaxfb'/ wfdL ;d]t lj=3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ;d]t

h/Ljfgf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfadf]lhd ;+oQ' m Ohnf;df

km};nf ug]{ GofofwLzaf6 ?=*,))). h/Ljfgf ug]{
lg0f{o u/]sf]df ckof{Kt ePsf] bzf{O{ ?=(,))).
sfod x'g] egL JoQm t];f| ] GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf]
/fonfO{ leGg /fosf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ gldNg] x'bF f
?=*,))). h/Ljfgf sfod x'g] b]lvG5 . d'2fsf]
lg/f] k 0f k' g /fj] b g cbfnt kf6gsf] t] ; | f ]
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 e} ;s]sf] b]lvFbf lg0f{odf
/fo gldn]sf] egL o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{
k|Zg g} ;lGglxt g/x]sf]n] s]xL af]nL /xg k/]g .
k|:t't d'2fsf] ljifodf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6
lg/f]k0f e};s]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lrQ gj'g]
kIfn] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 .
d'2fsf] bfo/L nut sf u/L ldl;n k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gdf k7fpg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ !* ut] @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t MufoqLk|;fb /]UdL

lg0f{o g+=**@&

s/sf] b/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ePsf] btf{nfO{

3/]n' pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( cg';f/
ePsf] btf{ egL dfGotf lbg sfg"gtM
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof Pj+ k|ljlw
gckgfO{ pBf]u ;~rfng u/]sf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] pBf]u ;~rfngsf] gjLs/0f gu/]sf]
/ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L glbPsf] eGg] cfwf/df
dfq sfg"gk|bQ xsdf c;/ k'us
] f] eGg
gldNg] .
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof Pj+ k|ljlw
cjnDag gu/L ;~rfng u/]sf] Joj;fo
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq} gcfpg] x'bF f
To:tf] Joj;fo gjLs/0f gug]{ lg0f{oaf6
;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gf/f k|bQ k]zf Joj;fo
tyf /f]huf/ ;~rfng ug]{ xsdf afwf
k'us
] f] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
lgj]bs tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmf dgf]hs'df/ zdf{
ljkIfL tk{mjf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf p4jk|;fb
k'8f;}gL tyf ljfg clwjQmf afdb]j
1jfnL
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!)-!_ -@_ tyf -$_
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] lgod !$@

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] wo)%&$
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.(.@%.@
ljifoM pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM lhNnf a}t8L, d6\gf uf=lj=;=j8f g++ $ 3/

eO{ xfn eLdbQ g=kf=j8f g+ * a:g]
cfb]z
lbnaxfb'/ wfdL ;d]t
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
lj?4
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cg';f/ o;
ljkIfLM 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no s~rgk'/ cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
;d]t
Joxf]/f Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
737

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

xfdL lgj]bsx dWo] lbnaxfb'/ wfdLn]

cdg O{f ef gfds pBf]u ldlt @)^%.^.!# df
aLgf lrDgLsf] O{ fef ;~rfng ug] { u/L
gu/kflnsfaf6 Joj;fo btf{ g+ @! sf] k|df0fkq
lnO{ pBf]u u/L cfPsf lyP . o;/L g} ;f]xL ldltdf
gf/fo0fbQ e6\6n] g+= @@ sf] ldlt @)^^.!).# df
d g/axfb'/ wfg'sn] g/axfb'/ Of ef btf{ u/L
@# g+= sf] Joj;fo btf{ k|df0fkq lnPsf] lyP .
o;/L g} ldlt @)^^.*.% df d ddtf O{f pBf]u
gfdsf] btf{ g+ #! ePsf] pBf]u d bLksaxfb'/
l;+xn] btf{ u/fPsf lyP . d nf]saxfb'/ rGbn]
k|fk] fO{6/;Lk kmd{sf] ?kdf cf+lzs /fd 6fon pBf]u,
@)$! ;fndf btf{ u/L ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] lyP .
xfdL lgj]bs;Fu ;Fu} xs{axfb'/ s8fot, aGgf] wfg"s,
dLgaxfb'/ k"hf/f, O{Gb| l; vqL, sdn rGb, ;d]tn]
gu/kflnsfaf6 Joj;fo btf{ k|df0fkq lnO{ ljgf
lrDgLsf] k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t O{f pBf]u
;~rfng / O{f laqmL sfo{ ub{} cfPsf lyof} .
xfdLxsf] pBf]u, @)^& c;f/ d;fGt;Dd
gjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;do ;lsg] ;dodf
xfdL gjLs/0fsf] nflu hfFbf ljkIfL eLdbQ
gu/kflnsf sfof{non] xfdLxsf] Joj;fo
gjLs/0f ug{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ sfo{ u/] kl5 / xfdLnfO{
;f]sf] sf/0f glbP kl5 xfdLx ;+ul7t /x]sf]
g]kfn :j/f]huf/ Jofkf/ >lds ;+3dfkm{t\ g]kfn
6]8 o'lgog dxf;+3df gjLs/0f gePsf] sf/0f
a'lemlbg cfu|x u/]sf lyof} .
dxf;+3sf] dxfsfnL c~rn sfof{non]
e';] O{f cyf{t\ k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lagf
lrDgLsf] O{f efsf] Joj;fo gjLs/0f ug{ lsg
/f]s nufPsf] egL k7fPsf] kqsf] hjfkm ljkIfLx
eLdbQ gu/kflnsf / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
sfof{no sGrgk'/n] lbg' ePsf] /x]5 . ljkIfL 3/]n'
tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{non] ldlt @)^&.%.@) ut]
n]v]sf] kqdf ljutdf cfw'lgs k|ljlw lagf
k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t -Moving Bull Trench
Klin_ :yflkt O{f pBf]uxn] @ jif{leq clgjfo{
?kdf cfw'lgs k|ljlw Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln jf

sf] k|of]u ug]{ /

gofF btf{ x'g cfpg] pBf]un]] clgjfo{ ?kdf plNnlvt
# j6f gofF k|ljlwdWo] s'g} Pssf] clgjfo{ cjnDag
ug'k{ g]{ u/L cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g af]8a{ f6 Joj:yf ul/Psf]
Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] . o;/L g} ljkIfL
eLdbQ gu/kflnsfn] k7fPsf] kqdf ldlt
@)^&.%.@$ df k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LHo"sf]
cWoIftfdf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%^
sf] lgod %@-@_ adf]lhd a;]sf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o g+
# cg';f/ e';] efaf6 O{f pTkfbg ug]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf gePsf]n] cfufdL lbgdf To:tf] e';] ef
gjLs/0f tyf gofF cg'dlt hf/L gug'{ egL
gu/kflnsfsf] sfo{fnonfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ egL lg0f{o
ePsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg'/f]w 5 egL pNn]v
ePsf] /x]5 . xfdLxnfO{ O{f pBf]u ;~rfng
ug{ lbg] sfo{ ljkIfLxn] g} Joj;fo btf{ k|df0fkq
hf/L u/L lbPsf] xf] . s'g} klg Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug]{ cg'dlt lbPkl5 ;'gj' fO{sf] df}sf g} glbO{
gjLs/0f /f]snufO{ Joj;fodf k|ltaGw nufpg
ldNb}g . ljkIfL 3/]n' pBf]u sfof{non] pNn]v
u/]sf] cfwf/df klg xfdLnfO{ gofF k|ljlw h8fg
ug{ @ jif{sf] ;do lbg] pNn]v 5 . ;f]sf] ;"rgf
lbPsf] @ jif{ k"/f geO{ xfdLnfO{ pBf]u Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ /f]s nufpg ldNb}g . o:tf] sfo{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_
-r_ sf] k|lts"n 5 . xfdLnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;f]xL
wf/fsf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] g+ % df plNnlvt
cj:yfdf afx]s Joj;fodf /f]s nufpg ldNb}g .
o;/L ljkIfLn] xfdLxsf] Joj;fo
gjLs/0f gug]{ sfo{ u/L ;+ljwfgk|bQ pBf]u
Joj;fosf] xssf uDeL/ cf3ft kg]{ u/L ljkIfL g+
# n] u/]sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
ljkIfLxnfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt Joj;fo gjLs/0f
sfo{df tyf Joj;fosf] lgjf{w ;~rfngdf /f]s
gnufpg' egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy}
k|:t't d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd xfdLxsf]
pBf]u ;~rfngdf s'g} /f]s gnufpg' egL ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod $! adf]lhd cGtl/d
Fixed Chimney or Tannel Kiln

738

**@& lbnaxfb'/ wfdL ;d]t lj=3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ;d]t

cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

lgj]bg bfjL /x]5 .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L gx'g' kg]{ xf] < hf/L x'g'
gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]sf] sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfO{ of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt
hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf l/6 lgj]bgsf]
! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ;"rgf lbO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ePkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ .
o;df cGtl/d cfb]z dfusf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ lagf lrDgLsf] Ofef ;~rfngfy{
ljkIfLxaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).# df ;d]t k|df0fkq
hf/L ul/Psf] / @ jif{leq gofF k|ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{
eGg] cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8s
{ f] hfgsf/L 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u sfof{non] g]kfn 6]8 o'lgog
dxf;+3nfO{ ldlt @)^&.%.@) df lbPsf] kqaf6
b]lvPsf] / gofF k|ljlw ckgfpg] Dofb afFsL g}
/x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf e';] Of ef x6fpg] sfo{af6
lgj]bsxnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g hfg] b]lvPsf]n]
;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0f ;d]taf6 k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd lgj]bsxsf]
pBf]u ;~rfngdf s'g} /f]s gnufpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{
lbg' egL o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.(.!# df
ePsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bs ljkIfLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( -;+zf]wg ;lxt _ n] / ;f]cGtu{t ePsf
lg0f{o Pj+ lgb]l{ zsfxaf6 u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] dfkb08
k"/f u/L pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{tsf] ;DalGwt
lgsfodf pBf]u btf{ g} gu/L k|ToIf ?kdf
jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ vfnsf] k|rlnt
sfg"gn] Joj:yf g} gu/]sf] lagf lrDgLsf] e';] ef
k|ljlw cjnDag u/L dgf]dfgL 9+un] pBf]u ;~rfng
ug]x{ cfkm}df cj}w pBf]uL ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g .
739

ljkIfL :jod\n] cfgf] l/6 lgj]bgdf k/Dk/fut

k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t -Moving Bull Trench Kiln_ eGg]
zAb pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ ljkIfLnfO{ yfxf
gePsf] klg xf]Og . vfnL jf:tljstfnfO{ 3'dfO{
lkm/fO{ pQm k|ljlwnfO{ k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
ljgf lrDgLsf] Ofef eGg] cy{ nufO{ ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
e';] ef k|ljlwsf] Of pBf]u btf{ u/L ;~rfng
cg'dlt lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsf] / cf}Bf]lus
k|jw{g af]8s
{ f] ldlt @)^^.*.#) sf] !(! cf}+ a}7saf6
ljutdf ;~rflnt k/Dk/fut lrDgL ef -Moving
Bull Trench Kiln_ df ;~rflnt Of pBf]uxn] @
jif{leqdf clgjfo{ ?kdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf kl/0ft
ug]{ / gofF btf{ x'g cfpg] pBf]un] clgjfo{ ?kdf
plNnlvt # j6f k|ljlwdWo] s'g} Pssf] cjnDag
ug'k{ g]{ u/L lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L cf}Bf]lus
k|jw{g af]8s
{ f] lg0f{onfO{ pN6f] cy{ nufO{ ljlw;Ddt
?kdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t lrDgL;lxtsf] O{fefsf] :yfgdf e';]
efsf] k|; hf]8L ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsxaf6
cbfntnfO{ ;f]em} u'd/fxdf kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
k/Dk/fut lrDgL /xg] k|ljlwsf] Of pBf]u
-Moving Bull Trench Kiln_ btf{ Pjd\ ;~rfng
cg'dltsf nflu ;fdfGotof b]xfo adf]lhdsf
k|lqmof Pjd\ dfkb08x cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL
k|fjwfgx /x]sf 5g\M
-s_ ^) kmL6 prfO{ * kmL6 Jof;sf] c08fsf/
;txsf] sf]0f cfsf/sf] lrDgL /xg] .
-v_ pBf]usf] :sLd tyf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo
k|ltj]bgsf] sfo{;r
" L -TOR_ :jLs[t u/fpg'
kg]{ .
-u_ k|:tfljt pBf]uaf6 ;fdflhs, cfly{s /
;f+:s[lts If]qdf kg]{ k|efj h}ljs k|efj,
ef}lts k|efjx ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L tof/
kfl/Psf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k|ltj]bg
-cfO{=O{=O{ _ :jLs[t u/fpg' kg]{ .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

-3_ pBf]u :ynsf] hldg s]Gb|af6 slDtdf @))

kmL6 /]l8o;sf] x'gk' g]{ .
-_ pBf]u :yn jg If]qaf6 sDtLdf % ls=ld
aflx/ x'gk' g]{ .
-r_ pBf]udf eO/x]sf] sfd sfo{jfxL d"n ;8saf6
gb]lvg] u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .
k/Dk/fut lrDgL /xg] k|ljlwsf O{f
pBf]usf] :yfgdf o;/L plNnlvt k|lqmof Pjd\
sfg"gL k|fjwfgx k'/f u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !) adf]lhd pBf]u btf{ g}
gu/L dgf]dflg 9+un] hxfF kfof] ToxL ;~rflnt
lrDgL g} g/xg] k|ljlwsf] e';] O{fefnfO{ cfw'lgs
k|ljlwsf] plNnlvt # j6f k|ljlw;Fu hf]8L cf}Bf]lus
k|jw{g af]8s
{ f] plNnlvt lg0f{osf] pN6f] cfzo
k|:t't u/L o; sfof{nonfO{ lgj]bssf] lj?4 v08df
ljkIfL agfPsf] / o; sfof{noaf6 xfn;Dd To:tf
lagf lrDgL k|ljlwsf e';] Of pBf]u btf{ Pjd\
;~rfng cg'dlt lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf g} gePsfn]
pQm sfo{x gePsf] . e';] ef k|ljlwsf] Of
pBf]ux sfg"gadf]lhd ca}w ePsf] l:ylt b]lv+bf
ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no
s~rgk'/sf tkm{af6 P]=sf pBf]u clws[t lzj/fh
/]UdLsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf ;~rflnt lagf
lrDgLsf] O{fefnfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
dfkb08 cjnDag ug]{ eGg] gLltcg'k cf}Bf]lus
k|jw{g af]8n
{ ] u/]sf] ;f] Joj:yf o; lhNnfdf
;~rflnt O{f tyf 6fon ef pBf]uxn] kfngf
u/] gu/]sf] tyf sfg"gL k|lqmofleq /xL pBf]u btf{
nufotsf cfwf/ k"/f gu/L ca}w ?kdf ;~rfngdf
/x]sf To:tf O{fefxsf] lgu/fgL / lgoGq0f ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu :ynut ?kdf cg'udg u/L lg/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^&.(.@@ df k|=lh=c
sf] cWoIftfdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, Jofkf/L k|ltlglw,
;'/Iff lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lnufot cGo lgsfosf
k|dv
' tyf k|ltlglwxsf] a}7s a;L ;f] a}7saf6
lhNnfleqsf O{f tyf 6fon pBf]uxsf] :ynut

lg/LIf0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 5'} Ps ;ldltsf]

u7g ug]{ lg0f{o kfl/t e} ;f] ;ldltn] lhNnfleq
;~rflnt To:tf pBf]uxsf] :yut ?kdf lg/LIf0f
u/L lg/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] Joxf]/fsf] ljj/0f;lxtsf]
ljleGg ldltsf lg0f{o k|ltj]bgx lhNnf cg'udg
;ldltdf k]z x'g cfPsf]df k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt
ljj/0f / Joxf]/fsf cfwf/df sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f
gu/L ;~rfngdf /x]sf To:tf pBf]uxnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbO{ /xg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo gb]lv+bf
pkef]Qmfxsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf nflu pkef]Uo
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 tyf lgodg
ug]{ sf/jfxLsf l;nl;ndf cg'udg Pj+ lg/LIf0f
ubf{ b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/LxnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{
;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ dgfl;j df}sf lbOPsf]df ljkIfL
O{f tyf 6fon ef ;~rfnsxn] lgb]z
{ gsf] cj1f
u/]sfn] lhNnf cg'udg ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo
clwsf/ tyf pkef]Qmfxsf] xs lxtnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L To;/L zt{ k"/f gu/]sf / ca}w ?kdf
;~rfngdf /x]sf O{fefx rnfpg lbg
Jofjxfl/s gx'g] ePsf]n] To:tf pBf]u aGb ug{
Pj+ gjLs/0f gug{ egL lhNnf cg'udg ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^&.%.@$ df a;]sf] a}7saf6 eLdbQ
gu/kflnsf sfof{no s+rgk'/df cg'/f]w ug]{ u/L
lg0f{o kfl/t ul/Psf] xf] . lhNnf cg'udg ;ldltaf6
ul/Psf] lg0f{o pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ tyf
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%^ n] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] Joj:yf / sfo{ljlwsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /xL ul/Psf]n]
lhNnf cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL agfO{
lbPsf] ;f] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf cg'udg ;ldlt s+rgk'/sf tkm{af6
;+of]hs, k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/L a'l4axfb'/ v8\sfn]
k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 .
o; gu/kflnsfaf6 lgj]bsxsf] ;+ljwfg
/ sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'ofpg] tyf
pBf]u Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] xs s'l07t x'g] u/L s'g}
sfo{ eP ul/Psf] 5} g . o; gu/kflnsf
sfof{nonfO{ pBf]u Joj;fo btf{ ug]{ u/fpg]
clwsf/ ;d]t s'g} sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .

740

**@& lbnaxfb'/ wfdL ;d]t lj=3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ;d]t

sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ ePsf pBf]u Joj;foxnfO{

Joj;fo s/sf] k|of]hgsf nflu o; gu/kflnsfdf
:yfgLo :jfot\ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod
!$@ adf]lhd Joj;fo btf{ ug]{ ul/G5 . ;f]xL
k|of]hgsf nflu ljleGg ldltdf Joj;fo btf{sf
nflu lgj]bg u/]sf]df l/6 lgj]bsxsf] Joj;fo
btf{ ul/Psf] xf] .
hxfF;Dd gu/kflnsfn] Joj;fo btf{
k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/L lbPg eGg] lgj]bsxsf]
egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . To;/L gjLs/0f gug's
{ f] sf/0f s]
xf] eg] s+rgk'/ lhNnfl:yt :yfgLo ;jf]b{ o s[ifs
ax'dv
' L zxsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8sf] ldlt @)^&.$.!^
sf] kqaf6 :yfgLo e';O] { fef / a+ufnL O{fefsf
sf/0f jftfj/0f k|bl" ift e} cfd hgdfg;df :jf;
/f]u, kz'kG5Ldf ue{ t'lxg] /f]u, rd{ /f]u, cGg /
kmnkm"n v]tLdf ;do eGbf klxn] g} kfSg] /f]u
h:tf ;d:ofx b]vf k/]sf / jftfj/0f k|bl" ift e}
kof{j/0fLo ;d:of ;d]t b]vf k/]sfn] pQm
O{fefx aGb u/Llbg' egL cfu|x e} cfPsf] ;fy}
s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/LHo"sf]
cWoIftfdf ldlt @)^&.%.@$ ut] lhNnf cg'udg
;ldltsf] a}7s a;L ljutdf o; gu/kflnsfdf
Joj;flos ?kdf btf{ e} ;~rfngdf /x]sf e';]
efx u} / sfg" g L ePsfn] gjLs/0f gug] {
gu/kflnsfnfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o kfl/t e} ;f]
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no
s~rgk'/sf] ldlt @)^&.%.@& sf] kq ;fy k|fKt
x'g cfPsfn] gjLs/0f gul/Psf] xf], Pj+ /Lt;Fu
l/6 lgj]bsxsf] o; gu/kflnsf sfof{noaf6
;+ljwfg k|bQ tyf sfg"gk|bQ xs clwsf/ dfly
cf3ft k'ofpg] sfo{ gePsfn] ldlt @)^& ;fn
kf}if !# ut] o; gu/kflnsf sfof{no ;d]tsf
gfpFdf hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z vf/]h u/L l/6
lgj]bg ;d]t vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
eLdbQ gu/kflnsfsf tkm{af6 P]=sf k|dv
' pj{bQ
esf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 .
lgodfg';f/ d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bg ;fy
741

;+nUg sfuhft cWoog u/L lgj]bs tkm{af6

pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L dgf]hs'df/ zdf{n]
ljkIfLxaf6 lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf c;/
k'ofpg] sfd u/]sf] x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'g' k5{ eGg] /
ljkIfLx dWo] eLdbQ gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmf jfdb]jd 1jfnL tyf cGo ;/sf/L
kIfsf] tkm{af6 ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf p4jk|;fb
k'8f;}gLn] lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf s'g}
k|sf/af6 c;/ gk'ofOPsf] x'bF f l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{
cj:yf gePsf]n] vf/]h x'gk' 5{ egL k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
o;df lgj]bsxn] k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t lagf lrDgLsf] O{f pBf]u gu/kflnsfaf6
k|df0fkq lnO{ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]df @)^& c;f/
d;fGtdf gjLs/0fsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5
gjLs/0fsf nflu hfFbf cfufdL lbgdf e';] O{fef
gjLs/0f tyf cg'dlt hf/L gug]{ egL lg0f{o ePsf]
egL dnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] ;"rgf glbO{ xfd|f]
Joj;fodf c;/ kg]{ u/L ljkIfLxaf6 eP u/]sf]
lg0f{o tyf sfd sfo{af6 d]/f] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf
;d]t c;/ k'ofPsf] x'bF f To:tf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L xfd|f] Joj;fo ;~rfngdf
/f]s gnufpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLxn] lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ s'g} xsdf
cf3ft k'ofpg] sfd gul/Psf] x'bF f lgj]bg dfu
bfjLcg';f/ pTk|i] f0fnufot k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'gk' g]{ cj:yf gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL 5'f5'} Joxf]/fsf] lhsL/ lnO{ lnlvt hjfkm
k]z u/]sf] b]lvof] . plNnlvt lgj]bg bfjL tyf
lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf]
dfu bfjL cg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og
< ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;df lgj]bsxn]
3/]n' e';O] { f pBf]u ;~rfng u/L cfPsf]df ;f]
pBf]u gjLs/0f ug{ hfFbf gjLs/0f gug]{ egL
lg0f{o ePpk/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;f] lg0f{o
ab/ u/fpg lgj]bsxn] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

clwsf/If]qcGtu{t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]

b]lvof] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!)-$_ df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] btf{ 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u ljefudf jf ;f] ljefu cGtu{tsf]
lhNnf :t/Lo sfof{no jf ;f] ljefun] tf]ss
] f] s'g}
sfof{nodf u/fpg' kg]5
{ / demf}nf / 7"nf pBf]usf]
btf{ pBf]u ljefu jf ;f] ljefun] tf]ss
] f] s'g}
sfof{nodf u/fpg' kg]5
{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf eP
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsxn] 3/]n' e';] O{fef
;~rfng ug{ gu/kflnsfaf6 Joj;fo btf{ u/L
k|df0fkq lnO{ ;~rfng u/]sf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bg
lhsL/af6 b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf !)-!_ cg';f/ s'gk} lg pBf]usf] btf{
tf]lsPadf]lhd ljefudf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ eGg] / P]
!)-@_ df 3/]n' pBf]usf] xsdf To:tf] pBf]u
;~rfng ePsf] ldltaf6 ^ dlxgfleq btf{ u/fpg'
kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]df oL lgj]bsxn]
plNnlvt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!)-!_-@_ tyf -$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
tf]lsPsf] sfof{nodf 3/]n' pBf]u btf{ gu/L
gu/kflnsfaf6 3/]n' e';O] f Joj;fo btf{ u/L
Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf] egL lgj]bgdf pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvof] . lgj]bsxn] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf]
lgsfodf 3/]n' pBf]u btf{ u/L k|df0fkq lnO{
Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf] b]lvPg . k|rlnt sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ gu/kflnsfdf 3/]n' pBf]u btf{
ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lv+bg} . :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod !$@ df
gu/kflnsfn] cfgf] If]qleq nufpg ;Sg]
Joj;fosf] Go"gtd tyf clwstd b/ lgwf{/0f ug{
;Sg] eGg];Dd Joj:yf xf] . t/ pBf]u Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ 3/]n' pBf]u btf{ ug{ kfpg] eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf xf]Og . s/sf] b/ k|of]hgsf] nflu
ePsf] btf{nfO{ 3/]n' pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( cg';f/ ePsf]
btf{ egL dfGotf lbg sfg"gt ldNg] klg x'bF g} .
#= sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] lgsfodf btf{
gu/L jf tf]lsPsf] k4lt jf k|lqmof k"/f gu/L jf

tf]lsPsf] k|ljlw k|of]u gu/L pBf]u ;~rfng ug{]

sfo{nfO{ sfg"g;Ddt sfo{ egL dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf
ePg . sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof Pj+ k|ljlw
gckgfO{ pBf]u ;~rfng u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf]
pBf]u ;~rfngsf] gjLs/0f gu/]sf] / ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ glbPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq
lgj]bssf] sfg"gk|bQ xsdf c;/ k'us
] f] eGg
ldn]g . sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof Pj+ k|ljlw cjnDag
gu/L ;~rfng u/]sf] Joj;fo k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
bfo/f leq} gcfpg] x'bF f To:tf] Joj;fo gjLs/0f
gug]{ lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bsxsf] ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gf/f
k|bQ k]zf Joj;fo tyf /f]huf/ ;~rfng ug]{
xsdf afwf k'us
] f] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . pTk|i] f0fsf]
l/6sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffnfO{ x]bf{ ;/sf/L jf
;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 sfg"gljk/Lt lg0f{o ePdf
To:tf] lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg o:tf] l/6sf] ;fx/f lng
;lsg] xf] . hasL sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof g} k'/f
gu/L ;~rfng ePsf] Joj;fo gjLs/0f gug]{
egL u/]sf] lg0f{o plNnlvt cfwf/df sfg"gljk/Lt
gb]lv+bf To:tf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg
bfjL tyf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfsf] ax; lhsL/;Fu ;d]t ;xdt x'g
;lsPg .
$= t;y{ plNnlvt ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df
lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLcg';f/ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug{ ldNg] cj:yf gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sfn] o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.(.!# df hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]z sfod g/xg] x'bF f ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' . ;fy} bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn k'; @% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM bof/fd 9sfn

742

**@* /fd' dxtf] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lg0f{o g+=**@*
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk]t| L
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/=g+= wo)))#
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!).@%.$
d'2fM pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsM lrtjg lhNnf, kl6xfgL uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= % a:g] /fd' dxtf]
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfgf] b]zleqsf]
h'g;'s} If]q / :yfgsf ;+:yf, pBf]u, sDkgL
jf lgsfodf /f]huf/L kfpg] clwsf/
;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 / :yfg,
If]q hfthflt, j0f{ ln, /fhgLlts
cf:yfsf] ;+nUgtf OToflb s'g} cfwf/df
s;}nfO{ aGb]h nufpg gldNg] / To:tf]
aGb]h sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] .
cfgf] b]zleq /f]huf/L lbg] / kfpg] ljifo
/fhgLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo dfGg gldNg] .
/f]huf/bftf sDkgL / sd{rf/L o'lgog
jf cGo s;};uF ePsf] /f]huf/L lbg] jf
kfpg] ljifodf aGb] h nufpg] u/L
sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] ;Demf}tf jf ;xdlt
kfng ug{ u/fpg s;}nfO{ afWo u/fpg
gldNg] .
sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] ;xdlt jf ;Demf}tf
gdfgL /f]huf/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf To;/L
/f]huf/ kfPsf] JolQmnfO{ sfddf hfg
gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufpFbf ePsf] em8k,
df/kL6 jf o:t} s'g} 36gfdf s;}sf] Hofg
uPdf ;f] 36gf /fhgLlts ljifo geO{
k"0f{tof cfk/flws sfo{ x'g hfg] .
743

kL8s, kLl8t / d[ts ;d]tsf JolQm s'g}

/fhgLlts ljrf/ jf cf:yf;Fu glhs /x]s}
cfwf/df dfq 36gf /fhgLlts
ljifoj:t';uF ;DalGwt /x]sf] eGg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
uDeL/ k| s [ l tsf d' 2 fxdf ;d] t
ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/tf gx]/L sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] kfngaf6 x'g] b"/ufdL k|efj,
To;af6 ;dfhdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/
cfk/flws dgf]jl[ Qdf x'g ;Sg] j[l4sf]
b'ikl/0ffd ;d]t s]xL ljrf/ gu/L ;/sf/n]
d'2f lkmtf{ lnFb} hfg] xf] eg] zflGt ;'Joj:yf
vt/fdf kg]{ tyf gful/ssf] hLp wgsf]
;+/If0f x'g g;Sg] ;Defjgf x'g] x'bF f ;f]
tkm{ ;/sf/ ;b}j ;r]t /xg' kg]{ .
/fhgLlts Joj:yf jf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g
ePsf] cj:yfdf jf s'g} /fhgLlts bn
jf ;+3;Fu cfa4 ePsf] cf8df dflg;sf]
afFRg kfpg] xs -Right to Live_ nfO{
s'l07t ug{ gldNg] .
h3Go Pj+ kfzljs k|s[ltsf ck/fw,
dfgjtf lj?4sf ck/fw, nfu" cf}ifw, dfgj
a]rlavg, afnaflnsfsf lj?4sf] ck/fw,
xftxltof/ v/vhfgf ;DaGwL ck/fw,
JolQmsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t
u/]sf] ;DaGwL ck/fw, k]zj] / ck/fwLf/f
ul/Psf] tyf ;+ul7t ?kdf ul/Psf] ck/fw
;fwf/0ftof lkmtf{ lng gx'g] k|sl[ tsf
d'2fx j:t'lgi7 Pj+ dgf;La cfwf/ /
sf/0f lagf /fhgLlts bn;Fu cfj4 /x]sf]
dfq sf/0faf6 lkmtf{ lng] sfo{ :jLsfo{
x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
;/sf/sf] km]/abn ;Fu} kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf
;DaGwdf cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf d'2fx
s'g} lglZrt cfwf/ / dfkb08 lagf g}
s'g} /fhgLlts bn ljz]if;Fu cfa4 ePs}
gftfn] dfq d'2f lkmtf{ lng] kl/kf6Ln] zflGt

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;'Joj:yf sfod ug],{ b08xLgtfsf] cGTo

ug]{ tyf gful/ssf] hLp wg Pj+ j}olQms
:jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L sfg"gsf] zf;g
:yfkgf ug]{ /fHosf] p2]Zodf s'7f/f3ft
k'Ug hfG5 . To;f] x'g glbg ;/sf/n]
P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg'k tyf lglZrt\ dfkb08
/ cfwf/ to u/L sf/0f / cf}lrTosf
cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/]df To:tf]
lg0f{o dfGo / lglj{jfb x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx r08]Zj/
>]i7, /dgs'df/ >]i7, ZofdhL k|wfg,
slknrGb| kf]v/]n, xl/Gb|k;
| fb /fO{, lbgdl0f
kf]v/]n
ljkIfL tk{mjf6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8n
] ,
ljfg clwjQmfo 6Lsf/fd e/fO{ /
d'sG' bk|;fb kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^%, k';, lg=g+= *))#, k[=!!)*
;Da4 sfg"gM
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@(-!_
cfb]z
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6sf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]bs lhNnf lrtjg, kl6xfgL
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= % :yfoL 3/ eO{ xfn lhNnf
gjnk/f;L u}8fsf]6 uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ df a;f]af;
u/L lhNnf gjnk/f;L d'sG' bk'/ uf=lj= ;=j8f g+=
^ l:yt uf]vf{ a|c
' /Ldf sfo{/t 5' . d lgj]bssf]
afa' a'lw/fd dxtf]nfO{ ldlt @)^&.!.& ut]sf lbg
k|sfz eGg] cf]d k|sfz cfn]du/, 8NnL u'? eGg]
/]zddfof u'? ;d]tn] uf]vf{ a|c
' /L k|f=ln=pBf]usf]
d"nu]6 cufl8sf] :yndf cfqmd0f u/L cfk\mgf]

lgoGq0fdf lnO{ Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zon] kmnfdsf] /8

sf7sf] lrk{6, bfp/f, nf7L / O{6f 9'f ;d]tn] k|xf/
u/L lgd{d s'6kL6 u/]sf]df tTsfn a'af a'lw/fd
dxtf]nfO{ lrtjg d]l8sn sn]hdf nuL pkrf/
u/]sf]df pQm sn]hn] sf7df8f}Fl:yt g]zgn
OG:6LRo"6 ckm Go"/f]nf]lhi6 P08 PnfO{8 ;fO{G;]h
c:ktfndf l/km/ u/]sf] x'bF f ;f] c:ktfndf NofO{
pkrf/ u/fpFbf u/fpFb} ldlt @)^&.!.& ut] /ftL
c+= !@ ah]sf] ;dodf ;f]xL c:ktfndf g} a'af
a'lw/fd dxtf]sf] d[To' ePsf]n] lghx la?4
gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf kmf}=g+= ^^)^^
))&*^ sf] st{Jo Hofg d'2f bfo/ u/]s
] f]df tTsfn
kqmfp k/L cfPsf k|sfz eGg] cf]dk|sfz cfn]
du/ / 8NnL u'? eGg] /]zd dfof u'?nfO{
gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.@.# ut]sf
cfb]zdf ?=@%,))). -kRrL; xhf/_ w/f}6L /fVg]
cfb]z eO{ ;f] pk/ ljkIfLn] k'g/fj]bg gu/L a;]sf]
cj:yf 5 .
o;} aLr ljkIfLx pk/ st{Jo Hofg
d'2f rln/x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf]
ldlt @)^&.@.@^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ /fd' dxtf]sf]
hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL gjnk/f;L
lhNnf d's'Gbk'/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+= & xs{k'/ a:g]
ch'{g kf}8]n ;d]t @@ hgf ePsf] gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2f
yfg ! ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o eO{
;f] sfof{ G jogsf nflu k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o /
k|:tfjadf]lhd sfof{Gjog x'g cfb]zfg';f/ cg'/f]w
ub{ 5 ' egL sfg" g tyf Gofo dGqfnoaf6
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ ldlt @)^&.@.@*
df kq k7fPsf] /x]5 . pQm kqsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noaf6 r=g+= !!!@ ldlt
@)^&.#.! df d'2f lkmtf{ u/L lbg lhNnf ;/sf/L
jsLn sfof{no gjnk/f;LnfO{ kq k7fO{ lhNnf
;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfof{no gjnk/f;Ln] pQm
d'2f lkmtf{ lng gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt

744

**@* /fd' dxtf] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

@)^&.#.* df k]z u/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] tof/L

ul//x]sf] /x]5 . o;/L pQm st{Jo Hofg d'2f
lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ePsf] yfxf hfgsf/L ePsf]
x'Fbf pQm sfo{ u}/;+j}wflgs, u}/sfg"gL ePsf] /
o; ljifodf j}slNks sfg"gL pkrf/sf] cGo
dfu{ ;d]t gePsf] x'bF f o; ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf
pkl:yt ePsf] 5' .
t;y{, ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.@^ df ePsf] d'2f lkmtf{
lng], lg0f{o tyf ;f]sf] cfwf/df eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{
lg0f{o Pj+ sfo{x pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg clGtd gx'bF f;Dd d'2f lkmtf{
lng] u/L ;xdlt lbg] sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
ljkIfL dWosf] gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntsf] gfddf
k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f]
gnfu];Dd ldlt @)^&.@.@^ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg'
Pj+ d'2f lkmtf{ lng] s'g} klg k|lqmof cufl8 ga9fO{
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhd cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbgleq
;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfL
u[x dGqfno sf7df8f}F ;d]tnfO{ / cfkm} jf cfgf]
k|ltlglwf/f lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ pkl:yt x'g' egL
ljkIfL tLy{ a/fn ;d]tnfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf
cbfntdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ .
;fy} lgj]bgdf plNnlvt /fd' dxtf]sf]
hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL ch'g{ kf}8n
]
;d]t ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2f lkmtf{ lng] egL
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 ldlt @)^&.@.@^
df lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] b]lvPtfklg ;f] st{Jo Hofg
h:tf] ;FuLg / h3Go ck/fwsf] d'2fdf lkmtf{ lng'
kg]{ :ki6 sfg"gL cfwf/ / sf/0f ldl;n ;+nUg
sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] r=g+= @!(* ldlt

@)^&.@.@* sf] kqdf v'ns

] f] gb]lvPsf] cj:yf
;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ of] lgj]bgsf] 6'f] gnfu];Dd
k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{ocg';f/ gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntaf6 xfn;Dd d'2f lkmtf{ lng cg'dlt
k|bfg eO{ lkmtf{ lnO{ g;s]sf] eP tTsfn pQm
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^&.@.@^ sf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng]
;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg'
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ ljifosf] uflDeo{tfnfO{
Wofg lbO{ k|:t't d'2f ;'gj' fO{sf] nflu cu|flwsf/
lbO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] cfb]z .
o;df jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL k|sfz
eGg] cf]dk|sfz cfn] ;d]t ePsf] gjnk/f;L lhNnf
cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg kmf}=g+= )^^))&*^ sf] st{Jo
Hofg d'2fdf 36]sf] 36gf /fhgLlts ljifoj:t';uF
;DalGwt ePsf] x'bF f pQm d'2f lkmtf{ lng] egL
ePsf] ldlt @)^&.@.@^ ut]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og . dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o
x'bF f ldlt @)^&.@.!& sf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf]
/fo lnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 h'g s'/fn] of] ljjflbt
ljifosf] p7fg /fhgLlts sf/0faf6 ePsf] xf]
eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ;+slnt
k|df0fsf cfwf/df bfo/ ePsf] pQm st{Jo Hofg
d'2fdf z'?df hfx]/L ubf{ hfx]/jfnfn] hgf !@ sf]
gfd pNn]v u/L hfx]/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf $ hgfnfO{
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ / !* hgfnfO{ dgu9Gt]
rfnn] cleof]u bfo/ u/L hDdf @@ hgfdfly d'2f
bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . d'2fsf] cj:yf, k|sl[ t ;d]tsf
cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] cj:yf x'bF f ;To tYo / ;a"b
;d]tsf] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L ldlt
@)^&.@.@^ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o
sfod /fvL d'2f lkmtf{ lng] sf/jfxL x'g] u/L
OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] k|sfz eGg] cf]dk|sfz
cfn] du/, /]zdfdfof u'?, b]jsnf a/fn, tLy{

745

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

a/fn, 6Lsf/fd sF8n

] , b]ljbQ sF8n
] , dfgaxfb'/
u'?, nfnaxfb'/ yfkf du/ / od'gfy cfrfo{sf]
;+oQ
' m lnlvt hjfkm .
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@( sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} x]l/g]
jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 rnf{Psf] kmf}hbf/L
d'2f cbfntsf] cg'dlt lnO{ lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf
u[x dGqfnoaf6 n]vL cfPsf] / ;f] P]gn] g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL eO{ cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]
h'g;'s} kmf}hbf/L d'2f ;DalGwt cbfntsf] cg'dlt
lnO{ lkmtf{ lnO{ ;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx lkmtf{ lng]
;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut dfkb08 /
sfo{ljlwcg'k g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;f]
d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ;/sf/
jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf u[x
dGqfnoaf6 ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ k|fKt
ePsf] / d'2f lkmtf{ lng] sfo{ cbfntsf] cg'dltaf6
dfq ;Dej x'g] Pj+ cbfntn] cg'dlt glbPsf]
cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 dfq :jtM
d'2f lkmtf{ x'g] sfg"gL cj:yf g/x]sf] x'Fbf ;f]
ljifo ;DaGwdf cbfntaf6 ;d]t ljrf/ x'g] g}
x'bF f cbfntaf6 Goflos /f]xaf6 ljrf/ x'g] ljifodf
l/6 hf/L x'g g;Sg] ePaf6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@(-!_ df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/
jfbL eO{ x]l/g] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
rnfOPsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/pk/ k/]sf] d'2f dfldnf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]z ePdf ;/sf/L jsLnn]
c? kIfsf] ;xdltn] To:tf] d'2f ldnfkq ug]{ jf
cbfntsf d~h"/Ln] To:tf] d'2fdWo] g]kfn ;/sf/
jfbL ePsf] kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng x'G5 eGg]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5 . ;f]xL k|fjwfgcg'k g]kfn
;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o u/L sfof{Gjogsf
nflu o; sfof{nodf lg0f{o;lxtsf] kq k|fKt

ePcg';f/ ;DalGwt lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn

sfof{nodf kqfrf/ ug]{ sfd;Dd ul/Psf] xf] .
d'2f cbfntaf6 lkmtf{ lbg] sfo{ afFsL g} /x]sf] /
pQm sfo{n] lgj]bssf] xsdf c;/ kfg]{ gx'Fbf
o; sfof{nosf] xsdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
@(-!_ df plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL e} rn]sf] d'2f lkmtf{ x'gsf nflu
;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntaf6 d'2f lkmtf{ ug{ d~h"/L
lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/af6
ePsf] lg0f{o clGtd lg0f{o xf]Og . lgjb]sn] l/6
lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf
lhNnf cbfntaf6 d~h"/L x'g] jf gx'g] egL cfb]z
x'g afFsL /x]sf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 .
t;y{ ckl/kSj cj:yfdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{no gjnk/f;Lsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs /fd' dxtf]sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL k|sfz du/ eGg] cf]d
k|sfz cfn] ;d]t ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2f bfo/
e} sfo{jfxL rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] d'2f lkmtf{
lng] eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^&.@.@^ sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk / g]kfn ;/sf/
sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] r=g+= @)(* ldlt
@)^&.@.@* sf] kq ldl;n ;+nUg 5 . ;f] d'2f
xfn ;Dd lkmtf{ ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfLn] lgj]bgdf
dfubfjL u/]cg';f/ o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bssf]
xs lxt tyf clwsf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] cf3ft
k'Ug] sfd sfjf{xL gePsf] gul/Psf] x'gfn]
ljkIfn] o; cbfntnfO{ ljkIf agfpg' kg]{ s'g}
sf/0f / cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf o; cbfntsf]
xsdf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] gjnk/f;L
lhNnf cbfntsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
sfg"gtM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{
cbfntn] c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;DalGwt
cbfnt;Fu ;'/lIft 5 . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df

746

**@* /fd' dxtf] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

klg ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 d'2f lkmtf{sf lgj]bg k/]kl5

lgj]bg ;fy k|fKt sfuhft ;+sng u/L :yfgLo
clwsf/Lsf] /fo lnO{ cfgf] /fo;lxt o;
dGqfnoaf6 sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnodf cfjZos
sf/jfxLsf] nflu kmfon k7fOG5 / sfg"g
dGqfnoaf6 cfjZos k| l qmof ;DkGg u/L
dlGqkl/ifb\df k7fpg] / dlGqkl/ifb\n] cfjZos
7fg]sf] cj:yfdf d'2f lkmtf{sf] lg0f{o u/L ;DalGwt
lhNnf cbfntdf k7fOg] ul/Psf] 5 . d'2f lkmtf{
lng] ;DaGwdf o; dGqfnosf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf
g/x]sf] / cfjZos sfuhft dfq ;+sng u/L ;f]
sfuhftsf] sfjf{xLsf] k|lqmof p7fg;Dd u/]sf]n]
o; dGqfnon] lghsf] s'g} xs xgg\ x'g] sfo{
gu/]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] u[x
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rln/x]sf kmf}hbf/L
d'2fx g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]zdf ;/sf/L jsLn
Pj+ ;DalGwt cbfntsf] ;xdltdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL
gLltut dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw, @)%% lgwf{/0f u/L
;f]xL cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;/sf/
jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fx lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwL gLltut
lg0f{ox x'g] u/]sf] Joxf]/f ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{
cjut u/fpFb5' . o;} sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cjnDag
u/L ljkIfLn] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] d'2f
lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf u[x dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^&.@.!( sf] r=g+=@*# sf] l;kmfl/z tyf sfg"g
tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] g+= $!))^&.@.@# sf]
d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ljifosf] k|:tfj dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s
;+Vof !@.)^&, ldlt @)^&.@.@^ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
a}7sdf k]z x'bF f ;f] lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ePsf] xf] .
ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cjnDag u/L eP,
u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL jf lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bs
/fd' dxtf]sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx
747

qmdzM r08]Zj/ >]i7, /dgs'df/ >]i7, ZofdhL

k|wfg, slknrGb| kf]v/]n, xl/Gb|k;
| fb /fO{, lbgdl0f
kf]v/]nn] k|ToyL{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 lagf
cfwf/ / sf/0f a]u/ st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf ;+nUg
ljkIfLdWo]sf k|sfz cfn] du/ ;d]tsf] xsdf
ldlt @)^&@@^ df d'2f lkmtf{ lng] u/L ePsf]
lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 . /fhgLlts bn;Fu cfa4 /x]sf
JolQmxsf] d'2f lkmtf{ ln+b} hfg] xf] eg] kLl8t
JolQmn] Gofo gkfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g hfG5 .
t;y{ lagf dfkb08 st{Jo Hofg h:tf] uDeL/
ck/fwdf ;+nUg /x]sf JolQmxsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng]
;DaGwdf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ ;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f
kf}8n
] n] d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf dlGqkl/ifb\af6
lg0f{o;Dd ePsf], cbfntaf6 d'2f lkmtf{ x'g afFsL
g} /x]sf]n] ckl/kSj cj:yfdf l/6 hf/L x'g g;Sg]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e{ of] .
k|ToyL{ od'gfy cfrfo{ ;d]tsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf 6Lsf/fd e/fO{ /
d's'Gbk|;fb kf}8]nn] d'2f lkmtf{sf] ;DaGwdf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o cfkm}df k"0f{ xf]Og . cbfntaf6
d'2f lkmtf{ lbg] jf glbg] sfd afFsL g} 5 . t;y{
d'2f lkmtf{;DaGwL d~h"/L lbO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
P]g sfg"gsf] k|lqmof k'ofP/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o
ePsf] / pQm lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
b'a} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't d'2fdf d'2f lkmtf{
lng] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^&@@^ df
ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5 5}g / lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] lg0f{o hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
/fd' dxtf]sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
/ k|ltjfbL ch'g{ kf}8n
] ;d]t hgf @@ ePsf]
gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ eO{ ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf] st{Jo Hofg d'2f lkmtf{ lng] egL g]kfn

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^&@@^

sf] lg0f{o sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o
pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] oL lgj]bssf]
k|dv
' dfu /x]sf] 5 .
k| T oyL{ d Wo] s f k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL e} rn]sf kmf}hbf/L d'2fx lkmtf{
lng] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] gLltut dfkb08 /
sfo{ljlw, @)%% lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df
d'2fx lkmtf{ lng] u/]sf] / l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt
st{Jo Hofg d'2f ;d]t pQm gLltut dfkb08 /
sfo{ljlwcg'k g} lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ePsf] tyf
;f] sfo{ sfg"gcg'k ePsf] eGg] ;d]t pQm
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . To:t}
k|ToyL{ k|sfz eGg] cf]dk|sfz cfn]du/ ;d]tsf]
lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ l/6 lgj]bsn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] 36gf /fhgLlts ljifoj:t';Fu
;DalGwt ePsf] x'Fbf d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' / k|s[lt
;d] t sf cfwf/df d' 2 f lkmtf{ lng] u/L
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{x pk/
bfo/ ePsf] /fd' dxtf]sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/ k|ltjfbLx k|sfz eGg] cf]dk|sfz cfn]
du/ ;d]t ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2f /fhgLlts
sf/0faf6 lgh k|ltjfbLx pk/ bfo/ ePsf]n]
;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( Pj+ kmf}hbf/L
d'2f lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf ePsf] dfkb08 /
sfo{ljlw, @)%% n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfwf/nfO{
cjnDag u/L pQm d'2f lkmtf{ lng] egL ldlt
@)^&@@^ df g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6
lg0f{o ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o sfg"gcg's"n /x]sf]
eGg] lgh k|ToyL{xsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt Hofg d'2fdf d[tsnfO{ s'6kL6 u/L
xTof ul/Psf] 36gf /fhgLlts k|sl[ tsf] xf] xf]Og
egL tt\;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L k|df0fdf cfPsf]
pQm Hofg;DaGwL d'2fsf] ldl;n x]bf{ gjnk/f;L

lhNnf, d's'Gbk'/ uf=la=;= j8f g+= ^ l:yt uf]vf{

a'|c/L ln=df :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg]
;DaGwdf pQm sf/vfgfsf Joj:yfks / sd{rf/L
o'lgogsf aLr ePsf] cfk;L ;xdltljk/Lt
sf/vfgfn] cGo JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L lbPsf]
ljifonfO{ lnP/ sd{rf/L o'lgog c;Gt'i6 eO{
/f]huf/L lbOPsf JolQmxnfO{ sf/vfgdf k|j]z
ug{ glbg] l;nl;nfdf leGgleGg /fhgLlts
bn;Fu cfa4 sd{rf/L o'lgogsf aLr em8k /
df/kL6 x'Fbf a'l4/fd dxtf]sf] d[To' ePsf] / ;f]xL
36gfsf ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ k|sfz eGg] cf]dk|sfz
cfn] du/ ;d]tsf lj?4df g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL e}
gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf st{Jo Hofg d'2f
bfo/ e} pQm d'2f sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf]
eGg] b]lvG5 .
#= pQm Hofg d'2fsf] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhft cWoog ubf{ pQm jf/bftsf] sf/0f,
kl/l:ylt Pj+ :yfgLo JolQm / aflx/sf JolQm
aLr ePsf] em8k uf]vf{ a'c
| /Ldf /f]huf/L nufpg]
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm d'2fdf
;+slnt tYo, k|df0f / ljleGg JolQmxsf]
sygaf6 ;f] d'2f /fhgLlts cfwf/df jf agfj6L
36gfsf] cfwf/df tYok"0f{ k|df0f ljgf bfo/ u/]sf]
geO{ sf/vfgf cjl:yt /x]sf] :yfg jfx]ssf
JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ljifodf em8k x'Fbf
dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] tYok"0f{ cfwf/df bfo/
ePsf] eGg] 5 . s'g} pBf]u, sDkgL, ;+:yf jf
;/sf/L, u}x|;/sf/L lgsfodf /f]huf/L lbg] jf
kfpg] ljifo JolQmsf] sfg"gL Pj+ ;+jw} flgs xs;Fu
;DalGwt x'g] / o:tf] ljifo JolQmsf] cfgf] /
kl/jf/sf] ufF;, jf;, kfng kf]if0f nufot hLjg
ofkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo x'G5 . /f]huf/L lb+bf jf
kfpFbf lglZrt\ ljlw, k|lqmof, of]Uotf, bIftf,
ljz]if1tf OToflbsf] cfwf/df lbg] / kfpg] x'G5 .
k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfgf] b]zleqsf] h'g;'s} If]q
/ :yfgsf ;+:yf, pBf]u, sDkgL jf lgsfodf
/f]huf/L kfpg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf] x'G5 / :yfg, If]q hfthflt, j0f{ ln,

748

**@* /fd' dxtf] lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

/fhgLlts cf:yfsf] ;+nUgtf OToflb s'g} cfwf/df

s;}nfO{ aGb]h nufpg gldNg] / To:tf] aGb]h
sfg"gljk/Lt x'G5 . cfgf] b]zleq /f]huf/L lbg]
/ kfpg] ljifo s'g} xfnt / cj:yfdf /fhgLlt;Fu
;DalGwt ljifo dfGg ldNb}g . /f]huf/bftf sDkgL
/ sd{rf/L o'lgog jf cGo s;};uF ePsf] /f]huf/L
lbg] jf kfpg] ljifodf aGb]h nufpg] u/L
sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] ;Demf}tf jf ;xdlt kfng
ug{ u/fpg s;}nfO{ afWo u/fpg gldNg] x'G5 .
To:tf] sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] ;xdlt jf ;Demf}tf
gdfgL /f]huf/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf To;/L /f]huf/
kfPsf] JolQmnfO{ sfddf hfg gkfpg] u/L /f]s
nufpFbf ePsf] em8k, df/kL6 jf o:t} s'g} 36gfdf
s;}sf] Hofg uPdf ;f] 36gf /fhgLlts ljifo
geO{ k"0f{tof cfk/flws sfo{ x'g hfG5 . kL8s,
kLl8t / d[ts ;d]tsf JolQm s'g} /fhgLlts
ljrf/ jf cf:yf;Fu glhs /x]s} cfwf/df dfq
lgj] b gdf plNnlvt 36gf /fhgLlts
ljifoj:t';uF ;DalGwt /x]sf] eGg] k|ToyL{ dWo]sf
k|sfz eGg] cf]dk|sfz cfn] du/ ;d]tsf] syg
o'lQm;+ut Pj+ tYok/s geO{ dgfl;j b]lvg
cfPg .
$= lgj]bsn] dlGqkl/ifb\af6 d'2f lkmtf{
lng] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gljk/Lt x'Fbf ab/
ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] ;Gbe{df d'2f lkmtf{sf
;DaGwdf s] s:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]5 / pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kfngf k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 ePsf] /x]5 /x]g5
egL To;tkm{ x]bf{ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf @(-!_ df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/jfbL eO{ x]l/g] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
rnfOPsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/pk/ k/]sf] d'2f dfldnf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]z ePdf ;/sf/L jsLnn]
c? kIfsf] ;xdltn] To:tf] d'2f ldnfkq ug]{ jf
cbfntsf] d~h"/Ln] To:tf] d'2fdWo] g]kfn
;/sf/jfbL ePsf] kmf}hbf/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng ;S5
eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . sfg"gsf]
dg;fo d'2f lkmtf{ lng kfpg] clwsf/cGtu{t

h'g;'s} sf/0f / cj:yfdf ePsf] 36gf;DaGwL

d'2f lkmtf{ lng x'G5 eGg] xf]Og / ;/sf/sf]
p2]Zo cfk/flws sfo{ Pj+ ;f]af6 l;lh{t x'g]
b08xLgtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' klg xf]Og . uDeL/
k|s[ltsf d'2fxdf ;d]t ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/tf
gx]/L pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kfngaf6 x'g] b"/ufdL
k|efj, To;af6 ;dfhdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/
cfk/flws dgf]j[lQdf x'g ;Sg] j[l4sf] b'ikl/0ffd
;d]t s]xL ljrf/ gu/L ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lnFb}
hfg] xf] eg] zflGt ;'Joj:yf vt/fdf kg]{ tyf
gful/ssf] hLp wgsf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg] ;Defjgf
x'g] x'Fbf ;f] tkm{ ;/sf/ ;b}j ;r]t /xg h?/L
x'G5 . /fhgLlts Joj:yf jf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g
ePsf] cj:yfdf jf s'g} /fhgLlts bn jf ;+3;Fu
k|ltjfbL cfa4 ePsf] cf8df dflg;sf] afFRg
kfpg] xs -Right to Live_ nfO{ s'l07t ug{ ldNb}g .
To;}n] s] s'g cj:yf / k|s[ltsf d'2f lkmtf{ lng
x'g] / s:tfs:tf k|s[ltsf d'2f lkmtf{ lng gx'g]
eGg] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/ :jo+ ;+a]bgzLn, ;ts{ /
;r]t x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . h3Go Pj+ kfzljs k|s[ltsf
ck/fw, dfgjtf lj?4sf ck/fw, nfu" cf}ifw,
dfgj a]rlavg, afnaflnsfsf lj?4sf] ck/fw,
xftxltof/ v/vhfgf ;DaGwL ck/fw, JolQmsf]
afFRg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t u/]sf] ;DaGwL
ck/fw, k]z]j/ ck/fwLf/f ul/Psf] tyf ;+ul7t
?kdf ul/Psf] ck/fw ;fwf/0ftof lkmtf{ lng
gx'g] k|s[ltsf d'2fx cGtu{t kb{5g\ . To:tf
k|s[ltsf d'2f j:t'lgi7 Pj+ dgf;La cfwf/ /
sf/0f lagf /fhgLlts bn;Fu cfj4 /x]sf] dfq
sf/0faf6 lkmtf{ lng] sfo{ :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g .
%= t/ slxn]sfxLF /fhgLlts k|ltzf]wsf]
sf/0faf6 em"7f / jgfj6L cf/f]kdf s;}nfO{
cf/f]lkt ug]{ u/L d'2f btf{ ePsf] tYok"0f{ /
cfwf/o'Qm tj/af6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L
d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] pQm bkmf @(-!_ sf]
k|of]u u/L d'2f lkmtf{ lng ;lsg] x'G5 . /fhgLlts
k"jf{ux| , /fhgLlts cf:yf jf /fhgLlts k|ltzf]wsf]
sf/0fn] ablgotk"0f{ tl/sfaf6 /fhgLlts bndf

749

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;+nUg JolQmpk/ d'2f rnfOPsf]df To:tf d'2fsf]

ufDeLo{tf, k|ltjfbLsf] cfr/0f, lghsf] pd]/,
;fdflhs k|lti7f, /fhgLlts ;+nUgtf, lghn]
klxn] s'g} s;"/ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] cflb ofjt
s'/fxtkm{ ljrf/ u/L ckjfb :j?k To:tf
JolQmx lj?4 rnfOPsf] d'2f dfq lkmtf{ lng]
;DaGwdf sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ l:yltnfO{ OGsf/ ug{
;ls+b}g t/ ;/sf/sf] km]/abn ;Fu} kmf}hbf/L
s;"/sf ;DaGwdf cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf d'2fx
s'g} lglZrt cfwf/ / dfkb08 lagf g} s'g}
/fhgLlts bn ljz]if;Fu cfa4 ePs} gftfn] dfq
d'2f lkmtf{ lng] kl/kf6Ln] zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod
ug],{ b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ tyf gful/ssf] hLp
wg Pj+ j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L sfg"gsf]
zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ /fHosf] p2]Zodf s'7f/f3ft
k'Ug hfG5 . To;f] x'g glbg ;/sf/n] P]gsf]
k|fjwfgcg'k tyf lglZrt dfkb08 / cfwf/
to u/L sf/0f / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{
lng] lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] lg0f{o dfGo / lglj{jfb
x'g hfG5 .
^= g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL eO{ rn]sf] k|ltjfbL
k|sfz eGg] cf]dk|sfz cfn] ;d]t ePsf] pQm
Hofg d'2f /fhgLlts cf:yfsf] cfwf/df cyjf
/fhgLlts k|ltzf]wsf sf/0f e"m7f cf/f]k nufO{
d'2f bfo/ ePsf] geO{ sf/vfgfdf cGoqsf
JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L lbOPsf] ljifodf emu8f,
df/kL6 eO{ dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] tYok"0f{ cfwf/df
bfo/ ePsf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\ a f6 ;f] d' 2 f
lkmtf{;DaGwL lg0f{o x'Fbf s'g} cfwf/ / dfkb08
lgwf{/0f ul/P gul/Psf] s] /x]5 egL To;tkm{
x]bf{ k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL e} rn]sf kmf}hbf/L
d'2fx lkmtf{ lng] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] gLltut
dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw, @)%% lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL
cfwf/df d'2fx lkmtf{ lng] u/]sf] / l/6 lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt d'2f ;d]t pQm gLltut dfkb08 /
sfo{ljlwcg'k lkmtf{ ePsf] eGg] ;Dd pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ s] s'g dfkb08 / cfwf/x

6]sL k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf], ;f]

lnlvt hjfkmaf6 v' N g cfpF b } g . ;/sf/L
d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @(-!_ n] lbPsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L k|:t't d'2f lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o
ePsf] eGg] afx]s k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
s'g} cfwf/, sf/0f jf dfkb08 k]z x'g ;s]sf]
gb]lvPaf6 sfg"gL cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf d'2f
lkmtf{ lng] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^&@@^
df lg0f{o ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 / o:tf] lg0f{onfO{
sfg"g;Ddt\ dfGg ldn]g . o;sf ;fy} o:t}
ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] kjgs'df/ k6]nsf]
hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 uugb]j /fo
ofbj eGg] uug /fo ofbj ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf]
st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf sfg"g / ;+ljwfgsf] dg;fo
h'g;'s} d'2f lkmtf{ lng x'G5 eGg] xf]Og / ;/sf/sf]
p2]Zo b08xLgtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' klg xf]Og .
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf dfgjLo sfg"g pNn+3g ePsf
d'2fxdf ;d]t ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/tf gx]/L
;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ ub}{ hfg] / cbfntn] klg
cf}lrTotkm{ gx]g]{ xf] eg] hgtfsf] hLp wgsf]
;+ / If0f ug] { ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTj tyf
hjfkmb]xLkgsf] cefj x'g uO{ sfg"gL /fHosf]
cl:tTj d} k|Zg p7\g,] d'2f lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ ;Gtf]ifk|b
cfwf/ gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf dfu adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f
lkmtf{ ug{ d~h"/L lbg ldn]g egL o; cbfntsf]
;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 -g]sfk @)^%, c (, lg=g+=
*))# k[i7 !!)*_ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf]
b]lvPaf6 pQm ghL/ ;d]tsf cfwf/df d'2f lkmtf{
lng] u/L ePsf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k|:t't lg0f{o
o'lQm;+ut, sfg"g;Ddt Pj+ ;/sf/ cfkm}n]
jgfPsf] dfkb08 cg's"n ;d]t b]lvg cfPg .
&= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/, sf/0f /
ghL/ ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt /fd' dxtf]sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
/ k|ltjfbL ch'g{ kf}8n
] ;d]t eO{ gjnk/f;L lhNnf
cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] ;=kmf}=g+= ^^)^^
))&*^! sf] st{Jo Hofg d'2f /fhgLlts
sf/0faf6 geO{ k"0f{tof cfk/flws sfo{sf] kl/0ffd

750

**@( ;'gLtf cof{n ;d]t lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

:j?k jf:tljs tYosf] cfwf/df bfo/ ePsf]n]

s'g} cfwf/ / dfkb08 a]u/ ;f] d'2f lkmtf{ lng]
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 ldlt
@)^&@@^ df ePsf] lg0f{o Gofosf] b[li6n]
d'gfl;j Pj+ sfg"g cg's"n ;d]t gb]lvPsf] tyf
;f] lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bs / kLl8t kl/jf/sf] Gofo
k|fKt ug]{ xs k|ToIf ?kdf cf3fltt ePsf]n] ;f]
lg0f{o pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ;f]
7x/] s f] n ] g] k fn ;/sf/sf] plNnlvt d' 2 f
lkmtf{;DaGwL ldlt @)^&@@^ sf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog gug{' gu/fpg' egL k|:t't cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L k|ToyL{xnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn df3 @% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tMjf;'ba] kf}8n
]

lg0f{o g+=**@(
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
@)^*--wo-)$&!
cfb]z ldltM@)^*.!!.@#.#
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM u'NdL lhNnf, c:n]jf uf=lj=;=j8f g+ &
3/ eO{ xfn e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|,
w' l nv] n df h' l go/ gfkL tfnLdsf
k|lzIffyL{sf] ?kdf cWoog/t\ ;'gLtf cof{n
;d]t
lj4
ljkIfLM nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t
751

5gf}6 eO{ k|lzIf0f lnO/x]sf / ;f] k|lzIf0f

k"/f gx'bF } lghfdtL kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf]
;f] of]Uotf g} kl/jt{g ul/lbFbf / ;f]
kl/jt{g ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf nfu"
gx'g] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Paf6
k|lzIffyL{sf] xsdf lje]bsf/L tj/af6 nfu"
u/]sf] dflgg] x'bF f ;f] sfo{ sfg"gsf] cufl8
;dfgtfsf] k|lts"n x'g] Pj+ ;+ljwfgk|bQ
/f]huf/Lsf] xsdf cg'lrt jGb]h nufPsf]
dfGg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
;/sf/f/f ;~rflnt k|lzIf0f s]Gb|af6
g]kfn OlGhlgol/ ;]jf -u7g, >]0fL tyf
;d"x ljefhg, lgo'lQm_ lgodxdf ePsf]
/fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu bIf
hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f] lgoddf
tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L
;f]xLadf]lhd ul0ft ljifo lnO{ k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/]sf JolQmx
dWo]af6 b/vf:t cfAxfg ul/Psf] / 5gf}6
ePsfx tfnLddf ;xefuL
eO;s] k Zrft\ ;f] of] U otf kl/jt{ g
ul/Paf6 tfnLd lnO/x]sf JolQmx ;f]]
k|lt:kwf{df efu lng cof]Uo x'g] cj:yf
ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf nfu"
gx'g] u/L tTsfn k|rlnt lgodsf]
Joj:yfcg' k nf] s ;] j f cfof] u af6
k|sflzt lj1fkgsf] k|lt:kwf{df ;fd]n x'g
kfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
lgj]bsxsf] tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmf xl/k|;fb
pk|t] L
ljkIfL tk{mjf6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
s[i0fhLjL l3ld/
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cfb]z
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& -@_ cg';f/ o;
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
k|lzIf0f s]Gb|n] ldlt @)^&.*.@% df
k|sflzt u/]sf] tfnLd;DaGwL ;"rgfadf]lhd
h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLd lngsf nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6
ug{ lnPsf] k|jz
] k/LIffaf6 5gf}6 eO{ Ps jif]{
tfnLd sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO/x]sf 5f} . xfd|f]
tfnLdsf] cjlw k"/f x'g ca s/La b'O{ dlxgf dfq
afFsL /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . pQm h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLddf
egf{ x'g rflxg] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]Sbf
;]jf;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] cg';r
" L # df ;e]{
;d"xsf] /fhkq cglt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf
k|jz
] sf nflu tf]ss
] f] of]Uotf;Fu ldNbf]hN' bf] x'g]
u/L tf] l sPsf] lyof] . cyf{ t \ ;] j f;DaGwL
lgodfjnLsf] cg';r
" L# sf] k|s/0f !# sf] qmd
;+Vof @ df dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 e"uf]n
/ ul0ft ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ u/L jf l;len OlGhlgol/ ljifodf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/L h'lgo/ gfkL
tfnLd jf ;f] ;/xsf] gfkL tfnLd k|fKt eGg]
;d]t pNn]v ePsf]df k|lzIf0f s]Gb|n] ldlt
@)^&.*.@% df k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfdf ;d]t
ul0ft d"n ljifo jf e"uf]n ljifo jf lj1fg ljifo
lnO{ -@)) k"0ff{sf] ul0ft d"n ljifo ePsf]_ k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] .
o;/L pQm z}lIfs of]Uotf dWo] ul0ft d"n
ljifo lnO{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/]sf]
cfwf/df xfdL pQm tfnLddf ;xefuL eO;s]kl5
;]jf;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ldlt @)^*.%.!@ df
;+zf]wg u/L ;fljssf] pQm Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotfsf] ;f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 ul0ft
ljifo lnO{ P;=Pn=;L=jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/L ;e]{
jf lhof]dl] 6S; ljifodf tLg jif]{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq

;/xsf] l8Knf]df pQL0f{ jf lj1fg -lkmlhsn ;d"x_

jf e"uf]n ljifo lnO{ k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/L
slDtdf Ps jif{sf] h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf]
eGg] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf /flvPsf]df ;f] ;+zf]lwt
Joj:yfn] h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLd lnP/ a[lQ ljsf;sf]
cj;/nfO{ kv]/{ a;]sf ;e]{ ;d"xleq ;]jf/t\
sd{rf/LnfO{ dsf{ kg{ uPsf] egL pQm Joj:yf
k'gM ;+zf]wg x'gsf nflu k/fdz{ dfu u/L cfof]udf
cg'/f]w u/L k7fpFbf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] cg'/f]wnfO{
;d]t dWogh/ /fvL k7fPsf]df ldlt @)^*.%.!@
cl3 ;]jfdf axfn /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dfq
pQm ldltsf] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] Joj:yf nfu" geO{
pQm ;+zf]wg x'g' k"js
{ f] ;fljss} Joj:yf nfu" x'g]
u/L k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+z yk u/L ldlt @)^*.&.@!
df Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfdf k'gM ;+zf]wg ul/Psf]
5 . o;/L ;fljssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf;Fu d]n vfg]
u/L gfkL tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf sd{rf/L / k|lzIf0f
s]Gb|df tfnLd lnO/x]sf kl/IffyL{x dWo] lj1fg
jf e"uf]n d"n ljifo lnO{ pQL0f{ u/]sfsf] xsdf
dfq h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLd k|fKt JolQm ;]jf k|jz
] sf]
nflu of]Uo x'g] u/L lje]bsf/L ?kn] pQm ;+zf]wg
ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L ljkIfLxsf] pQm sfdsf/jfxL /
lg0f{oaf6 xfdLnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, !#-!_-@_ f/f k|bQ
df}lns xsxsf] xgg\ x'g uPsf] / tL xsx
k|rng u/fpg] cGo s'g} j}slNks Pj+ k|efjsf/L
pkrf/sf] af6f] ;d]t gePsf] x'gfn] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt
ePsf 5f}+ . To;}n] ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L ldlt @)^*.%.!@ sf] lg0f{o
/ ldlt @)^*.&.@! df lj1fg jf e"uf]n d"n
ljifo lnO{ pQL0f{ u/]sfsf] xsdf dfq h'lgo/
gfkL tfnLd k|fKt JolQm ;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu of]Uo
x' g ] u/L ;] j f;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf u/] s f]
;+zf]wgsf] ;fy} ljkIfLaf6 o; ;DaGwdf eP
u/]sf cGo s'g} lg0f{o, cfb]z tyf kl/kq eP ;f]

752

**@( ;'gLtf cof{n ;d]t lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k|lzIf0f

s]Gb|n] ldlt @)^&.*.@% df k|sflzt u/]sf]
tfnLd;DaGwL ;"rgfadf]lhd 5gf}6 eO{ tfnLd
lnO{ /x]sf xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{ ;d]t ;e]{ ;d"xsf]
/f=k=cg=k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu
of]Uo x'g] u/L cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L lgj]bsxnfO{
;d]t pQm kbdf ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ k|lt:kwf{df
;xefuL u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]znufot cGo hf]
rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|:t't
d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f geP;Dd ldlt @)^*.%.!@
/ ldlt @)^*.&.@! sf] ;+zf]wg lgj]bsxsf]
xsdf nfu" gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}F ;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf]
af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' .
lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf]
dfu ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ cGtl/d cfb]z 5nkmnsf]
nflu ljkIfLxnfO{ ldlt @)^*.(.# sf] k]zL tfl/v
tf]sL lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6
ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df lgj]bsx g]kfn ;/sf/ e"ld;'wf/
tyf Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf] e"ld Joj:yfkg
k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] ;"rgfadf]lhd h'lgo/ gfkL
tfnLddf ;lDdlnt k|lzIffyL{x eO{ lghxsf]
k|lzIf0f xfn k"/f eO{ g;s]sf] JolQm /x]sf] lgj]bg
n]vaf6 b]lvG5 . lghxsf] k|lzIf0fsf] nflu
b/vf:t cfAxfg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf
ul0ft ljifo lnO{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq pQL0f{ u/]sf]
753

x'g'kg]{ egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . xfn g]kfn

OlGhlgol/ ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg,
lgo'lQm_ lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod & ;Fu ;DalGwt
cg';r
" L # df /x]sf] ul0ft ljifosf] ;f lj1fg
ljifo ;dfj]z u/]sf] sfo{af6 cfgf] ;]jf k|jz
]
ug]{ xsdf c;/ k/]sf] egL k|:t't l/6 lbPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ lgj]bsx xfn k|lzIf0f k"/f
gu/L k|lzIffyL{ ;Dd /x]sf]n] k|lzIf0f k"/f ePkl5
eljiodf k|fKt x'g ;Sg] xssf] nflu sfg"gf/f
xs k|fKt gx'Fb} ckl/kSj cj:yfdf lgj]bs
cbfntdf k|jz
] u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] xs k|fKt ePkl5
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] g} x'gfn] xfn cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldn]g . sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.(.# df ePsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsxn] d"ntM cfkm"x h'lgo/
gfkL tfnLddf ljut !) dlxgfb]lv k|lzIffyL{sf]
?kdf tfnLd lnO/x]sf], o;} aLrdf cyf{t\ ldlt
@)^*.&.@! df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/L /f=k=c=k|yd >]0fL -;e]I{ fs jf ;f] ;/x_ sf]
;fljssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf kl/jt{g u/]sf] sf/0f
cGofodf k/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tfnLdsf] nflu cfAxfg u/L
tfnLddf 5gf}6 eO{ tfnLddf /x] ePs} cj:yfdf
lgj]bsxsf] ;fljssf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf k|lts"n
c;/ kg]{ u/L aLrdf g} kl/jt{g ul/g' /fd|f] xf]Og
t/ ;dosf] kl/jt{g / gfk hfFr tyf gfkL
Joj:yfkgdf ;DalGwt If]qsf bIf hgzlQm lelqof];\
eGg] c;n lgotsf ;fy /f=k=cg+=k|yd >]0fL ;e]I{ fs jf ;f] ;/x_ sf] ;fljssf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf
kl/jt{g ul/P tfklg lgj]bsx z}lIfs of]Uotf
kl/jt{g x'g' eGbf cl3 tfnLddf ;xefuL e};s]sf]
x'Fbf lghx dsf{df k/]sf] cj:yf ;DdfgLt
cbfnt;dIf ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 egL e"ld;'wf/ tyf
Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj nfndl0f
hf]zLn] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"gadf]lhd z}lIfs
of]Uotf tf]sL tfnLdsf] nflu cfAxfg u/L tfnLddf
5gf}6 eO{ tfnLd lnO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf l/6

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

lgj]bsxsf] tfnLd k|j]z ePsf cj:yfdf

tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf kl/jt{g x'bF f tfnLdsf
cj:yfdf /x]sf k|lzIffyL{ l/6 lgj]bsxsf]
/f]huf/sf] cj;/df :jfefljs ?kdf c;/ k/]tfklg
;dosf] kl/jt{g / gfkhfFr tyf gfkL Joj:yfkgdf
cfPsf gofF kl/jt{g;Fu} ;DalGwt If]qsf bIf
hgzlQm lelqof]; eGg] c;n lgotsf ;fy ;do
;dodf z}lIfs of]Uotfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] Joxf]/f
;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] gfkL ljefusf]
tkm{af6 P]=sf=dxflgb]z
{ s s[i0f/fh jL=;L=n] k]z
u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;]jf k|jz
] sf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] z}lIfs
of]UotfnfO{ ;d;fdflos agfpFb} hfg] ;Gbe{df
g]kfn OlGhlgol/ ;]jf cGtu{tsf] ;e]{ ;d"xsf]
ljleGg kbsf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf kl/dfh{g
ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ e"ld;'wf/
tyf Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g,
@)^^ sf] bkmf @@ adf]lhd k/fdz{ dfu eO{
cfPsf]df o; cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.#.@) df dfu
adf]lhd k/fdz{ pknAw u/fOPsf] xf] . o;}u/L
kl/dflh{t z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] sf/0f ;fljsdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lxsf] j[lt ljsf;sf] dfu{ cj?4 gx'g]
cj:yfsf] nflu lghxsf] xsdf ;fljss} z}lIfs
of]Uotf g} Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf ?kdf dflgg]
Joxf]/f yk ug{ o; cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.&.!&
df k/fdz{ lbOPsf] xf] . o;/L sfg"g;Ddt 9+uaf6
ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ o; cfof]u ;d]tnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 . vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj Zofdk|;fb d}gfnLn]
k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;bfem} o; s]Gb|n] ldlt @)^&.*.@% df
/fli6o :t/sf] klqsfdf h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLd lngsf]
nflu OR5's pDd]bjf/xaf6 b/vf:t cfAxfg
ul/Psf] / ;f]xL lj1fkgcg';f/ kg{ cfPsf
b/vf:tsf cfwf/df lnlvt k|jz
] k/LIffaf6 pQL0f{
ePsf k/LIffyL{xnfO{ cGtjf{tfdf ;lDdlnt u/fO{
;]jfaf6 ;d]t 5gf}6 ePsf k|lzIffyL{xnfO{ dfq

of] tfnLddf ;dfj]z u/fO{ ! jif]{ cjlwsf] o;

tfnLddf ;xeflutf u/fO{ tfnLd/t /x]sf] Joxf]/f
7Ls ;fFrf] xf] .
o;/L 5gf}6 ePsf k|lzIffyL{xnfO{ z'?df
pDd] b jf/Lsf] nflu b/vf:t cfAxfg ubf{
OlGhlgol/ ;]jf, ;e]{ ;d"xsf] /fhkq cg+lst
k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf k|jz
] sf] lgldQ lgwf{/0f
eO/x]sf] z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ g} of]
tfnLddf ;xeflutfsf] nflu b/vf:t cfAxfg x'g]
;"rgfd} ;bfem} o; k6s klg tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
;f]xLadf]lhd b/vf:tx kg{ cfPsf lyP / k|jz
]
k/LIff -lnlvt / df}lvs_ af6 ;kmn ePsf
pDd]bjf/nfO{ o; s]Gb|n] dfu u/]sf] ;+Vofsf
k/LIffyL{nfO{ g} o; tfnLddf ;dfj]z u/L k|lzIf0f
lb+b} cfPsf 5f} . o; s]Gb|f/f ldlt @)^&.*.@% df
k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfdf ;d]t ul0ft d"n ljifo jf
e"uf]n jf lj1fg ljifo lnO{ -@)) k"0ff{sf] ul0ft
d"n ljifo ePsf]_ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 7Ls xf] .
tyflk ldlt @)^*.%.!@ df pQm of]UotfnfO{ ;+zf]wg
u/L ;fljssf] plNnlvt Go"gtd\ of]Uotfsf] ;f
ul0ft ljifo lnO{ P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
u/L ;e]{ jf lhof]dl] 6S; ljifodf # jif]{ k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq ;/xsf] l8Knf]df pQL0f{ jf lj1fg
-lkmlhsn ;d"x_ jf e"uf]n ljifo lnO{ k|df0fkq tx
pQL0f{ u/L slDtdf ! jif{sf] h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLd
k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf /fvL
Go"gtd\ of]Uotfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 e"ld;'wf/
tyf Joj:yf dGqfno / gfkL ljefu;Fu k/fdz{
u/L ldlt @)^*.&.!( df ;d]t tf]ss
] f] xf] . o;/L
Psftkm{ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfdf x]/km]/ ug]{ csf]{
tkm{ ;fljssf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]/ ldlt @)^&.*.@% df lj1fkg u/L tfnLd
z'? e} ca cGTolt/ cfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ydtM
of] ;d"xnfO{ t ;fljsadf]lhd s} of]Uotf dfgL
/f=k=cg=k|yd >]0fLsf] ;d"xLs[t lj1fkgsf] v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt u/fpg} pko'Qm
x'g] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . ;fy} of] s]Gb| eg]sf] ;/sf/L

754

**@( ;'gLtf cof{n ;d]t lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

:t/af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] k"0f{ ?kdf cfly{s ef/

Joxf]/L ;~rfng x'g] of] / o:tf cGo tfnLdaf6
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ bIf Pj+ pknlAwd"ns hgzlQm
pTkfbg ug]{ Psdfq ;/sf/L c+u ePsf] s'/f cg'/f]w
5 . o;/L /fi6n] cfg} nufgL u/L pTkfbg ePsf
hgzlQmnfO{ cj;/af6 al~rt u/fpg' ;fGble{s
b] l v+ b } g . l/6 lgj] b sxsf] bfjLadf] l hd
lghxnfO{ dsf{ k/]sf]df b'Odt 5}g . csf]t{ km{
;/sf/n] u/]sf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn ;d]t g]kfn
;/sf/n] gkfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|,
w'lnv]n, sfe|k] nf~rf]ssf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^ sf]
pkbkmf -@_ df ljleGg lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;d"x
tyf pk;d"xxdf /xg] ljleGg kbxsf] nflu
rflxg] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g5
] eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod !% df P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf
-@_ adf] l hd lghfdtL ;] j fsf ;d" x tyf
pk;d"xxdf /xg] ljleGg kbxsf] nflu rflxg]
Go"gtd\ of]Uotf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x;DaGwL
lgodxdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
&% n] P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt
;]jf ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf nflu lgodx agfpg
;Sg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf s] s:tf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf
ePsf hgzlQm leq\ofpg] xf] ;f] ;DaGwL gLlt
th'd
{ f ug]{ jf lghfdtL ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf
nflu rflxg] Gog"td of]Uotf ;d]t lgodf/f tf]Sg
kfpg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gn] g} k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn OlGhlgol/ ;]jf -u7g,
;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ ;DaGwL lgoddf
u/]sf] elgPsf] x]/km]/df o; dGqfnosf] s'g} vf;
e"ldsf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf o; dGqfnonfO{ ;d]t
ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 .
755

hxfF;Dd l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxsf] ;+ljwfg tyf

sfg"gk|bQ xs clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf o; ;fdfGo k|z
| f;g
dGqfnosf] s] s'g lg0f{o tyf sfdsf/jfxLaf6
l/6 lgj]bsxsf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ xs
clwsf/df xgg x'g k'us
] f] xf] < ;f] s'/f l/6
lgj]bgdf slx st} pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . o;/L ljgf
cfwf/ / sf/0f o; ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{
;d]t ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5.
t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0f
;d]taf6 o; dGqfnoaf6 l/6 lgj]bsxsf] s'g}
klg ;+jw} flgs tyf sfg"gL xs xgg x'g] u/L s'g}
klg lg0f{o jf sfo{x gePgu/]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj k|tfks'df/ kf7sn]
k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6 ldlt @)^*.!!.!
df o; cbfntdf lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] .
o;df kl/jlt{lt kl/l:ylt b]vfO{ cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] dfu u/]sf] b]lv+bf ldlt @)^*.!!.!!.%
ut] ;f] ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf nflu k]z x'g] ;"rgf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ pQm ldltdf
cGtl/d cfb]zdf 5nkmnsf nflu k]z ug'{ egL
o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 5nkmnsf] nflu
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf
lbPsf] gb]lv+bf k"j{ cfb]zfg';f/ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 5nkmnsf] nflu oyfzL3| k]z
ug'{ egL o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^*.!!.!! df
ePsf] cfb]z .
o;df k|lzIf0fsf] nflu b/vf:t cfAxfg
ubf{ tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf ul0ft ljifo lnO{
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq pQL0f{ u/]sf] elgPsf]df xfn
g]kfn OlGhlgol/ ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL
ljefhg lgo'lQm_ lgodx, @)%! sf] lgod & ;Fu
;DalGwt cg';r
" L # df /x]sf] ul0ft ljifosf] ;f

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

lj1fg /fv]sf] lj?4 cGtl/d cfb]z dfu ub}{ l/6

lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf] ldlt @)^*.(.# df o;
cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 lgj]bsxn] xfn
k|lzIf0f k'/f gu/L k|lzIffyL{;Dd /x]sf]n] k|lzIf0f
k"/f ePkl5 eljiodf k|fKt x'g;Sg] xssf] nflu
sfg"gf/f xs k|fKt gx'bF } ckl/kSj cj:yf egL
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L gePsf] kfOof] . t/ ldlt
@)^*.!).@% sf] uf]/vfkqdf pk/f]Qm kl/jlt{t
of]UotfnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL ldlt @)^*.!!.!^ leq
b/vf:t cfAxfg ul/Paf6 lgj]lbsfx pQm
lj1fkgcg';f/ lj1flkt kbsf nflu b/vf:t lbg
cof]Uo /x]sf] / pQm k|lzIf0f klg ;dfKt eO;s]sf]
;d]t x'bF f lgj]lbsfxn] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
ldlt @)^*.!!.@# df k]zL tf]lsPsf] eO{ d'2f clGtd
lsgf/f nfUg] cj:yfdf k'us
] f]n] ;'ljwf ;Gt'ng /
ck"/0fLo Ifltsf b[li6sf]0faf6 ljrf/ ubf{, l/6
lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] nfu]cg';f/ x'g] g} x'bF f xfn
lgj]lbsfxsf] pQm lj1flkt kbdf, pQm zt{ pNn]v
u/L b/vf:t lnO{ k/LIff ;d]tdf ;+nUg ug'{ u/fpg'
egL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
$!-!_ cg';f/ cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
lgodfg';f/ ug'{ egL ldlt @)^*.!!.!@ df o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
lgodfg';f/ d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;d]t
cWoog u/L lgj]bs tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
xl/k|;fb pk|t] Ln] lgj]bsxsf] xsdf ;+zf]lwt
Joj:yf nfu" x'g] xf]Og . ;/sf/n] hflu/df
/x]sfnfO{ arfp ug]{ t/ tfnLd lnPsfsf] xsdf
garfPsf] x'gfn] ToxfF lje]b ;d]t u/]sf] x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg hf/L x'gk' 5{ eGg] / ljkIfL dGqfno /
ljefu ;d]tsf tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]n] of]Uotfsf] ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7]sf]
cj:yfdf hfFrdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] ls gkfpg]
egL x]gk{' 5{ . tfnLd Pp6f cj;/ dfq xf] . o;af6
;a} clwsf/ l;h{gf x'bF g} . tfnLd lnPsf] eGg]
cfwf/df dfq l/6 hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'gk' 5{ egL k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
756

o;df xfdL lgj]bsx ldlt @)^&.*.@%

df tfnLd s]Gb|n] k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfadf]lhd
gfkL tfnLd lngsf nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{
lnPsf] k|jz
] k/LIffaf6 Ps jif]{ tfnLd sfo{qmddf
;xefuL eO{ /x]+sf]df h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLddf egf{
x' g rflxg] Go" g td z} l Ifs of] U otf tf] S bf
;]jf;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL # df ;e]{
;d"xsf] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf ;]jf
k|j]zsf nflu tf]s]sf] of]Uotf;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g]
u/L tf]lsPsf]df ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf]
cg';"rL # sf] k|s/0f !# sf] qmd ;+Vof @ df
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 e"uf]n / ul0ft
ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
u/L jf l;len OlGhlgol/ ljifodf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f];/x pQL0f{ u/L h'lgo/ gfkL
tfnLd jf l;len OlGhlgol/ ljifodf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/L h'lgo/ gfkL
tfnLd jf ;f] ;/xsf] gfkL tfnLd eGg] pNn]v
ePsf]df pQm z}lIfs of]UotfdWo] ul0ft d"n ljifo
lnO{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/]sf] cfwf/df
xfdL tfnLddf ;xefuL e};s]kl5 ;]jf;DaGwL
lgodfjnLdf ldlt @)^*.%.!@ df ;+zf]wg u/L
;fljssf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] dfGotf k|fKt
lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 ul0ft ljifo lnO{ P;=Pn=;L jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/L ;e]{ jf lhof]d]l6S; ljifodf
tLg jif]{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq ;/xsf] l8Knf]df
pQL0f{sf] ;f lj1fg jf e"uf]n ljifo lnO{ k|df0fkq
tx pQL0f{ u/L sDtLdf Ps jif{sf] h'lgo/ gfkL
tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] Joj:yf /fvL u/]sf]
;+zf]wgaf6 xfdLnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf] k]zf /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg]
df}lns xs xgg x'g uPsf]n] To:tf] ;+zf]wg tyf
To;af6 ePsf sfd sfo{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL ePsf]df ;do /
gfkL Joj:yfkgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} bIf
hgzlQm lelqof];\ egL c;n lgotsf ;fy
tfnLdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] eP
tfklg lgj]bsx o; eGbf cufl8g} tfnLddf

**@( ;'gLtf cof{n ;d]t lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

;xefuL ePsf] x'Fbf lghx dsf{df k/]sf] eGg]

e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno, gfkL ljefusf]
lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf], To;}u/L sfg"g;Ddt 9+uaf6
ePsf] sfdsf/jfxL ;DaGwdf l/6 hf/L x'g'kg]{
xf]Og eGg] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkm
tyf /fi6n] cfg} nufgL u/L pTkfbg u/]sf]
hgzlQmnfO{ cj;/af6 al~rt u/fpg' ;fGble{s
b]lv+b}g . lgj]bsnfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] / ;/sf/n]
k|ltkmn gkfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 eGg]
e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] lnlvt hjfkm
ePsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt lgj]bg bfjL tyf km/s
km/s Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L k]z ePsf lnlvt hjfkm
;d]t ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] dfu
bfjLcg';f/sf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og ;f]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{rm: b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsx h'lgo/
gfkL tfnLdsf] nflu e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|df
tfnLd lnO{ /x]sf] k|lzIffyL{ ePsf] / lghxnfO{
k|lzIf0fsf] nflu bvf{:t cfAxfg ubf{ ldlt
@)^&.*.@% sf] e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf]
;"rgf adf]lhd ul0ft d"n ljifo lnO{ k|jL0ftf
k| d f0fkq pQL0f{ u/] s f] JolQmdWo] a f6 oL
lgj]bsxnfO{ tfnLddf ;+nUg u/fPsf] b]lvof] .
h'lgo/ gfkL tfnLddf ;xefuL x'g k|sflzt
lj1fkgdf g]kfn OlGhlgol/ ;]jf -u7g, >]0fL
tyf ;d"x ljefhg / lgo'lQm_ lgodxsf] cg';r
" L
# df /fhkq cg+lt k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu tf]lsPsf]
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]sL ;f]xL
cfwf/df e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|n] of]Uotf
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / lghx tfnLddf ;xefuL
eO;s]kl5 s/La & dlxgf kl5 tL lgodxdf
/x]sf ul0ft ljifonfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L x6fPsf]n] oL
lgj]lbsfxn] tfnLd k"/f u/]kl5 ;f] /f=k=k|yd
>]0fLsf] kbsf] /f]huf/L kfpgsf nflu cof]Uo x'g
hfg] ePsf] :ki6 b]lvof] . k|lzIf0f s]Gb|af6 pQm
lgodadf]lhd /f=k=c+ k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
lgwf{l/t of]Uotfsf] ;fb[Zotfdf k|lzIf0fsf] nflu
of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / k|lzIf0f lbO{ cfPsf] 5 .
757

k|lzIf0f s]Gb|n] ;/sf/f/f cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] bIf

hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 u7g eO{ k|lzIf0f
;~rfng u/L cfPsf] b]lvof] . o;/L Psk6s pQm
lgoddf tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L
k|lzIf0f lbO{ cfPsf]df k|lzIf0fsf] dWosfndf lgod
kl/jt{g x'bF f lgj]bsx /f]huf/Lsf] nflu k|lt:kwf{df
efu lng g} cof]Uo x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . ;f] kl/jlt{t
/ ;+zf]lwt lgodsf Joj:yf ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf nfu" gx'g] u/L ;f] lgod ldlt @)^*&@!
df k'gM ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . t/ tfnLddf
;dfj]z eO/x]sf k|lzIffyL{xsf] xsdf ;f] kl/jlt{t
lgod nfu" g} /xg] cj:yfaf6 pQm lgodsf] Joj:yf
tfnLd lnO/x]sf oL lgj]lbsfxsf] xsdf
lje]bsf/L x'g uPsf] :ki6 5 . k|rngdf /x]sf
s'g} vf; sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df lghfdtL
;]jfsf] kbsf nflu bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg u/L
/f]huf/L lbg] p2]Zon] ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd
z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L k|lzIf0fdf efu lng
b/vf:t cfXjfg u/]sf]df 5gf}6 eO k|lzIf0f lnO
/x]sf] / ;f] k|lzIf0f k"/f gx'bF } lghfdtL kbsf] nflu
tf]lsPsf] ;f] of]Uotf g} kl/jt{g ul/lb+bf / ;f]
kl/jt{g ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf nfu" gx'g] u/L
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Paf6 k|lzIffyL{ lgj]lbsfxsf]
xsdf lje]bsf/L tj/af6 nfu" u/]sf] dflgg] x'G5
tyf ;f] sfo{ sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtfsf] k|lts"n
x'g] Pj+ ;+ljwfg k|bQ /f]huf/Lsf] xsdf cg'lrt
jGb]h nufPsf] dfGg' kg]{ eO{ o:tf] sfo{ ;+ljwfgsf]
efjgf k|lts"n x'g hfG5 .
#= t;y{ ;/sf/f/f ;~rflnt k|lzIf0f
s]Gb|af6 g]kfn OlGhlgol/ ;]jf -u7g, >]0fL tyf
;d"x ljefhg, lgo'lQm_ lgodxdf ePsf] /fhkq
cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] nflu bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug]{
p2]Zon] ;f] lgoddf tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xLadf]lhd ul0ft ljifo lnO{ k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/]sf] JolQmx dWo]af6
b/vf:t cfAxfg ul/Psf] / 5gf}6 ePsfx
tfnLddf ;xefuL eO;s]kZrft\ ;f] of]Uotf
kl/jt{g ul/Paf6 tfnLd lnO/x]sf oL lgj]lbsfx

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;f] /f=k=cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] k|lt:kwf{df efu

lng cof] U o x' g ] cj:yf ePsf] b] l vPsf] n ]
lgj]lbsfxn] xfn ;kmntfk"js
{ pQm k|lzIf0f k"/f
u/L ;s]sf] b]lvFbf oL lgj]lbsfxsf] xsdf ;f]
;+zf]lwt Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] u/L tTsfn k|rlnt
lgodsf] Joj:yfcg'k nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6
k|sflzt lj1fkgsf] k|lt:kwf{df ;fd]n x'g kfpg]
u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfL
lgsfoxnfO{ lbg' . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM bof/fd 9sfn

lg0f{o g+=**#)
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
d'2f g+M @)^* CI ))%%
km};nf ldltM @)^*.!@.@@.$
d'2f M c+z rng .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM lhNnf ;'g;/L ;f]gfk'/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= % a:g] hd?l2g ldofF
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM P]=P]= a:g] lhofpn x';g] ldofF
;d]t
z'? cbfntdf km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L nIdLs[i0f >]i7
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L 8Da/axfb'/ zfxL
df=Gof=>L fl/sfdfg hf]zL
758

lghL 1fg, ;Lk / k|of;af6 cfh{g u/]sf]

eg]sf] lgtfGt cfkm\gf] kfnfdf cfkm\gf] dfq
>d;+:, ;Lk / k|of; k/]sf] ;DklQ egL
cy{ ug'k{ b{5 . olb ;uf]nsf kl/jf/ ;j}sf]
>d, ;Lk / k|of; k/]sf] 5 eg] To;df
s;}sf] klg xs gd/f];\ / olb s'g} Ps
c+zLsf] dfq lghL 1fg, ;Lk, >d / k|of;
k/]sf] 5 eg] To;df ;xefuL gx'g] c?
kl/jf/ ;b:onfO{{ efu a08f gnfuf];\ eGg]
s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
ljb]zdf /x]sf] 5f]/fsf] cfh{gaf6 :jb]zdf
afj' cfdfsf gfddf hUuf v/Lb ul/Psf]
cg'dfg :jfefljs / ts{;u+ t x'G5 . cfgf
lj?4 Goflos cjwf/0ff aGg hfg] tYosf]
;DalGwt kIfn] v08g ug{ ;Sb}g / ;f]
v08gnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ cfwf/ k|df0f s]xL
lbg ;Sb}g eg] Tof] tYon] lghsf lj?
k|df0fsf] :j?k u|x0f ug]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
c+za08fsf] !* g+= kl/jf/ ;b:osf]
pBdzLntfnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|fT] ;fxg lbg]
sfg"g xf] . ;DklQsf] cfh{gsf] Oltxf;,
;|ft] / nufgLsf] k|sl[ t ljZn]if0f u/L
Goflos lgisif{df k'luPg eg] c+za08fsf]
!* g+= sf] p2]Zo / dd{ dg{ k'Ug] .
k}ts
[ ;DklQ;Fu s'g} ;DaGw gufFl;g] /
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:osf] ;f] ;DklQ
cfh{gdf s'g} of]ubfg cfFSg g;lsg] ;DklQ
a08f ug{ s/ gnfuf];\ eGg] g} c+za08fsf]
!* g+= sf] cfzo xf] . ljb]zdf /x]sf]
cfgf] 5f]/fsf] cfh{gaf6 cfgf gfddf
v/Lb ePsf] ;DklQ klg lghL >d, ;Lk
/ k|of;dWo] k|of;sf] cfh{g ePaf6 ;f]af6
c+z lbg jfWo agfpg' c+za08fsf] !* g+=
k|lts"n x'ghfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_

**#) hd?l2g ldofF lj=lhofpn x';g] ldofF ;d]t

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^ / &, &-u_
c+za08fsf] !* g+=
:qL c+z wgsf] % g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt la/f6gu/sf]
km};nfpk/ jfbL kIfaf6 k'g/fj]bg kq bfo/ ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
d]/f lktf :j= t;nLd ldofsf tLg 5f]/fdf
h]7f k|ltjfbLdWo] /lkmb ldof, dflxnf lhofpn /
sfG5f] d lkm/fbL lhd?l2g xf}F . ljkIfL a'wgLb]jL
dflxnf bfh' lhofpnsL kTgL x'g\ . xfdL tLg
bfh'efO Psf;uf]ndf Jojxf/ u/L cfpFbf 3/sf]
6f7f]af7f] lhofpn x'bF f lh=;'= ;f]gfk'/ uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= % ls=g+= (( sf] ))!) / P]=P]= !)) sf]
hUuf ljkIfLdWo]sL efph" j'wgL ldofOgLsf] gfddf
btf{ u/fO{ xfd|f] 3/af6 cgfjZos lgx'F vf]hL
@)^$.*.!% ut] lbp;f] 3/af6 lgsfnf u/fO{
lbg'eof] . d}n] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] tLg v08sf]
Ps v08 lbnfO{ e/fO{kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lkm/fb bfjL .
gftfdf ljjfb 5}g . ldlt @)^$.*.!%
ut] oL jfbLnfO{ xfdLn] lgsfnf u/]sf xf]OgfF} .
dftf lktfsf] hLjgsfnaf6} xfdLx 5'f5'}
eftefG;f / 3/ Jojxf/ u/L cfPsf xfF} . lhNnf
;'g;/L ;f]gfk'/ uf=lj=;= sf] ls=g+= (( sf] hUuf
/ P]=P]= !)) sf] hUuf ;uf]naf6 cfh{g ePsf]
xf]Og . ldlt @)^$.#.^ ut] d"No ?=#),))). df
v/Lb u/L dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 kfl/t u/L lnPsf]
x'F . k}ts
[ ;DklQ k|ltjfbLdWo]sf /lkmb ldofsf
gfddf /x]sf] uf=lj=;= ;f]gfk'/ -v_ ls=g+= ** sf]
hUuf oL jfbLsf >LdtL jl;/g vft'gsf gfddf
/fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf x'g\ . k}ts
[ ;DklQ d lhofpn
759

x';g] n] k|fKt u/]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL

lhofpn xs / j'wgL ldofOgLsf] ;+oQ
' m k|ltpQ/
kq /x]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf /lkmb ldofn] z'?
cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofbleq k|ltpQ/ glkm/fO{
Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf /lkmb ldofFn] kmfF6jf/Ldf
b]vfOPsf] lhNnf ;'g;/L, ;f]gfk'/ % ls=g+= #) sf]
))!) hUuf tLg jif{cufl8 d}n] u|fdL0f ljsf;
a}s
+ af6 shf{ lnO{ v/Lb u/]sf] d]/f] lghL cfh{gsf]
hUuf xf] s;}sf] xs nfUg] xf]Og / c+za08f x'gk' g]{
xf]Og eGg] c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsL dlhbf
ldofOgLsf] aofg sfuh .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf /lkmb ldof;Fu ldlt
@)%*.!!.@@ df /fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf] )$!%
sf] hUuf d}n] dfOtsL cfdf b'nf/L vft'gaf6
bfOhf]:j?k kfPsf] ?=$),))). df lsg]sf]df ;f]
hUuf xfn d]/f gfddf btf{ 5}g . d}n] laqmL ubf{sf]
/fhLgfdf k]z u/]sf] 5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j+=
!#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsL jl;/g vft'gsf] aofg
sfuh .
cfb]zadf]lhd jfbL k|ltjfbL kIfaf6 a08f
ug'k{ g]{ >L;DklQsf] kmfF6jf/L ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
sfg"gadf]lhd jfbLn] c+z a'em]sf] gb]lvFbf
jfbL k|ltjfbLxn] k]z u/]sf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Lsf]
;DklQaf6 jfbLn] tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg]
/ rng ;d]t kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf .
xfdL k' g /fj] b ssf 5f] / fn] j} b ] l zs
/f]huf/af6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfDbfgLaf6 s;}nfO{ a08f
gnfUg] xfdL k'g/fj]bssf] gfpFsf] hUuf a08f nfUg]
u/L ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L xfdLx
aLr Jojxf/df c+za08f eO{ cfgf gfddf /x]sf]
hUuf c?nfO{ laqmL u/L vfO{ df;L cfgf] Jojxf/
ePsf] tkm{ ljrf/} gu/L ePsf] z'? km};nf q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f ab/ u/L GofokfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLxsf]
cnu cnu k'g/fj]bg kq .
lsQf g+= ((/ !)) sf] hUuf a08f gnfUg]
/ lsQf g+= #) dfq a08f nfUg] 7x/ ug'k{ g]d
{ f z'?

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 lsQf g+= (( / !))

;d]t a08f nufpg] 7xofO{ ldlt @)^^.%.!% df
ePsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L eO{ lsQf g+= #)
sf] ;DklQaf6 tLg efusf] Ps efu jfbLn] c+z
kfpg] / rng ;d]t rnfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
Aofxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf .
Psf;uf]nsf kl/jf/ hf];s
' s
} f] gfpFdf
v/Lb jf btf{ ePsf] eP klg lghL cfh{g eGg]
k'li6 x'g] u/L j:t'lgi7 k|df0fsf] cefjdf ;j}
c+lzof/nfO{ a08f nfUg]df ls=g+ (( / !)) a08f
gnfUg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f pN6L u/L lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpmF
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] o; cbfntdf bfo/
ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhftsf]
cWoog u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z kfpg]
7xofPsf] z'? km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L ls=g+= (( /
!)) a08f gnfUg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g cyf{t\ jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'U5 k'Ub}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] .
o;df jfbLn] d'Vo u/]/ ls=g+= (( / !))
sf huuf a08f nufpg' kb{5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfpk/
k|ltjfbLxaf6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] gb]lvFbf ls=g+=
(( / !)) sf hUuf a08f nfUg] xf] xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf ;Lldt /xL ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= c+ z d' 2 fdf jfbL k| l tjfbLaLr
c+lzof/sf] gftf sfod x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg]
cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ klxnf] k|Zg xf] / o;
kl5sf] bf];|f] k|Zg lghx c+lzof/f x'g\ eg]
klxn] g} c+za08f eO;s]sf] t 5}g, eGg] lkm/fb
k|ltpQ/ / k|df0fsf] kl/k|]Iodf 7x/ ug'k{ g]{ bf];|f]
k|Zg xf] . c+lzof/aLr a08f x'g'kg]{ lgisif{
lgl:sP tfobftLsf dfWodn] b]lvPsf ;DklQdWo]
c+za08f x'g'kg]{ xf]Og egL s'g} kIfsf] lhsL/

/x]sf ;DklQsf] Oltxf; s]nfpFb} ;f] a08f nfUg]

xf] xf]Og cbfntn] lgSof}{n ug'{kg]{ csf]{ cxd\
ljifo xf] . k|:t't ljjfbdf jfbL k|ltjfbL c+lzof/
gftfsf JolQm /x]sf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . lghx
aLr klxn] g} a08f eP;s]sf] :yflkt x'g ;s]sf]
kfOGg . o; cj:yfdf ca s'g ;DklQ a08f
nfUg] jf s'g gnfUg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg/f]k0f g} o;
d'2fsf] lg0ff{os ljifo /x]sf] 5 .
#= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/n] a08f
gnufpg] 7xofPsf] ;DklQdWo] lsQf g+= (( /
!)) sf] ;DklQ qmdzM k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLo
lhofpn x';g] / lghsL >LdtL j'wgL ldofsf]
gfddf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm hUufxdWo] ls g+
!)) sf] hUuf /=g+ !#(&% sf] /fhLgfdfsf]
lnvtaf6 ?jLb]jL ;fx" ;'8Laf6 ?=#),))). df
a'wgL ldofgLn] ldlt @)^$.#.^ df v/Lb u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ls=g+= (( sf] hUuf /=g+ @%^(
sf] /fhLgfdfsf] lnvtaf6 ldlt @)^$.^.@) df
v] ldofaf6 ?=@%))). df k|ltjfbL lhofpn x';g]
ldofn] v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvof] . k|ltjfbLn] tfobftL
kmfF6jf/L bflvn ubf{ oL hUufsf ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf]
5f]/f lkm/f]h cfndn] ljb]z stf/df rfns k]zfaf6
cfh{g u/]sf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/L cfcfkm\gf gfpFdf
btf{ /x]sf] lghL cfh{gsf] s;}nfO{ a08f gnfUg]
Aoxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] tYonfO{ k'li6
ug{ cfO=Pd=O{= dfkm{t /]ld6]G; k|fKt u/]sf ljleGg
ldltsf e'QmfgL kmd{xsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t k]z u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm e'QmfgL kmd{x x]bf{ k|ltjfbLsf
5f]/f lkm/f]h cfndn] ;g\ @))^ sf] ;]K6]Dj/df
?=@%,)!*., cS6f]a/df ?=@@,)$$., gf]eD] j/df
?=*,)!$., l8;]Dj/df ?=!),)!!., ;g\ @))& sf]
km]ac
|' /Ldf ?=@),))^., clk|ndf ?=#(,)!*., d]
df ?=@@,@(!., h'gdf ?=&!,!$(., h'nfO{df
?=!),#*#., cui6df ?=!),^&*., ;]K6]Dj/df
?=!),$!#., gf]e]Dj/df ?=!(,(&%. g]kfndf
k7fPsf] / tTkZrft\ klg ;g\ @))& sf] clGtd
dlxgf / ;g\ @))* sf] z'?jftsf dlxgfdf klg
;f]xLadf]lhd /sd k7fPsf] b]lvof] .

760

**#) hd?l2g ldofF lj=lhofpn x';g] ldofF ;d]t

$= k|ltjfbLxsf] /fhLgfdf ldltnfO{ O:jL

;g\df ?kfGt/0f ubf{ ;g\ @))& sf] h'g / cS6f]a/
dlxgfdf pQm ls=g+= !)) / (( g+= sf hUufx
s'n ?=%%,))). df v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvPsf] kfOG5 .
k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/fn] ;f] hUuf v/Lb ug'k{ j" { k7fPsf
/sdxsf af/]df z+sf ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5}g . o;
cj:yfdf oL b'O{ lsQf ;DklQaf6 klg jfbLn] c+z
kfpg'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/f ljrf/0fLo x'g k'us
] f]
5 . o; ;DaGwdf Jojl:yt ug]{ sfg"g c+za08fsf]
!* g+= xf] .
c+za08fsf] !* g+ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
b]xfo adf]lhd b]lvG5 M
!* g+= .. dfgf] g5'lO{ ;Fu a;]sf c+lzof/
5g\ eg] h'g;'s} c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQaf6 jf
;uf]nsf] v]tL, pBf]u, Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6
a9]a9fPsf] ;uf]nsf] cfh{g / n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
dxnsf] * gDa/adf]lhd nufPsf] C0f ;a}
c+lzof/nfO{ efu nfU5 . ;f] afx]s s'g} c+lzof/n]
cfkmgf] 1fg jf ;Lk jf k|of;af6 lghL cfh{g
u/]sf] jf s;}af6 lghL tj/n] bfg jf as; kfPsf]
jf s;}sf] ck'tfnL k/]sf] jf :qL c+z wgsf] dxnsf]
% gDa/adf]lhd kfPsf]df To:tf] cfh{g jf kfPsf]
;DklQ ;f] cfh{g ug{ jf kfpg] c+lzof/sf] lghL
7x/L cfkm"vz
' L ug{ kfpF5 . a08f ug{ s/ nfUb}g .
c+z geP klg dfgf] 5'lO{ leGg a;]sf jf /lhi6z
] g
gu/L vtL pklt cfkmgf] cfkmgf] u/L cfkm\gf]
lx:;f;Fu dfq /fvL vfg' lkpg' u/]sf]df Ps} 7fpFdf
eP klg dfgf] 5'lO{ leGg ePsf] 7x5{ . To:tf]
sdfPsf] wg nfPsf] C0f cfkmgf] cfkm\gf] x'G5 .
%= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ dfgf]
g5'lO{ ;Fu a;]sf c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQaf6
jf ;uf]nsf] v]tL, pBf]u, Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6
a9]a9fPsf] ;uf]nsf] cfh{g ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu
nfUg] / ;f] afx]s s'g} c+lzof/n] cfkmgf] 1fg jf
;Lk jf k|of;af6 lghL cfh{g u/]sf] jf s;}af6
lghL tj/n] bfg jf as; kfPsf] jf s;}sf]
ck'tfnL k/]sf] jf :qL c+z wgsf] dxnsf] % gDa/
adf]lhd kfPsf]df To:tf] cfh{g jf kfPsf] ;DklQ
761

;f] cfh{g ug{ jf kfpg] c+lzof/sf] lghL 7x/L

cfkm"vz
' L ug{ kfpg] eGg] b]lvof] .
^= s'g ;DklQ lghL e} c?nfO{ a08f gug{
kg]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] pQm !* g+= sf]
JofVof clt g} ;Dj]bgzLn / ;hutfsf ;fy
ug'k{ b{5 . lghL 1fg ;Lk / k|of;af6 cfh{g u/]sf]
eg]sf] lgtfGt cfkm\gf] kfnfdf cfkm\gf] dfq >d
;Lk / k|of; k/]sf] ;DklQ egL cy{ ug'k{ b{5 . olb
;uf]nsf kl/jf/ ;j}sf] >d, ;Lk / k|of; k/]sf] 5
eg] To;df s;}sf] klg xs gd/f];\ / olb s'g} Ps
c+zLsf] dfq lghL 1fg ;Lk, >d / k|of; k/]sf] 5
eg] To;df ;xefuL gx'g] c? kl/jf/ ;b:onfO{{
efu a08f gnfuf];\ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'' kb{5
eGg] ljwflosL dg;fo o; sfg"gL k|jGwsf] xf] .
&= k|:t't d'2fdf ls=g+=(( / !)) sf
hUuf k}ts
[ gePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . @)^$.#.^
/ @)^$.^.@) df k| l tjfbLxsf] gfddf
/fhLgfdff/f oL ljjfbsf b'O{ lsQf cfPsf 5g\ .
tL lsQf k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6 a9]a9fPsf eP s'g}
k}ts
[ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ePsf] jf k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6
x'g] cfh{g kfl/jfl/s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;d]tsf
sfo{df clgjfo{tM ug'k{ g]{ vr{ u/]/ art x'g;Sg]
/sd nufgL ePsf] jfbLn] lhsL/ lnO{ k|df0faf6
k'li6 ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oL
;DklQsf ljifodf k|ltjfbLxaf6 cfkm\gf] 5f]/fn]
stf/af6 k7fPsf] a}bl] zs /f]huf/sf] cfDbfgLaf6
v/Lb u/]sf] xf] eGb} lgh j}bl] zs /f]huf/L :j?k
stf/df 8fOe/df sfo{/t\ /xL /sd k7fPsf ljleGg
sfuh k|df0f k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] k|df0fsf] jfbL
kIfaf6 v08g ;d]t ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
*= k|ltjfbLkIfsf] 5f]/f ljb]zdf sfo{/t
/x]sf] tYo :yflkt 5 . lghn] jfj' cfdfnfO{ /sd
j}w dfWodaf6 k7fPsf]af6 ;f] k7fOPsf] xf]Og ls
eGg] z+sf ug]{ 7fpF 5}g . k7fOPsf] /sd /
k|ltjfbLxsf] gfddf lslgPsf hUufdf nufgL
ul/Psf] /sddf tfbfDotf 5 . /sd k7fOPsf]
cjlw / hUuf v/Lb ul/Psf] ldltaLr klg k|dfl0fs
?kdf ;DaGw ufFl;G5 . s'g} 36gf, dflg;xsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cfr/0f jf sfd sf/f]jf/sf] ;fdfGo qmd ljrf/

ubf{ ts{;u+ t ?kdf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cGo s'/f
cbfntn] cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL k|jGw k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf &-u_ n] u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf
ljrf/ ubf{ ljb]zdf /x]sf] 5f]/fsf] cfh{gaf6
:jb]zdf afj' cfdfsf gfddf ljjflbt hUuf v/Lb
ul/Psf] cg'dfg :jfefljs / ts{;u+ t x'G5 . cfgf
lj?4 Goflos cjwf/0ff aGg hfg] tYosf] ;DalGwt
kIfn] v08g ug{ ;Sb}g\ / ;f] v08gnfO{ k'li6 ug]{
cfwf/ k|df0f s]xL lbg ;Sb}g\ eg] Tof] tYon] lghsf
lj? k|df0fsf] :j?k u|x0f ub{5 . cg'dfg klg
k|df0f g} xf] . o;sf ;Ldfx k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf ^ / & df Jojl:yt 5g\ . o;/L jfbL /
k|ltjfbLaLrsf] Jojxf/sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljjflbt
ls=g+= (( / !)) af6 klg jfbLnfO{ c+z lbnfpg'
Gofof]lrt x'bF g} .
(= c+za08fsf] !* g+= kl/jf/ ;b:osf]
pBdzLntfnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|fT] ;fxg lbg] sfg"g
xf] . ;DklQsf] cfh{gsf] Oltxf; ;|ft] / nufgLsf]
k|st[ L ljZn]if0f u/L Goflos lgisif{df k'luPg eg]
c+za08fsf] !* g+= sf] p4]Zo / dd{ dg{ k'Ug]5 .
k}ts
[ ;DklQ;Fu s'g} ;DaGw gufFl;g] / kl/jf/sf
cGo ;b:osf] ;f] ;DklQ cfh{gdf s'g} of]ubfg
cfFSg g;lsg] ;DklQ a08f ug{ s/ gnfuf];\ eGg]
g} c+za08fsf] !* g+= sf] cfzo xf] . ljb]zdf
/x]sf] cfgf] 5f]/fsf] cfh{gaf6 cfgf gfddf v/Lb
ePsf] ;DklQ klg lghL >d, ;Lk / k|of;dWo]
k|of;sf] cfh{g ePaf6 jfbLnfO{ ;f]af6 c+z lbg
k|ltjfbLnfO{ jfWo agfpg' c+za08fsf] !* g+= k|lts"n
x'g hfG5 .
!)= ctM o; kl/b[iodf 5f]/fn] ljb]zaf6
k7fPsf]] /sdaf6 @)^$ ;fndf v/Lb u/]sf lsQf
g+= (( / !)) sf] hUuf a08f nufpg] 7xofPsf]
z'? km};nf pN6L u/L lghL cfh{gsf] a08f gnfUg]
;DklQ 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf Gofo
tyf sfg"g;Ddt\ g} b]lvof] .
!!= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/fn] ljb]zaf6 k7fPsf] /sdaf6
762

v/Lb u/]sf] lsQf g+= ((/ !)) sf] hUuf d'n'sL

P]g, c+za08fsf] !* g+ adf]lhd a08f gnfUg]
lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ b]lvFbf a08f nufpg]
7x/fPsf] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L
u/L oL lsQfnfO{ afx]s u/L cGo afFsL ;DklQaf6
tLg efusf] Ps efu jfbLn] c+z 5'fO{ rng
;d]t rnfO{ kfpg] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
la/f6gu/sf] km};nf d'gfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]
7x5{ . jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ ===
Ohnf; clws[t M lai0f'k;
| fb pkfWofo

lg0f{o g+=**#!
;jf]R{ r cbfnt,;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g+ @)^* wo )(#@
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.!!.@
ljifoM pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM cf]vn9'f lhNnf, s'OeL/ uf=lj=;=u8f g=
( 3/ e} xfn k|x/L ;]jfcGtu{t ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf] JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[t ?kdf
sfo{/t k|=gf=lg=bLkss'df/ kf]v/]n ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
GofofwLzsf] sfd ;b}j hf]lvdo'Qm 5
lsgls o;df ;w}+ Ps kIfn] hLt]sf] x'G5
/ csf]n
{ ] xf/]sf] . ToxLdfly rf]/, 8fFsf,
Hofgdf/f, nfu" c f} i fw tyf ;+ u l7t

**#! bLkss'df/ kf]v/]n ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmxsf] d'2f lbgx'F

lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o:tf ;+jb] gzLn d'2fsf]
lbgx'F lg0f{o ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yfdf c;Gt'i6
JolQmaf6 ;b}j vt/fsf] dx;"; ul/Psf]
x'G5 . ToxL eP/ ;+;f/el/ GofofwLzsf]
;'/Iffdf ;/sf/n] clt ;hutf ckgfPsf]
x'G5 / GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iffpk/ 36]sf]] ;fgf]
eGbf ;fgf] 36gfn] b]zs} ;'/Iff Aoj:yf
cfnf]lrt aGg ;S5 . o;/L GofofwLzsf]
t' n gfdf sd hf] l vdk" 0 f{ sfd ug] {
dGqLxsf] ;fh;Hhfdf /fHon] hf]8 lbg'
/ xd] z f vt/gfs lg0f{ o ug' { k g] {
GofofwLzxsf] ;]jf ;'/IffnfO{ sd uDeL/
cf+sng ug'{ lj8Djgfk"0f{ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
/fHosf] Ps cn] cfgf] xsdf ;]jf ug]{
;'/IffsdL{ jf ;jf/L rfnssf] xsdf j9L
;' l jwf lbg] / /fHos} csf] { c+ u
Gofokflnsfdf vl6g] To:tf sd{rf/Lxsf]
xsdf 36L ;'ljwf lbg' ;f]em} e]befjk"0f{
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
lgj]bsxsf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
rGb|sfGt kf}8n
]
ljkIfL tk{mjf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf ;"og{ fy
k|sfz clwsf/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !#, !)@-$_, !!^-!_
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd o;} cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t bfo/ x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o;
k|sf/ 5 M
763

xfdL lgj]bsdWo] bLkss'df/ kf]v/]n ldlt

@)%*.#.! b]lv k|x/L ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/L ljleGg
sfof{nodf ;?jf, j9'jf x'b} ldlt @)^*.!@.! ut]bl] v
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|t] LHo"sf]
JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[tsf] ?kdf, 6Lsf/fd lu/L
ldlt @)%@.*.@* b]lv k|x/L ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/L
ljleGg sfof{nodf ;?jf , j9'jf x'b} ldlt
@)^#.*.@@ b]lv ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf df=Gof=>L
bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{Ho"sf] JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[tsf]
?kdf sdnaxfb'/ v8\sf ldlt @)$%.!.! b]lv
k|x/L ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/L ljleGg sfof{nodf ;?jf,
j9'jf x'b} ldlt @)^*.!@.% ut]bl] v ljz]if cbfntsf
df=Gof=>L s]bf/k|;fb rfln;]Ho"sf] JolQmut ;'/Iff
clws[tsf] ?kdf sfo{/t 5f} . o;} u/L /d]zl;+
dxh{g ldlt @)%).%.@ b]lv :yfoL lgo'lQm e}
dfggLo GofofwLzxsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf ;jf/L rfnssf] ?kdf lx/fnfn rf}nfufO{
ldlt @)%).%.!^ b]lv :yfoL lgo'lQm lnO{ ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf ;jf/L rfnssf] ?kdf / g/axfb'/ cf]nL
ldlt @)^^.%.@* b]lv c:yfO{ lgo'lQm lnO{ ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf dfggLo GofofwLzxsf] ;jf/L
rfnssf] ?kdf sfo{/t 5f} .
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd k|wfgdGqL,
pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL tyf /fHodGqLxsf ;fydf
;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ;Fu} x'g] JolQmut
;'/Iff clws[t -PSO_ tyf 8fOe/nfO{ b}lgs ?=&%
vfgf vr{ pknJw u/fOb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzHo"xsf] k"0f{j7} ssf]
lg0f{o cg';f/ /fHon] ldlt @)^#.*.!& ut]bl] v
JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;'/IffsdL{ v6fPcg'k
cfgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yfdf xfdL
lgj]bs tyf lgj]bs ;/xsf cGo ;'/IffsdL{n]
/fHof/f v6fPadf]lhdsf] Odfgbfl/tfsf;fy
lhDd]jf/L k'/f ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs ;/x
sfo{/t cGo lghL ;'/Iff clws[t -PSO_ xnfO{
vfgf vr{ pknJw u/fpg' ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#
f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt x'g uPsf]n]
/fHof/f Ps} k|sl[ tsf ;'/Iffdf vl6Psf dfggLo

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

GofofwLzHo"xsf JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[t -PSO_

nfO{ ;d]t vfgf vr{ pknJw u/fO{ kfpFm egL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/Ho"sf
tTsfnLg JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[t -PSO_ >L
/f]dgs'df/ j:g]tn] ldlt @)^$.!!.!# df l/6
lgj]bg btf{ ug'{ ePsf]df ;DdfgLt cbfntjf6
ldlt @)^%.@.!# df lo lgj]bsnfO{ / o:t} ;dfg
x}l;ot /x]sf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf GofofwLzx Pj+
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLzxsf] JolQmut
;'/Iff clws[t -PSO_ ;d]tnfO{ ;f] lhDd]jf/Ldf
vl6Psf] ldltjf6 b}lgs vfgf eQfafkt k|fKt ug{k' g]{
/sd lbnfpg] ;Gbe{df cfjZos lg0f{o ug'{ u/fpg'
egL ljkIfLsf] gfpdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/Psf] lyof] .
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] plNnlvt cfb]z kl5
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzHo"x tyf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLzHo"xsf
JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[t - PSO _ xn] ldlt
@)^%.%.@) ;Ddsf] vfgf vr{afkt Psd'i7 /sd
kfO+{ ;s]sf] 5f} . ;f] ldlt kZrft\ ljgf s'g} ;"rgf
pQm ;'ljwf s6f}tL u/L k|wfgdGqLnufotsf
dGqLxsf] ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf]= rfns /
c+u/IfsxnfO{ vfgf vr{afkt ;fljsdf lbO{ cfPsf]
k|ltlbg ?=&% sf] ;'ljwf lg/Gt/ ?kdf vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] t/ xfdL lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L g} gu/fO{
pQm /sd s6f}tL ubf{ xfd|f] ;dfgtfsf] xs tyf
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] plNnlvt lg0f{o ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
x'g] u/L pQm vfgf vr{ /f]Ssf u/L cfPsf] / ldlt
@)^%.&.@) ut] s f] dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] lg0f{ o n]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k"j{ lg0f{oaf6 k|wfgdGqLnufotsf
dGqLxsf] ;fydf /xg] PSO ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff
uf8{nfO{ vfgf vr{afkt ;fljsdf lbO{ cfPsf] k|ltlbg
?=&% sf] ;'ljwf oyfkt sfod ug]{ lg0f{on] k|wfgdGqL
nufotsf dGqLxsf PSO x tyf ;jf/L
rfnsxn] pQm vfgfafktsf] /sd lg/Gt/ ?kdf
k|fKt u/L cfPsf] t/ xfdL lgj]bsxn] ;f] ;'ljwf
k|fKt gubf{ ;dfg sfddf sfo{/t xfdL lgj]bsxsf]
;dfgtfsf] xsdf cf3ft kg{ uPsf] 5 .

lgj]bs ;/xsf cGo ;jf/L rfnssf] xsdf

;DdfgLt >L ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf ;do ;dodf
plNnlvt dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ojdf]lhd kfpg'kg]{
b}lgs vfgf eQfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L / cg'/f]w
;d]t u/fpb} cfPsf] eP klg xfn;Dd ;f] ;DaGwdf
s'g} klg lg0f{o gePsf] x'gfn] xfdL ;/x sfo{/t\
k|wfgdGqLx nufotsf dGqLxsf] ;fydf /xg]
;jf/L rfnsxn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf vfgf vr{ kfO{
/fVg] t/ xfdL ;f] clwsf/jf6 ljd'v e} /fHof/f
Ps} k|sf/sf sfddf v6fO{ ;dfg ?kdf sfo{/t
;jf/L rfnsdWo] s;}nfO{ Ps lsl;dsf] Jojxf/
/ s;}nfO{ cs|{} lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ubf{ ;+ljwfgk|bQ
;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt 5 . ctM xfdL lgj]bsx,
bLkss'df/ kf]v/]n, 6Lsf/fd lu/L / sdnaxfb'/
v8\sfsf] xsdf @)^%.%.@! b]lv tyf lgj]bs x
/d]zl;+ dxh{g, lx/fnfn rf}ufnfO{ / g/axfb'/
cf]nLsf xsdf ldlt @)^#.^.!# b]lv kfpg' kg]{
/sd pknJw u/fpg] lg0f{o u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
cljnDj >L ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ ;d]t lbg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf pTk|i] f0fnufot hf] rflxg]
pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bsxsf] tk{maf6 ldlt @)^*.!@.#)
df bfo/ x'g cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] jf6fsf Dofb jfx]s !%
lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfk{mt\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^(.!.% df
ljkIfLxsf gfpdf hf/L ePsf] sf/0f b]vfp
cfb]z .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk"m dftxtsf ljleGg
lgsfoxdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf nflu sfof{no /
sfdsf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ ;do;dodf ljleGg k|sf/sf
eQfx k|bfg / s6f}tL ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 .
;f]xLcg'k g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt P]g,
lgodn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;DdfgLt ljleGg
cbfntsf df=Gof=Ho"sf] ;'/Iff tyf ;jf/L rfnssf

764

**#! bLkss'df/ kf]v/]n ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

?kdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf nflu k|bfg ul/Psf]

vfgf vr{ s6f}tL ul/Psf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ o;
dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL jgfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
cy{ dGqfnojf6 ldlt @)^(.!.@! df k]z ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj] b sn] ;DdfgLt ;jf] { R r
cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzHo" tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLzHo"xsf]
JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[t -PSO) xnfO{ vfgf
vr{afkt ;fljsdf lbO cfPsf] k|ltlbg ?=&% sf]
;'ljwf s6f}tL ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; dGqfnosf]
;+nUgtf /x]sf] s'/f lgj]bgdf st} pNn]v;Dd
u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / ;f] sfo{df o; dGqfnosf]
;+nUgtf ;d]t gePsf] x'bF f c;DalGwt lgsfo
o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL jgfO{ bfo/ u/]sf] l/6
lgj]bg lg/y{s x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^(.!.@& df sfg"g tyf Gofo
dGqfnojf6 k|:t't x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d=k=a}=;=@^.)^#, ldlt @)^#.%.!@,
d=k=j}=;=@*.@)^#, ldlt @)^#.%.@!, d=k=j}=;=
$).)^#, ldlt @)^#.(.!), d=k=j}=;=%@.)^#,
ldlt@)^#.!@.!,d=k=j}=;=^.)^$ ldlt @)^$.#.& /
d=k=j}=;=!(.)^$ ldlt @)^#.^.!# sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{ojf6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, ;DdfggLo cWoIf
-;+ljwfg;ef_ dfggLo pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL tyf
/fHodGqLxsf] ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf]=,;jf/L
rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{xnfO{ vfgf vr{afktdf
;fljsdf lbO{ cfPsf] k|ltlbg ?=&%. sf] ;'ljwf
oyfjt\ sfod ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
plNnlvt lg0f{ o af6 ljleGg /fhgLlts
kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf]=;jf/L
rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{xnfO{ vfgf vr{afkt k|ltlbg
?=&%. sf b/n] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] xf] . plNnlvt
/fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lxjf6 lgwf{l/t sfof{no
;doleq ;Lldt /xL tf]lsPsf] sfd dfq x'g] geO{
h'g;'s} ;do klg /fi6 / hgtfsf nflu vr{
ug'k{ g]{ eO{ lghxsf ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf], ;jf/L
765

rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{x ;d]t ;f]xLadf]lhd lgoldt

?kdf cltl/Qm ;do vl6g'kg]{ ePsf]n] /fhgLlts
kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf]= ;jf/L
rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{nfO{ ljkIfL lgj]bsx ;dfgs}
lk=P;=cf], ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{ dfGg ;lsb}g .
ctM b'O{ c;dfg cj:yfsf lk=P;=cf], ;jf/L rfns
/ ;'/Iff uf8{xsf aLr c;dfg Jojxf/ ug]u{ /L
ePsf] plNnlvt ldltsf] lg0f{o ;dfgtfsf
l;4fGtcg'sn
" eO{ ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og ctM pk/f]Qm
cfwf/ sf/0f ;d]tjf6 dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bs vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL,
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nojf6 ldlt @)^(.!.@*
df k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxsf]
tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L rGb|sfGt
kf}8n
] n] lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfgdGqL
, dGqL tyf /fHodGqLxsf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6g] PSO,
rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{ eGbf km/s ge} ;dfg k|sf/sf]
5 . lgj]bsx dWo] JolQmut ;'/Iff clws[tsf
?kdf vl6Psf lgj]bsxnfO{ @$ ;} 306f 8\o6" Ldf
/xL q'l6/lxt 9+ujf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ x'g egL
k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, sfo{ ljefujf6 lbOPsf] kqdf
g} pNn]v x'bF f lghxsf] ;]jf km/s x'g] / sd
;+jb] gzLn x'g] s'/} 5}g . o; ljifodf ;jf]R{ r
cbfntjf6 lgj]bs /f]dgs'df/ j:g]t ljkIfL cy{
dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+= &$@ sf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm
k/dfb]z d'2fdf ;dfg cj:yf / x}l;otsf] dGqL
Pj+ /fHodGqL ;d]tsf kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;fydf
/xg] lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/Ln] -PSO) vfgf vr{afkt
k|ltlbg ?=&%. kfpg] u/L ldlt @)^#.^.!# df
dlGqkl/ifb\jf6 lg0f{o ePsf] x'bF f p:t} ;dfg x}l;ot
/x]sf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf
d'Vo GofofwLzxsf lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/Lx
;d]tn] pQm ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ jf~5lgo ePsf]n]
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf GofofwLz
Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLzxsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;'/Iff clwsf/Lsf ?kdf vl6Psf ;'/IffsdL{xnfO{

lghx GofofwLzxsf] lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L
-PSO) sf] ?kdf vl6OPsf] ldltjf6 b}lgs vfgf
eQfafkt k|fKt ug{ kg]{ /sd lbnfpg] ;Gbe{df
cfjZos lg0f{o ug{ u/fpg' egL @)^%.@.!# df
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/Pkl5 ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLzx tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo
GofofwLzHo" x sf lk=P;=cf] = xn] ldlt
@)^%.%.@) ;Ddsf] vfgf vr{afkt Ps d'i6 /sd
kfO;s]sfdf ;f] ldlt kZrft\ lgj]bsxnfO{ s'g}
;"rgf g} glbO PstkmL{ ?kdf dgf]dfgL 9+un]
k| w fgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL ;d] t sf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;fy /xg] PSO ;'/Iff uf8{ /
;jf/L rfnsxsf] ldlt @)^#.^.!# sf]
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhdsf] vfgfafktsf] eQf
oyfjt sfod /fVg] / ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLzx tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo
d'Vo GofofwLzxsf ;fy /xg] PSO, ;'/Iff uf8{
/ ;jf/L rfnssf] vfgf afktsf] eQf /f]Ssf ug]{
u/L ldlt @)^%.&.@) df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o
u/L Ps} k|sf/sf] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx aLr c;dfg
Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'bF f pQm lg0f{o ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt
;d]tsf] alv{nfk x'bF f lgj]bsxn] ldlt @)^#.^.!#
b]lv kfpgkg]{ /sd pknJw u/fpg] lg0f{o u/L
;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ ;d]t lbg'egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf pTk|i] f0fnufot hf] hflxg]
cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf]
jx; lhsL/ Pj+ ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{mjf6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L ;"og{ fy k|sfz
clwsf/Ln] lgj]bsxnfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g]
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g . /fhgLlts
kbflwsf/Lx ;fy /xg] PSO, ;'/Iff uf8{ / ;jf/L
rfnsxn] tf]lsPeGbf j9L g} sfdsfh u/L /xg'
kg]{ x'bF f plgxsf] eQf oyfjt /fVg] lg0f{o ePsf]
xf] . lgj]bsx /fhgLlts AolQmxsf]df vl6g]
eGbf leGg lhDd]jf/L lgefpg] u/L sfo{/t b]lvbf
;dfg ju{df kg]{ gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'lgof] .
766

plNnlvt jx; lhsL/sf ;fy} l/6 lgj]bg

;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftxsf] cWoog u/L lgj]bsxsf]
dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5 jf 5}g
;f]xL ljifodf x]/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wgdGqL , dGqL tyf
/fHodGqL ;d]tsf kbflwsf/Lxsf ;fydf /xg]
lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L -PSO_, ;'/Iff uf8{ / ;jf/L
rfns ;/xs} x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{
;jf]R{ r cbfntjf6 hf/L ePsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
;d]tjf6 k|fKt eO{ /x]sf] vfgfafktsf] ?=&%. ?k}of
eQf k| w fgdGqL, pkk| w fdGqL, dGqL tyf
/fHodGqLxsf lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L - PSO _
;'/Iffuf8{ / ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ oyfjt sfod /fvL,
xfdL lgj]bsxsf] xsdf dfq /f]Ssf ug]{ lg0f{o u/L
Ps} x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lxsf jLrdf c;dfg
Jojxf/ u/]sf] x'bF f To:tf] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
ljk/Ltsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L klxn s} ldltb]lv kfpg'kg]{
vfgf afktsf] eQf pknJw u/fpg]u/L ljkIfLsf
gfpFdf cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] d'Vo l/6
lgj]bg bfjL ePsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk"m dftxtsf
ljleGg lgsfoxdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf nflu
sfof{no / sfdsf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ ;do ;dodf ljleGg
k|sf/sf eQfx k|bfg / s6f}tL ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 .
;f]xLcg'k g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt P]g, lgodn]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ljleGg cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLzHo"sf] ;'/Iff tyf ;jf/L rfnssf ?kdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] vfgf
vr{ s6f}tL ul/Psf] eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnon]
k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f /x]sf] Pj+ g]kfn
;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
tk{mjf6 k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf /fhgLlts
kbflwsf/Lxjf6 lgwf{l/t sfof{no ;doleq ;Lldt
/xL tf]lsPsf] sfd dfq x'g] geO{ h'g;'s} ;do klg
/fi6 / hgtfsf nflu vr{ ug'k{ g]{ eO{ lghxsf
;fydf /xg] PSO, ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{x
;d]t ;f]xLadf]lhd lgoldt ?kdf cltl/Qm ;do
vl6g'kg]{ ePsf]n] /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;fydf
/xg] PSO, ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{nfO{ ljkIfL

**#! bLkss'df/ kf]v/]n ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lgj]bsx ;dfgs} lk=P;=cf] ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff

uf8{ dfGg g;lsg] / b'O{ c;dfg cj:yfsf PSO,
;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iffuf8+x{ sf aLr c;dfg Jojxf/
ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt cg'sn
"
eO{ ab/ x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] ljz]if u/]/ o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^%.@.!# sf] k/dfb]z / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# cGtu{tsf] ;dfgtfsf] xssf]
cfwf/df pkrf/ dfu u/] s f] b] l vG5 eg]
k|ToyL{xaf6 plNnlvt ldltsf] k/dfb]zsf]
;DaGwdf s]xL pNn]v gu/L k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqLxsf] ;fydf vl6g] ;'/Iff clwsf/L tyf rfns
/ GofofwLzsf] ;fydf vl6g] ;'/Iff clwsf/L tyf
rfns ;dfg ju{df gkg]{ x'bF f e]befj ul/Psf] 5}g
eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvPsf] l:yltdf o; cbfntsf]
k"j{ cfb]zadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug{ k|ToyL{x afWo
x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og cyf{t\ oL b'Ot{ km{sf ;'/Iff clwsf/L
tyf rfnsx ;dfg ju{df kg]{ x'g xf]Ogg\ eGg]
k|Zgsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /x]/ lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^#.%.!@ kZrft\sf ljleGg ldltsf lg0f{o x'bF }
ldlt @)^#.^.!# sf] lg0f{ojf6 k|wfgdGqL, tTsfnLg
;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf, pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL tyf
/fHodGqLxsf] ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf]=,;jf/L
rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{xnfO{ vfgf vr{afktdf
k|ltlbg ?=&%. lbb}+ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^%.@.!# sf] k/dfb]z kZrft\ ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf GofofwLz / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo
GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6g] ;'/Iff clwsf/LnfO{
cGo ;'/Iff clwsf/Ln] k|fKt u/]s} ldlt b]lvs}
vfgf eQf pknJw u/Psf] kfOG5 . tTkZrft\ g]kfn
;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^%.&.@) df plNnlvt
ldlt @)^#.^.!# ;d] t sf ljleGg ldltsf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ojf6 k|wfgdGqL, ;+ljwfg;efsf
cWoIf, pkk|wfg dGqL, dGqL tyf /fHodGqLxsf]
;fydf /xg] lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L -PSO_ ;jf/L
rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{xnfO{ vfgf vr{afktdf
;fljsdf lbO{ cfPsf] k|ltlbg ?=&%. -krxQ/ ?k}of_
767

sf] ;'ljwf oyfjt sfod ug]{ lg0f{o u/L plNnlvt

kbflwsf/Lsf ;fy /xg] lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L
- PSO_ ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{xnfO{ lgoldt
?kdf vfgf vr{afktsf] eQf e'QmfgL ul/b}+ cfP
klg GofofwLzsf] ;fydf vl6g] lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L
-PSO_ ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{xnfO{ lbOb}
cfPsf] pQm eQf ;f] ldltkZrft\ e'QmfgL glbO{
/f]sLPsf] kfOG5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^%.&.@)
sf] lg0f{odf Gofokflnsfdf GofofwLzsf] ;fy
vl6Psf lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L -PSO_ ;jf/L rfns
/ ;'/Iff uf8{xsf] xsdf s] x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf
;f] lg0f{odf s]xL af]lnPsf] b]lvb}g . t/ k|ToyL{xaf6
nufOPsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 cbfntdf vl6Psf
oL kbflwsf/LxnfO{ vfgf eQf glbOPsf] xf] egL
:jLsfl/Psf] kfOG5 . cbfntaf6 ePsf] k/dfb]z
gdfg]sf] h:tf] gb]lvof];\ egL ;f] lg0f{odf s]xL
gaf]nL cfr/0faf6 cyf{t\ ck|ToIf ?kdf pQm
cfb]zsf] k|lts"n Aojxf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#
n] ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g5
] g\ .
s;}af6 klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt
ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;a} ;dfg x'g] / s;}nfO{ klg
sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fjf6 al~rt gul/g] eGg]
s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . ;dfgtfsf] xsn] ;j}
gful/sxnfO{ Ps} k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ ul/g'k5{ egL
lg/k]If ;dfgtfnfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5}g . oxfF ;dfg
x}l;otdf /x]sfxsf aLr dfq e]befj ug{ gx'g]
cyf{t\ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . /fHoaf6 lgld{t
sfg"g tyf lg0f{oaf6 To:t} ;dfg:t/ cj:yf /
x}l;otsf JolQmx aLr Pp6fsf] t'ngfdf csf]n
{ fO{
s'g} ljz]if ;'ljwf jf ;+/If0f ug'{ / csf]n
{ fO{ To:tf]
ljz] i f ;' l jwf / ;+ / If0faf6 al~rt ul/g'
;dfgtf;DaGwL ;+jw} flgs xssf] ljk/Lt x'G5 .
$= /fHon] plrt / ljj]s;Ddt\ cfwf/df
gful/sx aLr sfg"g agfP/ juL{s/0f ug{
;Sb5 . t/ juL{s/0f ug]{ sfg"gsf] p2]Zo /
juL{s/0fn] xfl;n ug{ vf]hs
] f] nIoaLr ljj]sk/s

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;DaGw /xg'kg]{ x'G5 . juL{s/0f cf}lrTok"0f{ sfo{

sf/0fdf cfwfl/t x'gkg's
{ f cltl/Qm ljj]sk/stfsf]
k/LIf0fdf v/f] ?kdf pqg ;s]sf] x'gk' b{5 . t/
s'g} vf; cfjZostfsf] k"lt{sf] nflu jf s'g} vf;
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu s'g} sfg"g agfOG5 jf
lg0f{o ul/G5 / ;f] sfg"g tyf lg0f{o To:t} cj:Yff,
x}l;ot / :t/sf JolQmxnfO{ 5'6}[ juL{s/0f u/L
s;}n] a9L ;'ljwf / ;+/If0f kfpg] / tLdWo] s;}n]
sd ;'ljwf jf ;+/If0f kfpg] jf To:tf] ;'ljwf jf
;+/If0faf6 al~rt ug]{ ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfg"g
tyf lg0f{o :jefj}n] ;dfgtfsf] xs lj?4sf] dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 . JolQmxsf aLrdf lje]b ug]{ u/L agfPsf]
sfg"g tyf lnOPsf] lg0f{osf] p2]Zo / juL{s/0f
j}w / jf]wuDo x'gk' b{5 . To:tf] p2]Zo jf]wuDo
5}g eg] juL{s/0f cf}lrTok"0f{ dflgb}g . juL{s/0f
clgjfo{ ?kdf sfg"gsf l;4fGtx;Fu d]n vfg]
x'gk' b{5 / s'g} cd's ju{nfO{ To:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt
ug{af6 /f]Sg] cyjf s'g} csf]{ ju{nfO{ al~rt ug]{
vfnsf] x'gx' b' g} . ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fdf
o; l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 .
%= o; cl3 o; cbfntjf6 lgj]bs
/f] d gs' d f/ j:g] t ljkIfL k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm
k/dfb]z d'2fdf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] af/]df lj:t[t
?kdf ljZn]if0f ub}{ k|wfgdGqL tyf cGo dGqL /
GofofwLzsf] ;fydf vl6g] lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L
;dfg ju{df kg]{ 7x/fpFb} ;dfg ?kdf Jojxf/
ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfpFdf ldlt @)^%.@.!#.@ df
k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
^= pQm cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf oL ;'/Iff
clwsfl/sf] xsdf ljz]if ?kdf af]lnPsf]df k|:t't
d'2fdf GofofwLzn] pkef]u ug]{ ;jf/L rfnssf]
xsdf ;d]t ;dfg cfwf/df ;'ljwf dfu ePsf]n]
To;tkm{ ;d] t ljrf/ ug' { k g] { ePsf] 5 .
GofofwLznfO{ cfjthfjt ug{ ;jf/L ;fwg pknJw
u/fOPsf] x'bF f lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L / ;jf/L
rfnsn] ;Fu} ofqf ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n]
x]g{] xf] eg] klg GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iffdf ;jf/L

rfnssf] sd dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] b]lvb}g+ .

lghxsf] ;'/Iff hf]vLdsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL
tfnLd / ;'ema'em ljgf ;'/lIft cfjt hfjtsf]
Joj:yfkg d'l:sn x'G5 . ;]jf lbg] ;dosf] lx;fjn]
hltv]/ klg ;Fu} ofqfdf hfg tof/ /xg'kg]{ x'gfn]
lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L / ;jf/L rfnssf] ;]jfnfO{
5'6o\ fO x]g{ gldNg] x'gfn] ;dfg cfwf/df lghxnfO{
klg ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; s'/fnfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] dGqLxsf] ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff
clwsf/Lsf] xsdf ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpFbf k|z:t
ljrf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;f] cfwf/df lgj]bsxsf]
xsdf ljrf/ ug'{ gkg]{ eGg] b]lvb}g+ .
&= ;dfg x}l;ot ePsf / ;dfg cj:yfdf
/x]sfx aLr dfq ;dfgtf sfod x'g ;Sg] x'bF f
/fHon] c;dfg Jojxf/ ubf{ s] sf/0fn] cd"s ju{
jf ;d"x c;dfg jf cs}{ au{leq /xg] xf] egL
/fHon] plrt ?kdf auL{s/0f u/L ;f]sf] cf}lrTo
;d]t k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . Ps} cj:yf / x}l;ot
ePsfx aLr km/s Jojxf/ ubf{ /fHon] cg'lrt
?kdf juL{s/0f u/L c;dfg l:ylt /x]sf] egL s'g}
cfwf/ k|:t't ub}d
{ f tL cfwf/x cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g
;Sb}gg\ . oxfF plNnlvt k|wfgdGqL tyf cGo dGqL
/ GofofwLzsf] ;fydf vl6g] lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L
tyf ;jf/L rfnsaLr s] s'g cfwf/df e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f k|i6 / ljj]s;Ddt
b]lvb}g . ;dfgxsf jLr c;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{
k/]sf] sf/0f klg cf}lrTok"0f{ x'gk' 5{, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no tyf cy{ dGqfnoaf6
;f] k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
*= g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk"m dftxtsf ljleGg
lgsfoxdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf nflu sfof{no /
sfdsf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ ;do ;dodf ljleGg k|sf/sf
eQfx k|bfg / s6f}tL ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . ;f]xLcg'k
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt P]g, lgodn] lbPsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;DdfgLt ljleGg cbfntsf
dfggLo GofofwLzHo"sf] ;'/Iff tyf ;jf/L rfnssf
?kdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf nflu k|bfg ul/Psf]
vfgf vr{ s6f}tL ul/Psf] egL cy{ dGqfnojf6

768

**#! bLkss'df/ kf]v/]n ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lnlvt hjfkm nufPsf] kl/k|I] odf ljrf/ ubf{ ;/sf/

Pp6f lhDd]jf/ lgsfo xf] / o;sf x/]s ultljlw
sfg"gadf]lhd x'gk' b{5 eGg] s'/fdf k'g/fj[lQ ul//xg'
kb}g{ . ;/sf/sf x/]s lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'G5g\ /
;f] lg0f{o ubf{ sfg"g tyf cbfntsf tT;DaGwL
lg0f{ox klg dgg u/L cfTd;ft ul/G5 eg]/
ljlw;Ddt ck]Iff ul/G5 . cem cbfntaf6 ;Lw}
k|ToyL{sf gfddf ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ egL cfb]z
e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] cfb]zsf] kfngf ug'k{ g]{
;+jw} flgs st{Jo ;d]t ePsf] lgsfoaf6 lagf s'g}
sfg"g tyf ts{sf cfwf/df dgf]ut cfwf/df pQm
km};nfsf] pk]Iff ub}{ o:tf] hjfkm k|:t't ug'{
u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg xf]Og eg]/ s;/L ljZj:t x'g] <
(= /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lxjf6 lgwf{l/t
sfof{no ;doleq ;Lldt /xL tf]lsPsf] sfd dfq
x'g] geO{ h'g;'s} ;do klg /fi6 / hgtfsf nflu
vr{ ug'k{ g]{ eO{ lghxsf ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf],
;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{x ;d]t ;f]xLadf]lhd
lgoldt ?kdf cltl/Qm ;do vl6g' kg]{ ePsf]n]
/fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;fydf /xg] lk=P;=cf]=
;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{nfO{ ljkIfL lgj]bsx
;dfgs} lk=P;=cf], ;jf/L rfns / ;'/Iff uf8{
dfGg ;lsb}g egL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL, tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nojf6 lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePsf]
b]lvG5 . oxfF ;dfg ju{ jLr ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{
elgPsf] k|wfgdGqL / GofofwLzaLr c;dfg
Jojxf/ eof] eg]sf] xf]Og . oL kbflwsf/Lsf] ;'/Iffy{
cyf{t\ ;]jfdf vl6Psf ;'/Iff k|x/L / ;jf/L rfnssf]
lhDd]jf/L s] xf] < pgLxn] lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ lhDd]jf/L
s] xf] eGg] cfwf/df x]g{' kb{5 . /fHon] ljlzi7
AolQmxsf] ;'/Iffy{ lk=P;=cf]=, ;'/Iff uf8{ / ;]jfsf]
nflu ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ v6fPsf] kfOG5 . s] oxfF
logLxsf] ;]jf zt{df /fhgLlts kbflwsf/LnfO{
w]/} ;'/Iff lbg] / GofofwLznfO{ sd ;'/Iff lbP klg
x'g] eg]/ pNn]v ePsf] t cjZo 5}g xf]nf <
k|ToyL{xaf6 logLxsf] ;]jf zt{x km/s km/s
5 eg]/ eGg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g+ eg] logLxnfO{
v6fOPsf] lhDd]jf/L x]bf{ klg logLxn] ug'k{ g]{
769

lhDd]jf/Ldf s'g} lje]b b]lvb}g+ . o;/L logLxsf]

lhDd]jf/L tyf sfd ;dfg b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
logLxnfO{ ;dfg au{sf] dfGg'kg]{ / ;/sf/n]
logLxnfO{ lbg] ;'ljwf, ug]{ Aojxf/ tyf ;+/If0fdf
s'g} e]befj ug'{ x'bF g} , olb o;sf] k|lts"n ul/G5
eg] of] lg0f{o tyf Aojxf/ ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt
e} k|f/Deb]lv cl:tTjlxg x'g k'Ub5 .
!)= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !)@ sf] pkwf/f -$_ cg';f/ ;+ljwfg ;ef
;DaGwL cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifodf afx]s
o; ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] JofVof ug]{ clGtd
clwsf/ ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf lgxLt /xg]5 egL
Aoj:yf u/]af6 ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] JofVof ug]{
clGtd clwsf/ Gofokflnsfsf] clwsf/If]qsf] ljifo
xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'Od
{ t b]lvb}g . To;}u/L o;
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^-!_ df d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf
cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfng
ug'k{ g]5
{ eGg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] pkwf/f -@_ df
d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] u/]sf]
sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGt
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;a} c8\8f cbfntxn] dfGg'
kg]5
{ egL Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf lg0f{o tyf
cfb]zsf] ;j}af6 kfngf ul/g' kb{5 . of] ;j}sf]
nflu afWosf/L x'G5 . ;/sf/af6 t o;sf] pNn+3g
x'G5 eg]/ s;}n] ;f]Rg klg ;Sb}g . olb o;k|lt
s;}n] OGsf/ u/L pNn+3g ub{5 eg] ;jf]R{ r
cbfntn] cfkm\gf] ckx]ngf ePsf] 7fgL tLgnfO{
;hfo ug{ ;Sb5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f wf/f !)@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ df ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
clen]v cbfnt x'g] / o;n] cfgf] / cfgf
dftxtsf cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoxsf]
ckx]ngfdf sf/jfxL rnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo
ug{ ;Sg] egL :ki6 zJbdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
plNnlvt ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf tyf Gofosf Go"gtd
dfGotf :d/0f u/fO/fVg' knf{ egL of] Ohnf;
cg'dfg ub}{g . /fHosf x/]s c+un] cfkm\gf]
clwsf/If]qleq /xL lhDd]jf/L tyf st{Jo lgjf{x
ub}{ clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'k{ b{5 / Ps csf{df ;xof]u,

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;dGjo, tyf cfb/ klg ug'k{ b{5 . of] g} k|hftflGqs

d'ns
' df /fHosf ljleGg c+uxn] kfngf ug'k{ g]{
Aojxf/ tyf cEof;sf] Ps gd"gf klg xf] eGg]
s'/fdf of] Ohnf; ljZj:t 5 .
!!= o;/L /fhgLlts kbflwsf/L tyf
GofofwLzsf] ;fy vl6g] ;'/Iff clwsf/L Pp6} ju{df
kb{5g\ / lognfO{ /fHon] lje]b ug'{ x'bF g} ;dfg
Aojxf/ ug'k{ b{5 egL km};nf e} k|ToyL{sf] gfddf
;f]xLadf]lhd Aojxf/ ug'{ egL cfb]z ;d]t e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf oL ;'/Iff clwsf/Ldf s] s'g yk cj:yf
jf lhDd]jf/L kl/jt{g e} km/s ju{df kl/0ft eP
eg]/ :ki6 ?kdf cfwf/ sf/0f;lxt juL{st[ ug{
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/af6 km/s lsl;dn]
ul/Psf] Jojxf/ Gofo tyf sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg
cfPg . ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ;+ljwfg tyf P]g sfg"gsf]
clGtd JofVof u/L ljjfbsf] Psk6s ;dfwfg
e};s]sf] ljifodf ;/sf/ h:tf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfoaf6
o:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ul/g' lgtfGt zf]efodfg
b]lvb}g+ . b'O{ ju{nfO{ leGg tl/sfn] Aojxf/ ug]{
u/L lgdf{0f x'g] sfg"g ;d]t ljj]s;Ddt x'gk' b{5 .
oxfF oL b'O{ ju{nfO{ leGg Jojxf/ ug]{ u/L sfg"g
lgdf{0f ePsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf sfo{kflnsfn]
:jljj]ssf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ubf{ klg ;f] lg0f{o
Gofo tyf ljj]s;Ddt e} lgikIf ;d]t b]lvg'kb{5 .
b'O{ ;d"xnfO{ cnu Aojxf/ ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0f Gofo
/ ljj]s;Ddt x'gk' b{5 . ljj]s;Ddtsf] s;f}l6df
v/f] gpq]sf] lg0f{on] :jljj]sf] gfddf a}wtf k|fKt
ug{ g;sL cl:tTj u'dfpg k'Ub5 .
!@= /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Laf6 h'g;'s}
;dodf klg /fHo / hgtfsf] nflu vl6g' kg]{ x'bF f
lghxsf] ;fydf /x]sf lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L,
;'/Iffuf8{ / ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ GofofwLzxsf]
;'/Iff / ;]jfdf vl6Psf lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L
-PSO_, ;'/Iffuf8{ / ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ ;dfg dfGg
g;lsg] eGg' lj8Djgfk"0f{ 5 . ;/sf/n] /fhgLlts
kbflwsf/Lsf] ;]jfnfO{ pRr / GofofwLzsf] ;]jfnfO{
To:tf] g;Dem]sf], /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Ln] rf}lj;}
306f /fHosf] ;]jf ug]{ / GofofwLzxsf] To:tf]

gug]{ tyf /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lsf] ;'/Iff dxTjk"0f{

Pj+ GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iff sd dxTjk"0f{ ;Dem]sf]
h:tf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 . To:tf]
;lDemPsf] xf] eg] Tof] k"jf{uf| xL / cfklQk"0f{ 5 .
jf:tjdf 36gfxn] To:tf] ge} 7Ls pN6f] b]vfFp5 .
GofofwLzn] lbg] ;]jf cbfntsf] ;doleq dfq}
;Lldt g/xL lghn] klg ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf ;do /fHonfO{
pknJw u/fO/x]sf] x'G5 . GofofwLzsf] sfd ;b}j
hf]lvdo'Qm 5 lsgsL o;df ;w}+ Ps kIfn] hLt]sf]
x'G5 / csf]n
{ ] xf/]sf] . ToxLdfly rf]/, 8fFsf,
Hofgdf/f, nfu"cf}ifw tyf ;+ul7t ck/fwdf ;+nUg
JolQmxsf] d'2f lbgx'F lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o:tf
;+jb] gzLn d'2fsf] lbgx'F lg0f{o ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yfdf
c;Gt'i6 JolQmaf6 ;b}j vt/fsf] dx;"; ul/Psf]
x'G5 . ToxL eP/ ;+;f/ e/L GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iffdf
;/sf/n] clt ;hutf ckgfPsf] x' G 5 /
GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iff pk/ 36]sf]] ;fgf] eGbf ;fgf]
36gfn] b]zs} ;'/Iff Aoj:yf cfnf]lrt aGg ;S5 .
o;/L GofofwLzsf] t'ngfdf sd hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd
ug]{ dGqLxsf] ;fh;Hhfdf /fHon] hf]8lbg' /
xd]zf vt/gfs lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ GofofwLzxsf] ;]jf
;'/IffnfO{ sd uDeL/ cf+sng ug'{ lj8Djgfk"0f{
5 . ctM o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] k"j{ cfb]zsf]
ljk/Lt lg0f{o u/L cbfntsf] lg0f{o cfb]zsf] pk]Iff
u/]sf] s'/f ckx]ngfhgs klg x'g] x'gfn] ;f] tkm{
yk sf/jfxL ug'{ gkg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf ug]t{ km{ ;/sf/
;r]t 5 eGg] s'/fdf of] Ohnf; ljZj:t 5 .
!#= /fHojf6 GofofwLzxnfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf lghL ;'/Iff clwsf/L -PSO_, ;'/Iff uf8{ /
;jf/L rfnsxn] ug'k{ g]{ ;]jfsf] dfqf / u'0fsf]
dfly plNnlvt ldlt @)^%.&.@) sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd k|wfgdGqLb]lv /fHodGqL;Ddsf] ;]jfdf
vl6Psf PSO, ;'/Iff uf8{ / ;jf/L rfnsxsf]
eGbf sd ;do jf sd hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g] cj:yf
g/x]sf] / /fHosf] Ps c+un] cfgf] xsdf ;]jf ug]{
;'/IffsdL{ jf ;jf/L rfnssf] xsdf j9L ;'ljwf
lbg] / /fHos} csf]{ c+u Gofokflnsfdf vl6g] To:tf
sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf 36L ;'ljwf lbg' ;f]em} e]befjk"0f{

770

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

b]lvG5 . To;af6 ck|ToIftM GofokfnLsfdf sfo{/t

GofofwLzxsf] ;'/Iffsf] :t/df g} sd uDeL/ /
lg0f{o g+=**#@
sd ;+jb] gzLn ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To:tf] ;f]r /
z}nLaf6 GofosdL{xsf] ;'/Iffdf hf]lvd a9fpg]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
jftfj/0f v8f x'g] / Gofokflnsf Pj+ GofofwLzxsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
;]jfk|lt pTk|/] 0ff jf dgf]jn 36fpg ;xof]u k'ofpg]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
x'gfn] To:tf] e]befjk"0f{ tyf c;dfg lg0f{o ;j{yf
kmf}=k'=g+=@)^#CR)$&*
cfklQhgs b]lvG5 .
km};nf ldltM @)^(.$.#).#
!$= t;y{ dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
d'2f M e|i6frf/ .
k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL tyf /fHo dGqLsf]
;'/Iff tyf ;]jfdf vl6g] lk=P;=cf], ;'/Iff uf8{ / k'g/fj]bs jfbLM clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
;jf/L rfns / GofofwLzxsf] ;'/Iff tyf ;]jfdf
cfof]usf cg';Gwfg clws[t uf]ljGbaxfb'/
vl6Psf lk=P;=cf], ;'/Iff uf8{ / ;jf/L rfns
>]i7sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/
;dfg ju{df kg]{ l:yltdf logLx jLrdf
lj?4
;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^%.&.@) sf] lg0f{oaf6 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf bf, ;tjl/of uf=lj=;=
e]befjk"0f{ Aojxf/ u/]sf] k'li6 ePsfn] o;
j8f g+= ^ uf]em] gf :yfoL, e/ 3} lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.@.!#.@ sf] k/dfb]zsf]
n=k'=lh=, n=k'=p=d=kf=j8f g+= @ ;fg]kf
efjgfcg'k ldlt @)^%.&.@) sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
a:g] v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t
lg0f{oaf6 sfod ul/Psf] PSO, ;jf/Lrfns /
;'/Iffuf8{sf] vfgf afktsf] ;'ljwf ;dfgtfsf] ljz]if cbfntdf km};nf ug]M{
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df GofokflnsfcGtu{t sfo{/t
cWoIf df=Gof=>L e"kWjh clwsf/L
GofofwLzxsf] ;fydf /xg] PSO , ;jf/L rfns
;b:o df=Gof=>L sf]dngfy zdf{
Pj+ ;'/Iff uf8{nfO{ klg lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd pknJw
;b:o df=Gof=>L rf]nG] b| zd;]/ h=j=/f=
ug{' u/fpg" / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cljnDj o;
cbfntnfO{ ;d]t lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf
lgIf]kaf6 a9]a9fPsf] Aofh /sdnfO{
of] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't cfb]z
;DklQsf] dfGotf lbO{ ljuf] sfod ug{ tyf
sfof{ G jogsf] nflu k| l tlnlk ;fy} /fvL
cfo ;|ft] sf ?kdf 5'} dfGotf k|bfg ug{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
gldnL lgIf]k /sdsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePdf ;f]af6
n]vL k7fO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L km};nf sfof{gjog
a9]a9fPsf] Aofhsf] klg :jtM ;|ft] k'li6
lgb]z
{ gfnonfO{ ;d]t lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
x'g] tyf ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] ljuf]sf] ?kdf
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg" .
/xg] ;DklQ tyf ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
;d]t :jtM u}/sfg"gL eO{ hkmt;Dd x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ #_
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
hfFr cjlwdf v/Lb ul/Psf hUuf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ !! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf
Ohnf; clws[t M afa'/fd ;'jb] L
lhsL/ lnOG5 / dfGotf klg lbOG5 eg]
To:tf] hUuf v/Lbsf] ;|ft] klg k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=+ &_
l
771

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

ljb]z hfFbf j}b]lzs e|d0fafkt k|fKt

ePsf] /sd g} ;6xL u/]sf] eGg] cy{
ug{ ldNb}g . e|d0f ug]{ JolQmsf] ;fdYo{
/ cfjZostfcg' ; f/ ljb] z df ug{
;lsg] vr{sf] cg'dfg u/L cfk"m;Fu
ePsf] /sd ;6xL ul/g] x'Fbf h] hlt
/sd cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 e| d 0f
eQfafkt k|fKt ePsf] x'G5 To;}nfO{
cfosf] cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{ .
cfo;|ft] k|fKt ePsf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 x'g]
cflwsfl/s / j:t'lgi6 k|df0fsf] cefjdf
/fxbfgLdf pNn]v ePsf] j}bl] zs d'bf| ;6xL
u/]sf] ljj/0fnfO{ cfosf] dfGotf k|bfg
ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !#_
AolQmsf ;fydf /x]sf] ;'grfFbL rn ;DklQ
xf] . To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ laqmL ubf{ k|fKt x'g]
d'gfkmf cfo;|ft] x'g ;Sb5, t/ ;DklQ
:jo+ eg] cfosf] ;|ft] x'g g;Sg] .
;DklQ / cfo;|f]tsf] leGgtf;DaGwL
;fdfGo cjwf/0ffut ljifodf cgle1 /xL
;'g rfFbLnfO{ ;|ft] sf] ?kdf u0fgf u/]sf]
ljZn]if0f k|ydb[li6df g} q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf]n]
sfod /xg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !&_
3/;f/df lnPsf] shf{ efvfleq ltg'{
a'emfpg' kg]{ / cfh{g jf ;DklQaf6} shf{
ltl/g] x'bF f C0f lnPsf] /sd ;w}s
+ f nflu
cfo;|ft] e}/xG5 eGg ts{;Ddt x'bF g} .
3/;f/df C0f lnPsf] elgPsf] lnvt
ldltaf6 shf{ a'emfpg] Dofb ;d]t afFsL
g/xL ;dfKt e};s]sf] / ;fx"sf] gfn];
gk/]sf] cj:yfdf 3/;f/sf]] C0f lgliqmo
dfGg'kg]{ .
sfg"gadf]lhd efvf gfl3;s]sf] 3/;f/sf]
elgPsf] C0f cfo;|ft] sfod x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !*_
772

lgIf]kaf6 k|fKt ePsf] Aofh a9]a9fPsf]

;DklQ x'bF f a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQsf] 5'} ;|ft]
lbO{ /xg' kg]{ cj:yf kb}g{ . cfwf/e"t ;DklQ
cyf{t\ lgIf]k /sdsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePdf
To;af6 a9]a9fPsf] Aofhsf] klg :jtM
sfg"gcg'ksf] cfh{g x'g] / lgIf]k /sdsf]
;|ft] k'li6 ug{ g;s]df To;af6 a9]a9fPsf]
;DklQ klg :jtM u}/sfg"gL x'g] .
vftfdf hDdf u/]sf] lgIf]ksf] ;|ft] eg]
k'li6 ug'{ gkg]{ s]jn vftfaf6 k|fKt Aofh
dfq} cfo;|ft] sf] ?kdf u0fgf x'gk' g]{ eGg]
ts{ sfg"g;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ !(_
sfg"gn] g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
dflgg] /fi6 ; ] j ssf ;fydf /x] s f]
;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug]{ bfloTj lghpk/
/fvL ;f] ug{ g;s]df u}/sfg"gL cfh{g
dfGg' kg]{ u/L :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf
sfg"gsf] ;Lwf k|fjwfgsf] ank"js
{ JofVof
u/L cGoyf cy{ ug{ jf lgsfNg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ @#_
pRr kbLo x}l;ot cyf{t\ k|lti7fsf] cf8df
jf k] z fut cfwf/df ul/g] ck/fw
ck/fwzf:qdf Zj]tlu|jL ck/fw -White
Collar Crime_ sf] ?kdf kl/lrt ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o:tf ck/fwx pRr kb:y
sd{rf/L tyf /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lxaf6
kbLo clwsf/sf] b'?kof]usf] pkhsf]
?kdf x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf ck/fwnfO{
g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n uDeL/ ck/fwsf] ?kdf
lng' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=+ @$_
hlt;'s} h]xG] bf/ / ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf
;DdfgLt cf]xf]bfdf /x]sf] eP klg sbflrt
sfg"g pNn+3g u/L ck/fw hutdf k|jz
]
ub{5 eg] l9nf] rfF8f] sfg"gsf] ;f\nf]leq
kg]{ lglZrt k|foM x'G5 . sfg"gdf afFlwg] /

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

sfg"g;+ut Jojxf/ u/L cg'zfl;t

hLjgofkg ug'{ g} ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L
af]ss
] f /fi6;j] sx;Fu ck]lIft s'/fx
x'g\ / o;nfO{ ;DalGwt ;a}n] x[bo+ud
ug'k{ b{5 eGg] ;Gb]z u|x0f ug'{ ljz]if ?kn]
dxTjk"0f{ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ @&_
cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/
kl/eflift gePsf] l:ylt x'bF f ;Gbe{xsf]
cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ k|sl[ tsf] b]lvG5 .
To;nfO{ :ki6 ug]{ dfkb08sf] cefjdf
JolQmsf] j}wflgs / cf}krfl/s cfo:t/sf]
cfwf/df dfq lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=+ #@_
k' g /fj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
] , ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
z+s/axfb'/ /fO{ / xl/k|;fb /]UdL
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg al/i7 clwjQmfx
dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj, ;'zLns'df/ kGt /
zDe' yfkf, ljfg clwjQmfx k|d
] axfb'/
v8\sf, /lhteQm k|wfgf, afns[i0f
g]pkfg], z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=/ of]uG] b|axfb'/
clwsf/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^* , c;f]h, lg=g+= *^#) k[= (!&
g]sfk @)^*, kmfu'g, lg=g+= *&@@ k[=, !*()
;Da4 sfg"gM
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf ##
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
#, &-!_ / !%, $&, @)-!_
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M ljz]if cbfnt, P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfpk/
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] tkm{jf6
k'g/fj]bg kq bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
773

k"j{dGqL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] cfkm\gf

glhssf JolQmxnfO{ ljleGg ;+:yfgxsf]
dxfk|jGws, cWoIf agfO{ ;+:yfnfO{ 8'jfPsf],
eQmk'/ lhNnfdf lgh v'daxfb'/sL >LdtL zLnf
v8\sfsf] gfddf ePsf] s/Lj !$ /f]kgL hdLg
rt'j]{bL y/sf k|x/Lsf gfddf ;f/]sf], sf7df8f}F
lhNnf, dl08vf6f/df ;fnL ;'wf cfrfo{sf]
gfddf hUuf v/Lb u/L ;f]df s/f]8f} kg]{ 3/
jgfO{ xfn laqmL u/]sf], bf lhNnf ;tjl/of
ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf / nlntk'/ lhNnf ;fg]kfdf
eJo dxnx lgdf{0f u/]sf], lghsf] h]7fg d'sG' b
uf}tdn] eQmk'/df !# /f]kgL hUuf hf]8]sf],
x]6f}8fdf kf]nLKofs km\ofS6L vf]n]sf], lghsf]
;fnf dx]Gb| uf}tdn] sf7df8f}Fdf eJo dxn
jgfPsf] / bfdf k]6f]n kDk /fv]sf] ;fy} lgh
k"j{dGqL v8\sfn] kbsf] b'?kof]u u/L cs't
;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/
u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf ljleGg ldltdf o;
cfof]udf k/]sf ph"/L lgj]bg .
k| l tjfbL v' d axfb' / v8\ s f ldlt
@)$*.@.!% b]lv k6sk6s ljleGg dGqfnosf]
dGqL kbdf /xL ldlt @)%(.^.!* ;Dd sfo{/t
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfdf, efO lvdaxfb'/ v8\sf / d ;uf]ndf
g} 5f}+ . c? bfh'efO cnu ePsf] xf] . c+za08f
;DaGwL sfuhftx clxn] gePsf]n] s]xL eGg
;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}g . @)$* ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd
d]/f] cfo;|f]t eg]sf] hldgsf] cfDbfgL . dGqL /
;f+;b x'Fbf ar]sf] tnj eQf / ljb]z e|d0faf6
jr]sf] /sd g} xf] . hldgsf] cfo @)$* b]lv
@)%* ;Dd cGbfhL jflif{s ?=!) nfvsf b/n]
ePsf] 5 . s[lifaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLsf] lx;fj /fVg]
rng gePsf]n] clxn] d;Fu s'g} k|df0f 5}g .
s[lifaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLaf6 hldg lsg]sf] lyP .
;f] hUufx a]rL ;fg]kfdf 3/ hUuf >LdtLsf]
gfddf lnPsf] 5' . lj:t[t hfgsf/L ;DklQ ljj/0f
kmf/fdaf6 x'g] g} 5 . 3/ hUuf v/Lb ug]{ sfo{ /
s[lifaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL Ps}lbg gePsf] cj:yfdf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

pQm klxn] ePsf] cfDbfgL 3/df /fVg] rng

lyof] . dfcf]jfbLsf] cft a9]kl5 dfq a}+sdf
/flvPsf] xf] . ;DklQ ljj/0f kmf/fdaf6 ;j}
hfgsf/L x'g] g} 5 .
kfl/>lds / ljb]z e|d0faf6 ar]sf] elgPsf]
/sdsf ;DaGwdf d w]/} k6s ljb]z uPsf] 5',
kf;kf]6{ x]bf{ yfxf x'g] 5 . s'g e|d0faf6 slt /sd
art ePsf] xf] ;f]sf] k|df0fsf ;DaGwdf clxn]
d;Fu kf;kf]6{ / sfuhft gePsf]n] eGg ;lSbg .
d]/f] 5f]/f, 5f]/L / 3/ vr{ cGbfhL dfl;s ?=!!,))).
x'G5 . rfdn bfn cflb 3/af6 cfpF5 . 5f]/L k'gd
v8\sfsf] gfddf lxdfnog a}s
+ df ePsf] d'2tL
vftfsf] ljj/0f cfof]u ;dIf k]z gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf
cfof]u;dIf ;DklQ ljj/0f kmf/fdsf] kmf]6f]skL
a'emfPsf] xf] . pQm a}s
+ af6 klxn] g} /sd lgsflnPsf]
x'bF f ljj/0f glbPsf] xf] . ;fg]kfsf] 3/ hUuf pQm
/sd ;d]taf6 v/Lb ul/Psf] xf] . l;gfd+unsf]
hUuf ?=#) nfvdf laqmL u/L ?=^) nfvdf ;fg]kfsf]
3/ hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] ;DaGwdf 5f]/L k'gdsf] gfddf
ePsf] /sd cGbfhL !@ nfv, eQmk'/ s6'~h]sf]
hUuf laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd ?=%,%),)))., uf}/L3f6sf]
hUuf laqmLaf6 cGbfhL # nfv / afFsL hldgsf]
cfoaf6 v/Lb ul/Psf] xf] .
?=@$,%),))). sf] k|f8f] uf8L v/Lb /
>LdtLsf] gfddf Pe/]i6 a}s
+ jfg]Zj/df ?=@%
nfv d'2tL vftfdf hDdf u/]sf] /sdsf] ;|ft] sf]
;DaGwdf d]/L >LdtLsf] gfddf ePsf] a}s
+ df /x]sf]
/sd hldgsf] cfo;|ft] af6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] . uf8L
v/Lb ubf{ cGbfhL !),%),))). hldgsf]
cfo;|ft] af6 arfPsf] / !$ nfv hLt]Gb| >]i7;Fu
C0f lnO{ pQm uf8L v/Lb ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] C0f
xfn;Dd lt/]sf] 5}g . hUuf v/Lb / laqmL ubf{sf]
ldlt ldn] gldn]sf] ;DaGwdf hUuf laqmL
ul/;s]kl5 /sd a'emfPsf] xf] . of] cfk;sf]
;dembf/Ldf ePsf] n]gb]g Jojxf/ xf] .
@)$* ;fndf klxnf] k6s dGqL x'bF f
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnodf k]z ePsf] ;DklQ
ljj/0fsf] ;DaGwdf !) ljufxf hUuf d]/} gfddf

ePsf] t/ cfdf / efO;Fu sf/f]jf/ ;Fuf]ndf g}

ePsf]n] cfdf / efOsf] gfddf u/L hDdf #)
ljufxf hdLg 5 . @ tNn] kSsL 3/, kSsL efG;f
3/, @ nfv gub, ^ tf]nf rfFbL / & tf]nf ;'g
pNn]v u/]sf] ;d]t 7Ls ;fFrf] xf] . Pp6f csf]{ 3/
dGqL ePkl5 agfPsf] xf] . pQm ;'g / rfFbL d}n]
dlGb/df ljjfx ubf{ d]/f] tk{mjf6 >LdtLnfO{ lbPsf]
xf] . blIf0flt/sf] e"OF t{ Nnf ;d]t u/L @ tNnf ePsf]
3/ kl5 jgfPsf] xf] .
d]/f] hdLgsf] jflif{s cfDbfgL #) ljufxfdf
;/b/ !) nfvsf b/n] x'G5 . xfdL ;uf]ndf g}
5f} . ;f]wgL ePsf] !) ljufxf hdLgjf6 cfgf]
vr{ / sfdbf/sf] vr{ s6fP/ ;/b/ jflif{s #
nfv ^)^% xhf/ hlt x'G5 . blIf0flt/sf] 3/
jgfpFbf cGbfhL # nfv hlt nfu]sf] xf]nf . ;f] 3/
hdLgsf] cfo ;|f]tjf6 agfPsf] x'F . eQmk'/
s6'~h]l:yt zLnf v8\sfsf] gfdsf] ldlt @)%!.^.!^
lt/ v/Lb u/]sf] @-s_ ls=g+= $$) If]qkmn )%
)) / ldlt @)%!.%.* df v/Lb u/]sf] ls=g+= *@
If]qkmn !!#)) ;d]t u/L $!)) sf] hUuf
ldlt @)%*.$.#@ df lsgL ?=% nfv $* xhf/df
g} laqmL ug'{ sf/0f pQm hdLg ;8s cfpF5 eGg]
yfxf kfP/ lnPsf] xf] . ;8s gePsf] sf/0f /
;fg]kfdf d]/L >LdtLsf] gfddf 3/ hUuf lng
nfu]sf]n] laqmL ul/Psf] xf] . ls=g+= $$) sf] hUuf
v/Lb d"NoeGbf sddf ;d]t laqmL u/]sf] / ;f]
hUuf ;d]t ldlt @)%*.$.#@ df laqmL u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] / @)%*.%.! b]lv xbjGbL nfu" ePsf]
;fy} tkfO{ ;f] ;dodf dGqL /xg' ePsf] ;d]t
b]lv+bf xtf/ xtf/df pdfk|;fb rt'j{ b] LnfO{ hUufsf]
:jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] sfo{ jb\lgotk"0f{ 5}g
egL s;/L eGg ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf xbjGbLjf6
d]/f] hdLg ghfg] ePsf]n] d]/f] jblgot eGg
ldNb}g . o; ;DaGwdf Toltj]nf kq klqsfdf
cfPsf] s'/fsf] hjfkm tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLn] lbO{
;Sg' ePsf] 5 . d]/f] s[lif cfo 3/df g} /fVb}
cfPsf] lyPF . ;f]xL /sdjf6 sfd rnfp+b} cfPsf]
xf] . dfcf]jfbL cft bfdf j9]kl5 d]/L >LdtLsf

774

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

gfddf j}s
+ df /fv]sf] xf] . cfn', wfg, ds}, tf]/L,
d;'/f], ux'+ pTkfbg x'G5 . s] slt eGg] clxn]
ljj/0f v'nfpg c;dy{ 5' .
dnfO{ ofb eP;Dd @)%# ;fndf ;'ljwfsf]
uf8L v/Lb u/]sf] x'F . gub ?=#$ nfv @)%%.%^
;fn;Dd 3/d} /fv]sf] ;DaGwdf d]/f] 3/df j}s
+ df
/sd /.Vg] k|rng g} lyPg . 3/df sfd ug]{
dflg;x lyP . rf]/Lsf] To:tf] 36\gf g} x'b+ g}
lyof] . Jofh lng] k|rng d]/f] a'afsf] ;dojf6 g}
lyPg . To;}n] vr{ u/L jr]sf] /sd 3/df g}
/fVy]+ . zLnf v8\sfsf] gfddf ePsf] /sd @)$*
;fnb]lv )%^ ;fn;Dd Jojxf/ rnfP/ ar]sf]
/sd xf] . Jojxf/ rnfpg] eg]sf] s6'~h]sf] hdLg
v/Lb, ;'ljwfsf] uf8L v/Lb xf] . @)$* ;fneGbf
klxn] jflif{s %^ nfv s[lif cfDbfgL x'GYof] . d
/fhgLlt ug]{ JolQm ePsf]n] vr{ Hofbf x'GYof] .
Jojxf/ cfdfa'afn] ug'{ x'GYof] .
k'gdsf] gfdsf] /sd dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng
z'? x'ge
' Gbf cufl8 g} j}s
+ df /fv]sf] xf] . kl5
dfcf]jfbL ultljlw j9]kl5 jfFsL /sd zLnfsf]
gfddf /fv]sf] xf] . xfdL ;uf]ndf ePsf] s'/f d]/f]
gfddf btf{ ePsf] hUufdf jg]sf] 3/sf] Ifltk"lt{
d]/f efO lvdaxfb'/ v8\sfn] j'emL lnPjf6 ;d]t
:ki6 x'G5 . cfdf / efO bfsf] 3/df clxn]klg
jl;/fVg' ePsf] 5 . sf=d=g=kf= @ ls=g+= @(%
If]qkmn )%)), lhNnf eQmk'/ s6'~h] @ -s_
ls=g+= $$) If]qkmn )%)), P] P]= ls=g+= @^
If]qkmn )#!), ls=g+= $@, $&, *@ If]qkmn
qmdzM )*!), )!!)), !!#)) / P] ! v_ ls=g+= &^& If]qkmn )!#@) To:t} u/L
sf=d=g=kf= ( ls=g+= #)!, #)@ / ** If]qkmn
qmdzM )@!@, !!#), )!!) sf hUufx
hdLgsf] cfo;|ft] , ljb]z hfFbf jrt ePsf] /sd
/ d]/f] tnj eQfjf6 jrt ePsf] /sdjf6 v/Lb
u/]sf] x'F . ljb]z e|d0f hfFbf jrt ePsf] /sd
xfn dnfO{ ofb ePg .
nlntk'/ lhNnf n=k'=p=d=g=kf= @-s_
;fg]kfl:yt ls=g+= @$( If]qkmn !^!! / P] P]
775

ls=g+= !)& / !*^ If]qkmn qmdzM !^)) / )

!!) sf hUufx / ls=g+= !)& / !*^ df ePsf]
3/ ;d]t d]/L >LdtL zLnf v8\sfsf] gfddf v/Lb
u/]sf] xf] . ;f] 3/ hUuf d]/f] tnj, eQf, ljb]zjf6
jr]sf] /sd, s6'~h], l;gfd+un, uf}/L3f6sf
hUufx laqmLjf6 cfPsf] /sd / hdLgsf] cfo;|ft]
;d]t nufO{ v/Lb u/]sf] x'+ . d]/f] gfddf btf{
ePsf] jf=@ r (%%% sf] uf8L ?=!$ nfv ldgejg
j:g] hLt]Gb| >]i7 -df]jfOn kmf]g gDj/ (*!)##$##_
;Fu ;fk6L lnPsf] xf] . ;f] sfuh d}n] g} n]vs
] f]
xf] . ;fIfL /d]z v8\sf x'gk' 5{ . jfFsL ?=!) nfv
%) xhf/ d]/f] hdLgsf] cfo ;|ft] / tnj eQfjf6
v/Lb u/]sf] x'+ . d]/f] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] cfo;|ft] hdLg
g} xf] . u[x dGqfnojf6 3/sf] Ifltk"lt{afkt s/Lj
!% nfv ?k}of efOn] j'emL dnfO{ j'emfPsf] xf] .
eQmk'/ s6'~h]sf] @ -s_ ls=g+= $$) sf]
hUuf @)%! ;fndf v/Lb u/L & jif{kl5 @)%*
;fndf laqmL ubf{ v/Lb d"NoeGbf sd d"Nodf
laqmL u/]sf] t/ @)%^.(.!@ df lsg]sf] sf=d=g=kf=
( ls=g+= #)!, #)@ / ** sf] hDdf If]qkmn !%
!@ sf] hUuf ?=%,#$,#&%. df v/Lb u/]sf] egL
lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf]] / @ jif{kl5 g} ?=#) nfvdf
laqmL ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf hUufsf] efp sd
j];L eGg] s'/f hdLgsf] dxTjdf lge{/ u5{ .
l;gfd+unsf] hdLg j]Rbfsf] ;doeGbf clxn] rng
rNtLdf dx+uf] 5 .
efO lvdaxfb'/ / cfdf lbns'df/L]sf
gfddf To:tf] s'g} ;DklQ v/Lb u/]sf] 5}g . cfdf
j'9L / ;f]emL x'gx' G' 5 . efOn] k9]nv
] s
] f] 5}g . xfn
d]/L >LdtLsf gfddf 3/ hUuf v/Lb ePtfklg
kl5 cnu x'bF f cfdf / efO;Fu a08f x'G5 .
e/kfO{jf6 c+z j'em] sf] ePtfklg Jojxf/df xfdL
;uf]ndf 5f} . clxn] hh;sf] gfddf h] hlt eP
klg jf:tljs 3/ Jojxf/ cnu x'bF f ;j} ldnfOg]
5 . k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf j}s
+ df ePsf] /sd
l6sf] 6fnf]jf6 jrt ePsf] / s]xL hdLgsf] cfojf6
/flvPsf] xf] . 5f] / L k' g d v8\ s f ef/tsf]
dl0fkfnl:yt sn]hdf Pd=lj=lj=P;= df k9\g uPsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cGbfhL c9fO{ jif{ hlt eof] . dlxgfjf/L * xhf/sf

b/n] ;/b/ d}n] Psd'i6 k7fpg] u/]sf] 5' . d]/L
5f]/L / /fdf1f rt'jb{] LsL 5f]/L Pp6} sn]hdf
k9\5g s] slt sn]h z'Ns nfU5 osLg eGg
;lSbg . /fdf1f rt'jb{] LsL 5f]/Lsf] vr{ jflif{s
ef=?= !,&^,))). ef/tLo ?k}of nfU5 eGg] ;To
xf] eg] x'g;S5 Toltg} nfU5 xf]nf .
sf7df8f}F lhNnf rknL uf=lj=;= ( -v_
ls=g+= $^( / @#! If]qkmn qmdzM !@)) / )
$)) sf] hUufdf jg]sf] 3/ ?=%) nfvdf ;+oQ' mf
/f0ffnfO{ laqmL u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ;+oQ
' mf /f0ffnfO{ d
lrlGbg . pxf+n] s] s;/L v/Lb ug'{ ePsf] xf]
pxf+nfO{ g} hfgsf/L xf]nf . d]/f] 3/ gePsf]n]
dnfO{ o; ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L 5}g . d]/f] gfdsf
6]lnkmf]g w]/} 7fpFdf h8fg ePsf 5g\ . ;'wf
cfrfo{sf gfpFdf 3/ /fVg] k|Zg} p7\bg} . :jod\
pgLxsf] cfly{s x}l;ot d]/f] eGbf w]/} u'0ff dfly
5 . d]/f] :jsLo ;lrj lji0f'axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{
s;/L jxfFn] %) nfv ?k}of lhDdf nufpg' ePsf]
xf] jxfFnfO{ g} yfxf xf]nf . lgh /f0ffsf] aofg
c;To / e"m7f 5 . d /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ ePsf],
d]/f] w]/h
} ;f] hLjg ;+3if{df ljt]sf]n] @)$^ ;fn;Dd
s'g} 3/ Jojxf/ ul/Pg . To;sf/0f ;DklQ hf]8g\ ]
ghf]8g\ ] eGg] k|Zg} p7]g . d]/f] kl/jf/sf] k}ts
[
;DklQ clxn] klg cfdf / ;j} efOsf] u/]/ nueu
*) ljufxf hlt hdLg 5 . d]/f] a'afn] j]rs
] f] klg
w]/} 5 . To;}n] d}n] jblgot u/]/ 3/ hUuf lsGof]
eGg] s'/f c;To xf] . rfFbL / ;'gsf ;DaGwdf d]/f]
a'af cfdfn] ljx]df nfUg] ;'g rfFbLsf uxgf kl5
jgfO{ lbg' ePsf] / s]xL cfgf] dfOtLjf6 kfPsf]n]
yk b]lvPsf] xf] . d}n] u}/sfg"gL ?kn] ;DklQ cfh{g
u/]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ddfly sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL
x'gk' g]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn]
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf u/]sf]
aofg .
nlntk'/ p= d= g= kf= jf= g+= @ ;fg]kfl:yt
3/ hUuf ldlt @)%*.!).@( df ?=^),)),))).
df v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . pQm 3/hUuf v/Lb ;DaGwdf
776

dnfO{ hfgsf/L ePg d]/f] >Ldfg\nfO{ g} yfxf

xf]nf . ;f] afx]s 3/ ;Fu} /x]sf] lsQf g+ @$(
If]qkmn !^!! 5 . pQm lsQf g+ @$( sf] hUuf
?=@),(@,))).df O{Gb| /fHonIdL l;+xaf6 v/Lb
ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] hUuf v/Lbsf] ;|ft] sf af/]df
dnfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g . ;a} s'/f d]/f] >Ldfg\nfO{ g}+
yfxf xf]nf . d]/f] gfddf Pe/]i6 a}s
+ , afg]Zj/df
?=@% nfv df}Hbft 5 . ;f] /sd d]/f] >Ldfgn]
/fvL lbg' ePsf]n] ;f]sf] ;|ft] sf ;DaGwdf jxfFnfO{
g} yfxf xf]nf . 5f]/L k'gd v8\sf @ jif{bl] v ef/tsf]
dl0fkfndf k9\b} l5g\ . lghsf] k9fO{df nfUg] vr{sf
jf/]df klg dnfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g . >Ldfg\nfO{ g}
yfxf xf]nf . dl08vf6f/df d]/f] 3/ 5}g s;sf] xf]
yfxf klg 5}g .
sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= ( l;gfd+unl:yt ls=g+=
**, #)!, #)@ sf] hDdf If]qkmn !%!@ sf]
hUuf laqmLsf ;DaGwdf klg d]/f] >Ldfg\nfO{ g}
yfxf 5 dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . pQm hUuf laqmLjf6
k|fKt /sd s'gk} lg a}s
+ df hDdf u/]sf] lyPg . 3/
vr{xdf vr{ ePsf] x'g ;S5 . ?=#) nfvdf
pQm hUuf laqmL ul/Psf] b]lvPsf]n] Tolt 7"nf]
/sd j}s
+ df hDdf gu/L s] s:tf] 3/ vr{df vr{
ug'{ ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;f] s'/fklg dnfO{
hfgsf/L 5}g . >Ldfg\nfO{ g} yfxf xf]nf .
n=k'=p=d=g=kf= jf=g+= @-s_ ls=g+= !)& df ag]sf]
3/ hUuf / ls=g+= !*^ sf] hUuf d]/f] >Ldfgn] g}
d]/f] gfddf lsgL lbPsf]n] jxfFnfO{ g} yfxf x'g
;S5 . d]/f] gfddf cfof]u ;dIf ePsf] aofg /
k]z u/]sf] JolQmut ljj/0f kmf/fddf v'nfP jfx]s
cGo s'g} :yfgdf 3/ hUuf, a}s
+ df}Hbft 5}g .
lxdfnog a}s
+ , lqb]jL dfu{ zfvfdf k'gd v8\sfsf]
gfdaf6 vf]lnPsf vftf g+= !#&))) h]= / !#&)))
lk=sf vftfx d cfk"m cleefjs e} cfgf] 5f]/Lsf
gfddf vf]nL lbPsL lyPF . ;f] vftfdf hDdf ePsf]
/sdsf] ;|ft] d]/f] >Ldfgsf] k}ts
[ ;DklQ tyf
5f]/Lsf] cfg} cfo -l6sf bIfL0ff, cflb_ xf] . ;f]
;DaGwdf d]/f] >Ldfgaf6 cfof]udf hfgsf/L
e};s]sf]n] / xfn pQm vftfdf k};f df}Hbft gePsf]n]

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

g} d}n] hfgsf/L gu/fPsf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u ;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
@)$( kmfu'gb]lv d t'N;Lk'/ g=kf= df
:yfoL gf=;'= kbdf lgo'Qm e} xfn;Dd sfo{/t 5' .
@)$$ ;fndf 5'6L[ leGg x'bF f k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6
crntkm{ cGbfhL laufxf ^)) hldg, gub ?=$
nfv ;'g cGbfhL !#) tf]nf rfFbL cGbfhL $))
tf]nf k|fKt ePsf] / hldgaf6 jflif{s k|lt ljufxf
@),))). sf b/n] k|lt jif{ ! nfv @) xhf/ n]
xfn;Dd hldgsf] cfDbfgL cGbfhL !* nfv, tnj
eQfaf6 xfn;Dd cGbfhL % nfv %) xhf/ a'emL
lnPsf] 5' . @)%$ ;fn kmfu'gb]lv >L /fO; P08
cfon dLn ;~rfng u/]sf], @)%%.@.#! df 6]S6/
v/Lb u/]sf] / ;f]af6 ePsf] cfDbfgL klg osLg
gePsf], hldgsf] nfnk"hf{ xfn gePsf] / ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf ;d]t cfuhgL e} k|df0f gi6 ePsf]n]
xfn k]z ug{ c;dy{ 5' . ldlt @)%(.!.!$ df d]/f]
dLndf cftsf/L ;d"xaf6 cfuhgL n'6kf6 ePsf]n]
xfn dLn aGb /x]sf] / sfuhftx ;j} n'6kf6
ePsf]n] xfn k]z ug{ c;dy{ 5' . ldlt @)%(.!.!$
df d}n] n'6kf6 / cfuhgL ePsf] s'/f Onfsf k|x/L
sfof{no t'n;Lk'/df hfx]/L u/]sf] 5' eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] z'efif uf}tdn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
xfn d a:g] u/]sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf rknL
uf=la=;= jf g ( -v_ l:yt ls=g+= $^( / @#! sf]
If]qkmn ! /f]kgL ^ cfgf ePsf] hUuf / ;f]df
lgld{t 3/ d}n] ;'wf cfrfo{;Fu @)%& ;fn
>fj0fefb|lt/ v/Lb u/]sL x'F . ;f] 3/ hUuf
v/Lb ubf{ nflhDkf6l:yt a'af d'dfsf] 8]/fdf 8f]/
vl6O{ kf; u/L lnPsf] x'F . 8f]/sf ;fy 3/wgLsf]
tkm{af6 ;'wf cfrfo{, lji0f'axfb'/ v8\sf / c?
JolQmx cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pQm 3/hUuf
sfuhdf ;'wf cfrfo{sf] eGg] b]lvP tfklg 3/
j]rfpg] JolQmn] ;f] 3/ k"j{ u[xdGqL v'daxfb'/
v8\sfsf] eGYof] . 3/ kf; ubf{ ?=%),)),))).
cIf?kL krf; nfv dfq k"j{ u[x dGqL v'daxfb'/
777

v8\sfsf] :jsLo ;lrj lji0f'axfb'/ v8\sfsf] xftdf

/fvL lbPsL x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+oQ
' mf /f0ff
-u'?_ n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf
u/]sf] aofg .
d]/f] kl/jf/df ;;'/f, >Ldfg\, d clg @
hgf 5f]/f / # hgf 5f]/L 5g\ . bf t'N;Lk'/ g=kf= df
bfb]pv'/Ldf, bf kjggu/df 3/x tyf hUufx
klg 5g\ . 3/ hUuf ss;sf] gfddf 5g\ osLg
;fy eGg ;lsPg . o;}u/L sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf
sflnsf:yfgdf klg 3/ 5 . t/ ;f] 3/ s;sf]
gfddf 5 dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . sf7df8f}F w'Djf/fxLdf
ePsf] 3/ d]/f] gfddf 5 . pQm hUuf sltdf v/Lb
ePsf] xf] < 3/ lgdf{0fdf slt vr{ nfUof] / sltdf
laqmL eof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . s;nfO{ laqmL u/]sf]
klg yfxf 5}g . pQm 3/ hUuf laqmL ubf{ d}n] cfdf
uP/ ;xL u/]sf] xf]Og . s;sf] 3/df j;]/ ;lx5fk
u/]sf] eGg] klg yfxf ePg . pQm sfuhftdf ;xL
ubf{ dx]Gb| uf}td / lji0f' v8\sf dfq lyP . w'Djf/fxL
dl08vf6f/ l:yt hUuf sf];uF slt /sddf / slxn]
v/Lb ePsf] xf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ;f] hUuf v/Lb
ubf{ rfxL cfd} uP/ kf; u/]sf] xf] . ;fydf efO
dx]Gb| uf}td klg lyof] . hUufjfnfnfO{ lrlGbg .
lgh hUufjfnfnfO{ efO dx]Gb| uf}tdn] hUuf v/Lb
u/]afktsf] /sd lbPsf] xf] . slt /sd eGg] s'/f
yfxf 5}g . ;f] ;dodf d]/f] >Ldfg kjggu/, bf d}
x'gx' G' Yof] . hUuf d]/f] gfddf kf; ug]{ ePsf]n] jxfF
cfdf pkl:yt x'g' ePg . bfdf j:g] >Ldfgn]
hUuf v/Lb ug{ /sd ;'6s]zdf xfn]/ k7fPsf] xf] .
To;kl5 sf7df8f}dF f efO dx]Gb| uf}tdnfO{ lbPsL
x' . slt /sd eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . hUuf
v/Lb ug]{ tfsf d]/f] >Ldfgsf] k]zf Jofkf/, ef8fsf
6\ofS6/ / 6s, hLk lyof] . hUuf hldg slt 5 eGg]
s'/f dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
dl08vf6f/sf] pQm hUufdf slxn] 3/
agfPsf] ;DaGwdf ;j}s/' f d]/f] >Ldfg\ z+s/k|;fb
cfrfo{nfO{ yfxf 5 . dl08vf6f/sf] 3/ hUuf
cfheGbf @ jif{ hlt klxn] laqmL ePsf] xf] . sltdf
/ s;nfO{ laqmL u/]sf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . of] s'/f

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

d]/f] >Ldfg\nfO{ yfxf xf]nf . pQm hUuf d]/f] >Ldfgn]

v/Lb u/Llbg' ePsf] xf] . d]/f] lbbL zLnf v8\sfn]
/sd xfnL d]/f] gfddf v/Lb u/L lbPsL xf]Ogg\ .
d]/f] >Ldfgn] hUuf x]/L 7LSs kf/]sf] 5' ltdL uP/
kf; u/ eGg' ePsf]n] d sf7df8f}F cfP/ kf; u/L
lnPsL x'+ . kf; u/]/ lnP kl5 3/ agfpg' eGbf
cufl8 hDdf Ps k6s hUuf x]/s
] L 5'+ . To; kl5
clxn];Dd d}n] ;f] hUufdf kfO{nf 6]ss
] } 5}g .
hUuf v/Lb ubf{ efO dx]Gb| / d c8\8fdf uP/
kf; u/L lnPsf] xf] . s'g c8\8f yfxf 5}g . /sd
efO dx]Gb|n] af]ss
] f] lyof] . s;nfO{, sxf+ / slt
/sd lbPsf] xf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . wg/fh e8]n
gfdsf] JolQm klg ;fydf lyof] . lgh e8]nn] g} ;f]
hUuf b]vfO{ lbg' ePsf] xf] . hUuf lsGg] j]Rg] sfd
kl/jf/df s;}n] klg ub}g{ g\ . Pp6f 3/ eO rknL
ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf lsg hUuf lsGg' ePsf] xf]
dnfO{ s]xL klg yfxf 5}g . pQm hUufdf lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] ejgsf] nfut ;DaGwdf d]/f] >Ldfg\nfO{
g} yfxf 5 . d}n] pQm 3/ b]vs
] L klg 5}g .
rknL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf j8f gDj/
(-v_ ls=g+= @#! / $(^ sf] hUuf If]qkmn !^
)) df ejg lgdf{0f ug{], lgdf{0fsf qmddf
/]vb]v ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
>Ldfgaf6} :ki6 x'g] 5 . pQm ejg lgdf{0f u/L
laqmL ug'{kg]{ sf/0f / ;f] ejg lgdf{0fdf nfu]sf]
vr{sf] ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/
d]/f] >Ldfgsf] cfo;|ft] s[lif, wfg, s'6fgL, k]nfgL,
lk;fgL ldn, 6s, 6\ofS6/, 6\ofS;L lyP . d}n]
pQm 3/ hUuf ;+o'Qmf /f0ffnfO{ xf] jf s;nfO{
j]r]sf] xf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . hUuf laqmL ubf{
cfdf guO{ 3/df sfuhdf NofKr] nufO{ lbPsL
x'F . s;sf] 3/ / s'g 6f]n xf] eGg] klg yfxf
5}g . ;f] 3/df ;+o'Qmf /f0ff;Fu kl/ro;Dd
ePsf] xf] . t/ hUuf s;n] lsg]sf] xf] eGg]
yfxf 5}g . ;f] 3/ hUuf laqmL ubf{ lji0f'axfb'/
v8\sf d;Fu ;fyLsf] ?kdf hfg' ePsf] xf] sltdf
laqmL u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L dnfO{ 5}g .
>Ldfg\nfO{ g} yfxf 5 . >Ldfgn] ;j} sf/f]jf/

ug]{ x'gfn] ;j} hfgsf/L jxfFnfO{ g} x'G5 eGg]

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;'wf cfrfo{n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
d]/f] jflif{s cfo dfl;s ?kdf k|fKt x'g]
tnj ?=*,@@@., /fzg / @) k|ltzt eQf u/L
s/Lj ?=!),))). dfl;ssf b/n] jflif{ s
?=!,@),))). xf] . n=k'=p=d=g=kf jf=g+= !% df lgdf{0f
;DkGg e};s]sf] 3/ >LdtLn] bfOhf]sf] ?kdf k|fKt
ePsf] /sd tyf kl/jf/sf] ;xof]uaf6 lsg]sf] xf] .
>LdtLn] k]jf:j?k pQm 3/ k|fKt u/]sf] Joxf]/f
/lhi6]z
g sfuhft d} pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
eQmk'/ lhNnf s6'~h] uf=lj=;=sf] ls=g+=
$@, $$# / $$) sf] hDdf If]qkmn /f]kgL !!#
#) hUuf cGbfhL 8]9 jif{ cufl8 >LdtL zLnf
v8\sf;Fu cGbfhL %,$*,))). df lsg]sf] xf] .
>LdtL zLnf v8\sf;Fu hUuf v/Lb ubf{sf]
cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] bfh', efO, a'af Pj+ d]/f] hflu/sf]
cjlw tyf s[lif pkhaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo xf] . s[lif
pkh laqmL u/]sf] ljn e/kfO{ k]z ug{ ;lsb}g .
pQm hUuf >LdtL zLnf v8\sfsf] gfdaf6 ;DklQ
n'sfpg tkfO{sf] gfddf kf; u/L lbPsf] xf]Og
eGg] cfwf/ s] xf] eGg] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf v/Lb ug]{
dfG5]nfO{ laqmL ug]s
{ f] lgot s] xf] jf of] lsg olt
sd d"Nodf laqmL ub}{ 5 eGg] s'/f eGbf cfk"mn]
sd d"Nodf kfof] eg] lsG5' eGg] ;f]rfO{ /fVb5 .
o;sf/0f d]/f] ;DklQ Tolts} kmfN5' of laqmL u5'{
eGg] ;DaGwdf ljq]mtfn] g} ;f]Rg' kg]{ s'/f xf] . pQm
hUufdWo] /f]kgL !@)) hUufdf xfn s'g}
lsl;dsf] af6f] 5}g .
a'af cfdfsf] gfddf /x]sf] s/Lj *(
ljufxf hUuf, d]/f] gfddf /x]sf] eQmk'/ s6'~h]sf]
! /f]kgL !% cfgf hUuf Pj+ >LdtLsf] gfddf
n=k'=!% df Pp6f 3/ tyf * cfgf hUuf crn
;DklQdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L gub ?k}ofsf] jf/]df
/f=jf= a}s
+ k'Nrf]s zfvfdf ?=@,%)). b]lv #,))).
sf] aLrdf, /f=jf= a}s
+ axfb'/u~h zfvfdf s/Lj
%)). d]/f] >LdtLsf] gfddf Pj+ cfdf, bfOsf]
gfddf g]=j}=ln= s[i0fgu/ zfvfdf s]xL /sd /x]sf] .

778

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

;f]sf] jf/]df osLg yfxf gePsf] . To;}u/L k}ts

[
Pj+ bfOhf]df k|fKt cGbfhL @)@% tf]nf ;'g Pj+
)=% s]=hL= rfFbLx cfdf, efph" Pj+ >LdtL;Fu
/x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt hUuf d]/f] :yfoL 7]ufgf Pj+
/fdgu/ uf=lj=;=sf] df]ltk'/ Pj+ a;Gtk'/df /x]sf]
5.
nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !%
sf] 3/ >LdtLsf] bfOhf]sf] ?kdf k|fKt ePsf]
/sd tyf ! nfv &% xhf/ hlt kfl/jfl/s
;xof]usf] ?kdf nufO{ lsg]sf] xf] h:sf] /lhi6]z
gsf]
k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k]z ul/;s]sf] 5' . ldlt osLg
ePg . cGbfhL b'Oj{ if{ klxnf v/Lb ePsf] 3/ xf] .
ljjfx k"j{ lghsL h]7L 5f]/L ePsf]n] cfk"mv'zL
s]xL crn ;DklQ agfO{ lbG5' egL d]/f] a'af;dIf
/fv]sf] k|:tfjcg';f/ d oxfF sf7df8f}F sfo{/t
/x]sf] j]nf Pp6f ;fgf]ltgf] 3/ hf]8f}+ eg]cg';f/
jxfF n ] cfk" m n] eg] c g' ; f/ ;xof] u u/] s f] n ]
;f]xLcg';f/ 3/ lslgPsf] xf] .
zLnf v8\sf;Fu v/Lb ubf{sf] cfDbfgLsf]
;|ft] sf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf bfh', efO, a'af Pj+ d]/f]
hfuL/sf] cjlw / s[lif pkhsf] cfosf] ;DaGwdf
cfof]un] :jo+ d"Nofg ug{ a]; xf]nf . sfg"gadf]lhd
cfo;DaGwL k|df0f k]z ug{ xfn;fn} cfPsf] lgod
xf] . h;sf] cj pk|fGt k"0f{ kfngf ub{5' . cfo;|ft] sf]
jf/]df bfh', efO, a'af / d :jo+ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf]
:yfoL sd{rf/L ePsf]n] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfaf6
k|i6 x'g] / afFsL s[lif pkh Pj+ cGo gftfuf]tfsf]
;DaGwsf] jf/]df rng rNtLdf cfPsf] ;fdflhs
Jojxf/cg';f/ ;xof]u ePsf] xf] ;f]sf] k|df0f cg'ej
Pj+ d"Nofg ug]{ s'/f xf] .
@)%*.$.#@ df zLnf v8\sf;Fu Psd'i7
cGbfhL ?=%,$*,))). df hUuf v/Lb u/]sf]n]
k|lt /f]kgLsf] b/ osLg gePsf] . ;f] hUuf zLnf
v8\sfsf] gfdaf6 cfgf] ;DklQ n'sfpg] lgotj;
tkfO{sf] gfddf sd d"Nodf /lhi6z
] g kf; u/L
lbPsf] xf]Og eGg] cfwf/ k|df0f s] 5 eGg] k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf v/Lb ug]{ dfG5]nfO{ laqmL ug]s
{ f] lgot
s] xf] of lsg olt sd d"Nodf laqmL ub}5
{ eGg]
779

s'/f eGbf cfk"mn] sd d"Nodf kfof] eg] lsG5' eGg]

tkm{ ;f]rfO{ /fVb5 . To;sf/0f d]/f] ;DklQ d
Tolts} kmfN5' of laqmL ub{5' ;f] jf/]df ljq]mtfn] g}
;f]Rg] s'/f xf] .
tkfO{sf] >LdtL k'gd rt'jb{] Lsf gfddf
nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ !% ;fljs
jf=g+= % -z_ ls=g+= @)# sf] If]qkmn )$)) df
b'O{ tn] 3/ jfx]s cGo hUuf gePsf] egL cfof]udf
ljj/0f k]z ug'{ ePsf]df pQm hUufsf] ;Ldfgf;Fu}
hf]l8Psf] ls=g+= @)) / @)@ If]qkmn $$ cfgf
u/L hDdf If]qkmn )*)) ;d]t v/Lb ug'{
ePsf]df ldlt @)%(.*.!^ df tkfO{n] cfof]udf
k]z ug'{ ePsf] JolQm ljj/0fsf] cGTodf === o;df
pNn]v u/] jfx]s d}n] s'g} ;DklQ n'sfPsf] 5}g .
kl5 km]nf k/]df sfg"gadf]lhd hkmt u/L hf] x'g]
;hfo ;xg ef]Ug tof/ 5' ====. egL b:tvt u/L
cfof]u ;dIf k]z ug'{ ePsf] x'bF f kl5 km]nf k/]sf]
pQm ls=g+= @)) / @)@ sf lsQf @ sf] hDdf
If]qkmn )*)) hkmt x'g gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP
k]z ug'{ xf]; egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf pQm
lbg /fli6o k|x/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgaf6 cfPsf] sf/0f
klxnf] rf]6L o; lsl;dsf] ;+:yfdf aofg lb+bf
e"nj; ;f] hUuf pNn]v ug{ lj;{g uPsf] x'F .
o;df d]/f] s'g} unt dg;fo lyPg . of]
hUuf;DaGwL ljut s]xL dlxgf klxnf ;DklQ
Goflos hfFra'em cfof]udf k|df0f ;lxt ljj/0f
k]z ul/;s]sf] 5' . o;sf/0f Ps rf]6LnfO{ Ifdf
dfUb5' . k|yd k6s e"nj; 5"6 x'g uPsf]n] ;f]
;DaGwL cGo sf/jfxL gul/of];\ egL lgj]bg ub{5' .
pQm hUuf 3/ lsg]kl5 af6f]sf] ;d:of /x]sf]n]
3/;Fu} hf]l8Psf] Pj+ bfO / efOx ldnL 5'6f[ 5'6}[
3/ Ps} 7fpFdf agfpFnf egL ;f]rfO{ /fvL v/Lb
u/]sf] x'F . cfosf] ;DaGwdf kfl/jfl/s ;xof]u Pj+
cfkmGtxl;t pwf/f] lnP/ ?=% nfvdf Psd'i6
lsg]sf] x'F .
d]/f] c+za08f ePsf] 5}g . kfFr bfh'efOx
5f}+ . ;f] hUuf efph"sf] gfddf /fVg] s'/f kfl/jfl/s
;Nnfx ePsf]df efph" klxnf ef/tLo gfu/Ls

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

ePsf]n] / xfn;Dd c+uLs[t gful/stf glnPsf]n]

kfl/jfl/s ;Nnfxcg';f/ cfk;L ;Demf}tf Pj+
;bfrf/ sfod /x]sf]n] d]/f] >LdtLsf] gfpdf /x]df
klg s]xL km/s kb}g{ egL ;a}sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ ;f]
hUuf d]/L >LdtLsf] gfddf v/Lb u/]sf] x'+ . ;f]
lbg d s'g} ljz]if ;/sf/L sfddf vl6Psf] lyPF /
ljqm]tfsf] km';b{ gePsf]n] pQm lbg g} hUuf v/Lb
ug'k{ g]{ ePsf]n] >LdtLsf] gfddf v/Lb u/]sf] xf] .
pQm hUuf v/Lbsf] cfo;|ft] ;DaGwdf d]/f s]xL
cfkmGtx ef/t pQ/ k|bz
] uf]08f lhNnfdf /x]sf
/ ef=?= ! nfv lghxaf6 d]/f a'jfn] pwf/f] lng'
ePsf] / cGo /sd bfh'xn] cfkm\gf] ;xsdL{ Pj+
;DalGwt JolQmx;Fu s]xL /sd pwf/f] lng' ePsf]
xf] / s]xL /sd ;a}sf] tnj eQfaf6 ;~ro
ul/Psf] /sdaf6 ;d]t v/Lb ul/Psf] xf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pdfk|;fb rt'jb{] Ln] clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
cfdf lbns'df/L, bfh' v'daxfb'/ v8\sf / d
;uf]ndf 5f}+ . d]/f] gfddf ;tal/of^ uf]em] gf, bfdf
* laufxf hUuf / s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ , afuahf/df
?=!&,))). 5 . d]/L >LdtL bLkf v8\sfsf]] gfddf
g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8, g]kfnu~hdf ?=@,)),))). /
;'g !% tf]nf 5 . ;tal/of uf=la=;=, uf]em]gfdf bfh'
v'daxfb'/sf] gfddf # j6f / d]/f] gfddf ! j6f 3/
5 . rf/j6f 3/dWo] # j6f 3/x )%*.!@.@(df
hn]sf] / kl5 ad k|xf/ u/L Wj:t agfO{ lbPsf] xf] /
tL ;a} 3/x bfh' v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf] gfddf 5 .
d]/f] gfddf gePsf] 3/sf] Ifltk"lt{ bfh' / d ;uf]ndf
ePsf]n] d]n} dfu u/]sf] x'+ . c+za08f geP;Dd b'j}
hgf bfh'efOsf] ;DklQdf j/fj/L clwsf/ ;De]m/
Ifltk"lt{afktsf] /sd ?=!%,%%,))). d}n] a'emL
bfh'nfO{ lbPsf] lyPF . To:tf] s'/f u}/sfg"gL x'G5 eGg]
yfxf kfPsf] eP /sd a'em\ g] lyOg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lvdaxfb'/ v8\sfn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
@)#% ;fndf pkk|wfgk~r, @)$# ;fndf
k|wfgk~r / @)$( ;fndf t'n;Lk'/ gu/kflnsf
u:bfsf] k|dv
' kbdf sfo{/t lyPF . hUuf hldgsf]

cfo:tf, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, ldn, ;jf/L ;fwgaf6

ePsf] / cfDbfgL hUuf hldg laqmL, 3/ ef8f /
k'Vof}{nL ;DklQaf6 cfDbfgL u/]klg xfn d]/f]
?=#),$!,^)). a}s
+ sf] C0f 5 . d]/L >LdtL ;'wf
cfrfo{sf gfddf rknL uf=lj=;= ( -v_ df /x]sf]
ls=g+= @#! / $^( u/L hDdf /f]kgL !^)) hUuf
v/Lb u/L laqmL u/]sf] / sflnsf:yfgdf ls=g+ !(##
/ !(#% sf] hDdf /f]kgL hUuf )#)) d]/f] gfddf
/x]sf] / ;f]df xfn 3/ ;d]t sfod 5 . rknL
uf=lj=;=sf] pQm hUuf ?=#),@%,))). df v/Lb
u/]sf] xf] . pQm hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ d}n] s'g}
7]sb] f/f/f lgdf{0f gu/fO{ cf\mg} tkm{af6 b}lgs
Hofnfbf/Ldf lgdf{0f u/fPsf] xf] . ;f] 3/ lgdf{0fdf
cGbfhL !)!! nfv ?k}of+ nfu]sf] h:tf] nfU5 .
e"O{ tNnfdf / klxnf] tNnfdf * sf]7f / bf];f| ]
tNnfdf ! sf]7f /x]sf] . pQm 3/ lkn/ l;i6daf6
agfOPsf] xf]Og . pQm 3/ lkmlgl;+ ubf{ l;d]G6
Knfi6/ dfq u/]sf] lyP . /+u /f]ug u/]sf] lyOg .
JxfO6jf; u/]sf] lyof] . ofn 9f]sfdf k|fOd/ nufPsf]
lyP . pQm 3/ hUuf xl/zDz]/ h=j=/f=sL gfltgL
>L ;'zLn zDz]/ h=j=/f=sL 5f]/L >LdtL ;+oQ' mf
/f0ffnfO{ ?=@! nfvdf laqmL u/]sf] xf] . pQm ;dodf
d bfdf g} lyP eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z+s/k|;fb
cfrfo{n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf
u/]sf] aofg .
dl08vf6f/ l:yt ;'wf cfrfo{sf] gfddf
/x]sf] 3/ hUufsf] lnvt ;DaGwL sfd nflhDkf6df
v/Lbstf{ ;+oQ
' mf /f0ff j:g' ePsf] 3/df ePsf]
xf] . ;f] jvt 8f]/sf sd{rf/Lsf cltl/Qm ;+oQ
' mf
/f0ff, jxfFsf lktfhL ;'wf cfrfo{, d / lji0f' v8\sf
pkl:yt lyof}+ . pQm 3/ hDdf ?=@! nfvdf laqmL
ePsf] xf] . pQm /sd ;+oQ
' mf /f0ffsf lktfhL;Fu
d]/L lbbL ;'wf cfrfo{n] a'emL lnPsf] xf] . pQm
/sd lnP/ d / lbbL ;' w f cfrfo{ ; F u }
sflnsf:yfgl:yt lbbLsf] 3/df cfPsf xf} . To;
kl5 d cfgf]3/ uPsf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
dx]Gb| uf}tdn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
;dIf u/]sf] aofg .

780

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

Po/ k|mfG;sf] lh=P;=P= df sfo{/t /xL laut

h'nfO{ @))! b]lv a]tnaL labfdf j;L tTsfnLg
u[xdGqL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf] :jsLo ;lrjdf ! jif{
sfd u/]sf] lyPF . jxfF d]/f] legfh' kg'{ x'G5 . d ;fg]kfdf
s/Lj @# jif{bl] v j:b} cfPsf] 5' . nlntk'/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ @ ;fg]kfdf 3/ agfpg'
eGbf cufl8 cfkmGtsf]df / 8]/fdf a;]sf] xf] .
;fg]kfl:yt pQm 3/ a'afn] agfpg' ePsf]n] a'jfsf]
aofgcg';f/ x]/] yfxf x'G5 dnfO{ Plsg ldlt yfxf
5}g . a'jf, d'df;Fu c+za08f eO{ 5'6L[ leGg ePsf] xf] .
d]/f] sfuhkq ;j} a'af;Fu} lyof] . dnfO{ c?s]xL yfxf
5}g . d xfn a'afsf] ;fg]kfl:yt 3/df j:b} cfPsf]
5' . c+za08fdf d]/f] sxf+ sxf+ s] s] 5 sfuhft d;Fu
gePsf]n] d}n] eGg ;lSbg . kl/l:yltj; c+za08f
kl5 sf7df8f}dF f ;Fu} j;]sf] / d]/f] ;DklQ ljZjf;sf]
cfwf/df d ;fg}bl] v sf7df8f}dF f j;]sf]n] a'afn] g}
/]vb]v ug'{ x'G5 c? dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . d / d]/L
>LdtLsf gfddf s'gk} lg a}s
+ vftf gePsf] ;To xf] .
>LdtLsf] ;DaGwdf Ps k6s km]l/ ;f]Wg] 5' . bfdf
j:g g;Sg] cj:yf ePsf]n] 5'6L[ leGg eP klg cfdf,
a'jf;Fu} j;]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sdns'df/
zdf{ l3ld/]n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] ljj/0fM
3/ hUuf wgLsf] gfdM v'daxfb'/ v8\sf
hUufsf] ljj/0fM lhNnf bf ;tjl/of uf=lj=;= jf=g+ !-v_
lsQf g+= hUufsf] lsl;d If]qkmn -ljufxfdf_ df]xL eP gePsf]

!^*
!^(
!&^
!&&
@$&
##$
##%
#@@
!#@
!#$
!#%
!#^

wgx/ bf]od
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
wgx/ ;Ld
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

))!=%
)!(!
)@!&
)##
)!&(
)*!
)!!^
)#*
)!!^
))!!
))!^
))(
781

!#&
,,
))*
!$(
,,
)%^
!$*
,,
)@!!
!$&
,,
)#!)
!$^
,,
)#!%
!$%
,,
)**
!#*
,,
)#^
P]=P]= jf=g+= !-u_
(
le6 kfvf cjn
)&!&
!!
,,
)$$
!#
,,
)&!)
!%
,,
)$!)
!&
,,
)$!*=%
@!
,,
)!(%
@^
,,
)!$
;tjl/of uf=lj=;= jf=g+= ^ uf]e]mgf, bf
@&
,,
)$@
;tjl/of uf=lj=;= jf=g+= ^ uf]e]mgf, bf
@*
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;DklQ klg ;|ft] k|dfl0ft gePsf] u}/sfg"gL

cfh{g x'g] x'gfn] pk/f]Qm ;fg]kfsf] 3/
hUuf klg j}wflgs ;|f]t k|dfl0ft gePsf]
u}/sfg"gL cfh{g b]lvPsf] 5 .
s[lif cfo ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn] @)$*
;fnb]lv @)%* ;fn;Dd k|ltjif{ ?=!) nfv
cfo x'g] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
/sd cfdf / efOsf] hUuf ;d]taf6 x'g]
cfo eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . @)$$.*.@! df
g} c+z kfO;s]sf] b]lvPsf] / Toltg} hUuf
cfgf] hUuf ePsf] egL @)$* ;fndf
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnodf ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL;Fu cfgf] hUuf !))
!) ljufxf dfq /x]sf] lglj{jfb :yflkt ePsf]
5 . @)$$ ;fndf c+z kfPkl5 @)$*
;fndf dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnodf ;DklQ
ljj/0f k]z u?~h]n $ jif{sf] cfo ?=@
nfv gub df}Hbft /x]sf] tYo lghn] k]z
u/]s} ljj/0faf6 :jLsf/]sf] cj:yf 5 . of]
tYon] jflif{s s[lif cfo ?=# nfv ^)^%
xhf/ x'g] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ e"m7f] /
cfwf/lxg k|dfl0ft x'G5 . c+zdf k|fKt !)
)!) ljufxf hUufdWo] wgx/ v]t hUuf
ljufxf %^!@=% ePsf] / em08} $ ljufxf
hUufdf df]xL sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]kl5sf
jif{xdf ;kl/jf/ sf7df8f}dF f g} j;f]jf;
ug]{ u/]sf] tyf lgh / lghsf Psf3/
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox s[ifssf] ?kdf v]tLkflt
ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] cfof]u ;dIfsf] aofg
sygdf ;d]t v'Ng cfPsf] b]lvb}g . v]tLkflt
klg k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6 dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o; l:yltdf v]tLkflt cGo JolQmx dfkm{t
u/fO{ hf] xft ;f] ;fy u/L k|fKt x'g] cfosf]
artn] 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] rn crn ;DklQ
j}wflgs ?kdf cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt
gb]lvPaf6 ;f] hUufaf6 pNn]Vo cfDbfgL
x'g] cj:yf 5}gb]lvb}g .
786

*_

k|ltjfbL dGqL ePkZrft\ lghn] lgoldt

?kdf kfpg] kfl/>lds tflnsf g+= !)
sf] qmd ;+Vof ^ / & df pNn]v eP
cg';f/ ?=!$,*^,$@$.(% b]lvG5 . lgh
ljb]z e|d0fdf hfbf k|fKt ePsf] egL
tflnsf g+ = !) df plNnlvt /sd
?=%,!#,(@#.&% b]lvG5 . dGqL kbdf jxfn
/x]sf] / cGo cj:yfdf klg ;f+;b tyf
cfgf] /fhgLlts bnsf] pRr:t/Lo
g]tfsf] x}l;otdf vfg j:g / kfl/jfl/s
vr{ rnfO{ kf6L{ sfo{stf{ Oi6ldq cflbsf]
;fdfGo cfltYo ;DkGg ug' { k g] { x' F b f
k|ltjfbLn] k|fKt ug]{ j}wflgs kfl/>lds
/ eQf cflbaf6 b}lgs kfl/jfl/s vr{
;~rfng ug{ g} wf}wf} kg]{ jf:tljstfnfO{
gsfg{ ;lsGg . o:tf] cj:yfdf
kfl/>ldsjf6 art u/L rncrn ;DklQ
cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
(_ j}bl] zs eQfafkt k|fKt /sd egL dGqL
kbsf] JolQm ljb]z hfFbf vfg, j:g jf slxn]
sfxL kfs]6 vr{ egL k|fKt /sd ;f]xL
k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ x'g] / 3/ kl/jf/nfO{
;fgf]ltgf] sf]zn
] L tyf ;fdfGo d"Nosf rLh
v/Lb ug{ dfq k'Ug] Go"g /sd dfq art
x'g ;Sg] x'gfn] 3/ hUuf uf8L h:tf
;DklQdf nufgL ug{ ljb]z e|d0faf6 art
x'g] /sdaf6 ;Dej b]lvb}g .
!)_ k|ltjfbLsf efO lvdaxfb'/ v8\sfn] a/fa/L
c+z kfPsf]df ljjfb 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] pNn]v
u/]em} s[lifaf6 cToflws cfDbfgL x'g] eP
lghsf efOsf] cfly{s x}l;ot k|ltjfbLsf]
e}m j[l4 ePsf] x'g' kg]{ xf] t/ ;f] b]lvPsf]
5}g . o; tYojf6 klg k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs
kb wf/0f u/]s} cjlwdf clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u
u/L c:jfefljs / cldNbf] cfly{s x}l;ot
b]lvg] ;DklQdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . h;n]
u}/sfg"gL sfo{ u/L cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ xf]
eGg] yk cfwf/ :yflkt ub{5 .

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf a'em] sf /sdsf] ljj/0f M

l;=g+=
!=
@
#
hDdf
$=
%=

ljj/0f
;/sf/L ljb]z e|d0f j]nfot
/ cd]l/sf
;/sf/L ljb]z e|d0f rLg
;/sf/L ljb]z e|d0f cli6of

dGqfno
lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft

ldlt
)$*.&.!*

/sd
@,!&,*)).

u[x
u[x

)%#.@.!#
)%*.^.!^

cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{ j}+ss

e|d0f -JolQmut_
cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{ j]nfot
e|d0f -JolQmut_

lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft

)%!.^.!!

@,)!,**%.
($,@#*.&%
%,!#,(@#.&%
!,)),))).

hn;|f]t

)%&.@.@&

&,!*,$%#.@)

;f+;bsf] tnj eQf /

bz}v
+ r{afkt
dGqL kbsf] tnj eQf /
b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf

;+;b ;lrjfno

ljleGg

*,!*,$%#.@)
%,&$,*$(.

ljleGg

ljleGg

(,!!,%&%.(%

hDdf
^=
&=

hDdf
s'n hDdf

;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ M
gfd y/M v'daxfb'/ v8\sf
bf lhNnf, ;tjl/of uf=lj=;=^ uf]em] gf l:yt
ls=g+= @& / @* sf] )(!! ljufxfsf] k}ts
[
hUufdf @)$( ;fndf lgld{t @ tNn] 3/, uf]bfd
3/ efG;f 3/, Uof/]h 3/ d"No ?= @!,%&,$)(.@$
bf lhNnf, ;tjl/of uf=lj=;=^ uf]em] gf l:yt
ls=g+= @& / @* sf] )(!! ljufxf hUufdf
@)%$ ;fndf lgld{t 3/, dlGb/ / zf}rfno! /
@ ;d]tsf] d"No ?=@*,!%,&&).%! dWo] ;|ft] v'ns
] f]
?= ^,&$,)(%.$^
v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsL 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfnfO{ lghL
vr{df ef/tsf] dl0fkfnl:yt cWoog ;+:yfdf
lrlsT;f ljifo cWoog u/fpFbf -@=% jif{_ sf]
vr{ ?= &,)$,))).
;'g ## tf]nfsf] k|lt tf]nf ?=!),@)).!& sf
b/n] x'g] ?= #,#^,^)%.^!
rfFbL @ lsnf] (#) u|fdsf] k|lt lsnf] ?=!#,!%).
sf b/n] x'g] ?= #*,%@(.%)
hDdf ?= #(,!),^#(.*!
787

!$,*^,$@$.(%
@*,!*,*)!.()

;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQsf] laZn]if0fM
!_ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] @)$* ;fndf
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnodf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ
lja/0fdf cfkm";Fu !) laufxf hUuf, &
tf]nf ;'g, ^ tf]nf rfFbL / gub ?=@ nfv
ePsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . :j]lR5s
?kdf cfk}mn] k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf]
cfwf/df k}t[s ;DklQaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
v]tLkfltsf] cfDbfgL jflif{s ?kdf ?=%)
xhf/ eGbfa9L art x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvb}g . @)$$ ;fndf !))!) laufxf
hUuf c+zdf kfPsf] b]lvgfn] v]tLaf6 klg
cfo x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !! sf] qmd
;+Vof ! df plNnlvt k|ltjfbLsf] @)$( ;fndf
lghsf] bf lhNnfl:yt ;tjl/of uf=lj=;= jf=g+=
^ uf]e]mgfsf] k}t[s hUufdf 3/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 .
lghn] ?=# nfvsf] nfutdf Pp6f dfq 3/
agfPsf] eGg] egfO{ ePtfklg @)$( ;fndf
cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !! sf] qm=;+= ! df

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

plNnlvt @ tNn] 3/sf ;fy} efG5f 3/ / Uof/]h

;d] t agfPsf] b] l vPsf] / k| f ljlwsxn]
tTsfnsf] d"Nosf] cfwf/df u/]sf] d"Nofg
cg';f/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ vr{ ?=!@,%!,#&%.#%
nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . @)$* ;fndf dlGqkl/ifb\
;lrjfnodf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf plNnlvt ?=@
nfv gub, @)$*.#.#) df ?=$&,))). v/Lb
u/]sf] tflnsf g+= $ qm=;+= $ df plNnlvt
ls=g+= %(% sf] )%)) /f]kgL hUuf ldlt
@)$(.!@.* df ?=($,))). df laqmL u/]sf]
/sd / k}t[s ;DklQsf] Psjif{sf] s[lif cfoaf6
a9Ldf %) xhf/;Dd art x'g ;Sg] /sd ;d]t
u/L a9Ldf ?=$ nfv;Dd cfosf] j}wflgs ;|f]t
b]lvPsf] 5 . jfFsL gk'u /sd 3/ agfpFbfsf]
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{
k|f/De dfq u/]sf] / jf;:yfgsf] nflu pko'Qm
3/ lgdf{0f ug{ lghsf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldnfO{
x]bf{ cfgf] kl/jf/af6 x'g ;Sg] ;xof]u ;d]tsf]
;Defjgf x'Fbf lghn] bf lhNnfl:yt ;tjl/of
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf8{ g+= ^ uf]e]mgfdf @)$(
;fndf 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ nfu]sf] ;DklQnfO{
j}wflgs cfo;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQ dfGg ;Sg]
cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;DklQsf] j}wflgs ;|f]t
v'Ng ;Sg] cfwf/ :yflkt ePsf]n] xfnsf]
d"Nofgadf]lhd ?=@!,%&,$)(.@$ nfO{ ;|f]t
v'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
@_

tflnsf g+= !! sf] qmd;+Vof @ df plNnlvt

k|ltjfbLsf] bf lhNnf, ;tjl/of uf=lj=;=
^ uf]em] gfl:yt ls=g+= @& / @* sf] k}ts
[
hUufdf ?=@*,!%,&&).%! d"No a/fa/sf]
3/ dlGb/ / zf}rfno @)%$ ;fndf lgdf{0f
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm 3/, dlGb/ / zf}rfno
lgdf{ 0 f ubf{ tTsfnLg ;dodf
?=@%,)^,)$&.*@ /sd vr{ ePsf] s'/f
k|fljlws ljz]if1xn] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
u/]sf 5g\ .

b' O { t n] uf] 7 3/, Uof/] h 3/ ldlt

@)%*.!@.@( / @)%(.!.#) df lj:kmf]6g u/fO{
Iflt k'ofPsf]n] ;f] Ifltk"lt{ lng] l;nl;nfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/f/f u7g ePsf] :yfgLo Iflt
d"Nofg ;ldltn] pQm ;DklQsf] x|f; s6[L ubf{
cfjf; u[xsf] % jif{ / cGosf] !) jif{sf] dfq
u/]sf] x'F+bf pQm cfjf; u[xsf] @)%$ ;fndf /
cGo ejgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ @)$( ;fndf ePsf]
:ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] 3/, Uof/]h lgdf{0f u/]sf]
cjlwsf] cfwf/df :yfgLo Iflt d" N ofg
;ldltf/f Iflt ePsf] ;DklQsf] hDdf
?=!%,%%,*^!. d"Nofg ePaf6 pQm /sd ldlt
@)%(.^.!^ df k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 lghsf efO
lvdaxfb'/ v8\sfn] a}+s r]s dfkm{t /sd a'emL
bfh' v'daxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ lbPsf] s'/f e'QmfgL
lng] elgPsf lvdaxfb'/ v8\sfn] / ;f] /sd
cfkm"n] kfPsf] s'/f k|ltjfbL :jo+n] cfof]u
;dIfsf] aofgdf pNn]v u/]af6 cfjf; u[x,
zf}rfno / dlGb/ ;d]t @)%$ ;fndf lgdf{0f
u/]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .
;|f]tsf] ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn] cfgf]
v]tLaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf] artaf6 lgdf{0f u/]sf]
egL aofg sygdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . @)%)
;fn kl5sf jif{xdf s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] d"Nodf
ePsf] s]xL j[l4n] klg klxn]sf] t'ngfdf s[lif
cfDbfgLaf6 x'g] cfo a9\g ;Sg] l:ylt Psflt/
b]lvPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ cfgf kl/jf/sf] kfng
kf]if0f, lzIff h:tf clgjfo{ ?kdf vr{ x'g]
zLif{sdf /fHoaf6 k|fKt ug]{ tnj eQfsf] /sd
pkof]u x'g ;Sg] ePaf6 o:tf sfo{sf nflu yk
/sd h'6fpg' kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] k}t[s
;DklQaf6 k|fKt wgx/ %^!@=% ljufxfsf]
@)$( ;fn kl5sf] cfDbfgLaf6 art ePsf] ;
;fgf] kl/df0fsf] /sdaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] a9Ldf
s/Lj ?=$ nfv /sd / @)%# ;fn;Dd a]nfot,
cd]l/sf / rLgdf ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf
hfF b f ;/sf/L sf] i faf6 k| f Kt ePsf] /sd
?=$,!(,^*%. dWo] s/Lj @ nfv;Dd art x'g

788

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

;Sg] hDdf ?=^ nfvsf] j}wflgs ;|f]t b]lvPsf]

5 . ;f] /sd tTsfnLg ;dosf] b//]6 adf]lhd
x'g cfpg] d"No ?=@%,)^,)$&.*@ sf] pQm 3/,
dlGb/ / zf}rfno lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]
5 . @)%$ ;fndf lgld{t 3/, dlGb/, zf}rfnodf
vr{ ePsf] /sddWo] ;| f ] t v' N g cfPsf]
?=^,)),))). /sdsf] ;dfg'kflts a[l4n] x'g]
xfnsf] d"No ?=^,&$,)(%.$^ d"No a/fa/sf]
;DklQsf] ;|f]t v'n]sf] x'Fbf pQm /sdnfO{ ;|f]t
v'n]sf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
#=_

$_

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]kl5 k|ltjfbL;Fu

;'g ## tf]nf / rfFbL @=(# s]=hL= cfh{g
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DklQ ljjfx kZrft\
;;'/fnLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] egL aofgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fcg';f/ ljjfxsf] ;dodf
jf ljjfx k"j{ / kZrft\ 5f]/LnfO{ ;'g
rfFbLsf uxgfx bfOhf] :j?k pkxf/
lbg] k|rng /x]sf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ ;d]t dWo
gh/ ubf{ tyf v]tLkfltaf6 k|fKt ePsf]
cfosf] artsf] /sd tyf ljb]z e|d0f
hfFbf ;do ;dodf sfg"gadf]lhd Nofpg
kfpg] ;' g lsgL NofPsf] x' g ;Sg]
;DefjgfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs kb
wf/0f u/]kZrft\ a[l4 u/]sf] ;'g / rfFbLsf]
?=#,&%,!#%.!^ nfO{ ;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQsf]
?kdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= !! sf] qmd ;+Vof # df

plNnlvt /sd 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf]
cWoog vr{ egL cfof]u ;dIfsf] aofgdf
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . k|ltjfbL s} aofgcg';f/
xfn;Dd lrlsT;f ljifo k9fpF b f
?=&,)$,))). eGbf a9L g} vr{ e};s]sf]
s'/f v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . lghL vr{df lrlsT;f
ljifo k9fpFbf nfu]sf] vr{sf] ;|f]tsf]
;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQ ljj/0f
ljifodf k| l tjfbLn] s[ l ifcfosf]
cfDbfgLaf6 art ePsf] /sdn] cWoog v'daxfb'/ v8\sf
u/fPsf] egL aofgdf pNn] v u/] s f]
;DklQsf] ljj/0fM v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . @)%% ;fnkl5 s[lifsf]
gfddf ldlt @)%#.!).@) df v/Lb u/]sf]
cfDbfgL / sfg"g;Ddt 9n] @)%*.^.!^
ldT;'lj;L kh]/f] af=@ r (%%% sf] v/Lb
df cli6of hfFbf k|fKt u/]sf] /sdaf6
d"No ?=@$,%),))).
art ePsf] tyf cGo k|ltjfbLn] art
bf lhNnf, ;tjl/of uf=lj=;=^ uf]em] gf
eg]sf /sd ;d]tn] 5f]/LnfO{ cWoog u/fO{
l:yt ls=g+= @& / @* sf] )(!! ljufxf
/x]sf] x'g;Sg] b]lv+bf 5f]/LnfO{ ef/tdf
hUufdf @)%$ ;fndf lgld{t 3/, dlGb/
k9g k9fpFbf nfu]sf] vr{ ?=&,)$,))).
/ zf}rfno! / @ sf] ?=@*,!%,&&).%!
/sdnfO{ ;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf
dWo] ;|ft] v'Ng g;s]sf] ?=@!,$!,^&%.)%
u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= !! sf] qmd ;+Vof $ / % df zLnf zdf{ v8\sf
plNnlvt ;' g / rfF b Lsf ;DaGwdf
ldlt @)%%.!.#!df v/Lb u/]sf] nlntk'/
k|ltjfbLn] cfk"m;Fu $) tf]nf ;'g, # lsnf]
pkdxfgu/kflnsf ;fg]kf@ -s_ ls=g+=
rfFbL /x]sf] egL ;DklQ Goflos 5fgaLg
@$( If]qkmn !^!! /f]kgL hUufsf]
cfof]udf ljj/0f k]z u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
?=#),!@,!*&.%)
cfof]unfO{ u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]dWo] k}t[s
>LdtL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_sf] gfddf
& tf]nf ;'g / ^ tf]nf rfFbL ePsf] /
Pe/]i6 a}s
+ ln= gofF jfg]Zj/l:yt vftf
789

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

g+= *%*) P df /x]sf] a}s

+ df}Hbft
?=#^,#(,(!@.^#
ldlt @)%*.!).@^df v/Lb u/]sf] nlntk'/
pkdxfgu/kflnsf ;fg]kf @-s_ ls=g+=
!)& / !*^ If]qkmn !^)) / )!!
) u/L hDdf If]qkmn !&!) /f]kgL hUuf
/ ;f] d f lgld{ t 3/ ;d] t sf] d" N o
?=!,@$,@&,!^&.)^
k'gd v8\sf
5f]/Lsf] gfdsf] lxdfnog a}s
+ , 7d]n l:yt
art vftf g+=+ !#&))) h] df /x]sf]
a}s df}Hbft ?=!^,^*@.
hDdf ?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$

uhf]{ 6fg]{ lx;fjn] ;fk6df lng] lbg] sfo{

ePsf] egL k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhsL/
s;"/af6 aRg agfj6L / e"m7f] egfO{ dfq
b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]kZrft\
cfh{g u/]sf ;DklQsf] ;|ft] sf] ljifodf s[lif cfo
egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lghn] pNn]v u/]sf]
cfosf] ;|f]t elgPsf] v]tLkflt cfoaf6 - @)$$
;fnb]lv @)$( ;fn;Ddsf] s[lifcfonfO{ ;|ft
v'n]sf] ;DklQsf] bkmf ! df ljj]rgf ul/Psf]
_@)%) ;fnb]lv @)%# ;fn;Dd ?=!),%),))).
art lyof] eGg] lhsL/ sfNklgs / s;"/af6
aRg agfj6L s'/f dfq b]lvG5 . v]tLsf] cfo
;tjl/ofl:yt 3/d} /fVg] ul/Psf] eGg] lghsf]
egfO ePsf] b]lv+bf / @)%) ;fnb]lv @)%$
;fn;Ddsf] s[lifcfon] ;tjl/ofdf @)%$ ;fndf
3/ agfpbf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] j}wflgs
;|f]t gv'n]sf] ?=@$,%),))). /sd vr{ u/L
v/Lb u/]sf] plNnlvt kh]/f] uf8LnfO{ ;|f]t
gv'n]sf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf
lnOPsf] 5 .

;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0f M
!_ cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !@ sf] qm=;+= ! df
plNnlvt k|ltjfbLsf] gfdsf] af=@ r=(%%%
sf] ldT;'lj;L kh]/f] @)%# ;fndf v/Lb
u/]sf] ;|f]tsf] ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn] ?=!$
nfv dLgejgdf j:g] hLt]Gb| >]i7 eGg]
JolQm;Fu ;fk6L lnPsf] / afFsL ?=!) nfv
%) xhf/ s[lifsf] cfo;|f]t / tnj eQfsf]
art u/]sf] gub ;DklQaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
eGg] aofg syg 5 . k|ltjfbLn] kh]/f] uf8L @_
v/Lb ug{ ;fk6L lnPsf] elgPsf] ;dodf
lghsL >LdtL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ sf]
gfddf Pe/]i6 a}+s ln= gofF jfg]Zj/df
?=!) nfv / lghsL tTsfnLg gfaflnsf
5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf lxdfnog a}s
+ ,
7d]ndf ?=% nfv u/L hDdf ?=!% nfv
a}+s df}Hbft /x]sf] 5 . cfk"m;Fu gub /x]s}
cj:yfdf cGo JolQmaf6 ?=!$ nfv ;fk6L
lnO{ hfkfgaf6 cfoft ul/g] uf8Lx dWo]
dx+uf] ldT;'lj;L uf8L v/Lb u/]sf] eGg]
aofgdf ;Totf b]lvb}g . g]kfn clw/fHosf]
c;+ul7t If]qsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] lx;fjn]
klg ?=!$ nfv 7"nf] /sd /x]sf] / ;f]
kl/df0fsf] /sd c;+ul7t If]qaf6 3/fo;L
790

cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !@ sf] qmd ;+Vof

@ df plNnlvt k|ltjfbLsf] bf lhNnf,
;tjl/of uf=lj=;=^ uf]e]mgfl:yt ls=g+=
@& / @* sf] k} t [ s hUufdf
?=@*,!%,&&).%! d"No a/fa/sf] 3/ dlGb/
/ zf}rfno @)%$ ;fndf lgdf{0f ePsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm 3/, dlGb/ / zf}rfno lgdf{0f
ubf{ tTsfnLg ;dodf ?=@%,)^,)$&.*@
/sd vr{ ePsf] s'/f tTsfnLg lgdf{0f
d"Nosf] cfwf/df k|fljlws ljz]if1xn] pQm
;DklQsf] d"Nofg u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
5 . @)%$ ;fndf cfjf; 3/ agfPsf]
s'/f lghn] OGsf/ u/] tfklg @)%*.!@.@(
/ @)%(.!.#) df ;tjl/ofl:yt lghsf
3/ ljikmf]6gaf6 Iflt eP afkt Ifltk"lt{

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

/sd lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf >L % sf] ;/sf/n]

u7g u/]sf] :yfgLo Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f
;ldltsf] d"Nofgdf @)%$ ;fndf ag]sf]
3/ - x|f; s6[Lsf cfwf/df _ ;d]tsf]
d"Nofg u/]sf] / ;f] afkt ?=!%,%%,*^!.
/sd a'emL ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
;| f ] t sf] ljifodf k| l tjfbLn] cfgf]
v]tLkfltaf6 k|fKt x'g] df}lb|s cfosf] nfdf]
;dob]lvsf] artaf6 lgdf{0f u/]sf] egL aofg
sygdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . @)%) ;fn kl5sf
jif{xdf s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] d"Nodf ePsf] s]xL
j[l4n] klxn]sf] t'ngfdf s[lif cfDbfgLaf6 x'g]
df}lb|s cfo a9\g ;Sg] l:ylt Psflt/ b]lvPsf] 5
eg] csf{lt/ cfgf kl/jf/sf] kfng kf]if0f, lzIff
h:tf clgjfo{ ?kdf vr{ x'g] zLif{sdf /fHoaf6
k|fKt ug]{ tnj eQfsf] /sd pkof]u x'g ;Sg]
ePaf6 o:tf sfo{sf nflu yk /sd h'6fpg' kg]{
cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] k}t[s ;DklQaf6 k|fKt wgx/
%^!@=% ljufxfsf] cfDbfgLsf] @)%) ;fnb]lv
@)%$ ;fn;Dd v]tLkfltsf] cfDbfgLsf] ;;fgf]
kl/df0fsf] artaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] a9Ldf ?=$
nfv / @)%# ;fn;Dd ;/sf/L sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf ljb]z hfFbf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 k|fKt
ePsf] /sddWo] lghs} egfO{ adf]lhd art x'g]
/sdsf] s/Lj @ nfvnfO{ art ePsf] dflg pQm
3/, dlGb/, zf}rfno lgdf{0f u/]sf] tTsfnLg
;dosf] b//] 6 adf] l hd x' g cfpg] d" N o
?=@%,)^,)$&.*@ dWo] ?=^,)),))). sf] ;|f]t
v'Ng ;Sg] cfwf/ :yflkt ePsf] -;f] ljifodf
;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQsf] a"Fbf g+=@ df ljj]rgf
ul/Psf]_ x'Fbf jfFsL ?=!(,)^,)$&.%) sf] ;|f]t
v'Ng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ;f] ;DklQnfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f]
;DklQsf] ?kdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . ctM @)%$
;fndf lgld{t 3/, dlGb/, zf}rfnodf vr{ ePsf]
/sddWo] ;|f]t v'Ng gcfPsf] ?=!(,)^,)$&.%)
/sdsf] ;dfg'kflts a[4n] x'g] xfnsf] d"No
?=@!,$!,^&%.)% d"No a/fa/sf] ;DklQsf]
791

j}wflgs ;|f]t gv'n]sf] x'Fbf pQm /sd a/fa/sf]

;DklQnfO{ ;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L
bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
#_

cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !@ sf] qm= ;+= # df

plNnlvt nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f
gDj/ @-s_ ls=g+= @$( If]qkmn !^!!
/f]kgLsf] hUuf ldlt @)%%.!.#! df lnvt
adf]lhd ?=@),(@,))). d"Nodf v/Lb u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] hUufsf] xfnsf] d"Nofg
cg';f/ ?=#),!@,!*&.%) /x]sf] 5 .

v/Lb u/]sf] ls=g+= @$( sf] hUufsf]

;|f]tsf] ljifodf k|ltjfbLn] hldgsf] cfo;|f]t,
ljb]z hfFbf art ePsf] /sd / cfgf] tnj
eQfaf6 art ePsf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] egL
cfof]u ;dIf aofg sygdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
s[lif Joj;fo k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6 x'g] u/]sf] tyf
csf{ n ] v6fP/ lbPsf] hldgsf] cfo;| f ] t n]
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cltl/Qm h] hlt art x'g ;SYof]
;f] art Go"g x'g] ePsf]n] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf rn
crn ;DklQ v/Lb ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvb}g . v]tLsf] cfo / cGo ;|f]taf6 h] hlt
k|fKt x'g ;Sg] art /sd ?=!),&(,!#%.!!
j/fj/sf] ;DklQ ;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQsf] tflnsf
g+= !! sf] qm=;+= #, $ / % df plNnlvt sfo{df
k|of]u ePsf] b]lvPaf6 v]tL ;d]taf6 x'g] ;Lldt
cfon] yk ;DklQ v/Lb ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt
5} g b] l vb} g . To;} u /L ;/sf/L sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf ljb]z e|d0fafkt lghn] k|fKt u/]sf]
hDdf ?=%,!#,(@#.&% -:jf:Yof] k rf/ vr{
afx]ssf]_ /sdaf6 s]xL /sd art ePsf] eP
pQm /sd ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQ dWo] @)%$ ;fndf
bf lhNnfsf] ;tjl/of uf=lj=;=^ ls=g+= @& /
@* df lgld{t 3/df nfu]sf] x'g ;Sg] egL ;|f]t
v'n]sf] ;DklQsf] a'Fbf g+= # df ljj]rgf ePsfn]
lghsf] egfO{ tYodf cfwfl/t g/x]sf]n] ljZjf;
ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ :yflkt x'g ;Qm}g . ;DklQ v/Lb

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

ubf{sf] csf]{ ;|f]t egL ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ubf{

/fHoaf6 k|fKt ug]{ tnj eQf, bz} vr{ h:tf
/sdsf] artaf6 jtfPklg /fhgLlts If]qsf
JolQmxn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{ ;fdfGotM
lgjf{rg k|lqmofaf6 r'lgg' kbf{ pDd]bjf/Lsf] k|rf/
k|;f/ sfo{stf{ tyf hgkl/rfng, ;~rf/ tyf
oftfoft / hg;Dks{ OToflbdf vr{ eO{ art
x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . j}wflgs cfo;|f]taf6 h]
hlt /sd art x'g ;SYof] ;f]nfO{ u0fgf u/L
;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf k|of]u ePsf] x'g ;Sg] egL
;dfj]z ul/Psf]n] k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{df ;Totf
/x]sf] kfOPg5}g . ctM @)%% ;fndf ?=@)
nfv (@ xhf/ d"Nodf ?=#),!@,!*&.%) d"No
a/fa/sf] hUuf v/Lb ug{] ;DklQsf] j}wflgs
;|f]t v'Ng ;Sg] cfwf/ :yflkt x'g g;s]sf]n] ;f]
hUufnfO{ ;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L
bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
$_

cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !@ sf] qmd ;+Vof

$ / % df plNnlvt k|ltjfbLsf] 5f]/L k'gd
v8\sfsf] gfddf @)%@.(.@% ?=% nfv /
@)%%.(.!@ df ?=$ nfv Psd'i6 yk u/L
( nfv ?k}of d'2tL vftfdf lxdfnog a}s
+
lnld6]8, lqb]jLdfu{, 7d]ndf hDdf u/]sf]
;fy} kTgL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_sf] gfddf
ldlt @)%#.!@.!$ df ?=!% nfv / ldlt
@)%^.$.@# df ?=!) nfv Psd'i6 yk u/L
hDdf ?=@% nfv Pe/]i6 a}+ssf] d'2tL
vftfdf hDdf u/]sf] b]lvof] . plNnlvt
ldltdf Toqf] 7"nf] /sd k|fKt x'g ;Sg] j}w;|ft]
b]vfpg g;s]sf] / s[lif, ljb]z e|d0f ;d]taf6
k|fKt x'g ;Sg] cfoaf6 art x'g ;Sg] /sd
klg cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u e};s]sf]
egL ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf ;dfj]z e};s]sf]
x'gfn] >LdtL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ sf gfddf
Pe/]i6 a}s
+ ln= gofF jfg]Zj/df df}Hbft
/x]sf] ?=#^,#(,(!@.^# / k'gd v8\sfsf]
gfddf lxdfnog a}s
+ ln= lqb]jLdfu{, 7d]ndf

xfn df}Hbft /x]sf] ?=!^,^*@./sd ;d]t

;|ft] v'Ng g;s]sf] u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ
b]lvof] .
k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf hDdf u/]sf]
?=(,)),))). ;|f]t v'Ng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . pQm
/sdaf6 k|fKt ePsf] Jofh ;d]t u/L hDdf
?=!!,*%,))). zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_n] ldlt
@)%*.%.!* df lems]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f] /sdsf]
ljifodf k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] ;fg]kfl:yt
3/ hUuf ldlt @)%*.!).@^ df v/Lb u/]sf]
3/df k|of]u u/]sf] egL aofgdf pNn]v u/]sf /
a}+saf6 /sd lems]sf] tyf 3/ v/Lb u/]sf]
;dosf] ;fldKonfO{ x]bf{ lghsf] lhsL/ :jfefljs
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] 3/ hUuf g} j}wflgs ;|f]t gv'n]sf]
;DklQsf] ?kdf bfjLdf lnO ;s]sf] x'Fbf a}+saf6
lems]sf] ?=!!,*%,))). nfO{ bfjLdf glnO{
lxdfnog a}s
+ lnld6]8sf] vftf g+= !#&))) h]
df afFsL /xg uPsf] a}+s df}Hbft ?=!^,^*@.
nfO{ dfq ;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQdf u0fgf u/L
bfjLdf lnOPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLsL >LdtL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_
sf] gfddf Pe/]i6 a}+s gofF jfg]Zj/l:yt a}+s
df}Hbftsf] ljifodf k|ltjfbLn] @)%%.@)%^ lt/
bf lhNnfdf cft a9]kl5 3/df ePsf] gub
NofO{ sf7df8f}Fsf] a}+sdf hDdf u/]sf] egL aofg
sygdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ zLnf zdf{
-v8\sf_ sf] gfddf @)%# ;fndf g} Pe/]i6
a}+s ln+= gofF jfg]Zj/df ?=!% nfvsf] d'2tL
vftf vf]n]sf] / s]xL ;do kl5 ?=!) nfv ykL
?=@% nfvsf] d'2lt vftf vf]n]sf] x'Fbf lghsf]
cfgf] egfO{ g} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 . hf]
k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] s;"/sf] arfj6sf] nflu dfq
sfNklgs tyf e"m7f aofg lbPsf] x'Fbf pQm
gub ;DklQsf] ;|f]tsf] j}wflgs cfwf/ :yflkt
gePsf]n] ?=@% nfv / ;f] /sdaf6 Jofh ;d]t
u/L a9]a9fPsf] vftf gDa/ *%*) P sf] hDdf
?=#^,#(,(!@.^# a}+s df}HbftnfO{ j}wflgs ;|f]t

792

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

gv'n]sf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf u0fgf u/L bfjLdf

lnOPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf lzlIft JolQm
tyf /fhgLlts JolQmTj /x]sf] x'Fbf @)$*
;fnb]lv @)%^ ;fn ;Ddsf] s[lif cfoaf6 ePsf]
df}lb|s art 3/df g} /fv]sf] lyP eGg] egfO{df
cfk}mdf e"m7f] / ts{xLg b]lvG5 . olb v]tLsf]
cfoaf6 art ePsf] /sd /x]sf] eP klg 7"nf]
kl/df0fsf] /sd sf7df8f}F Nofp+bf jfl0fHo
a}s
+ xsf] ;'ljwf /x]sf] bf lhNnfaf6 a}s
+ dfk{mt
/sd NofPsf] gb]lvg'n] klg k|ltjfbLn] cfgf]
s;"/af6 aRg] k|of; :j?k cfof]udf e"m7f aofg
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] o; ljifodf k|ltjfb
ubf{ cfgf] kl/jf/n] /sd ;fk6L lb+bf Jofh
lng] gu/]sf], a}+sdf /fVg] k|rng gePsf] egL
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . tkfO{ ;kl/jf/
sf7df8f}Fdf j:g] / 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] /sd bf
lhNnfl:yt cfgf] 3/df /fVg] ljifosf ;jfndf
k|ltjfbLn] ;f] 3/ ePsf] :yfgdf rf]/Lsf] 8/
gePsf] / 3/df sfd ug]{ dflg;x /xg] u/]sf]
x'Fbf 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] /sd 3/df g} ;'/lIft x'g]
u/]sf] egL hjfkm lbPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ @)%$
;fn;Ddsf] x' g ;Sg] s[ l if cfosf] c
;tjl/ofdf 3/ agfpbf / ;f] kZrftsf] /sd
5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf] cWoogsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf]
egL ;|f]t v'n]sf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ePsf]
x'Fbf lghsf] egfOcg';f/ c? /sd 3/df lyof]
eGg] syg ljZjf;nfos b]lvGg .
%_

cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !@ sf] qm=;+= ^ df

plNnlvt n=k'=p=d=g=kf= jf=g+= @ -s_
;fg]kfl:yt ls=g+= !)& / !*^ If]qkmn
qmdzM !^)) / )!!) u/L hDdf
If]qkmn !&!) sf] hUuf / ;f]df lgld{t
3/ ;d]t ldlt @)%*.!).@^ df >LdtL
zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_sf] gfddf s[i0fgu/
gu/kflnsf% a:g] jL/] G b| s ' d f/
sgf}l8ofaf6 lnvt adf]lhd ?=^) nfvdf
793

v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm 3/ hUuf

k|fljlws ljz]if1af6 d"Nofg u/fpFbf
xfnsf] d"No ?=!,@$,@&,!^&.)^ a/fa/sf]
;DklQ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] 3/ 38]/L v/Lb
ubf{ sf=d=g=kf=( ls=g+= #)!, #)@ / **
sf] hDdf If]qkmn !%!@ sf] hUuf
laqmLaf6 cfPsf] ?=#) nfv, 5f]/L k'gd
v8\sfsf] gfddf a}+s df}Hbft /x]sf] s/Lj
?=!@ nfv, eQmk'/ s6'~h]sf] hUuf laqmL
af6 k|fKt ?=%,%),))). uf}/L3f6sf] hUuf
laqmLaf6 k|fKt cGbfhL ?=# nfv tnj
eQf / ljb]z hfFbfsf] /sd / afFsL hldgsf]
cfoaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] egL k|ltjfbLsf]
cfof]u ;dIfsf] aofg sygdf pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . hf] lgDg cfwf/af6 j}wflgs
cfh{gsf] ;DklQ b]lvGgM
-s_ sf=d=g=kf=( ls=g+= #)!, #)@ / **
If] q kmn !%!@ sf] hUuf ldlt
@)%^.(.!@ df ?=%,#$,#&%. df v/Lb
u/]sf]df ;f] hUuf v/Lb ubf{sf] ;|f]t
gv'ns
] f]n] ;f] ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf]
;DklQ tflnsf g+= $ sf] qm=;+=# df
pNn]v e} cf/f]k kqsf] bkmf &-v_ df
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] hUufsf]
laqmLaf6 k| f Kt ePsf] /sd ?=#)
nfvnfO{ a}+w cfh{gsf] ;DklQ dfGg
ldn]g . pQm hUuf v/Lb ubf{sf] ;dodf
k|ltjfbLsf] v]tL Joj;foaf6 k|fKt x'g]
j}wflgs cfo a9Ldf ?=! nfv;Dd x'g
;Sg] ;f] /sd klg 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfnfO{
lghL vr{df ef/tsf] dl0fkfndf k9fpFbf
vr{ ePsf] tyf pQm s'/f k|ltjfbLn]
aofg sygdf ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
v/Lb u/]sf] hUufsf] g} j}wflgs ;|f]t
v'n]sf] 5}g . o;/L j}wflgs ;|f]t v'Ng
g;s]sf] ;DklQ laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf]
/sd ;d]tn] v/Lb u/]sf] pQm 3/
hUufsf] j}wflgs ;|ft] :yflkt x'g ;Qm}g .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

-v_ 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf gfddf a}s

+ df /x]sf]
s/Lj ?=!@ nfvdWo] ?=!!,*%,))). ldlt
@)%*.%.!* df lems]sf] b]lvPsf]df ;f]
/sd 5f]/Lsf gfddf @ k6s u/L hDdf
u/]sf] / ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] u}/sfg"gL
cfh{gsf] ;DklQ b]lvPsf] egL dfly a'bf
g+= $ df ljZn]if0f e};s]sf]n] ;f] ;|ft] nfO{
klg u}/sfg"gL cfh{g b]lvof] .
-u_ eQmk'/ s6'~h]sf] hUuf laqmL u/L
;fg]kfl:yt 3/df /sd vr{ u/]sf] eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] aofg syg eP klg ;f] hUuf
v/Lbsf] j}wflgs ;|ft] :yflkt x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] ;DklQ vr{ u/]sf] eGb}df
j}wflgs ;DklQ dfGg] cj:yf /xGg .
h;sf] ljZn]if0f cf/f]k kqsf] bkmf &-s_
-v_ df e};s]sf] 5 .
-3_ ldlt @)$*.#.#) df v/Lb u/]sf]
sf=d=g=kf= jf=g+=@ uf}/L3f6sf] hUuf ldlt
@)$(.!@.* df ?=($,))). df laqmL
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] /sd @)$( ;fndf
;tjl/ofdf 3/ jgfpFbf k|of]u ePsf] egL
cf/f]k kqsf] bkmf !!-!_ df ljZn]if0f ePsf]
5 . uf}/L3f6sf] hUuf laqmL u/L k|fKt ePsf]
/sd PseGbf a9L :yfgdf vr{ u/]sf]
eGg] cfwf/ 5}g . x'g klg ;Qm}g .
dfly plNnlvt cfwf/af6 n=k'=p=d=
g=kf=@ -s_ ;fg]kf l:yt ls=g+= !)& / !*^ df
/x]sf] If]qkmn !&!) sf] hUuf / ;f]df lgld{t
3/j+unf u}/sfg"gL cfh{gaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
x'Fbf ?=!,@$,@&,!^&.)^ sf] ;DklQnfO{ j}wflgs
;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf u0fgf u/L bfjL
lnOPsf] 5 .
ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ Pj+ k[i7e"lddf x]bf{
k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug'{ k"j{ k}t[s
;DklQaf6 k|fKt ePsf] v]tLjf6 s'g} k|sf/sf]
rn crn ;DklQ v/Lb ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvb}g
eg] To; ;dodf k|ltjfbLn] cGo s'g} k|sf/sf]

Joj;foaf6 cfo cfh{g u/L df}lb|s art ug{

;Sg] x}l;ot /x]sf] k|df0f cfof]u ;dIf k|:t't
ug{ ;s]sf] klg 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kb
wf/0f u/]kZrft\ cfh{g u/]sf] tflnsf g+= !@ df
plNnlvt j} w flgs ;| f ] t af6 cfh{ g u/] s f
;DklQx x'g\ egL k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf
pQm ;DklQ u} / sfg" g L ?kdf cfh{ g u/L
e|i6frf/o'Qm ;+ul7t ck/fwsf] z[\vnfaf6
cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ xf] eGg] tYo :yflkt ePsf]
5 . ;fj{hls kb wf/0f u/]kl5 dfq cfk"m, cfgL
>LdtL / tTsfnLg gfaflnsf /x]sL 5f]/Lsf]
gfddf rn crn ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ sfo{ tLj|
?kdf u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] /fHon] ;'Dk]sf] dGqL
tyf cGo dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
cjlw;Fu k|ltjfbLn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQaLr
;f]emf] ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]kZrft\ k|ltjfbLn]
cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= % b]lv ( ;Dd plNnlvt
s'n ;DklQ ?=@,&%,(*,@^$.)% cfh{g u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . pQm ;DklQdWo] cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf
g+= !! df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ?=#(,!),^#(.*! sf]
dfq ;|ft] v'Ng ;s]sf] 5 eg] tflnsf g+=!@ df
pNn]v ePsf] rn crn ;DklQ ?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$
sf] j}wflgs ;|ft] v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g .
cleof]u / dfu bfjL M
;+slnt tYo ljj/0f / d"Nofg ;d]tsf
cfwf/df k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf / lghsf
kl/jf/ ;d]tsf] gfddf /x]sf] tflnsf g+=!@ df
plNnlvt ;|f]t gv'n]sf] c:jfefljs ;DklQ
u}/sfg"gL cfh{g xf] eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb :yflkt
x'G5 . ;|ft] v'Ng] a}w cfDbfgLsf] cg'kftdf cldNbf]
/ c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/ b]vfpg] ;DklQ
e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] kl/0ffd xf] . e|i6frf/
h:tf] cfly{s ck/fwsf rl/qut kIfnfO{ ljrf/
k'ofP/ ;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf]
bkmf !% n] cg'dflgt s;"/;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L
P]=P]gsf] bkmf !^u=n] hkmt ;DaGwL tyf &-!_ n]

794

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

b08 ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL

sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj+ cfwf/nfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L
/ lqmofTds agfpg] p2]Zon] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ n] o:tf u}/sfg"gL
?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{ e|i6frf/ u/L k|fKt
u/]sf] s;"/ dfGb} P]= P]gsf] bkmf @) -@_ n] ;hfo
/ bkmf $& n] hkmt ;d]tsf b08gLo k|fjwfgnfO{
:ki6 ?kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/
v8\sfn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug'{ k"j{ cfgf] k}ts
[
;DklQsf] cfo jf cfgf] :jcfh{gaf6 cfgf] gfddf
rn crn ;DklQ cfh{g ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)$*.@.!% b]lv ldlt @)%(.^.!*
;Ddsf cjlwdWo] clwsf+z cjlw ;fj{hlgs kb
wf/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
cjlw / cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQxsf] aLrdf ;f]emf]
;DaGw b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;|f]t v'nfpg g;s]sf
;DklQx u}/sfg"gL ?kdf e|i6frf/ u/L cfh{g
u/]sf] eGg] lglj{jfb ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftsf] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLn] cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / ofkg ul//x]sf]
hLjgz}nLsf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf] tYok/s ljZn]if0f
ubf{ pk/f]Qm pNn]v ePadf]lhd :jfefljs
cfDbfgLsf ;|f]t;Fu k|ltjfbLxsf] cldNbf] /
c:jfefljs pRr:t/sf] hLjgz}nL /x] ePsf]
/ ;|f]t v'Ng ;s]sf] j}w cfh{geGbf cToflws
a9L d"Nosf rn crn ;DklQ ;Fux| u/]sf] :yflkt
x'G5 . :jefjtM o; k|sl[ tsf] s;"/sf] 7f]; k|df0f
lghsf] j}wflgs cfo tyf jt{dfg ;dodf
b]lvPsf] lghsf] cfly{s x}l;otaLrsf] lj/f]wfefif
g} xf] .
ctM k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf lghsf]
>LdtL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ / 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf
gfddf /x]sf] s'n ?=@,&%,(*,@^$.)% j/fj/sf]
rn crn ;DklQdWo] tflnsf g+= !@ df
plNnlvt ?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$ j/fj/sf] rn
crn ;DklQ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf @)-!_ adf]lhd k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n]
795

;fljs e|i6frf/ lgj/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf

&-!_ / bkmf !% cg';f/ s;"/ eO{ To;}nfO{
lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul/Psf] k|rlnt e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ adf]lhd
k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . ;f] ;DklQ
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] cfgL >LdtL zLnf
zdf{ -v8\sf_ / 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf gfddf
;d]t /fv]sf]n] k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{
tTsfnLg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf
&-!_ bkmf !% tyf bkmf !^u= tyf xfn k|rlnt
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ sf]
s;" / df P] = bkmf @) -@_ adf] l hd
?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$ ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf u/L
xb};Dd s}b / lghsf] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cflh{t
tflnsf g+= !@ df plNnlvt j}wflgs ;|f]t
gv'n]sf] rn crn ;DklQ hkmt ul/kfpFm .
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf >L % af6 lgo'Qm
dGqL ;d]t /x]af6 ;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !$s= adf]lhd / xfn k|rlnt
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @$
adf]lhd yk ;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm ;fy} k|ltjfbL
v'daxfb'/ v8\sf, >LdtL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ /
5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf gfddf /x]sf ;DklQ ;fljs
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !% / bkmf
!^u= tyf k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf $& tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @(v= adf]lhd
hkmt x'g] x'Fbf o;sf lgldQ P]= P]gsf] bkmf #)
adf]lhd ;d]t sf/jfxL eO{ of] ;DklQ hkmt
ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u dfubfjL .
cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= !@ sf] l;=g+=!
df plNnlvt ldT;'lj;L kh]/f] jf=@ r=(%%% sf]
uf8L ?=@$,%),))). df v/Lb u/]sf] xf] .
?=!$,))),)). lht]Gb| >]i7;Fu C0f lnO{ / d]/f]
hUufsf] cfo;|ft] / d}n] k|fKt u/]sf] tnj eQfsf]
/sd ;d]t k/]sf] of] uf8L sfg"gL j}w ;|ft] leqsf]
;DklQ xf] . l;+ g+= df plNnlvt lh=bf ;tjl/of
uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= ^ uf]e]mgf ls=g+= @& / @* sf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

h=lj=)(!! hUufdf d]/f] )%$ ;fndf s'g} 3/

jg]sf] 5}g, @)$$.)$% ;fndf lgdf{0f ePsf]
xf] . )$* ;fndf dGqL x'bF f o;sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f
lbPsf] of] klg j}w ;|f]t leqsf] xf] . l;=g+= # df
plNnlvt zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ sf] gfddf /x]sf]
lh=nlntk'/, nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf ;fg]kf
jf8{ g+= @-s_ ls=g+= @$( sf] !^!! hUuf
@)%% ;fndf ?=@) nfv (@ xhf/df v/Lb
u/]sf] pQm hUufdf d]/f] tnj eQf / d]/f] hUufjf6
k|fKt cfo;|f]t Pj+ d]/f] ljb]zjf6 cfPsf] jr]sf]
?k}ofF ;d]t k/]sf] d]/f] j}w ;|f]tleqsf] hUuf xf] .
l;=g+= $ df plNnlvt k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf
/x]sf] lxdfnog j}+s 7d]nsf] jrt vftf g+=
!#&)) h] df b]lvPsf] ?=!^,^*@. p;sf]
l6sf6fnf] bfg bIfL0ffafktsf] ?k}of+ xf] . l;=g+= %
df plNnlvt zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ sf] gfdf /x]sf]
Pe/]i6 j}+s ln=jfg]Zj/l:yt vftf g+= *%*)-P_
df /x]sf] ?=#^,#(,(!@.^# d]/f] s[lif, tnj eQf
ljb] z e| d 0fsf] /sdjf6 k| f Kt ?k} o + f jf6
)%#.!@.!$ df ?=!% nfv / )%^.$.@.# df ?=!)
nfv u/L @% nfv /fv]sf]df lgodfg';f/sf] Jofh
;d]t jf6 ?=#^,#(,(!@.^# k};f k'us
] f] xf] . l;=g+=
^ df plNnlvt zLnf zdf{ v8\sfsf] gfddf /x]sf]
nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf ;fg]kf @-s_ ls=g+=
!)& / !*^ sf] !^)) / )!!) hUuf / ;f]
df lgld{t 3/ ;d]t d}n] ldlt )%*.!).@^ df
?=^) nfvdf jL/]Gb|sd' f/ sgf}l8of;Fu v/Lb u/]sf]
xf] . pQm 3/ hUuf v/Lb ubf{ sf=lh= l;gfdnsf]
ls=g+= #)!, #)@, ** sf] hUuf )%!.!).#) df
?=#) nfvdf laqmL u/L k|fKt /sd, lh=eQmk'/
uf=lj=;= s6'~h] jf8{ g++ @-s_ ls=g+= $@,$$) /
$$# sf] hUuf )%*.$.#@ df pdfk| ; fb
rt'j]{bLnfO{ ?=%,$*,))). df laqmL u/L k|FKt
u/]sf] /sd, ch'g{ s'df/ >]i7 / s[i0fk|;fb /fojf6
lnPsf] qmdz !@ nfv / !% nfv ?k}o+f ;d]t
nufP/ v/Lb u/]sf] pQm 3/ hUuf d]/f] j}w
;|ft] sf] xf] . d;Fu s'g} cj}w ;DklQ 5}g . @)$)
;fnb]lv @)%) ;fn;Dd bf ;tjl/of uf=lj=;=

sf] hUuf, efO{sf] / cfdfsf] hUuf ;d]tsf]

pJhgLjf6 k|fKt x'g] s[lif jfnL jflif{s * nfvsf
b/n] @$ nfv, )%! ;fnb]lv )%% ;fn;Dd bf
;tjl/ofs} hUufsf] pJhgL x'g] s[lif jfnL
cfDbfgLjf6 jflif{s ( nfvsf b/n] ?=$% nfv
)%^ b]lv )%( ;Dd ;tjl/of uf=lj=;= s} s[lif
jfnL cfDbfgL jflif{s !) nfvsf b/n] ?=$)
nfv, sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= jf8{ g+= & uf}/L3f6sf]
ls=g+= @$% sf] hUuf )$*.#.#) df ?=$& xhf/df
v/Lb laqmL u/L ?=($))). df laqmL ubf{ ?=$&
xhf/ gfkmf u/]sf], eQmk'/ s6'~h] uf=lj=;= jf8{
g+= @-s_ sf hUufx )%! ;fndf ?=% nfv !)
xhf/df v/Lb u/L @)%* >fj0fdf ?=% nfv
$* xhf/df laqmL ubf{ ?=#* xhf/ kmfObf ePsf],
sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= jf8{ g+= ( ls=g+= #)! / #)@
sf hUuf )%^.(.!@ df ?=%,#$,#&% df v/Lb
u/L )%*.!).#) df ?=#) nfvdf jL/]Gb|s'df/
sgf}l8ofnfO{ laqmL ubf{ ?=@$,^%,^@%. gfkmf
u/]sf], cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf !) df plNnlvt
u/]sf] elgPsf] ?=@*,!*,*)!.() d]/f cfDbfgLsf
;|ft] x'g\ . d hfkfg, ef/t j}s
+ s ;d]tsf] e|d0fdf
h+fbf d}n] sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg] /sd ;d]t pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5}g . To:t} @)$* ;fndf dGqL x'Fbf
d;Fu ?=@ nfv lyof] . d}n] uf8L lsGbf lht]Gb|
>]i7;Fu ?=!$ nfv C0f lnPsf] To:t} ch'g{ s'df/
>]i7;Fu 3/ vr{afkt ?=!@ nfv, s[i0fk|;fb /fo
ofbjjf6 ?=!% nfv C0f lnPsf] lo klg d]/f
cfDbfgLsf ;|f]t x'g\ . d]/f] k}t[s ;DklQ egL
cf/f]k kqsf] kfgf g+= !^ sf] tflnsf # df plNnlvt
ljj/0fsf] ;DklQ b]vfPsf] !))!) hUufsf]
?=$),!),))). cfdf lbns' d f/L / efO
vLdaxfb'/ v8\sfsf] hUufsf] ;DklQ clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] u/]sf] d"Nofgcg';f/
?=*),@),))). lo d]/f] ;DklQjf6 xfn;Dd d}n]
hf]8]sf] k|fKt u/]sf cGo ;DklQ cfPsf x'g\ .
tflnsf g+= * df lbPsf] ;'grfFbLsf] d"Nofg
j]l7s / :j]R5frf/L 5 . tflnsf ( df b]vfPsf]
5f]/Lsf] cWoog vr{ em"7f xf] . d}n] c=b'=c=cf=

796

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

df u/]sf] aofg s]xL xb;Dd 7Ls} 5 . clVtof/

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cg';Gwfg ck'/f] /
lkmtnf] lsl;dsf] 5 . d;Fu /x]sf] rn crn
;DklQsf] d"Nofg cToGt} ckTofl/nf] / d"Nofg
jf:tljstf eGbf w]/} 6f9f /x]sf] 5 . d;Fu s'g}
k|sf/sf] cj}w ;DklQ 5}g . cf/f]k kq bfljjf6
k'm;{b kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/
v8\sfn] ljz]if cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
d}n] ls=g+=@$( sf] hUuf ?=@),(@,))).
df OGb| /fHonIdL l;+xjf6 /lhi6]z
g kfl/t u/fO{
lnPsf] x'+ . bfsf] s[lif cfo, dfOtLn] lbPsf] bfO{hf],
>Ldfg\sf] tnj eQfsf] /sdjf6 lnPsf] ;f] ;DklQ
j}w xf] . ls=g+= !)& / !*^ sf] hUuf )%*.!).@^
df ?=^) nfvdf v/Lb ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] hUuf
l;gfdnsf] / eQmk'/sf hUuf laqmLjf6 cfPsf]
tL; nfv / eQmk'/sf] hUuf laqmLjf6 % nfv $*
xhf/ ;d]t / >Ldfg\n] cfk\mgf lrghfgsf JolQm
ch'g{ s'df/ >]i7jf6 ?=!@ nfv, s[i0fk|;fb /fojf6
!% nfv lnO{ v/Lb ul/Psf] j}w ;DklQ xf] . Pe/]i6
j}s
+ jfg]Zj/df /x]sf] /sd >Ldfg\sf] u}/sfg"gL
cfh{gsf] /sd xf]Og, ;;'/fsf] kfnfsf] bfsf]
ljleGg hUuf laqmLjf6 cfPsf] /sd, s[lif cfo,
dfOtLjf6 k|fKt 6Lsf6fnf bfO{hf] k]jfsf] /sd /
;f]jf6 j9] j9fPsf /sd ;+sng u/L j}s
+ df /fv]sf]
x'+ . 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf lxdfnog j}s
+ df
/x]sf] /sd 5f]/Lsf l6sf 6fnf] ;d]tjf6 hDdf
ul/Psf] xf] . uf}/L3f6sf] hUuf k}ts
[ ;DklQjf6
v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . l;gfdnsf] hUuf s6'~h]sf]
hUuf laqmL u/L k|fKt /sd, s[lif cfo >Ldfg\sf]
tnj eQf ljb]z e|d0fjf6 cfPsf] /sd ;d]tjf6
v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . ;f] hUuf laqmLjf6 k|fKt /sd
?=#) nfv ;fg]kfsf] 3/hUuf v/Lb ubf{ k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
8/ qf; wDsL b]vfO{ dnfO{ v];f| u/L /fv]sf] sfuh
;fg{ jfWo kf/L ;fg{ nufOPsf] xf] . d]/f] gfddf
s'g} cj}w ;DklQ 5}g . cf/f]k kq em"7f xf] . ;kmfO
kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL zLnf zdf{ v8\sf_ n] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
797

k|ltjfbL k'gd v8\sfn] ljz]if cbfntjf6

hf/L ePsf] Dofbdf xfhL/ ge} z'? Dofb} u'hf/L
j;]sf] b]lvPsf] .
cf/f] k kqdf plNnlvt ;DklQ
d"Nofgstf{nfO{ ljz]if1sf] ?kdf k|df0fsf] /f]xdf
j'e\mg cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] bf ;tjl/ofsf] 3/
d"Nofg ug]{ O{= ;'/G] b|ks
| fz /fh slg{sf/, nlntk'/
;fg]kfsf] 3/ d"Nofg ug]{ O+= bLks >]i7, On]lS6sn
d"Nofg ug]{ O=hfu]Zj/ dxf;]7, kmlg{r/ d"Nofg
ug]{ hoGts'df/ /fhj+zLnfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no ljz]if zfvfdfk{mt\ lemsfO{ j'e\mg k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^).%.#) sf]
cfb]z .
ldlt @)%(.(.( df >LdtL zLnf zdf{
-v8\sf_ sf] ;fg]kfsf] 3/ sDkfp08 Uof/]h ;d]t
d"Nofg u/L c=b'=c=cf= df k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf
ePsf] ;xL5fk d]/f] xf] . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[t
b//]6 cg';f/ lKnGy Pl/ofsf] cfwf/df d"Nofg
ul/Psf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL tk{msf ujfx
O{= bLks >]i7n] o; cbfntdf u/]sf] jskq .
k[ l| tjfbL v'd j= v8\sf tyf >LdtL zLnf
zdf{ -v8\sf_ sf] nlntk'/ ;fg]kfsf] 3/sf]
On]S6fl] gS; ;fdfgsf] d"Nofg d}n] u/]sf] xf]
d"Nofg ljj/0fdf ePsf] ;xL5fk d]/f] xf] .
;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f lgb]l{ zsfsf] jhf/ efp eGg]
cfwf/ lnO{ cflwsfl/s k|ljlw ckgfPsf] 5' eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf On]S6Lsn OlGhlgo/ hfu]Zj/
dxf;]7n] ldlt )^).&.% df o; cbfntdf u/]sf]
jskq .
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf] ;fg]kf l:yt
3/sf] kmlg{r/ tyf kmlg{l; ;fdfgsf] d"Nofg
d}n] u/]sf] ;f] d"Nofg k|ltj]bgdf ePsf] ;xL5fk
d]/f] xf] . :ynut gfk h+frsf qmddf b]vfOPsf
kmlg{r/ tyf kmlg{l; ;fdfgxsf] :yfgLo jhf/
jf6 pQm j:t' x sf] sf] 6 ] z g tyf sRrf
kbfy{xsf] sf]6]zg dfu u/L d"Nofg u/]sf] x'+ .
d"Nofg ul/Psf j:t'sf] x|f; sL u/L d"Nofg
ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kmlg{r/

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

d" N ofgstf{ hoGts' d f/ /fhj+ z Ln] o;

cbfntdf u/]sf] jskq .
k|ltjfbLxsf ;fIfL n'daxfb'/ j'9fyf]sL,
ch'g{ s'df/ >]i7, b]jG] b| s8]n / u]xG] b| lu/Ln] u/]sf]
jskq ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]tnfO{
/fd|/L lrGb5' . gftf ;DaGw 5}g . n]gb]g sf/fjf/
5 . v'daxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ ?=!@ nfv @)%&.!.$
df C0f lbPsf] 5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j+= !#(
g+ adf]lhd j'lemPsf ch'{gs'df/ >]i7n] u/]sf]
aofg .
v'daxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ /fd|/L lrGb5' lgh;Fu
d]/f] s'g} gftf ;DaGw 5}g . lgh;Fu n]gb]g sf/f]jf/
eO/xG5 . lghnfO{ @)%*.$.#@ df ?=!% nfv
C0f lbPsf] xf] . ;f] /sd d]/f] Jofkf/ Pj+ s[lif
cfojf6 lbPsf] lyP eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j+=
!#( g+=adf]lhd j'lemPsf s[i0fk|;fb /fo ofbjn]
u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]tnfO{ /fd|/L
lrGb5' . gftf kb}g{ . k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ ;Fu n]gb]g
sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] 5' . lghnfO{ d}n] @)%# h]7lt/
?=!$ nfv C0f lbPsf] 5' . td;'s sfuh 5 lkmtf{
lng afFsL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j+=!#( g+=
adf]lhd j'lemPsf lht]Gb|nfn >]i7n] u/]sf] aofg .
c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd aofg ug]{
lht]Gb|nfn >]i7, s[i0fk|;fb /fo ofbj / ch'g{ s'df/
>]i7 sf/0fL ;/x gb]l+ vFbf tfl/vdf /fVg k/]g
lgodfg';f/ ug'{ egL ljz]if cbfntjf6 ldlt
)^!.&.@% df ePsf] cfb]z .
cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= % df plNnlvt
ls=g+= @$(, ls=g+= !)& / !)^ sf] hUuf / To;
:yfgdf lgdf{0f ePsf] 3/ ;d]tnfO{ cfof]un]
?=!,%$,#(,#%$.%^ kg]{ egL d"Nofg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . 3/ hUuf v/Lb ubf{sf ;dodf nufgL
ePsf] /sd g} oyfy{ vr{ xf] egL o; cbfntn]
o; k|sl[ tsf] d'2fdf kfl/t x'bF f tof/ ePsf] lnvtdf
c+lst d"No g} jf:tljs d"No xf] egL dfGb}
cfPsf]n] o;df klg kfl/t ePsf] lnvtdf c+lst

d"No g} ;xL df]n xf] egL dfGg' kg]{ x'Fbf

lnvtcg';f/ c+lst ePsf] tL 3/ hUufsf]
?=*),(@,))). df]n /fvL kfl/t ePsf] b]lv+bf
;f] kfl/t df]nnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;lsg] l:ylt
b]lvPg .
k|ltjfbLn] @)$* df k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ
ljj/0fdf @ tn] kSsL 3/, kSsL efG;f3/ /x]sf]
egL pNn]v u/]sf] / @)$( df Pp6f 3/ lgdf{0f
ePsf] egL :jLsf/]sf] l:yltdf @ j6f 3/ / !
efG;f 3/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;f] :yfgdf dlGb/,
Uof/]h 3/ / zf}rfno ;d]t /x]sf] x'bF f tL ;+/rgfsf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb ePg . cf/f]k kqdf
@)%$ ;fndf lgdf{0f ePsf] 3/ egL pNn]v eP
klg tL 3/dWo] of}6f 3/ @)$* k"jb{ l] v g} df}hb" f
/x]sf] / csf]{ 3/ @)$( df lgdf{0f ePsf] b]lvof] .
k|ltjfbLn] @)$( df lgdf{0f ePsf] eg]sf]
3/, dlGb/, Uof/]h / zf}rfnosf] lgdf{0f ubf{
?=#,)),))).nfu]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]df ;f]sf]
lgdf{0fdf cfof]un] ?=@!,%&,$)(.@$ nfu]sf] egL
pNn]v u/] klg ;f] ;dodf lgwf{l/t b//]6cg';f/
?=!!,##,)@%.df lgdf{0f x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] tTsfnLg
;dodf lghsf] cfoaf6 aGg ;Sg] g} b]lvof] .
a}s
+ df /x]sf] ;DklQ, uf8Lsf] d"No / ;'gsf] d"No
;d]t ;DklQsf] ?kdf u0fgf ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] . 5f]/L
k'gd v8\sf dl0fkfn sn]h a]n
\ f]/ ef/tdf lghL
vr{df lrlsT;f ljifosf] cWoog u/fp+bf ePsf]
vr{sf ;DaGwdf sn]hsf] cflwsf/Ls kq jf
/l;bsf] cefjdf cfof]un] pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf]
?=&,)$,))). nfu]sf] eGg] cflwsfl/s k|Dff0f
gePsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] vr{ nfu]sf] egL
pNn]v u/]sf] /sd g} k'gd v8\sfsf] k9fOsf] vr{
ePsf] egL dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
ctM k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf b]lvPsf hfFr
cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / Jojxf/ ubf{ vr{
u/]sf] cf/f]k kqdf bfjL lnPcg';f/sf] ljuf] /
k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ Pj+ tYosf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f
ubf{ k|ltjfbLsf] hDdf ;DklQ / vr{sf] ljuf]df
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] cGt/ b]lvg cfof]M

798

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

ljj/0f
crn ;DklQ
3/
hUUff
hDdf
rn ;DklQ
;'g rf+bL
j}+s df}Hbft
uf8L
hDDff
vr{M
k9fO{ vr{
s'nhDDff

k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf /x]sf] plNnlvt ;DklQ

plNnlvt cfojfx]s c? cfo klg /x]sf]
/ dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhd vr{ u/]sf] /sd s]
eGg]
k|
l
tjfbLsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . cf}iflw
s'g ;|ft] jf6 k|fKt ePsf] /x]5, ;f] ljifodf ljrf/
@)%@.*.@& / @)%#.^.#) tyf cf=j=
;f/cfof]uk|f/f
jf:tljs vr{
ug'cf/f]
k{ g]k{ e}kq;f]cg';DklQ
fKt ubf{ k|ltjfbLn]
pNn]/vdf}Hbftpkrf/afkt km/s
/sd
d"
N
of+
l
st
/sd
cg'
;
f/
b]
l
vPsf]
/sd
u/]sf] ;|ft] cfof]un] :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;|ft] / To:tf] @)%^.)%& df qmdzM !, ^*,%!)., !,%),))). /
;|ft] jf6 s] slt!,$@,^!,%(^.*!
/sd k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 / ;f] %,(@,*$& u/L hDdf ?=(,!!,#%&. k|fKt u/]sf]
@)^#.#.#) sf] hn;|f]t
/sdsf] k|flKtsf] ^!,%),(#&.%)
;|ft] s] /x]5 oL s'/fnfO{ *#,(@,))).
b'j} egL u[x dGqfnosf]
!,@),@),%#$.#!
sf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . To:t}
kIfjf6 pNn]v ul/Psf
tYo / k|ltjfbLjf6 k]*#,(@,))).
z dGqfnosf] )^#.#.@^
@,)$,!@,%#$.#!
!,@),@),%#$.#!
u[
x
dGqfnosf]
@)^#.$.%
/ @)^#.#.#) sf] kq
ePsf k| d f0fsf] cfwf/df k| l tjfbLsf] cfo
tyf hn;|ft] dGqfnosf] @)^#.#.@^ sf] kqcg';f/
#,&%,!#%.!!
b]xfoadf]lhd x'g] b]#,&%,!#%.!!
lvof]M
b}lgs e|d0f eQf / e}k/L vr{ egL qmdzM
#^,%^,%($.^#
#^,%^,%($.^#
@$,%),))).
@$,%),))).
?=@,)!,**%., ($,@#*., (),(%^., / #$^%).
k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6^$,*!,&@(.&$
k|fKt cfo
?=@,)),))).
^$,*!,&@(.&$
Ifltk"lt{afkt k|fKt
?=!%,%%,*^!. u/L hDdf ?=$,@!,&@(. k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tL
/sd ;d]t cfodf hf]l8g' kg]{ eGg] lghsf] lhsL/
kl/>lds dGqL / ;f+&,)$))).
;b x'bF f k|fKt ?=@$,#!,#!).
$,%),))).
@,%$,))).
eP
klg
pkrf/sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu k|fKt /sd
hUuf laqmLaf6 k|@,&%,(*,@^$.
fKt
?=@*,&^,^@%.
!,%#,@#,&#).
!,@@,&$,%#$.
s[lif cfo
?=@^,*^,))). ePsf] x'bF f o:tf /sd ;DklQ df u0fgf ug{ ldNb}g .
ljb]z e|d0f ubf{ k|fKt
?=%,(*,@#$. To:t} 3/ Jojxf/sf] nflu egL ch'g{ s'df/ >]i7 /
5f]/Lsf] bIfL0ff
?=%,)),))). s[i0fk|;fb /fo;Fu lnPsf] elgPsf] ?=!@ nfv /
;'grfFbL
?=#,&%,!#%. !% nfv /sd k|ltjfbLn] eg] adf]lhd Jojxf/
C0f ;fk6L
?=!$,)),))). ePs} xf] egL k'i6\ofO{ ug]{ cflwsfl/s k|df0fsf]
a}s
+ sf] Jofh
?=!$,$!,%(%. cefjdf ;f] /sdnfO{ lghsf] cfo dfgL ;DklQsf]
hDdf
?=!,$),^$,&^). ?kdf hf]8g ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
799

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

bfl:yt 3/ dlGb/ zf}rfnosf ;DaGwdf

@)$( df agfPsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvPsf] /
lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+/rgfsf] ;+Vofdf km/s gx'bF f @)$(
kl5 ;f] :yfgdf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f b]lvb}g .
;+/rgf Wj:t e} cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]n] To;sf] ;|ft]
vf]Hg'kg]{ cj:yf klg /x]g . ldT;'lj;L kh]/f] uf8L,
nlntk'/ ;fg]kf @s l:yt ls=g+= @$( sf] !^!
! sf] hUuf, k'gd v8\sfsf gfddf j}s
+ df df}Hbft
/x]sf ?=!^,^*@., zLnf zdf{sf gfddf j}s
+ df
/x]sf] j}s
+ df}Hbft ?=#^,($,(!@.^# / zLnfsf]
gfddf v/Lb ePsf] ;fg]kf @s sf] ls=g+= !)& /
!*^ sf] !&! hUuf / ;f]df /x]sf] 3/ ;d]t
k|ltjfbLsf] cfo / vr{sf] t'ngf ubf{ lghsf] cfosf]
;|ft] af6 cfh{g u/]sf] df}lb|s cfoaf6 ;f] ;DklQ
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] .
o; k|sf/ cfof]un] bfjLdf b]vfPsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] df}hb' f ;DklQ / k|ltjfbLn] ;f] ;DklQ
cfh{g u/]sf] egL b]vfPsf] ;|ft] sf] ljZn]if0faf6
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQdWo] lghsf] hfFr
cjlw k"j{ g} s]xL ;DklQ df}hb" /x]sf], s]xL ;DklQdf
lghsf] df}lb|s cfh{g gnfu]sf] / afFsL ;DklQ
lghsf] cfh{gsf] /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;DklQsf]
ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df dfly k|s/0fxdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fdf gcfpg],
cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fdf /fVg gkg]{ / cg';Gwfgsf]
bfo/fdf /xg] ;DklQsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] cfo / Joosf] lx;fj ubf{ 3/fo;L
Jojxf/, ;fdflhs k|rng, sfg"gL dfGotf, ;DklQsf]
n]vf /fVg gkg]{ k/Dk/f cflbnfO{ x]gk{' g]{ / cfosf
cGo ;|ft] / vr{ eP/ hfg] /sdxsf] oyfy{
ljj/0f gcfpg] ePaf6 n]vf k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGt
cg';f/ cfo / Joosf] n]vfnfO{ b'?:t /fVg'kg]{
jfWofTds Joj:yf gePsf] l:yltdf cfo / Joo
oyfy{df ldNg ;Sg] b]lvb}g . cfosf] ;|f]tsf]
cjnf]sg ubf{ tL ;|ft] af6 cfDbfgL ePsf] dfGg'kg]{
Jofjxfl/s l:ylt / Gofosf] lx;fjn] ;DalGwt
;|ft] af6 cfDbfgL x'g] eP klg sfg"gL ?kdf To:tf]
egfO{nfO{ dfGotf lbg g;lsg] / tL cfonfO{

jf:tljs ?kdf ;dfj]z ug{ g;lsg] l:yltdf

Gofof]lrt\ lx;fjaf6 lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ x'g cfpF5 .
dflysf k|s/0fxdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 lghn]
hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] df}hb" f ;DklQ / u/]sf]
vr{ u/L hDdf ?=!,%#,@#,&#). ;Dd sfod x'g
cfpg] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ?=!@,%*,(&). sf]
;DklQ;Dd ;|ft] k'li6 eP eGbf j9Lsf] b]lvg cfPsf]
5 . To;/L df}lb|s cfosf] cg'kftdf a9L b]lvg
cfPsf] ;DklQ k|ltjfbLsf] s'n ;DklQsf] *=@!
k|ltzt dfq x'g cfpF5 .
JolQmut cfo Joosf] n]vf /fVg}kg{] egL
jfWofTds Joj:yf gePsf] l:yltdf ;j} cfo
Joosf c b'?:t /xG5g egL cg'dfg klg ug{
g;lsg] / k|ltjfbLn] klg cfk\mgf] j}w ;|f]tsf]
cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fj oyfy{ ?kdf /fv]sf]
cg'dfg ug{' klg Jofjxfl/s gx'g] x'G5 . To;}n]
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_df
cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs b]lvg cfPdf jf dgfl;j
sf/0f lagf cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/
ofkg u/]]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf eGg] zJb k|of]u
ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] nflu k|ltjfbLsf] j}w
cfo;|f]tsf] ;fy;fy} lghsf] k}t[s Pj+ kfl/jfl/s
k[i7e"ld / hfFr cjlw k"j{sf] cfly{s x}l;otnfO{
klg x]g'{kg]{ x'g cfp5 . k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/jfl/s
k[i7e"ld x]bf{ klg k|;:t hUuf hldg ePsf /
/fd|f] cfly{s x}l;ot /x] ePsf] eGg] s'/f ldl;naf6
klg b]lvg cfp5 . ;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{
bfloTj k|ltjfbLdf ePsf] eP klg nfdf] cjlwdf
cfh{g u/]sf ;DklQsf] ;|f]t k|ToIf k|df0fsf]
cfwf/df ul0ftLo lx;fjn] s]xL 36a9 b]lvg
cfPklg To:tf] ;DklQsf] ljuf] cfo;|f]tsf]
cg'kftdf cldNbf] / c:jfefjLs lsl;dsf] dfGg
;lsg] k|s[ltsf] b]lvg cfpb}g eg] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g,@)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf]
7x/ ug{ Gofo;+ut x'g] b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbLn] hf+r
cfjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] s'n ;DklQsf] s]jn *=@!
k|ltzt;Ddsf] ;|f]t k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] b]lvPklg
s'n cfly{s sf/f]jf/df b]lvPsf] pQm cGt/nfO{

800

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

c:jfefljs eGg klg ;lsb}g . u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ

cfh{gsf] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf xfd|f]h:t} sfg"gL
Joj:yf ePsf] ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 klg
!) k|ltzt eGbf sdsf] ;DklQ;Dd a9L b]lvg'nfO{
cldNbf] / c:jfefljs dfGg gldNg] egL
Krishnananda Agnihotri Vs. State of M.P. ePsf]
d'2fdf elgPsf] b]lvG5 (Air, 1977 Sc. 796).
To;sf/0f hf+r cjlwdf k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|f]tsf]
cg'kftdf lghsf] ;fydf /x]sf] ;DklQ / ePsf]
vr{nfO{ cldNbf] / c:jfefljs dfgL bfjLsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/ u/L ;hfo ug{ sfg"g Pj+
Gofo;+ut x'g] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn]
;kmfO kfpg] 7x{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljz]if
cbfnt sf7df8f}sf] km};nf .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)
sf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;DklQsf] u0fgf tyf ;|ft]
k/LIf0f ug'{ kbf{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf k|jz
] ubf{ lgh;Fu
/x] ePsf] ;DklQsf] osLg u/L ;f] ;DklQ /
tTkZrft\ lghnfO{ a}w cfo ;|ft] af6 k|fKt ePsf
cfoaf6 lghsf] kfl/jfl/s tyf cGo vr{ s6fO{
art x'g ;Sg] cfoaf6 lghsf ;fydf cg';Gwfg
x'bF f b]lvPsf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g ;S5 jf
;Sb}g egL ;DklQ hf]8b\ fsf] ;do qmdsf lx;fjn]
ljZn]if0f k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]d{ f ljz]if cbfnt, sf7df8f}n
F ]
k|ltjfbLsf] Psd'i6 ;DklQsf] ;|ft] u0fgf u/L ePsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
;j{k|yd, ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLsf]
;DklQsf] a}wtf k/LIf0f ubf{ lghnfO{ k|fKt ePsf
b]lvg] / k|fKt x'g ;Sg] cfonfO{ s'gs'g ;dodf
s] slt cfo k|fKt eof] / ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf]
;dodf lghsf] slt a}w cfo art ePsf] xf] ;f]
osLg u/L k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ lyof] . To:t}, cfo
cfh{gsf] ldlt osLg x'g g;Sg] cfo ;DaGwdf
klg ;fn qmdsf cfwf/n] cfo /sd lgwf{/0f u/L
cflh{t ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf lyof] .
t/ ljz]if cbfntn] ;a} cfonfO{ Psd'i6 u0fgf
u/L ;j} cflh{t ;DklQnfO{ tTsfnsf] d"No;Fu
k/LIf0f u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 klxn] ;DklQ cfh{g
801

ubf{ ;|ft] g}] gePsf] ;DklQ klg ;f] eGbf w]/} kl5
k|fKt ePsf elgPsf tyfslyt cfoaf6 k'li6 ug]{
sfo{ uDeL/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ltjfbLsf ;fydf /x]sf
rn crn ;DklQ / tt\tt\ cjlwdf lghn] u/]sf]
ljz]if vr{ ;d]t u/L k/LIf0fof]Uo ;DklQsf] kl/df0f
cf/f]k kqdf ?=@,&%,(*,@^$. ePsf] dWo]
?=#(,!),^#(. dfq j}w cfo /sd jrt x'g ;Sg]
7x/ u/L ?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$ sf] ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL
cfh{gsf] eGg] bfjL ePsf]df ljz]if cbfntn]
k/LIf0fof]Uo ;DklQ tTsfnsf] d"Nodf lx;fj u/L
k/LIf0fof]Uo ;DklQ ?=!,%#,@#,&#). sfod u/]sf]
/ ;f]sf] :f|ft] ?=!,$),^$,&^). cfo 7x/ u/L ;|ft]
k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] ?=!@,(*,(&).sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft]
k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] 7x/ u/]tfklg Tolt /sdsf] ;|ft]
k'li6 gx'gn
' fO{ cldNbf] / c:jfefljs dfGg' gx'g]
7x/ u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
;a} ;DklQ ljj/0f x]/L ljZn]if0f u/]kl5
h] hlt ;DklQsf] a}w cfo;|ft] k'li6 x'bg} Tolt
;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] 7x/ ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . t/ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@)-!_ k|fjwfg k|lts"n Tolt 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] /sdsf]
;|f]t k'li6 gePsf]df klg aGwgsf/L gePsf]
ljb]zsf] b[i6fGt lbb} ;kmfO lbPsf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] eQmk'/ s6'~h]sf] / sf7df8f}F l;gfd+unsf]
hUuf qmdzM ?=%!))))., %#$#&%. / uf}/L3f6sf]
hDdf ?=$&))). df v/Lb u/L ?=#(^*))).
df laqmL u/]sf] x'bF f hUuf laqmLaf6 ?=@*,&^,^@%.
cfh{g u/]sf] egL cbfntn] ;f] /sd cfodf u0fgf
ul/Psf] xf] ;f] hUuf v/Lb ug]{ g} cfo;|ft] tTsfn
gk'Ug] cf/f]k kqsf] bfjL tkm{ ljrf/} k'ofPsf]
5}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf] k/LIf0f @)$*
kZrft\sf] xf] . k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{
;d]t @)%( ;fn;Dd hDdf !@ jif{sf] s[lif cfo
bfjL u/]sf]df cbfntn] k|lt ljufxf ;/b/
?=@),))). sf b/n] df]xL gnfu]sf] hUufsf] /
;f]sf] cfwf /sd df]xL nfu]sf] hUufsf] s[lif cfo
x'g] 7x/ u/L q'l6 t u/]sf] 5b}5, To;dfly k|ltjfbLsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cfodf u0fgf g} ug{ gx'g] )$$ b]lv @)$&

;fn;Dd rf/jif{ yk u/L hDdf !^ jif{sf] s[lif
cfo u0fgf u/L cfodf hf]8L lbPsf] 5 . o;af6
k|ltjfbLn] bfjL g} gu/]sf] ?=^,&!,%)). cfodf
u0fgf ug'{ uDeL/ ?kdf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] k/LIf0f ul/g] ;DklQ cfh{g
ePsf] clGtd ldlt @)%*.!).@^ ;fg]kfsf] 3/
hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] ldlt;Ddsf] ;DklQsf] j}wtf
k/LIf0f ug{ ;f] ldlt;Dd cflh{t a}w ;DklQ dfq
u0fgf ug{ ldNb5 t/ ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLsf]
bfl:yt 3/ dfcf]jfbLn] Iflt k'ofP afkt ldlt
@)%(.^.!^ df k|fKt u/]sf] Ifltk"lt{afktsf]
?=!%,%%,*^!. nfO{ klg ;f] eGbf cl3sf] ;DklQ
cfh{g / vr{sf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug{ u0fgf u/L uDeL/
q'l6 u/]sf] 5 .
k| l tjfbLn] ;fg] k fsf] 3/ hUuf
?=^),)),))). df v/Lb ug{ cGo cfo ;|f]tsf]
cltl/Qm ch'{gs'df/ >]i7af6 ?=!@ nfv /
s[i0fk|;fb /foaf6 ?=!% nfv C0f lnPsf] egL
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ ;jfn !^ sf] hjfkmdf
:ki6 ?kdf bfjL lnPsf]nfO{ cbfntn] cfo dfGg
c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] bfjL :jLsf/of]Uo cfodf
u0fgf ug{ ldNg] cj:yf klg 5}g . pQm 3/
hUuf lsGg] ;f] cfo :f|ft] ?=@&,)),))).:jLsf/
of]Uo geP kl5 cbfntn] c:jLsf/ u/]s} cfwf/df
klg ;f] 3/ hUufdf k/]sf] Tolt;Dd /sd
u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] 7x/ ug'{kg]{df k|ltjfbLn]
bfjL g} gu/]sf cGo tyfslyt cfo u0fgf u/L
uDeL/ q'l6 u/]sf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] ;f+;b / dGqL kbdf k|fKt u/]sf]
cfo egL qmdzM ?=*,)%,#)*.)%, ?=!^,@^,))@.%)
u/L hDdf ?=@$,#!,#!). lghsf] cfo egL cbfntn]
cfo u0fgf u/L lbPsf] 5 . t/ k|fKt ljj/0fdf
pNn]v ePsf pQm /sd leq lk=P=sf] tnj, d;nGb
vr{, 6]lnkmf]gsf] /sd, OGwgsf] /sd, wf/f, kfgL,
ljh'nL, ef8f / ;/;kmfOafktsf] /sd ;d]t
;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . pQm ljifodf k|fKt ePsf
/sd tt\tt\ ljifod} vr{ x'g] /sd ePsf]n] jrt

u/L cGo ;DklQ hf]8g k|of]u x'g] /sd xf]Ogg\ .

lghsf] tnj eQfsf /sd g} lghsf] art x'g
g;Sg] cj:yfdf 5 eg] lghsf] cfosf] ?kdf u0fgf
g} ug{ gldNg] /sd sl/a ?=!$ nfv eGbf a9L
/sd lghs} cfodf ;dfj]z u/L cbfntn] uDeL/
q'l6 u/]sf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] a}bl] zs e|d0fdf hfFbf k|fKt
u/]sf] /sdsf] %) k|ltzt vr{ x'g] / %) k|ltzt
jrt x'g] egL k|ltjfbLn] cfof]udf aofgsf] ;jfn
!)& sf] hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . cfof]udf
u/]sf] ;f] aofgnfO{ cbfntdf lghn] :jLsf/ u/]s}
5g\ . t/ ljz]if cbfntn] lghsf] &) k|ltzt jrt
x'g] egL u0fgf u/L uDeL/ q'l6 u/]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn]
bfjL g} gu/]sf] cfo cbfntn] hf]8g ldNb}g .
k|ltjfbLsL 5f]/L / kTgLsf gfddf a}s
+ df
w]/} /sd hDdf ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . 5f]/L k'gd
v8\sfsf gfddf @)%@.(.@% df ?=%,)),))).
ldlt @)%%.(.!@ df ?=$,)),))). u/L hDdf
?=( nfv / kTgL zLnf v8\sfsf] gfpFdf ljleGg
ldltdf u/L @% nfv ;d]t u/L hDdf d"nwg
?=#$,)),))). hDdf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . tt\tt\
cjlwdf ;f] /sd a}s
+ df hDdf ug]{ ;|ft] k|ltjfbL;Fu
gePsf] egL ;f] /sd / ;f]df kfs]sf] JofhnfO{
u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] egL bfjL ul/Psf] xf] / o;dWo]
5f]/Lsf gfdsf] /sd @)%*.!).#) df ;fg]kfsf]
3/ hUuf v/Lb ug{ k/]sf] ?=!!,*%,))). nfO{ ;f]
3/ hUuf g} bfjLdf k/]sf]n
] ] k[ys bfjL ug'{ gk/L
afFsL /sd ?=!^^*@. / kTgL zLnf v8\sfsf]
gfddf /x]sf] ?=#^,#(,(!@.^# ;d]tsf] hDdf
?=#^,%^,%($. nfO{ u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] egL bfjL
ePsf]df a}s
+ df hDdf ePsf] d"nwgsf] ;|ft] ;d]t
k'li6 ug{ ljz]if cbfntn] ;f]xL d"nwgsf] ;d]tsf]
;DklQsf] JofhnfO{ ;|f]t dfgL Jofh afkt
?=!$,$!,%(%. u0fgf u/L uDeL/ q'l6 u/]sf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] cfof]udf aofg ubf{ ;jfn *@
sf] hjfkmdf dfl;s 3/ vr{ ?=!!,))). nfUg]
egL aofg ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pQm aofgnfO{ lghn]
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5}g . cGoyf

802

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

elgPsf] 5}g . 3/ vr{ g} gx'g] jf 36L x'g] eGg]

bfjL lhsL/ klg 5}g . @)$* b]lv @)%(
c;f]h;Ddsf] k|ltjfbLsf] tnj eQf cflbafktsf]
/sdn] pQm dfl;s ?=!!,))). 3/ vr{ k'Ug];Ddsf]
l:ylt klg b]lvb}g . cfof]un] o;} sf/0f lghsf]
tna eQf cfbLsf] /sd 3/ vr{ / vfglkgdf
vr{ x'g] dfgL artdf u0fgf klg gu/]sf] / vr{
klg lx;fj gu/]sf] xf] . cf/f]k kqaf6 ;f] :ki6
x'G5 . k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfosf] ;a} /sd art
dfg] kl5 tna eQf afkt k|fKt /sd 3/ vr{afkt
sf ug'k{ g]{ /sd s6fP/ dfq art lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]d{ f
ljz]if cbfntn] vr{ sL g} gu/L ;Dk"0f{ /sd
art dfg]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k|ltjfbL;Fu ePsf] ;'grfFbLdWo] kl5 yk
ePsf] b]lvPsf] ?=#,&%,!#%.sf] ;|ft] ljj]rgf ubf{
s[lif cfo / ljb]z e|d0fdf hfFbf k|fKt /sdaf6
v/Lb u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] cfwf/df cfof]un] ;|ft] k'li6
ePsf] 7x/ u/]sf] xf] . k|ltjfbLn] ;a} ;'g ;;'/fnL
;d]taf6 k|fKt ePsf] egL bfjL u/]sf]df ljgf
cfwf/ k|df0f cbfntn] lghsf] egfO{nfO{ :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@) sf] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf ;DklQ a}w;|ft] af6
cfh{g ePsf] egL k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ k|ltjfbLsf] x'g]
sfg"gL k|fjwfgljk/Lt cg'dfgsf] dfq cfwf/df
dGqL e};s]kl5 3/ ;;'/fnaf6 olt 7"nf /sdsf
uxgf k|ltjfbLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf eGg] xf:of:kb
bfjL :jLsf/ u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] bfsf] ;tjl/of j8f g+= ^
uf]em]gfdf @)%$ ;fndf 3/ agfPsf] eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0ft gePsf] egL ;f] ;DaGwL cf/f]k kqsf]
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] cbfntn] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 t/ ;f]
3/ dfcf]jfbLn] Iflt k'ofpFbf ;f] 3/sf] Ifltk"lt{
lnFbf @)%( ;fnaf6 cufl8 % jif{sf] x|f;sf u/L
d"No sfod u/L lgwf{/0f ePsf] Ifltk"lt{ lghn]
a'em]sf] l:ylt 5 . cGoyf @)$( ;fnd} ag]sf] 3/
xf] eg] !) jif{sf] x|f; sL e} Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd
lgwf{/0f x'g] cj:yf lyof] . h'g 3/nfO{ @)%$
;fndf ag]sf] egL Ifltk"lt{ lghn] lnPsf] xf] ;f]sf]
803

ljk/Lt @)$( ;fndf jg]sf] em'f bfjL u/] klg

lghn] kmfObf lnO{;s] kl5 ;f]sf] k|lts"n bfjL ug{
ldNb}g . k|ltjfbL ljjlGwt x'g] s'/fnfO{ Wofg} glbO{
cfkm"n] kmfObf u/]sf] s'/f pN6fO{ k'gM kmfObf lng
ldNg] 9+uaf6 cbfntn] cf/f]lkt bfjL c:jLsf/
ug'{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k| l tjfbLn] @)%# ;fndf uf8L
?=@$,%),))). df v/Lb ubf{ lgh;Fu ;f] uf8L
v/Lb ug]{ cfo;|ft] gePsf] eGg] bfjL ePsf]df
k|ltjfbLn] ?=!$))))). lht]Gb|nfn >]i7;Fu C0f
lnPsf] / cem;Dd C0f r'Qmf gu/]sf eGg] egfO{
/x]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] ?=!$,)),))). C0f lnPsf]
elgPsf] ;dodf 5f] / Lsf gfddf a} + s df
?=%,)),))). /x]sf] / tTkZrft\ k6sk6s a}s
+ df
gub hDdf ePsf] /sd ?=#^,%^,%($. df}Hbft
/x]sf] cj:yf x'bF f pQm ?=!$ nfv C0f lnPsf]
eGg] s'/f / C0f lnPs} eP klg ltg{ afFsL /x]sf]
eGg] s'/f ljZjf;gLo dfGg] cfwf/ 5}g . 3/fo;df
h'g;]s} a]nf klg agfpg ;lsg] td;'snfO{
cbfntn] C0f lnPsf] k|df0f dfGg] cbfnts} lg0f{o
;d]tsf cfwf/df hLt]Gb|nfn;Fu ?=!$ nfv C0f
lnPsf] bfjL :jLsf/ ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/ s]xL 5}g . ;DklQ
Goflos hfFra'em cfof]udf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fnfO{
cbfntn] e/ kg]{ cfwf/ agfpg ldNb}g . lsgsL
;f] s'/f lghn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f;Dd xf] . cfof]un]
7x/ u/]sf] s'/f xf]Og .
k|ltjfbLsf] s[lif cfosf] u0fgf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
cGo s'g} d'2fdf cfof]un] k|lt ljufxf ?=@) xhf/
cfo x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug'{ To; d'2fsf] tYo;Fu
;DalGwt ljifo xf] . ;f];uF c;DalGwt o; d'2fdf
klg ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ dfkb08 agfpg'sf] cfwf/ 5}g .
cfof]un] k|yd s]xL jif{ aflif{s hDdf ?=%) xhf/
/ tTkZrft\ s]xL a9L cfo x'g;Sg] cg'dfg u/L ;f]
cfo lghsf] art / cGo ;DklQ cfh{g jf vr{df
k|of]u x'g ;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf]nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'k{ g]{
cfwf/ 5}g . k|ltjfbL / lghsf]] kl/jf/n] s[lif sfo{
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s[lifaf6 Tolt7"nf] /sd k|fKt x'g
;Sg] l:ylt 5}g .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

To:t}, lghsL 5f]/L k'gd v8\sf ef/t

dl0fkfndf lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ubf{ nfUg] vr{
;f]xL sn]hdf k9\g] cGo 5fqfnfO{ -/fdf1f
rt'j]bLsf] 5f]/LnfO{_ nfu] ;/x nfUg] lx;fj
u/]sf]df ljgf cfwf/ sf/0f ;f]nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L
k|ltjfbLxn] ?=$,%),))). nfu]sf] egL u/]sf]
bfjLnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ltjfbLsf]
bfjLsf] cfwf/ k|df0f 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] eQmk'/
s6' ~ h] d f ?=%,!),))). df / sf7df8f} F
l;gfd+undf ?=%,#$,#&%. df v/Lb u/]sf]df
hUufsf] ;|ft] k'li6 tTsfn lghnfO{ k|fKt cfoaf6
k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]d{ f ;f] k/LIf0f gu/L pk/f]Qm eQmk'/
/ l;gfd+unsf] hUuf laqmL ubf{ k|fKt nfesf]
/dsnfO{ cGo ;DklQ v/Lb ug]{ ;|ft] agfO{ q'l6k"0f{
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] @)$( ;fndf ?=# nfvdf
agfPsf] egL bfjL u/]sf] 3/ ljz]if1n] u/]sf]
tTsfnsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df ?=!@,%!,#&%. df
lgdf{0f x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] dlGqkl/ifb\df
;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ubf{ cfkm";uF /x]sf] elgPsf]
?=@,)),))). l;gfd+unsf] hUuf laqmLaf6 k|fKt
?=($,))). / @ jif{sf] s[lif cfo ?=! nfv /
kfl/jfl/s ;xof]u ;d]taf6 k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf
/x]sf cGo /sd ;d]taf6 ;f] 3/ lgdf{0f ePsf]
x'g ;Sg] dfgL ;|ft] v'ns
] f] ;DklQdf u0fgf ul/Psf]
xf] . t/ ljz]if cbfntn] @)$( ;fndf algPsf]
;f] 3/sf] d"No ?=#,)),))). dfq u0fgf u/L
cfTdut d"Nofg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] 3/ lgdf{0fsf] d"No
?=# nfv dfq dfGg] s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . cbfntsf]
pQm lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
o;sf ;fy} olb @)%$ ;fndf k|ltjfbLn]
s'g} 3/ g} gagfPsf] / k]z ePsf] gS;f, d"Nofg
ljj/0fdf pNn]v ePsf cGo 3/ @)$( ;fnd}
ag]sf] egL dflgPsf] cj:yfdf klg @)$( ;fnsf]
d"Nofgsf cfwf/df x'g] d"No lghn] vr{ u/]sf]
dfGg' kg]{ / @)$( ;fndf lgh;Fu Tolt ;DklQsf]
;|ft] lyof], lyPg, egL k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]d{ f ;f] gu/]sf]
lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 .

k|ltjfbLsf 5f]/L / kTgLsf gfddf a}s

+ df
7"nf] kl/df0fdf /sd hDdf ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 .
v]tLsf] /sd bfsf] 3/d} /fVg] u/]sf] / dfcf]jfbL
cft a9]kl5 sf7df8f}F NofOPsf] eGg] lghsf] egfO{
5 . t/ @)%@, @)%#, @)%% / @)%^ ;fndf
k6sk6s 5f]/L / kTgLsf gfddf a}s
+ df /sd
hDdf ePsf] / hUuf v/Lb ePsf] b]lvFbf lghsf]
bfjL em"7f] b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf a}s
+ df /x]sf]
/sd / nlntk'/df ?=@),(@,))). df v/Lb u/]sf]
hUufnfO{ u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] dfGg' kg]d{ f cbfntn]
q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ctM plNnlvt lhsL/xaf6
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] q'l6k"0f{
km};nf ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cf/f]k kq
dfubfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFg cg'/f]w 5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o; cbfntdf
bfo/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
F f ldlt
@)^#.&.@( sf] km};nf x]bf{ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/
v8\sfn] lht]Gb|nfn >]i7;Fu ?=!$,)),))).C0f
lnO{ 3/;f/sf] td;'s ul/lbPsf] / ;DklQ Goflos
hfFra'em cfof]u;dIf k]z ePsf] ljj/0fdf klg
To;sf] pNn]v ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfGotf
lbOPsf], ljb]z e|d0f ubf{ lgh v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn]
k|fKt u/]sf] Psd'i6 /sdsf] &) k|ltzt art
ePsf] dfgL cfo;|ft] df u0fgf ul/Psf], v'daxfb'/
v8\sfsL >LdtL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ sf] Pe/]i6
a}s
+ ln+ gofF afg]Zj/l:yt vftfdf ldlt @)%#.!@.!$
df ?=!% nfv / @)%^.$.@# df ?=!) nfv ;d]t
u/L lghsf] gfddf a}s
+ df}Hbft /x]sf] hDdf
?=#^,#(,(!@.^# df ;|ft] sf ;DaGwdf s'g]} ljZn]if0f
ljj]rgf gul/Psf], clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u;dIf sfuh ug]{ ;+oQ
' mf /f0ff -u'?_ n]
@)%& ;fndf ;'wf cfrfo{sf] gfddf /x]sf] sf7df8f}F
lhNnf, rknL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= (-v_ l:yt lsQf
g+= $^( / @#! sf] hUuf / ;f]df /x]sf] 3/ ;d]t
cfkm"n] v/Lb ul/lnPsf] / ;f] 3/ kf; ubf{
?=%),)),))).k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf
:jsLo ;lrj lji0f'axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ a'emfPsf]

804

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

egL pNn]v u/]sf]df ;f] sygsf ;DaGwdf s'g}

ljj]rgf g} gul/Psf], k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf
@)$$ ;fndf 5'lleGg e} cnu ePsf] tYonfO{
ldlt @)$$.*.#! sf] c+z e/kfO{ ;d]tsf cfwf/df
dfGotf lbOPsf] ePtfklg lghsf] efudf k/]sf]
v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] s[lif cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf
jflif{s ?=!,^&,*&%. cfDbfgL x'g] egL cfo lgwf{/0f
u/L ;f]df s'g} vr{ sf gul/Psf] / k|ltjfbLn]
@)$* ;fndf dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ
ljj/0fdf ?=@,)),))). gub /x]sf] egL pNn]v
u/]sf] kl/k|I] odf @)$$ ;fnb]lv @)$* ;fn;Ddsf]
s[lif cfonfO{ ;d]t u0fgf u/L 5'} cfo sfod
ul/Psf], @)$*.@.!% b]lv @)%( ;fn;Dd ;f+;b
/ dGqL kbdf /xFbf tnj -lkP ;lxtsf]_, eQf,
kqklqsf wf/f, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, ef8f, lgjf{rg
If]q e|d0f, 3/ ;kmfO ;d]t afkt a'em]sf] ;Dk"0f{
/sdaf6 vr{ gs6fO{ Psd'i6 ?kdf jrt dfgL
cfo sfod ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ?=!@,%*,(&).
nfO{ ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQsf ?kdf k'li6 ePsf]
egL lgisif{df k'Ubf k'Ub} To;nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] s'n
;DklQsf] *=@! k|ltzt dfq x'g cfpg] egL j}w
cfo;|ft] sf] cg'kftdf cldNbf] / c:jfefljs dfgL
s;" / bf/ 7xofpg Gofo;+ u t gx' g ] egL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . t;y{ sfg"gn] pNn]v g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
s'n ;DklQsf] *=@ k|ltztnfO{ j}w cfo;|ft] sf]
cg'kftdf cldNbf] / c:jfefljs dfgL s;"/bf/
7xofpg gldNg] eGg] lg0f{ofwf/ ljBdfg sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / dfly plNnlvt cGo
tYoxaf6 klg ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
F f] ldlt
@)^#.&.@( sf] km};nfdf uDeL/ q'l6 b]lvO{ km/s
kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf lgldQ k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n, ljfg

pkGofoflwjQmf >L z+s/axfb'/ /fO{ / >L xl/k|;fb

/]UdLn] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] lyof] M
k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] v'ns
] f] cfosf] cg'kftdf w]/}
d"Nosf] rn crn ;DklQ /x]sf] ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0fjf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]kl5 dfq cfk"m, cfk\mgf] >LdtL / tTsfnLg
gfaflnsf 5f]/Lsf] gfddf rn crn ;DklQ
cfh{g ug]{ sfo{ tLj| ?kdf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] hDdf !))!)
ljufxf hUuf c+z afkt a'em]sf] ldlt
@)$$.*.@! sf] kfl/t c+z a'em] sf] e/kfO{jf6
b]lvG5 . @)$* ;fndf ;DklQ ljj/0f a'emfpFbf
h] pNn]v u/] Tof] eGbf a9L tTsfnLg ;dodf
lghsf] cfo x'g ;Qm}g . @)$$ ;fnb]lv s}
s[lif cfo u0fgf u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
pQm !))!) ljufxf hUufdWo] %^!@=%
ljufxf dfq wgx/ v]t /x]sf] b]lvG5, hDdf
hUufdWo] s/Lj $ ljufxf hUufdf df]xL sfod
ePsf] b]lvG5 . lghn] dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z u/]sf]
:j3f]lift ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df klg v]tLkfltsf]
cfDbfgLaf6 jflif{s ?=%) xhf/ eGbfa9L art
x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . kfl/jfl/s vr{ g}
dfl;s ?=!!,))). pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf
s[lif cfo art x'g] cj:yf 5}g .
5f]/LnfO{ 8fS6/ k9fpFbf sn]hsf] lan e/kfO{
k]z gePsf] cj:yfdf /fdf1fsf] 5f]/LnfO{ nfu]
;/xsf] 5f]/Lsf] k9fO{ vr{afkt ?=&,)$,))).
vr{ ePsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf 36fPsf] ldn]sf]
5}g .
j}bl] zs e|d0faf6 k|fKt /sddWo] %) k|ltzt
hlt hf]lug] eg]/ k|ltjfbLn] g} eg]sf] cj:yfdf
&) k|ltzt hf]lug] 7x/fPsf] ldn]sf] 5}g .
k| l tjfbLsf] cfosf] ;| f ] t df ;fj{ h lgs
hjfkmb] x Lsf] lhDd] j f/L jxg u/] a fkt
/fHosf]ifaf6 kfPsf] kfl/>ldsdf lk=P=sf]
kfl/>lds, wf/f, ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf vr{

805

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

eP/ hfg] cyf{t\ c?nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd

k"j{ lgl0f{t ghL/ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df u0fgf ug{
gldNg]df To:tf /sd ld;fPsf] / u0fgf u/]sf]
ljz]ifsf] km};nf hok|sfz u'Ktfsf] d'2fdf
k|ltkflbt l;2fGtsf] ljk/Lt 5 .
Ifltk"lt{ lng] l;nl;nfdf ;/sf/f/f u7g
ePsf] :yfgLo Iflt d"Nofg ;ldltn] pQm
;DklQsf] x|f; s6[L ubf{ bf lhNnf, ;tjl/of
uf=lj=;=^ uf]em] gfl:yt ls=g+=@& / @* sf]
k}ts
[ hUufdf 3/ dlGb/ / zf}rfno @)%$
;fndf / cGo ejgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ @)$(
;fndf ePsf] :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn]
:jo+ :jLsf/]sf] tYonfO{ cbfntn] yk k|df0f
vf]h/] cGoyf u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g .
cGo JolQmaf6 ?=!$ nfv ;fk6L lnO{
hfkfgaf6 cfoft ul/g]] ldT;'lj;L uf8L v/Lb
u/]sf] eGg] aofgdf ;Totf b]lvb}g . skfnL
td;'sL /sd e|i6frf/ d'2fdf cfosf] u0fgfdf
k|df0f u|fx\o x'bF g} egL k"j{ ghL/xdf l;2fGt
k|ltkfbg e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf :jLsf/ u/]/ k|ltjfbLn]
k'g/fj]bg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLsf
lhsL/df yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf
5}g .
r]s lkl/o8sf] clGtd ldltsf] b'O{ lbg klxnf
k|fKt u/]sf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd aiff}{ klxnf v/Lb
u/]sf] ;DklQ k'li6 ug]{ a}w cfo x'g ;Qm}g .
k|ltjfbLn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]kZrft\
cf/f] k kqsf] plNnlvt s' n ;DklQ
?=@,&%,(*,@^$.)% cfh{g u/]sf] b]lvPsf]df
pQm ;DklQdWo] ?=#(,!),^#(.*! sf] dfq ;|ft]
v'Ng ;s]sf] b]lvbf ;f]jfx]s lgh;Fu /x]ePsf]
;Dk"0f{ crn ;DklQ ?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$ sf]
j}wflgs ;|ft] v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g . cfk\mgf] ;fydf
/x]sf] bfjLsf] ;DklQnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf
eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
cfk\mgf] ;fydf /x]sf] ;DklQ j}w cfh{gjf6
hf]8s
] f] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f k|ltjfbL :jo+n]

k'ofpg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf] ;fydf /x]sf] ;DklQ
u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] xf]Og egL tYoo"Qm
k| d f0ff/f k' l i6 ug{ ;s] s f] gb] l vF b f
k|ltjfbLxsf] ;fydf /x]sf] bfjLsf] ;DklQ
u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] dfgL ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@) n] u/]sf] x'bF f cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd
k|ltjfbLxsf] gfddf /x]sf] u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf]
;DklQ / ;f]jf6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t hkmt
u/L d'Vo cleo'Qm k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/
v8\sfnfO{ dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'gk' g]d
{ f
ljz]if cbfntn] *=@! k|ltzt j}w cfo eGbf
a9L /sd :jLsfbf{ :jLsfb}{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
bfo/f eGbf aflx/ u} ljb]zL ghL/nfO{ cfwf/
lnb}+ ;kmfO lbPsf] q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f pN6L u/L
cleof]ubfjLadf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x/fO{ ;hfo
ul/g' kb{5 .
k|ToyL{ v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]tsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg al/i7 clwjQmfx >L dxfb]jk|;fb
ofbj, >L ;'zLns'df/ kGt / >L zDe' yfkf,
ljfg clwjQmfx >L k|]daxfb'/ v8\sf, >L
/lhteQm k|wfgf, >L afns[i0f g]pkfg], >L
z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=/ >L of]uG] b|axfb'/ clwsf/Ln]
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] M
ljz]if cbfntaf6 ;kmfO kfPsf] cj:yfdf
;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg] cj:yf lyPg .
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k'g/fj]bg bfo/ x'bF f
k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z e} pkl:yt ePsf]
cj:yfdf e|i6frf/ h:tf] cfly{s lx;fj
lstfj x]gk{' g]{ d'2fdf k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
5}g eg]/ :ki6 b]lvg] a}w cfo u0fgf ug{
ldNb}g eGg ldNb}g . c? d'2f / k|:t't
e|i6frf/ d'2fsf] k|sl[ t cnUu} x'g] x'bF f
hj r]s lkl/o8sf] a}w cfo / vr{sf]
lx;fj ul/G5 eg] cbfntn] :ki6 b]lvg] /

806

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

k|df0fn] ;dly{t x'g] ;j} cfox u0fgf

cGoflos 5, Gofof]lrt ePsf] 5}g .
;DklQsf] d"Nofg ;DaGwdf ljz]if
cbfntn] ckgfPsf] dfGotf 7Ls 5 .
lnvtsf] d"No / tTsfnLg d"No g} sfod
ug]u{ /L ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fdf
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] x'bF f ;f]xLadf]lhd
ul/g' kb{5 .
cfdf tyf efO ;d]t ;uf]ndf /x]sf] egL
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfg tyf cbfntdf ;d]t
aofg u/]sf] / ;fIfL k|df0faf6 ;d]t k'li6
x'bF f k|ltjfbLsf] efO tyf cfdfsf] gfddf
/x]sf] sl/a @( ljufx hUUff ;d]taf6 !%
jif{sf] s[lif cfoafkt s'n cfDbfgL
?=!,@*,,#!,))). x'g] x'bF f ;f]nfO{ cfodf
u0fgf ul/g' kb{5 . leqL dw]zsf] hUufdf
klg k|lt ljufxf hDdf @) xhf/ s[lif cfo
u0fgf u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . s[lif cfosf]
u0ftf k"jf{ux| Lk"0f{ 5, Gofof]lrt\ ePsf] 5}g .
cleof]u nufOPsf] e|i6frf/ P]gsf] bkmf
@) sf] cleof] u df c:jfefljs
hLjgz}nLsf] cfwf/df d'2f p7fg ePsf]
x'gk' b{5, cs}{ e|i6frf/ d'2fdf cg';Gwfg
ub}{ hfFbf ;kmn x'g] gb]lvPkl5 k"jf{ux| L
tl/sfn] u}/sfg"gL ;DklQdf cleof]u
nufOPsf] g} q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] uf8L v/Lb ubf{sf] cj:yfdf
?=!$,)),))).lht]Gb|nfn >]i7;Fu+ C0f
lnPsf] / cGo JolQmx ch'{gs'df/
>]i7;Fu ?= !@,)),))). / s[i0fk|;fb
/fo;Fu ?=!%,)),))). ;d]t hDdf
?=$!,)),))). 3/;f/sf] lnvt u/L C0f
lnPsf] s'/f C0f lbg] JolQmxn] cbfntdf
cfO{ u/]sf] jskq ;d]taf6 k'li6 ePsf]
x'bF f o:tf] C0fnfO{ dfGotf lbOg' kb{5 .
k|ltjfbLn] dlGqkl/ifb\df @)%! df ;DklQ
ljj/0f k]z ubf{ @)$( ;fndf ;tjl/ofdf
# j6f 3/sf] ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] / cf/f]k
807

kqdf csf]{ rf}yf] 3/ :ki6 ?kdf b]vfpg

g;s]af6 klg @)%$ ;fndf ge} 3/ klxNo}
ag]sf] s'/f k'li6 ePs} 5 . @)$( ;fndf
j}w ;|ft] af6 lgdf{0f ePsf] 3/nfO{ @)%$
;fndf ag]sf] egL bfjL lng' k"jf{ux| Lk"0f{
/x]sf] :ki6 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] ljb]z e|d0f ubf{ lgodadf]lhd
k|fKt /sd ;d]tnfO{ oyfy{ ?kdf lx;fj
u/L cfo;|ft] df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
:ki6 ?kdf kf;kf]6d{ f plNnlvt /sdnfO{
a}w cfo ;|ft] sf] ?kdf u0fgf ul/g'kb{5 .
v/Lb ubf{sf cj:yfdf vr{ ePsf] jf:tljs
d"Nosf] g} ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f k|ltjfbLsf]
@)$$ b]lv )%( ;Ddsf] tYok"0f{ tyf
Gofof]lrt tl/sfn] lx;fj ubf{ s'n cfDbfgL
?=@,%*,,!!,))%. /x] ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0faf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
ljb]z hfFbf k|fKt ePsf] cfodWo] kf;kf]6d{ f
pNn]v ePsf] /sd ;j} u0fgf ePsf] 5}g .
;f] ;d]t cfodf u0fgf ul/g' kb{5 .
a}wflgs a}s
+ Aofn]G;df a}s
+ af6 k|bfg
ul/Psf] Jofh ;d]t cfodf u0fgf u/]sf]
sfg"g;Ddt 5 .
s:n] slt vr{ ug]{ eGg] s'/f JolQmut
cfjZostf / zf]vsf] ;d]t ljifo xf] .
sn]hnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ kmLsf] xb;Dd c?
;/x ;dfg x'g] eg] klg cGo vr{ ;dfg
x'g ;Qm}g . 5f]/Lsf] k9fO vr{sf ;DaGwdf
/fdf1f rt' j ] { b Lsf] d' 2 fsf] dfkb08
ckgfpg ldNb}g .
clVtof/sf] cleof]udf g} bfjL glnOPsf]
;'wf cfrfo{n] a]r]sf] hUuf k|ltjfbL
v'daxfb'/sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfL
lemsfpg] cfb]zdf pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/
cleof]u bfjL eGbf aflx/ 5, cbfntn]
cleof]udf ;Lldt /x]/ OG;fkm ug'{ kb{5 .
ljleGg d'2fdf skfnL td;'ssf] /sdnfO{
;d]t cfodf dfGotf lbg] u/L km};nf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

ePsf] l:ylt 5 . k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf tLgj6}

td;'sL sf/f]jf/ ;To tYodf cfwfl/t
x'bF f tL /sdnfO{ ;d]t cfodf u0fgf ul/g'
kb{5 .
ls=g+= **, #)! / #)@ sf hUuf tf/f/fh
s'df/L /f0ffaf6 @)$( ;fndf ?=b'O{ nfv
lauf] sfod u/L k|fKt u/]sf hUuf k'gM
@)%^ ;fndf ?=%#$#&%. Dff v/Lb u/]sf]
cj:yf x'bF f @)$( ;fndf k|fKt ubf{s}
;|ft] a}w ePkl5 ;f]af6 kl5 cfh{g ePsf]
cfo ;d]t a}w x'G5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] k}ts
[ ;DklQ / kl5 pgn] cfh{g
u/]sf] j}w cfosf] t'ngfdf lgh;fy /x]sf]
xfnsf] ;DklQ / u/]sf] vr{ sd x'bF f lghnfO{
;kmfO lbPsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt 5 .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tfl/v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf kIf ljkIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxn] k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ts{k0" f{ ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L
k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax; gf]6 tyf k'g/fj]bg
kq;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L
x]bf{ k|dv
' ?kdf lgDg k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o
lg?k0f ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 M
1=

2=

3=

k|ToyL{k|ltjfbLn] hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf]

;DklQ / vr{ tyf ;f]xL cjlwdf lghsf] cfo
k|fKt x'g] j}wflgs ;|ft] x s] s:tf /x]sf
b]lvG5g\, To; ;DaGwdf ljz]if cbfntn] u/]sf]
ljZn]if0f dgfl;j 5 5}g <
k|ToyL{k|ltjfbLsf] j}wflgs cfo;|f]tsf]
t'ngfdf cflh{t ;DklQ / u/]sf] vr{ :jfefljs
b]lvG5 jf b]lvFbg} / To;af6 lghn] u}/sfg"gL
?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/L cfk\mgf] x}l;ot;Fu
cldNbf] / pRr:t/sf] hLjgofkg u/]sf] dfGg
ldNg] l:ylt b]lvG5, b]lvGg <
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/cg';f/ ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L

u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]k kq dfu bfjLadf]lhd

;hfo x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og <
cleof]u
cf/f]k kqdf k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8sfn]
cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQnfO{ xfnsf] d"Nodf d"Nofg
u/L lgh tyf lghsf] >LdtL ;d]tsf gfddf
?=@,&%,(*,@^$.)% a/fa/sf] rn crn ;DklQ
/x]sf]df ;f]dWo] ?=#(,!),^#(.*! a/fa/sf]
;DklQsf] dfq ;|ft] v'ns
] f] / ?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$
a/fa/sf] rncrn ;DklQsf] ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] egL
;|ft] gv'ns
] f] elgPsf] pQm ?=@,#^,*&,^@$.@$
a/fa/sf] rncrn ;DklQ lghn] dGqL /
;f+;bnufot ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xFbf e|i6frf/ u/L
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf] x'bF f
;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf #,
&-!_ tyf !% / xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ sf] s;"/df ;fljs P]gsf]
bkmf #, &-!_, !), !% / @( tyf xfn k|rlnt
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_
adf]lhd xb};Dd s}b / h/Ljfgf u/L lghsf]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cflh{t cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+=!@
df plNnlvt j}wflgs ;|ft] v'Ng g;s]sf] rn
crn ;DklQ hkmt u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)!& sf] bkmf !$ s / xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd yk
;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t dfu bfjL lnOPsf]
b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] u/]sf] aofgdf
bf ;tjl/ofdf /x]sf] k}ts
[ v]tLsf] hUufaf6
k|fKt s[lif cfo g} cfk\mgf] cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo ;|ft]
ePsf] / ;f] afx]s @)$* ;fnb]lv ;+;b ;b:o
tyf k6sk6s dGqL x'bF f k|fKt u/]sf] kfl/>lds,
;'ljwf, :jb]z / j}bl] zs e|d0f ubf{ k|fKt ePsf]
eQf /sd cflbaf6} ;DklQ cfh{g ePsf] x'bF f kbsf]
b'?kof]u u/L u}/sfg"gL cfh{g u/]sf] jf pRr /
cldNbf] hLjgofkg u/]sf] egL cf/f]k kqdf bfjL
ul/P adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t lhsL/
lnPsf] kfOG5 .

808

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

pk/f]Qm bfjL / lhsL/ /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf

ljz]if cbfntaf6 ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fdf hfFr
cjlwdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] cfh{g u/]sf] df}h"b
;DklQ / u/]sf] vr{ ;d]t hDdf ?=!,%#,@#,&#).
a/fa/sf] b]lvPsf] tyf ;f]dWo] ?=!,$),!!,@#^.
;DklQ tyf vr{sf] ;|ft] k'li6 eO{ ?=!@,%*,(&).
sf] dfq ;|f]t k'li6 gePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfOof] . df}lb|s cfosf] cg'kftdf a9L b]lvg cfPsf]
;DklQ k|ltjfbLsf] s'n ;DklQsf] *=@! k|ltzt
dfq x'g cfPsf]n] !) k|ltzt;Ddsf] km/snfO{
:jfefljs dfGg'kg]{ x'bF+ f k|ltjfbLn] u}/sfg"gL cfh{g
u/L a} w cfo;| f ] t sf] cg' k ftdf cldNbf] /
c:jefljs ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] k'li6 x'g gcfPsf]
egL k|ltjfbLnfO{ bfjLsf] s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbPsf]
b]lvof] .
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ jfbL kIfsf]
dfq k'g/fjb]g k/]sf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bs jfbL
kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf k|d'v ?kdf k|ltjfbLsf]
3/hUuf ;d] t sf] ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ul/Psf] xfnsf] d"NonfO{
cfwf/ dfgL ljuf] sfod ug'{kg]{df ;DklQ cfh{g
ubf{sf] d"NofFsgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL 36L ljuf] sfod
ul/Psf], k|ltjfbLn] v/Lbsf] ;|f]t g} k'li6 ug{
g;s]sf hUuf laqmLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] eg]sf]
/sdnfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf], cf/f]k kqdf jflif{s
%) xhf/;Dd s[lif cfo art x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg
ul/Psf]df c:jfefljs ?kdf s[lif cfo k|bfg
ul/Psf] tyf k|ltjfbLn] lhsL/ lnPeGbf klg
a9L cyf{ t \ hfF r cjlw aflx/sf] @)$$
;fnb]lvsf] s[lif cfo u0fgf ul/Psf], hfFr
cjlwsf] kl5Nnf] lbgdf k|ltjfbLsf efO{n] a'em]sf]
elgPsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sdnfO{ cfosf] dfGotf
lbOPsf], @)$( / )%$ ;fndf agfPsf] egL
k|fljlws k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] bf
;tjl/ofl:yt 3/sf] lgdf{0f nfutnfO{ ;dfj]z
gu/]sf], 3/;f/sf] lnvtadf]lhdsf] C0fnfO{
;|f]t sfod u/]sf], lk=P=sf] tnj, wf/f, ljh'nL,
OGwg, ef8f / dd{t h:tf /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf]

kfl/>ldsdf u0fgf u/L jf:tljs eGbf a9L

cfo lbPsf], ;|f]t g} k'li6 gePsf] lgIf]ksf]
AofhnfO{ cfosf] dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf], ;DklQsf]
?kdf /x]sf] ;'gnfO{ cfo;|f]t dfg]sf], k|ltjfbLn]
g} ljb]z e|d0f ubf{ k|fKt ePsf] eQfsf] %)
k|ltzt art ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]df &)
k|ltzt art x'g] egL a9L cfo b]vfPsf],
k|ltjfbLn] dfl;s !! xhf/ vr{ nfUg] egL
aofgdf g} pNn]v u/]sf]df k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/
u/]sf] vr{ ;d]t g36fO{ ;Dk"0f{ cfonfO{ artsf]
?kdf dfGotf lbO{ cfo k|fKt ePsf] / ;DklQ
cfh{g ubf{sf] ;do ;d]t ljrf/ gu/L kl5sf]
cfon] cl3af6} v/Lb u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6
ePsf] egL Goflos d"Nofg / k/LIf0f gu/L
ePsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n]
;f] km};nf ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]k kqdf
dfu bfjL lnOPadf]lhd g} ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] .
pk/f]Qm k'g/fj]bg lhsL/sf] kl/k|I] odf
k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] cflh{t ;DklQ tyf u/]sf]
vr{ / ;f] cjlwdf lghn] cfo k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvg]
j}wflgs cfo;|ft] sf ;DaGwdf ljz]if cbfntn]
u/]sf] ljZn]if0f plrt / dgfl;j 5 5}g eGg]
ljifodf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] cflh{t ;DklQ
/ u/]sf vr{xsf] cj:yf / l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f
b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
@= 3/hUufM
k'g/fj]bgkqdf lnOPsf] klxnf] lhsL/
k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf] d"Nofg xfnsf] d"Nosf
cfwf/df ug'{kg]{df ;DklQ cfh{g ubf{sf] ;dosf]
d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL 36L d"Nofg sfod
ul/Psf] eGg] 5 . tyflk o:t} k|s[ltsf] ;dfg
sfg"gL k|Zg p7fOPsf] k'g/fj]bsjfbL g]kfn
;/sf/ lj?4 lr/~hLjL jfUn] ;d]t k|ltjfbL
ePsf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
ul/Psf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df geO{ lnvt d"No

809

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cyf{t\ ;DklQ cfh{g ubf{sf] d"Nosf] cfwf/df g}

ljuf] sfod ug'{ dgfl;j x'g] egL -g]sfk @)^&
lg=g+=*%!(_ l;4fGt sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 /fdf1f
rt'j]{bL ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf
lr/~hLjL jfUn]sf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt pk/f]Qm
l;4fGtnfO{ c+uLsf/ ug's
{ f ;fy} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @) / $& sf] cGt/;DaGw
k|i6 ub}{ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{af6 cfh{g u/]sf]
u}/sfg"gL ;DklQsf] ljuf] sfod ug]{ / hkmt
ug] { ;DaGwdf P] g n] k[ y s k[ y s dfkb08
cjnDag u/]sf], u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf]
;DklQsf] ljuf] sfod u/L ;hfo ug]{ tyf
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQnfO{ cfh{g u/]sf] ljuf] sfod
gu/L hkmt dfq ug]{ ljwflosfsf] dg;fo /x]sf],
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQsf] klg ljuf] sfod ug]{ P]gsf]
p2]Zo /x]sf] eP bkmf @) af6 ;f] s'/fnfO{
afx]s ug'{kg]{ / a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ hkmt x'g]
ljifo bkmf $& df 5'} ;dfj]z ug'{kgf{sf] s'g}
ljj]s;Ddt / dgfl;j cwf/ gb]lvPsf]n] xfnsf]
d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljuf] sfod ug{'kg]{ eGg]
jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ cfwf/xLg eO{
lnvt d"No / tTsfnLg sf/f]jf/ d"NonfO{
cfwf/dfgL ljuf] sfod u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nf cGoyf b]lvPg eGg] ;d]t JofVof -g]sfk
@)^* lg=g+=*^#), k[i7 (!&_ ePsf] b]lvPsf]
5.
To;} u/L k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4 hok|sfzk|;fb u'Ktf ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf]
e| i 6frf/ d' 2 fdf pk/f] Q m l;4fGt ;d] t sf]
cg'z/0f u/L ;DklQ cfh{g ubf{s} d"NonfO{
cfwf/ dfgL ljuf] sfod ug'{kg]{ dfGotf :yflkt
ul/Psf] -g]sfk @)^*, c !!, lg=g+= *&@@ k[=,
!*()_ b] l vG5 . ;fy} k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbL
s]zj/fh uf}td lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf]
kmf}=k'=g+=)^#CR)!&# tyf k'g/fj]bs jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 s]z/h+u v8\sf ;d]t
k| l tjfbL ePsf] ;+ j t @)^@ ;fnsf]

kmf}=k'=g+=#!@% sf] u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g u/L

e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] d'2fxdf klg ;DklQsf]
d"Nofg ;DklQ k|fKt ubf{sf] d"Nosf cfwf/df
g} ug'{kg]{ egL ;DklQsf] d"Nofgsf ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntaf6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt pk/f]Qm
l;4fGtxaf6 Ps lglZrt Goflos b[li6sf]0f
:yflkt e};s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f cfh{g ubf{sf] nfut
d"Nosf cfwf/df ;DklQsf] d"Nofg u/L ljuf]
sfod u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd
dgfl;j g} b]lvg cfPsf]n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf
sfod ul/Psf] d"Nofgsf cfwf/df ljuf] sfod
ul/g' kg]{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ u|x0fof]Uo ePg .
;DklQsf] d"Nofg ug]{ qmddf bf
;tjl/of uf=lj=j8f g+= ^ l:yt cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf
g+= % df pNn]v ePsf k|ltjfbLn] hfFr cjlw
cyf{t\ @)$( / @)%$ ;fndf agfPsf b'O{ j6f
3/, uf]73/, uf]bfdefG;f3/ / Uof/]h cflbsf]
lgdf{0f nfutnfO{ klg k|fljlwssf] d"Nofgadf]lhd
u0fgf ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] )%$
df s'g} 3/ lgdf{0f gu/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvP klg @)$( ;fndf 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] tYonfO{
:jLsfb}{ ?=#,)),))). nfu]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . ljjflbt 3/xsf] :ynut d"Nofg u/L
;DalGwt k|fljlwsn] ldlt @)%(.(.@ df lbPsf]
k|ltj]bgdf k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf] gfddf
bf ;tjl/of j8f g+= ^ l:yt uf]em]gfsf] ls=g+=@&
/ @* df d'Vo 3/ !, uf]bfd 3/ !, Uof/]h !, dlGb/
!, 6\jfOn]6 @, / uf]73/ ! /x]sf] eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] klxnf] k6s dGqL x'bF f @)$*
;fndf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf cGo s'/fsf
cltl/Qm 3/sf ;DaGwdf lbPsf] ljj/0fdf b'O{
tNn] kSsL3/ ! / PstNn] kSsL efG;f3/ ! ;d]t
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ @)%! ;fndf dGqL x'bF f
k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf kSsL efG;f 3/ / kSsL
3/sf cltl/Qm kSsL uf]7 ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf]

810

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

b]lvG5 . ;fy} @)%^ ;fndf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf

kSsL 3/ @ / kSsL eG;f3/ ! ;d]tsf] ljj/0f
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] aofg tyf
;fj{hlgs kbdf k|jz
] ubf{ k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ
ljj/0faf6 lgh;Fu Pp6f k}ts
[ 3/ /x]sf]df kl5af6
yk Pp6f 3/ agfPsf] eGg] tYo k'li6 e}/x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
@)%( ;fndf Ifltk"lt{ lnFbf Pp6f 3/sf]
kfFr jif{sf] / csf]{sf] !) jif{sf] x|f;sL u/L
/sd a'em]sf] tyf k|fljlws hfFr ;d]taf6
k|ltjfbLn] Pp6f 3/ )$( / csf]{ )%$ df agfPsf]
eGg] b] l vPsf] x' F b f b' a } 3/sf] k| f ljlws
d"Nofgadf]lhdsf] /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQdf
u0fgf ug'{kg]{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvP
klg ;f] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/nfO{ dfGg] xf] eg]
k|ltjfbLsf] s'g} k}t[s 3/ g} gePsf] lgisif{df
k'Ug' kg]{ x'G5 , h'g s'/f :jefljs x'g ;Sb}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] s'g} k}ts
[ 3/ g} lyPg eGg] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ g/x]sf], @)$* ;fndf klxnf] k6s k]z
u/]sf] ljj/0fdf g} k|ltjfbLsf] Pp6f kSsL 3/
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / e}cfPsf] k|fljlwssf]
d"Nofgaf6 ;d]t xfn b'Oj{ 6f 3/sf] dfq cl:tTj
b]lvPsf] x'Fbf b'j} 3/ kl5 agfPsf] 7x/ ug{
ldNg] ljZj;gLo cfwf/ b]lvb}g . k|fljlwssf]
k|ltj]bgdf uf]73/sf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] kSsL
3/n] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn, agfj6 / k|s[lt x]bf{ ;f]
3/nfO{ xfn uf]73/ elgPsf] b]lvP klg ;fljssf]
d'Vo 3/ xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo JolQmxsf]
egfO{ cg';f/ k|fljlws d"Nofgdf @)%$ ;fndf
lgdf{0f u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] d'Vo 3/
k|ltjfbLn] @)$( ;fndf agfPsf] lhsL/ lnPsf]
/ lghn] @)$* ;fndf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf
Pp6f dfq kSsL 3/ b]vfPsf]df )%! ;fndf
dGqL x'Fbf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf b'O{ j6f kSsL 3/
pNn]v u/]sf] x'bF f k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ g} ljZjf;k|b
b]lvg cfpF5 .
ca, @)$( ;fndf pQm 3/ lgdf{0f
ubf{ ?=#,)),))). dfq lgdf{0f nfut k/]sf]
811

eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] / @)%$ ;fnsf]

b//]6af6 k|fljlws d"Nofg ePsf] tyf ljz]if
cbfntn] k| l tjfbLsf] egfO{ cg' ; f/ g}
?=#,)),))). lgdf{ 0 f nfut sfod u/] s f]
b]lvG5 . ;f] 3/sf] e"O{ tNnfdf !%(%=#& /
klxnf] tNnfsf] s'n If]qkmn !#^&=** ju{kmL6
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . @)$( ;fnsf] lgldQ
k|lt ju{kmL6 e'O{ tNnfsf] ?=#!(. / klxnf]
tNnfsf] ?=$!@. b/ tf] l sPsf] x' F b f ;f] x L
b//] 6 af6 lx;fj ubf{ ?=!),&@,$((.%(
;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f nfut x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy}
!@=% k| l tzt lah' n L, :oflg6/L / ;fO6
8]enkd]06:afkt tyf s'n nfutsf] @%
k|ltzt sDkfp08jfnsf] nflu nfut kg]{ eGg]
k|fljlws d"Nofgdf pNn]v ePsf]n] ;f] vr{x
;dfj]z ubf{ s'n ?=!%,!%,@)).(& k|ltjfbLsf]
3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ nfu]sf] jf:tljs nfut dfGg'
kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . dlGb/, 6\jfOn]6 / uf]bfd3/
;d]tsf] lgdf{0f nfutsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvP klg To:tf ;+/rgfx ;fljsb]lv
/xg ;Sg] k|s[ltsf b]lvPsf] x'Fbf 5'} ;dfj]z
ug'{ Gofof]lrt\ x'g] b]lvFb}g .
nlntk'/ ;fg]kf @-s_ ls=g+=@$( sf] hUuf
@)%%.!.#! df lnvt d"No ?=@),(@,))). tyf
;f]xL :yfgsf] ls=g+=!)& / !*^ sf] 3/ / hUuf
lnvt d"No ?=^),)),))). df ldlt @)%*.!).@^
df k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL zLnf v8\sfsf] gfddf
v/Lb ePsf] b] l vF b f ;f] 3/hUufsf] d" N o
lnvtcg';f/ sfod u/]sf] cGoyf b]lvFbg} . tyflk
;fg]kfsf] ;f] 3/df s/Lj !$,)),))). a/fa/sf
kmlg{r/ / ljB'tLo pks/0f /x]sf] eGg] k|fljlws
d"Nofg eO{ cfPsf] b]lvPsf] / 3/ v/Lbsf] ldlt
;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ tL ;fdu|Lx k|ltjfbLn]
hfFr cjlwd} v/Lb u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] s'/f ;xh /
:jefljs cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] eP klg jfbL kIfn]
;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} bfjL lnPsf] gkfOPsf]n] yk
s]xL af]Ng ldNg] cj:yf ePg . o;y{ k|ltjfbLsf]
3/ hUufsf] j:t'l:ylt;lxtsf] pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0f

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;d]tsf cfwf/df 3/ hUufsf] v/Lb / lgdf{0f afg]Zj/df /x]sf] lgIf]k /sd ?=@%,)),))).
nfut ?=(^,)&,@)).(& sfod ug' { k g] { d f ;Ddsf] k|ltjfbLn] ;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
?=*#,(@,))). sfod u/]sf] xb;Dd ljz]if
cf/f]k kqdf k'gd v8\sfsf] gfdsf]
cbfntsf] ljZn]if0f ldn]sf] b]lvPg .
lxdfnog a}s
+ 7d]ndf cGo /sd lemsL afFsL
/x]sf] ?=!^,^*@. nfO{ klg k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/
#= a}s
+ df}HbftM
v8\ssfsf] ;DklQsf ?kdf bfjL lnPsf]df ljz]if
To;}u/L cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= & df cbfntn] ;f] /sdnfO{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLn] ;|ft] k'li6
pNn]v ePcg';f/ k|ltjfbL zLnf zdf{ -v8\sf_ ug'{kg]{ ;DklQsf ?kdf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f]
/ k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf qmdzM Pe/]i6 j}+s ;dfhdf ;fdfGotM 5f]/Lsf] sdfO{ afa'n] lng] vfg]
ln=gofF jfg]Zj/sf] vftf g+= *%*) P df k|rng g/xL rf8 kj{ ljz]ifdf 5f]/LnfO{ g} l6sf6fnf]
?=#^,#(,(!@.^# / lxdfnog j}+s ln= 7d]ndf / bfg bIfL0ff lbg] wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts dfGotf /xL
vf=g+=!#&))) h]= df ?=!^,^*@. df}Hbft /x]sf] cfPsf] 5 . a}+sdf /x]sf] plNnlvt /sdsf]
b]lvPsf] egL ljz]if cbfntn] ;f] b'a} vftfdf kl/df0faf6} l6sf6fnf]af6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sd a}s
+ df
/x]sf] /sd ?=#^,%^,%($.^# nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] /fv]sf] cg'dfg ug{' :jfefljs x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}n]
;DklQsf] ?kdf u0fgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k/Gt' 5f]/Ln] l6sf6fnf]af6 k|fKt u/L a}s
+ df hDdf ePsf]
zLnf v8sfsf] gfdsf] plNnlvt a}s
+ df}HbftdWo] pQm /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf]
?=@%,)),))). dfq lgIf]k /sd ePsf] / afFsL cfh{gcGtu{tsf] ;DklQ dfgL lghn] ;|ft] k'li6
?=!!,#(,(!@.^# Aofh ePsf] egL ;f] /sdnfO{ ug'k{ g]{ eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
k|ltjfbLsf] cfo ;|ft] sf] ?kdf 5'} dfGotf lbPsf]
b] l vG5 . ;fF j f / AofhnfO{ Psd' i 6 ?kdf $= ;'grfFbLM
;DklQdf u0fgf u/L To;}dWo]sf] Aofh /sdnfO{
cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+=* df tTsfnLg
k'gM ;|f]tdf /fvL u0fgf ul/Paf6 k|ltjfbLn] d"No k|tLtf]nf ?=!),@)).!& b/sf] k|ltjfbLsf]
;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{ ;DklQsf ;DaGwdf vf;} ;fydf /x]sf] ;'g ## tf]nfsf] ?=#,#^,^)%.^! tyf
leGgtf cfpg] cj:yf geP klg lgIf]kaf6 k|ltlsnf]uf| d ?=!#,!%). b/sf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;fydf
a9]a9fPsf] Aofh /sdnfO{ ;d]t ;DklQdf /x]sf] @=(# lsnf]uf| d r+fbLsf] ?=#*,%@(.%) ;d]t
;dfj]z ubf{ kl/0ffdtM a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQsf] ?=#,&%,!#%.!! j/fj/sf] ;'grfFbL /x]sf] eGg] pNn]v
;d]t ljuf] sfod x'g k'Ug] e} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ul/Psf], ;f] ;'g rfFbLsf] kl/df0f tyf d"Nosf
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_ / $& sf] k|ToIf q'l6 ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLsf] c;xdlt g/x]sf] egL ljz]if
x'g k'u]sf] b]lvof] . To;}n] pk/f]Qm sfg"gL cbfntn] pQm ;'grfFbLnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf]
Aoj:yfadf]lhd lgIf]kaf6 a9]a9fPsf] Aofh ?kdf u0fgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] klxnf] k6s
/sdnfO{ ;DklQsf] dfGotf lbO{ ljuf] sfod dGqL x'bF f k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf & tf]nf ;'g
ug{ tyf cfo ;|f]tsf ?kdf 5'} dfGotf k|bfg / ^ tf]nf rfFbLsf] ljj/0f pNn]v u/]sf]df ;DklQ
ug{ gldnL lgIf]k /sdsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePdf ;f]af6 hfFra'em Goflos cfof]u ;dIf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf
a9]a9fPsf] Aofhsf] klg :jtM ;|f]t k'li6 x'g] $) tf]nf ;'g / # lsnf] rfFbL pNn]v u/]sf]
tyf ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] ljuf]sf] ?kdf /xg] ;DklQ b]lvPsf]n] hfFr cjlweGbf cl3sf] & tf]nf ;'g /
tyf ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t :jtM ^ tf]nf rfFbLnfO{ afx]s ubf{ pk/f]Qm adf]lhds}
u}/sfg"gL eO{ hkmt;Dd x'g] x'Fbf k|ltjfbL zLnf ;'g rfFbL lghn] hfFr cjlwdf hf]8s
] f] dfGg'kg]{
zdf{ v8\sfsf] gfdsf] Pe/]i6 a}+s ln=gofF x'Fbf hDdf ?=#,&%,!#%.!! sf] ;'g rfFbLnfO{
812

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQ sfod u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] nfUg] vr{ ;dfg x'g] s'/f :jfefljs cg'dfgsf]
ljZn]if0f dgfl;j b]lvG5 .
ljifo xf] . ;f] tYonfO{ v08g x'g]u/L cGoyf
k|dfl0ft gu?~h]n cfof]uaf6 cWoog vr{sf
%= uf8LM
;DaGwdf Pp6f d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u|x0f
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] ;+;bsf] u/]sf] cfwf/nfO{ To:t} k|s[ltsf] csf]{ d'2fdf klg
;b:osf] x}l;otdf eG;f/ 5'6df @)%# ;fndf lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ csf]{ d'2fdf cfwf/ lnPsf] eGb}df
v/Lb u/]sf] oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no jfUdtLdf cljZjf; ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;}n] k|ltjfbLsf]
ldlt @)%#.!).@) df btf{ ePsf] ldT;'lj;L k|f8f] df}lvs lhsL/sf e/df dfq lghsf] 5f]/Lsf]
uf8LnfO{ klg cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+=^ df lghsf] cWoog vr{ ?=$,%),))). sfod u/]sf] ljz]if
hfFr cjlwsf] ;DklQsf ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] cbfntsf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ dgfl;j gb]lvPsf]n]
b]lvG5 . v/Lb d"No ?=@$,%),))). sf] ;f] cf/f]k kq dfu bfjLadf]lhd g} ?=&,)$,))).
uf8Lsf ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf lhsL/ lng k|ltjfbLn] 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf] k9fOdf vr{ u/]sf]
;s]sf] gkfOFbf To;nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
?kdf sfod u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
dgfl;j /x]sf] kfOof] .
&= hUuf v/Lb ubf{sf] nufgL M
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%!.^.!^ df eQmk'/
^= 5f]/Lsf] cWoog vr{M
s6'~h] @ s ls=g+= $$), ldlt @)%!.%.* df
k|ltjfbLsf] 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfnfO{ dl0fkfn s6'~h] @s= ls=g++ @^, ls=g++ $@, ls=g++ $& , j8f g+=
sn]h a]n
\ f]/ ef/tdf lghL vr{df lrlsT;fzf:q !-v_ ls=g++ &^& , ls=g+= $$@, ls=g++ $$#, ldlt
cWoog u/fpFbf ?=&,)$,))). vr{ ePsf] egL @)%^.(.!@ df l;gfd+un ls=g++ #)!, ls=g++ #)@,
cf/f]k kqdf bfjL lnOPsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn] ls=g+= ** / @)$* ;fndf sf=lh=uf}/L3f6sf]
lghsf] 5f]/Ln] cWoog u/]sf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/] ls=g+=%(% sf hUufx s'n ?=!),(!,#&%. df
klg bfjLadf]lhdsf] /sd vr{ ge} ?=$,%),))). v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg kfl/t lnvtsf
dfq vr{ ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltlnlkxaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . tL] hUuf laqmLaf6
tyflk Toltdfq vr{ ePsf] egL ;f]sf] k|df0f k|ltjfbLnfO{ ?=#(,^*,))). k|fKt ePsf] egL v/Lb
k|ltjfbLn] lbg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . csf]{tkm{ ;f]xL d"NoeGbf a9L k|fKt u/]sf] ?=@*,&^,^@%. nfO{
cjlwdf ;f]xL sn]hdf cWoog ug]{ /fdf1f ljz]if cbfntn] hUuflaqmLsf] cfosf ?kdf u0fgf
rt'j{ b] Lsf] 5f]/L clbtL rt'jb{] Lsf] cWoogsf] nfuL u/]sf] kfOG5 .
nfu]sf] vr{ a/fa/ g} k|ltjfbLsf] 5f]/Lsf]
pk/f]Qm hUuf v/Lbsf] ;|ft] g} k|ltjfbLn]
cWoogdf klg vr{ x'g] egL jfbL kIfn] cfk\mgf] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf hUuf laqmLaf6 k|fKt
bfjL k'li6sf] cfwf/ k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfonfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] eGg] cf/f]k kqdf
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] aofgdf dfu bfjL lnOPsf] / o; cbfnt;dIfsf]
/fdf1f rt'jb{] Lsf] 5f]/Lsf] cWoogdf nfu]sf] vr{ k' g /fj] b gkqdf ;d] t ;f] x L lhsL/ lnPsf]
a/fa/ g} cfk\mgf] 5f]/Lsf] cWoogdf klg vr{ x'g] b]lvG5 . hfFr cjlwdf v/Lb ul/Psf hUuf
s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf lhsL/
cleof]u bfjL v08g x'g] s'g} 7f]; k|df0f k]z lnOG5 / dfGotf klg lbOG5 eg] To:tf] hUuf
gu/]sf] kl/k|I] odf cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd Ps} v/Lbsf] ;|f]t klg k|ltjfbLn] k'li6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;dodf Ps} sn]hdf Pp6} ljifo cWoog ubf{ hUuf laqmLsf] cfonfO{ dfq k|ltjfbLsf] ;|f]tdf
813

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;dfj]z u/L hUuf v/Lb ubf{ u/]sf] nufgLnfO{

;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{ vr{df ;dfj]z gu/]sf] xb;Dd
ljz] i f cbfntsf] km} ; nf ldn] s f] gb] l vF b f
k|ltjfbLn] laqmL u/]sf hUuf v/Lb ubf{ nufgL
u/]sf] ?=!),(!,#&%. sf] ;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .

d'2fdf o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ?kdf cWoog ePsf]

gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLsf] ljutsf] kfl/jfl/s
x}l;ot, kl/jf/ ;b:o ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
k|ltjfbLn] aofgdf :jLsf/]sf] vr{sf] /sdnfO{
g} cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{ l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . o;
l:yltdf k|ltjfbLn] aofgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] dfl;s
!! xhf/sf b/n] hfFr cjlw !@ jif{sf] s'n
*= kfl/jfl/s vr{ M
?=!%,*$,))). k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/jfl/s vr{ ePsf]
k| l tjfbLsf] kfl/>lds, eQf, dfGg' kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] To;nfO{ lghsf] vr{df
s[lifnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ cfonfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
ul/Psf] t/ ;f] cjlwdf dfl;s !! xhf/sf b/n]
kfl/jfl/s e/0f kf]if0fdf vr{ ePsf] egL (= ;'wf cfrfo{sf] 3/hUuf M
k|ltjfbLn] aofgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] /sd gs6fPsf]
o; cbfntaf6 k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] klg ubf{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;fnL ;'wf cfrfo{sf] gfpFsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf] sf=lh=, rknL (v=sf] ls=g+=$^( / @#! hUuf /
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf] aofgdf kfl/jfl/s ;f] df /x]sf] 3/ ;d]t laqmL ubf{ ;f] 3/ hUuf
e/0f kf]if0fdf dfl;s ?=!!,))). vr{ x'g] egL v/Lb ug]{ ;+o'Qmf /f0ff -u'?_ n] ?=%),)),))).
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf] klg 5 . k6sk6s ;f+;b k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf :jsLo ;lrj
/ dGqL h:tf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] kbdf /x]sf] lji0f'axfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ a'emfPsf] egL u/]sf]
k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld / vr{sf] cj:yf aofgsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nfdf
ljrf/ ubf{ lghn] aofgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] /sd ljj]rgf gePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/
eGbf a9L g} vr{ x'g;Sg] l:ylt b]lvG5 . jfbL ;f] ;DaGwdf jfbL kIfn] cf/f]k kq dfu bfjL
kIfn] k|ltjfbLsf] jf:tljs vr{ osLg ug]{ tyf o; cbfnt;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf ;d]t
;DaGwdf yk cg';Gwfg u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . Ps s'g} lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . ;f] ;DaGwdf
kl/jf/sf] s] slt kfl/jfl/s vr{ x'G5 eGg] cfof]uaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o o; cbfntsf] ldlt
;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6 a+}sn] xfp;xf]N8 ;e]{ u/]/ @)^*.$.@@ sf] cfb]zaf6 dufO{ x]bf{ pQm lg0f{odf
cf};tdf vr{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvP klg To; ljifosf af/]df s'g} pNn]v ePsf] kfOPg .
j] t gwf/L /fi6 ; ] j ssf] kfl/jfl/s vr{ s f] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;f] s'/f v'Ng cfPkl5 To;
;DaGwdf 5'} ;j]{If0f ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] klg b]lvg ;DaGwdf yk 5fgaLg u/L bfjL lng' kg]{df jfbL
cfPsf] 5}g . cGo k|df0faf6 cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePsf] kIfn] g} bfjL glnPsf] s'/fdf cbfntn] kIfsf]
cj:yfdf afx]s ;f] ;e]{If0fsf] glthf klg Ps :yfg u|x0f u/L cGoyf af]Ng ldNg] cj:yf gx'Fbf
xb;Dd vr{ lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 . k|:t't k|ToyL{ lemsfpFbf u|x0f ul/Psf] pQm cfwf/;Fu
cleof]usf] ;Gbe{df cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
ubf{ kl/jf/sf] e/0fkf]if0f, lzIff, cf}ifwf]krf/
pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fsf cwf/df k|ltjfbLn]
;d]tsf zLif{sdf ePsf vr{tkm{ ;d]t Wofg lbO{ hfFr cjlwdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / u/]sf
kfl/jfl/s vr{ osLg ul/g' kb{5 . olb o;f] vr{xsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if cbfntsf] 7x/ / o;
ul/Pg eg] cg' ; Gwfg tyf km} ; nf ;d] t cbfntsf] ljZn]if0faf6 b]xfoadf]lhdsf] cj:yf
jf:tljstfb]lv 6fl9g k'Ug] cj:yf /xG5 . k|:t't x'g] b]lvof]M
814

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

ljj/0f
3/hUuf
rn ;DklQ
;'g rf+bL
j}+s df}Hbft
uf8L
hDDffM

o; cbfntsf]
ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nfaf6 sfod ?=
ljZn]if0faf6 sfod ?=
crn ;DklQ
*#,(@,))).
?=(^,)&,@)).(&
#,&%,!#%.!!
#^,%^,%($.^#
@$,%),))).
^$,*!,&@(.&$

leGgtf ?=
!@,!%,@)).(&

#,&%,!#%.!!
@%,)),))).
@$,%),))).
%#,@%,!#%.!!

!!,%^,%($.^#

!!,%^,%($.^#

&,)$,))).
!),(!,#&%.
!%,*$,))).
##,&(,#&%.
!,*#,!!,&!!.)*

@,%$,))).
!),(!,#&%.
=!%,*$,))).
=@(,@(,#&%.
@(,*&,(*!.#$

vr{
k9fO{ vr{
hUuf v/Lb
kfl/jfl/s vr{
hDDffM
s'nhDDffM

$,%),))).

$,%),))).
!,%#,@#,&@(.&$

o;k|sf/ ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr

cjlwsf] cflh{t ;DklQ / u/]sf] vr{ ?=!,%#,@#,&#).
sfod u/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6 ul/Psf] pk/f]Qm
ljZn]if0faf6 k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ s'n ;DklQ
/ vr{ ljz]if cbfntn] sfod u/]sf] eGbf
?=@(,*&,(*!.#$ a9L b] l vg cfO{
?=!,*#,!!,&!!.)* sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 .
cfo k|fKt ePsf ;|ft] x
k|ltjfbLsf] s'n cflh{t ;DklQ / vr{sf]
cj:yf pk/f]Qm adf]lhd b]lvPsf] l:yltdf ca
hfFr cjlwdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ s] s:tf] ;|ft] af6 s]
slt cfo k|fKt ePsf] /x]5, To:tf] cfodWo] j}wflgs
?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ ldNg] cfosf] kl/df0f /
k|sl[ t s] s:tf] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf lgisif{df k'Ug'
kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu d'VotM cf/f]k
kqdf bfjL lnOPsf cfwf/, k|ltjfbLsf] aofg lhsL/,
ljz]if cbfntsf] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{ tyf ;f]
km};nfpk/ jfbL kIfaf6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]
k' g /fj] b g lhsL/, kIf ljkIfsf sfg" g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/ Pjd\ lnlvt ax;gf]6
815

;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fsf] ;du|tfnfO{

ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfpF5 . ;/ntf / :ki6tfsf
nflu k|ltjfbLn] cfo k|fKt u/]sf elgPsf d'Vod'Vo
;|ft] xnfO{ zLif{sut ?kdf lgDgadf]lhd k|:t't
ug'{ jf~5gLo x'G5 M
!)= k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] cfo
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] u/]sf]
aofgdf k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6 lghnfO{ ?=@,)),))).
cfo k|fKt ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] / lgh klxnf]
k6s dGqL x'bF f @)$* ;fndf k]z u/]sf] ;DklQsf]
ljj/0fdf ?=@,)),))). gub /x]sf] egL pNn]v
u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ cf/f]k kqdf g} dfGotf lbOPsf]
kfOG5 . df]xL nfu]sf] ;d]t s/La !))!) ljufxf
hUuf c+z afkt\ a'emL lnO{ k|ltjfbLn] lghsf] cfdf
lbns'df/L v8\sf;Fu ldlt @)$$.*.@! df c+z
e/kfO{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] c+zdf kfPsf] ;f]
k}ts
[ hUufsf] s[lif cfo ;d]taf6 @)$* ;fn;Dd
pQm /sd k|ltjfbLnfO{ j}w ?kdf k|fKt x'g;Sg]
s'/f :jfefljs g} b]lvg cfpF5 . jfbL / k|ltjfbL
b'a} kIfn] ljjfb gp7fPsf] ;f] /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

k}ts
[ ;DklQsf] cfosf ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] u/]sf] xf] egL osLg ;fy eGg ;s]sf] kfOFbg} .
ljz]if cbfntsf] ljZn]if0f dgfl;j b]lvG5 .
cf/f]k kq x]bf{ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] ;f+;bsf]
?kdf tnj, eQf / bz}+ vr{ ;lxt ?=%,&$,*$(.
!!= Ifltk"lt{
tyf dGqL kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf tna /
z;Zq Gsf qmddf k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ b}lgs e|d0f eQf u/L ?=(,!!,%&%.(% ;d]t
v8\sfsf] bf ;tjl/ofl:yt 3/, Uof/]h ;lxtsf kfl/>ldsafkt s'n ?=!$,*^,$@$.(% k|fKt u/]sf]
ef}lts ;+/rgf ldlt @)%*.!@.@( / @)%(.!.#) eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;df klg k|ltjfbLsf]
df lj:kmf]6 u/fOPsf] sf/0f ;f]sf] Ifltafkt pQm kfl/>lds kfl/jfl/s vr{ wfGgsf] nflu g}
?=!%,%%,*^!.k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] egL ljz]if kof{Kt gx'g] x'bF f art x'g g;Sg] egL cfosf]
cbfntn] pQm /sdnfO{ klg k|ltjfbLsf] cfosf] ?kdf u0fgf ug{ cfjZos gePsf] eGg] pNn]v
?kdf u0fgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hfFr cjlwsf] kl5Nnf] ePsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofgdf
cjlwdf lnPsf] pQm /sd ;f] cufj} ;DklQ klg cf/f]k kqdf pNn]v ePsf] eGbf a9L kfl/>lds
cfh{g ubf{ vr{ x'g;Sg] cj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf cfo k|fKt u/]sf] lhsL/ lng g;s]sf]df ljz]if
cfodf ;dfj]z ug{ gldNg] eGg] jfbL kIfsf] cbfntaf6 k| l tjfbLn] dGqL kbdf 5F b f
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg kqdf ?=!^,@^,))@. / ;+f;b 5Fbf ?=*,)%,#)*. tnj
efO lvdaxfb'/n] Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd a'em]sf] sf/0f eQf / ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf] egL ;f] b'j} sndsf] k"/}
b]vfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug{ gldNg] /sd ?=@$,#!,#!). nfO{ lghsf] cfodf ;dfj]z
lhsL/ lnOPsf] / efO{n] Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd a'emL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLsf] aofg
k|ltjfbLnfO{ a'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] k|lqmofTds lhsL/ eGbf aflx/ uO{ lk=P=sf] tnj, wf/f, ljh'nL,
k||Zg ug{ ;lsg] eP klg k|ltjfbLs} 3/ ljikmf]6 OGwg, 3/ dd{tnufot ;DalGwt k|of]hgdf tTsfn
u/fO{ Iflt u/fPsf] s'/fdf ljjfb g/x]sf] tyf vr{ e} hfg] /sdnfO{ klg kfl/>lds cfosf] dfGotf
;f]xLafkt ;/sf/af6 Ifltk"lt{ lbPsf] b]lvPsf] lbPsf] q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg
x'Fbf cfk\mgf] 3/ ljikmf]6gaf6 ePsf] Ifltafkt lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 .
k|fKt Ifltk"lt{ /sdnfO{ cGoyf eGg d'gfl;j
cg';Gwfg ldl;n ;+nUg cy{ dGqfnosf]
b]lvg cfPg . To;}n] efO{n] a'em]sf] / hfFr cjlwsf] ldlt @)%(.(.@# sf] kq ;fy ;+nUg ljj/0f x]bf{
b'O{ lbg cl3 dfq k|fKt ePsf] eGg];Dds} cfwf/df k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] ljleGg dGqfnosf]
hfFr cjlwleq} k|fKt ePsf] elgPsf] pQm /sdnfO{ dGqL 5Fbf hDdf ?=!^,@^,))@.%) kfPsf] eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] /sddf kfl/>lds
b] l vg gcfPsf] n ] ;f] /sdnfO{ k| l tjfbLsf] / eQfsf] /sd dfq ;dfj]z ePsf] gb]lvO{ wf/f,
cfo;|f]tsf] ?kdf u0fgf u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, OGwg, d;nGb / cf}ifwf]krf/sf]
km};nf dgfl;j b]lvof] .
/sd ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L
;+;b ;lrjfnosf] ldlt @)%(.!).@ sf] kq ;fy
!@= kfl/>lds cfo
;+nUg ljj/0fdf s'n ?=*,)%,#)*. a'em]sf] eGg]
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvP klg ;f] /sddf lk=P=sf] tnj,
aofgdf @)$* ;fnb]lv k6sk6s ljleGg kqklqsf, wf/f, ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, ef8f, 3/
dGqfnosf] dGqL / ;+;b ;b:o x'bF f k|fKt u/]sf] ;kmfOnufotsf ljleGg zLif{scGtu{t a'em]sf] /sd
kfl/>ldsnfO{ lghsf] cfosf] ?kdf lhsL/ lnPsf] ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;DalGwt k|of]hgdf
b]lvG5 . t/ s] slt /sd kfl/>ldsafkt k|fKt g} tTsfn vr{ eO{ hfg] lk=P=sf] tnj nufotsf
816

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

ljljw k|sl[ tsf vr{nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/>ldssf]

?kdf ;dfj]z u/L cfo k|bfg ug{ gldNg] egL o;
cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbL hok|sfzk|;fb u'Ktf ;d]t ePsf] u}/sfg"gL
;DklQ cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] ;+jt\
@)^$ ;fnsf] CR )@#& sf] d'2fdf JofVof eO{
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg e};s]sf] x'bF f ;f] JofVof;Fu
c;xdt x'gk' g]{ s'g} sf/0f gePsf]n
] ] pQm kqdf
pNn]v ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/>lds
cfosf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
ctM cf/f] k kqdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]
?=!$,*^,$@$.(% ;Dd k|ltjfbLsf] kfl/>lds cfo
b]lvg]df tTsfn vr{ eO{ hfg] wf/f, ljh'nL, OGwg
vr{ ;d]tsf ljljw zLif{ssf /sd ;d]tnfO{
kfl/>lds cfodf ;dfj]z u/L ?=@$,#!,#!).%)
nfO{ g} kfl/>lds cfosf] dfGotf lbPsf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] ljZn]if0f ldn]sf] b]lvPg . lghsf]
kfl/>lds cfo ?=!$,*^,$@$.(% sfod x'G5 .
!#= ljb]z e|d0faf6 k|fKt eQf
k|ltjfbLn] dGqL 5Fbf ljleGg d'ns
' sf] e|d0f
ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] e|d0f eQf ;d]tsf /sdaf6
krf; k|ltzt art ePsf]n] To;nfO{ klg lghsf]
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g]{ lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . t/
of] olt /sd k|fKt u/]sf] egL osLg ;fy lhsL/
lng ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . k|ltjfbLn] j]nfot, cd]l/sf,
rLg, cli6of cflb b]zsf] e|d0f ubf{ %,!#,(@#.&%
a'em]sf] egL cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+=!) df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . cg';Gwfg ldl;n x]bf{ cli6of geO
ci6l] nofsf] e|d0f u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . cfof]un]
ljb]z e|d0faf6 k|fKt /sd art x'g g;Sg] egL
pNn]v u/]klg k|ltjfbLn] art ePsf] egL lhsL/
lnPsf] / ljb]z e|d0fdf hfFbf k|fKt /sdsf] &)
k|ltzt jrt x'g ;Sg] egL o:tf k|sl[ tsf c?
d'2fdf ;d]t k|fKt /sdsf] &) k|ltztnfO{ cfodf
u0fgf ul/+b} cfPsf] x'bF f c? d'2fdf eP ;/xsf]
Jojxf/ k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf ug'{kg]{ eGb} ljz]if
cbfntaf6 &) k|ltztn] x'g] ?=#,%(,&$&. nfO{
817

cfosf] dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} cf/f]k kqdf

pNn]v ul/P afx]s klg k|ltjfbL hfkfg / 8]gdfs{
tyf km]l/ rLgdf uPsf] / tL b]zdf e|d0f u/]afkt
k|fKt u/]sf] /sddWo] &) k|ltztn] x'g cfpg]
?=@,#*,$&*. ;d]t s'n ?=%,(*,@#$. nfO{ ljz]if
cbfntn] ljb]z e|d0faf6 k|fKt cfosf] ?kdf dfGotf
lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljb]z e|d0f u/]sf d'ns
' / k|fKt cfosf
;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLsf] aofg lhsL/adf]lhd g} krf;
k|ltztnfO{ dfq cfosf] dfGotf lbg' kg]{ lhsL/
k'g/fj]bgdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
l;4fGttM cf/f]k kq dfu bfjL / k|ltjfbLsf]
lhsL/df cfwfl/t e} cbfntn] lg0f{o lg?k0f ug]{
x'bF f k|ltjfbLn] aofgdf lhsL/ lnP eGbf a9L cfo
k|bfg ug{ ldNg] x'bF g} . ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf
ljb]z e|d0f ubf{ k|fKt x'g] b}lgs eQf nufotsf
/sd ;DalGwt k|of]hgdf g} vr{ eO{ hfg] eP klg
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u :jo+n] o;
k|s[ltsf d'2fxdf To:tf] /sddWo] ;Q/L
k|ltzt;Dd art x'g] dfgL cleof]hg ug]{ u/]sf]
sf/0f vf; vf; d'2fdf tYo x]/L cbfntn] klg
;f]xL s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] ;Dd cj:yf xf] .
ljb]z e|d0f afktsf] cfo s] slt vr{ ug]{ jf
jrt ug]{ eGg] s'/f e|d0f ug]{ JolQm tyf e|d0f
ul/Psf] :yfg ljz]ifsf] cj:yf x]/L e|d0f ug]s
{ f]
vr{ ug]{ k|jl[ Q / :jefjdf lge{/ /xg] lgtfGt
tYout ljifo ePsf]n] :jo+ k|ltjfbLn] g} ljb]z
e|d0faf6 k|fKt ePsf] cfodf %) k|ltzt dfq
art u/]sf] egL aofgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ eGbf aflx/ uO{ cGo d'2fdf
canDag ul/Psf] tYout dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
;Q/L k|ltzt cfo k|bfg u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
ljZn]if0f dgfl;j b]lvPg . k|ltjfbLsf] o;
zLif{saf6 ?=$,@&,#)#. cfo sfod x'G5 .
k|ltjfbLtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
k|ltjfbLn] a}bl] zs e|d0faf6 a9L cfo k|fKt u/]sf]
s'/f /fxbfgLdf j}b]lzs d'b|f ;6xL u/]sf]
clen]vaf6 b]lvPsf]n] To;nfO{ klg cfodf ;dfj]z

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

ug'k{ g]{ eGg] ax; lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . oBlk

ljb]z hfFbf j}bl] zs e|d0fafkt k|fKt ePsf] /sd
g} ;6xL u/]sf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . e|d0f ug]{
JolQmsf] ;fd{Yo / cfjZostf cg';f/ ljb]zdf
ug{ ;lsg] vr{sf] cg'dfg u/L cfk"m;Fu ePsf]
/sd ;6xL ul/g] x'bF f h] hlt /sd cflwsfl/s
lgsfoaf6 e|d0f eQfafkt k|fKt ePsf] x'G5
To;}nfO{ cfosf] cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . cfo;|ft]
k|fKt ePsf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 x'g] cflwsfl/s /
j:t'lgi6 k|df0fsf] cefjdf /fxbfgLdf pNn]v
ePsf] j}bl] zs d'bf| ;6xL u/]sf] ljj/0fnfO{ cfosf]
dfGotf k|bfg ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] pQm ax; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg .
!$= hUuf laqmLaf6 k|fKt cfo
k|ltjfbLn] hUuf laqmLaf6 k|fKt cfonfO{
klg lghsf] j}wflgs cfosf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg' kg]{
egL aofgdf lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
laqmLsf] cfo sfod ug{ lhsL/ lnPsf hUufxsf]
v/Lbsf] ;|ft] g} k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]n] cfosf] dfGotf
lbg gldNg] eGg] cf/f]k kqdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljz]if cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%!.^.!^ df
eQmk'/ s6'~h] @s ls=g+= $$), ldlt @)%!.%.*
df s6'~h] @s= ls=g++ @^, ls=g++ $@, ls=g++ $& , j8f
g+= !-v_ ls=g++ &^&, ls=g+= $$@, ls=g++ $$#, ldlt
@)%^.(.!@ df l;gfd+un ls=g++ #)!, ls=g++ #)@,
ls=g+= ** / @)$* ;fndf sf=lh=uf}/L3f6sf]
ls=g+=%(% sf hUufx s'n ?=!),(!,#&%. df
v/Lb u/]sf] / ;f] hUuf ?=#(,^*,))). df ljleGg
ldltdf laqmL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] egL v/Lb ubf{ nufgL
u/]sf] /sd s6fO{ ?=@*,&^,^@%. nfO{ cfosf]
dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm hUuf v/Lbsf]
;|ft] g} k|ltjfbLn] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] x'bF f hUuf
laqmLsf] dfGotf lbPsf] gldn]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm hUufx k|ltjfbLn]
hfFr cjlwdf g} v/Lb / laqmL u/]sf] eGg] tYodf
ljjfb 5}g . tL hUuf laqmL u/L k|fKt ePsf] /sd

;d] t pkof] u u/L k| l tjfbLn] cGo 3/

hUufnufotsf ;DklQ hf]8s
] f] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . hUuf v/Lb ubf{ u/]sf] nufgLsf] k|ltjfbLn]
;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ egL dfly lghsf] ;DklQ / vr{df
;dfj]z ul/;lsPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] hUuf
laqmLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] k"/} /sd ?=#(,^*,))).
nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
!%= s[lifaf6 k|fKt cfo
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf]
aofgdf lghsf] cfdf lbns'df/L / efO lvdaxfb'/
v8\sf ;d]t ;uf]ndf g} /x]sf] egL lghx ;d]tsf]
hUufaf6 @)$* ;fnb]lv @)%* ;fn;Dd aflif{s
!) nfv s[lif cfo k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . To;} u/L cbfntsf] aofgdf ;d]t cfdf
/ efO cfk"m;Fu} /x]sf] egL tLg} hgfsf] gfdsf]
s/Lj #) ljufxf hUufaf6 @)$) ;fnb]lv @)%)
;fn;Dd ?=@$ nfv, @)%! ;fnb]lv @)%%
;fn;Dd $% nfv / @)%^ ;fnb]lv @)%(
;fn;Dd ?=$) nfv u/L s'n ! s/f]8 ( nfv
s[lif cfo k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
t/ cleof]u kq x]bf{ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn]
ldlt @)$$.*.@! df lghsf] cfdf;Fu c+z e/kfO{
u/L 5'lleGg ePsf] x'bF f lghn] c+zdf kfPsf]
s/Lj !) ljufxf hUufaf6 @)$* ;fnb]lv jflif{s
%) xhf/ s[lif cfo k|fKt u/]sf] eP klg ;f] cfo
3/Aojxf/df vr{ x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] art x'g
g;Sg] egL cfosf] dfGotf lbg gldNg] s'/f pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ljz]if cbfntaf6 s[lif ljsf;
sfof{non] k|dfl0ft u/L lbPsf] cfwf/df jflif{s
k|ltljufx @) xhf/sf b/n] s[lif cfo x'g ;Sg]
b]lvPsf] / k|ltjfbLsf] #%% ljufx hUufdf df]xL
nfu]sf] x'bF f To;df df]xL gnfu]sf] hUuffsf] t'ngfdf
pTkfbgdf clwofF lx;fj x'g] ePsf]n] ;/b/ ?kdf
df]xL gnfu]sf] hUufsf] cfo:tfdf cfwf km/s x'g]
u/L lx;fj ubf{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] !))!) ljufxf
hUUffaf6 jflif{s !,^&,*&%. s[lif cfo x'g ;Sg] /
lghsf] @)$$ df c+za08f ePsf]n] ;f] jif{bl] v

818

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

@)%( ;Ddsf] !^ jif{sf] s[lif cfo ?=@^,*^))).

x'g ;Sg] egL s[lif cfosf] dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
cf/f]k kqdf jflif{s %) xhf/ ;Dd s[lif cfo x'g]
elgPsf]df ljgf cfwf/ hfFr cjlweGbf aflx/sf]
)$$ ;fnb]lvsf] jflif{s ?=!,^&,*&%. sf b/n]
s[lif cfo k|bfg u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
k|ydtM ldlt @)$*.@.!% b]lv @)%(.^.!*
;Dd hfFr cjlw /x]sf]df hfFr cjlw eGbf cl3
cyf{t\ k|ltjfbLn] c+z k|fKt u/]sf] ldlt @)$$
;fnb]lvsf] s[lif cfo u0fgf u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
ljZn]if0f k|f/lDes ?kd} q'l6k"0f{ b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
klxnf] k6s dGqL x'bF f @)$* ;fndf k]z u/]sf]
;DklQ ljj/0fdf k}ts
[ ;DklQaf6 k|fKt cfo
?=@,)),))). nfO{ ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/]sf] / ;f]
/sdnfO{ lghsf] k}ts
[ cfosf ?kdf cf/f]k kqdf
g} :jLsf/ u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 cfosf] dfGotf
k|bfg u/]sf] dgfl;j b]lvPsf] egL dfly ljj]rgf
eO;s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f ;f]eGbf a9L yk cfo k|bfg
ug{ ldNg] l:ylt x'bF g} . ca hfFr cjlwdf k|ltjfbLsf]
pQm k}ts
[ hUufaf6 cf/f]k kqdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd
jflif{s %) xhf/ cfo x'g] xf] jf ljz]if cbfntaf6
s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] kq ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|lt
ljufxf @) xhf/sf b/n] df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf ;d]tdf
;/b/ ?=!,^&,*&%. x'g ;Sg] egL ul/Psf]
cg'dfgadf]lhd x'g] xf] jf ;f] eGbf k[ys s'g}
j:t'lgi6 dfkb08 /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f
ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .
s[lif cfo sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf lhNnf
s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/znfO{ u|x0f ug]{ jf
e"ld;DaGwL P]gn] s't k|of]hgsf nflu lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ canDag ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fdf1f rt'j{ b] L lj?4 clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ePsf] u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ
cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] d'2fdf o; ;DaGwdf
k|i6 ?kdf JofVof ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm d'2fdf
df]xL nfu]sf] hUufsf] s[lif cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ e"ld
819

;DaGwL P]gadf]lhd s't k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf]

pAhgLsf] cfwf/nfO{ cjnDag ul/g' sfg"g;Ddt
/ Gofof]lrt x'g,] hUufwgLn] g} hUuf sdfPsf]
eGg] lhsL/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t s[lif pTkfbgsf]
qmddf dn, aLp >dnufotsf x'g hfg] pk/f]Qm
dgfl;j vr{x s6fO{ d'Vo aflif{s pAhgL afkt
s't k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] pAhgLsf] bf]Aa/
v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug'{ plrt / ljj]s;Ddt x'g,]
;fy} l;+rfO{ cflbsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] / PseGbf a9L
afnL nfUg] hUufsf ;DaGwdf s't k|of]hgsf nflu
tf]lsPsf] d'Vo aflif{s pAhgLsf] cfwf lxpFb] afnL
afkt v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g] eGg]
;d]t l;4fGt -g]sfk @)^*, c ^, lg=g+= *^#),
k[i7 (!&_ sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 .
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= hok|sfzk|;fb
u'Ktf, jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=s]zj/fh uf}td /
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= s]z/h+u v8\sf ;d]t
k|ltjfbL ePsf d'2fxdf klg /fdf1f rt'jb{] Lsf]
d'2fdf k|ltkflbt pk/f]Qm l;4fGts} cg'z/0f x'bF }
cfPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'bF f o; cbfntaf6 s[lif
cfo sfod ug]{ dfkb08sf ;DaGwdf kl5Nnf]
;dodf sfod ul/Psf] pk/f]Qm JofVof;Fu c;xdt
x'g' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f gePsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t
;f]xL cfwf/df k|ltjfbLsf] k}ts
[ hUufsf] s[lif cfo
lgwf{/0f x'g' jf~5gLo x'G5 .
k|ltjfbLn] s[lif cfosf] lhsL/ lnPsf] bf
lhNnfsf] nflu s'tsf] b/ tf]lsPsf] gb]lvPsf] egL
df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf ;d]t clwofFsf] b/n] cfo
k|fKt x'g] eGg] ljz]if cbfntsf] lgisif{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf ## sf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu t/fO{sf emfkf, df]/u+ , ;'g;/L nufotsf
lhNnfxsf] nflu ldlt @)#).^.@( sf] g]kfn
/fhkqdf df]xLn] hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ s"tsf]
b/ tf]lsPsf] b]lvFbf t/fO{sf pk/f]Qm lhNnfsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] s'tsf] b/nfO{ bf lhNnfsf] xsdf
;d]t cg'z/0f ug{ gldNg] s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . ;f]
/fhkqdf k|sflzt ljj/0f x]bf{ wgx/ v]tsf] nflu
wfgtkm{ cAandf !% dg, bf]oddf !! dg @) z]/,

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;Ld * dg @) z]/ / rfx/sf] nflu % dg @) z]/

tf]lsPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To:t} eL6 kfvf] hUufsf]
nflu ds} qmdzM * dg @) z]/, ^ dg @) z]/ /
$ dg @) z]/ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} jfbL kIfsf
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfxn] ax;sf] qmddf k]z
u/]sf] s[lif pAhgLsf] d"No tf]ss
] f] ;/sf/L ljj/0f
x]bf{ afFs] lhNnfsf] nflu @)$*)$( ;fnb]lv
cf=j=@)%()^) sf] nflu qmdzM k| l t
s]=hL=?=%.%%, %.^), %.^*, ^.%), ^.%), ^.%),
&.), &.*#, &.&%, *.$), *.*# / (.@% tf]lsPsf]
b]lvG5 . afFs] lhNnfsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] pQm d"No
l5d]sL bf lhNnfsf] s[lif pkhsf] d"Nosf ;DaGwdf
u|x0f ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLn] c+zdf kfPsf] k}ts
[ hUufdWo]
df]xL gnfu]sf] @%!^ ljufxf / df]xL nfu]sf] )
^) ljufxf wgx/ bf]od, df]xL gnfu]sf] !$)
/ df]xL nfu]sf] )!() wgx/ ;Ld tyf df]xL
gnfu]sf] #$!)=% / df]xL nfu]sf] @(%=%
ljufxf eL6 kfvf] cAan hUuf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg
cfpF5 . df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf s't k|of]hgsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] plNnlvt s'tsf] b/ adf]lhd /
df]xL gnfu]sf] hUufdf ;f]sf] bf]Aa/ s[lif cfo
sfod ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . To:t} wgx/ hUufdf l;+rfO{sf]
;'ljwf ;d]t x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf jif]{ jfnLsf nflu
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] tyf lxpFb] afnLsf] nflu ;f]sf]
cfwf s[lif cfo x'g ;Sg] b]lvP klg eL6 kfvf]
hUufdf PsafnL dfq nfUg] x'bF f lxFpb] afnLafktsf]
s[lif cfo k|fKt x'g ;Sg] b]lvFbg} . pk/f]Qm hUufsf]
k|s[lt tyf df]xL nfu]sf] / gnfu]sf] hUufsf]
cjl:ylt ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f / bf lhNnfdf
d';'/f]nufotsf bnxg / tf]/Lnufot t]nxg
;d]tsf gub]afnL x'g] u/]sf] egL k|ltjfbLn]
aofgdf lhsL/ lnPsf] ;Gbe{df k|lt jif{ ;/b/
Ps nfv;Dd s[lif cfo k|bfg ug'{ Gofof]lrt\ x'g]
b] l vPsf] n ] hfF r cjlwsf] !@ jif{ d f s' n
!@,)),))). s[lif cfo sfod x'G5 . ;f] eGbf
a9L s[lif cfo k|bfg u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] b]lvPg .

!^= 5f]/Lsf] l6sf6fnf] / bIfL0ff

k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf] 5f]/L k'gd
v8\sfsf] gfddf lxdfnog a}s
+ 7d]n vf=g+=!#&)))
h]=df ?=%,)),))).4 / ?=$,)),))). hDdf
ePsf]df ;f]dWo] ?=%,)),))). nfO{ lghsf]
bIfL0ffsf] /sd eGb} k|ltjfbLn] To;sf] pkof]u
u/]sf] egL ljz]if cbfntn] cfosf] dfGotf lbPsf]
kfOG5 . hfFr cjlwleq} k|ltjfbLsf] 5f]/Lsf gfddf
b'O{ k6s u/L hDdf ePsf] pQm (,)),))).
/sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLxn] 5f]/Lsf] bIfL0ffsf] ?kdf
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvP klg /sd hDdf ePsf] k|sl[ t
/ /sdsf] kl/df0f x]bf{ ;f] lhsL/ k|tLtnfos
b]lvg cfpFbg} . pQm /sd k|ltjfbLsf] cfo cfh{gaf6}
5f]/Lsf] gfdsf] j}s
+ vftfdf hDdf ul/lbPsf] /
cfjZos k/]sf] avt cfkm}n
+ ] vr{ u/]sf] x'g;Sg]
s'/f :jfefljs b]lvG5 . xfn df}hb" g/x]sf] pQm
/sdsf ;DaGwdf cf/f]k kqdf 5'} bfjL ;d]t
ePsf] b]lvFbg} . t;y{ ;f] vftfdf xfn df}hb" /x]sf]
?=!^,^@*. ;Dd lgh k'gd v8\sfsf] l6sf6fnf] /
bIfL0ffafktsf] /sd x'g ;Sg] egL ;f] /sdnfO{
k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ ;DklQdf ;dfj]z
ug{ gldNg] egL dfly 5'} ljZn]if0f e};s]sf] cj:yf
x'bF f vftfdf afFsL g} g/x]sf] 5f]/Lsf] bIfL0ffsf]
elgPsf] ?=%,)),))). nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|ft] sf
?kdf sfod u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
b]lvPg .
!&= ;'grfFbL
k|ltjfbL;F+u /x]sf] d"No ?=#,&%,!#%.
a/fa/sf] ;'grfFbLnfO{ ljz]if cbfntn] lghsf]
df}hb" ;DklQ tyf cfo;|ft] b'as
} f] dfGotf k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvof] . k|ltjfbLsf] rn ;DklQsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] pQm ;'g rfFbLnfO{ cfo;|ft] sf] dfGotf lbPsf]
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
j:t'tM AolQmsf ;fydf /x]sf] ;'grfFbL rn ;DklQ
xf] . To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ laqmL ubf{ k|fKt x'g] d'gfkmf
cfo;|ft] x'g ;Sb5 t/ ;DklQ :jo+ eg] cfosf]

820

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

;|ft] x'g ;Sb}g . ;DklQ / cfo;|ft] sf] leGgtf;DaGwL

;fdfGo cjwf/0ffut ljifodf cgle1 /xL ;'g
rfFbLnfO{ ;|ft] sf] ?kdf u0fgf u/]sf] ljZn]if0f k|yd
b[li6df g} q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf]n] sfod /xg ;Sb}g .
!*= 3/;f/sf] C0f
k| l tjfbLn] @)%# ;fndf ;f+ ; b
;'ljwfcGtu{t uf8L v/Lb ubf{ lht]Gb| >]i7af6
?=!$ nfv tyf 3/ Jojxf/ rnfpgsf] nflu
ch'g{ s'df/ >]i7 / s[i0fk|;fb /fo;Fu qmdzM !@
nfv / !% nfv u/L s'n $! nfv 3;f/df C0f
lnPsf] x'bF f To;nfO{ cfosf] dfGotf lbOg' kg]{ eGg]
aofg lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . C0f lnPsf] elgPsf]
;dodf k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL zLnf zdf{ v8\sf /
5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf pNn]Vo a}s
+ df}Hbft
/x]sf] x'bF f 3/;f/sf] To:tf] lnvtnfO{ dfGotf lbg
gldNg] eGg] cf/f]k kqdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . k|:t't
d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg x'g'k"j{ ;DklQ hfFra'em
pRr:t/Lo Goflos cfof]udf uf8L v/Lb ug{ lht]Gb|
>]i7af6 ?=!$,)),))). lnPsf] egL k|ltjfbLn]
ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] x'bF f pQm /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf]
C0f cfosf] ?kdf ljz]if cbfntn] dfGotf lbPsf]
b]lvP klg cGo b'O{ hgf;Fu lnPsf] elgPsf] 3/fo;L
C0fnfO{ eg] dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvFbg} . C0f lnPsf]
elgPsf] pQm ;dodf k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL / 5f]/Lsf
gfddf gub df}Hbft /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] u}/sfg"gL
cfh{gnfO{ j}wflgs b]vfpg] p2]Zon] 3/;f/df v8f
u/]sf td;'snfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 .
j:t' t M xfd| f ] ;dfhdf 3/ Aojxf/
rnfpgsf] nflu a}l+ s If]q tyf 3/;f/ d} klg
C0f ;fk6L lng] k|rng /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ ug{
;lsFbg} . JolQmsf] ;'ljwf / cj:yfcg';f/ o:tf]
sf/f]jf/ x'g] u/]sf]n] 3/;f/sf] shf{ sf/f]jf/nfO{
klg cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . b]jfgL k|sl[ tsf] n]gb]g
d'2fdf k|df0faf6 ;dly{t ePsf] 3/fo;L td;'ssf]
shf{ sf/f]jf/sf] bfloTj C0fLn] Aoxf]g{' kg]{ u/L
821

cbfntaf6 km};nf x'g] u/]sf] / ;fx"nfO{ e/fO{ lbg]

;fdfGo k|lqmof g} xf] . t/ ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/Lsf]
kbdf /x]sf] hfFr cjlwdf u}/sfg"gL cfh{g u/L
e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] o; k|sl[ tsf d'2fdf 3/;f/df
C0f lnPsf] egL k]z ul/g] td;'s / lnOg]
lhsL/cg';f/ To:tf] C0f jf shf{nfO{ cfosf]
dfGotf k|bfg ug]{ ljifo Hofb} uDeL/ x'g k'Ub5 .
o; k|s[ltsf] 3/;f/sf] lnvt cfk\mgf] cg's"nsf]
AolQmaf6 h'g;'s} avt tof/ kfg{ ;lsg] x'Fbf
lhsL/ lnPs} e/df To;nfO{ ;xh ?kdf dfGotf
lbFbf cGttf]uTjf u}/sfg"gL cfh{g n'sfpg]
dfWodsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g] eO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ sf] dg;fo / p2]Zo
g} k/flht x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gcfpnf eGg ;lsGg .
To;}n] 3/;f/sf] Jojxf/sf] jf:tljstf /
:jefljstfsf] Goflos k/LIf0f / ljZn]if0f x'g}
kg]{ b]lvG5 . 3/;f/sf] td;'snfO{ b'O{ kIf aLrsf]
cfk;L ljjfbdf afx]s o; k|sl[ tsf d'2fdf dfGotf
lbg} gldNg] egL o; cbfntaf6 /fdf1f rt'jb{] Lsf]
d'2fdf -g]sfk @)^* c ^ lg=g+=*^#) k[i7 (!&_
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg eO{ To;kl5sf cGo d'2fxdf
;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 . tyflk ;f] eGbf
k"j{ km};nf ePsf s]xL d'2fxdf 3/;f/sf]
lnvtadf]lhdsf] shf{ sf/f]jf/nfO{ dfGotf
lbOPsf] x'Fbf 3/;f/sf] C0fnfO{ cfodf u0fgf
ug}{ gx'g] eGg] lgisif{df k'Ubf jf:tljs Jojxf/n]
klg dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] l:ylt eO{ cGoflos
l:ylt cfpg] / c;dfgtf x'g] eGg] k|ltjfbL tkm{sf
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/ klg
ljrf/0fLo /x]sf] 5 .
o; kl/k|I] odf k|:t't d'2fdf k]z ul/Psf
3/;f/sf lnvt / ;f] adf]lhd C0f cfo sfod
x'g'kg]{ egL lnOPsf] lhsL/sf] j:t'ut cj:yf
/ l:yltsf ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f x'g' jf~5gLo
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . ljz]if cbfntn] k|ltjfbLn]
;f+;b ;'ljwf cGtut{sf] uf8L v/Lb ug{ lht]Gb|
>]i7;Fu @)%# ;fndf lnPsf] elgPsf] !$
nfvnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvP klg cGo b'O{

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

lnvtadf]lhd lnPsf] elgPsf] ?=@&,)),))).

nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvFb}g . 3/;f/sf] elgPsf
tLgj6f sf/f]jf/dWo] Pp6fnfO{ dfq dfGotf
lbg'sf] Psdfq sf/0f ;DklQ hfFra'em cfof]u
;dIf @)%( ;fndf k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf]
ljj/0fdf ;d]t ;f] C0f b]vfPsf] eGg] /x]sf]
5 . t/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)^#.#.@% sf] kq ;fy ;+nUg k|ltjfbLn]
dGqL x'Fbf k]z u/]sf] @)%^ ;fnsf] ;DklQ
ljj/0fdf @)%# ;fnsf] elgPsf] pQm 3/;f/sf]
C0fsf ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbg} .
@)%# ;fndf 3/;f/df C0f lnPsf] eP @)%^
;fndf ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ubf{ ;f] s'/f pNn]v
x'g' :jfefljs x'g ;SbYof] . @)%# ;fndf
3/;f/df lnOPsf] elgPsf] C0f @)%^ ;fndf
dGqL x'Fbf k|ltjfbL :jo+n] :jtGq ?kdf k]z
u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf gb]vfpg] t/ @)%(
;fndf ;DklQ hfFra'em cfof]udf b]vfpg] sfo{
:jfefljs dfGg ;lsFb}g . To;df klg ;f]
cfof]usf] d'Vo sfo{ g} ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf
JolQm;Fu /x]sf] ;DklQ / ;|f]t 5fgaLg ug]{
ePsf]n] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL;Fu /x]sf]
;DklQsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ug{sf] nflu klg 3/;f/df
h'g;'s} avt tof/ kfg{ ;lsg] To:tf] k|df0fsf]
;xf/f lng'kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g .
o;sf ;fy} 3/;f/df C0f lnPsf]
elgPsf] cjlwdf g} k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtL zLnf
zdf{ v8\sfsf] gfdsf] a}+s vftfdf gub df}Hbft
/x]sf] eGg] klg b]lvG5 . pQm /sd k|ltjfbL
v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] g} hDdf u/]sf] egL lgh
zLnf zdf{ v8\sfn] aofgdf v'nfPsf] b]lvG5 .
cfkm}+n] hDdf u/L lbPsf] >LdtLsf] a}+s vftfdf
gub df}Hbft /xFbf/xFb} pgfp JolQm;Fu 3/;f/df
shf{ lnPsf] eGg] s'/f ljZj;gLo b]lvFb}g .
3/;f/df lnPsf] lnPsf] shf{ efvfleq ltg'{
a'emfpg' kg]{ / cfh{g jf ;DklQaf6} shf{ ltl/g]
x'bF f C0f lnPsf] /sd ;w}s
+ f nflu cfo;|ft] e}/xG5
eGg] lhsL/ klg ts{;Ddt x'Fb}g . k|ltjfbLn]

3/;f/df C0f lnPsf] elgPsf] lnvt ldltaf6

shf{ a'emfpg] Dofb ;d]t afFsL g/xL ;dfKt
e};s]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL pk/ ;fx"sf]
gfn]; k/]sf] eGg] ;d]t gx'Fbf 3/;f/sf] elgPsf]
To:tf] C0f lgliqmo dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
k|i6 kfg{ Ohnf;af6 lh1f;f ePsf]df k|ltjfbL
tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Aoj;foLxaf6 To;sf] :ki6
hjfkm cfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gePaf6
3/;f/sf] pQm td;' s nfO{ dfGotf lbO{
?=!$,)),))). C0f cfo sfod u/]sf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvPg . sfg"gadf]lhd
efvf gfl3;s]sf] To:tf] 3/;f/sf] elgPsf] C0f
k|ltjfbLsf] cfo;|ft] sfod x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} cGo
lnvtx ;d]t 3/;f/s} b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f]nfO{
cfodf ;dfj]z gu/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvPsf] x'bF f tL lnvtadf]lhdsf] /sdnfO{
klg C0f cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ eGg] k|ltjfbL
tkm{ s f ljfg sfg" g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
!(= a}s
+ af6 k|fKt Aofh
v'daxfb'/ v8sfsf] >LdtL k|ltjfbL zLnf
zdf{ v8\sfsf] gfddf Pe/]i6 a}+s ln=gofF
afg]Zj/sf] vftfdf hDdf ePsf] lgIf]k ?=@%
nfvaf6 ?=!!,#(,(!@.^# / 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf]
gfddf lxdfnog a}+s 7d]ndf vftfdf hDdf
ePsf] lgIf]k (,)),))). af6 ?=#,)!,^*@. Jofh
k|fKt ePsf] b]lvPsf] egL ljz]if cbfntaf6
?=!$,$!,%($.^# k|ltjfbLsf] Aofh cfodf
;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm a}+s vftfdf hDdf
ePsf] lgIf]k /sdsf] ;|f]t k|ltjfbLn] k'li6 ug{
g;s]sf]n] To:tf] lgIf]ksf] AofhnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] zLnf zdf{ v8\sfsf]
gfddf Pe/]i6 a}+ssf] vftfdf /x]sf] lgIf]k /
AofhnfO{ ;DklQsf ?kdf /fvL Aofhsf] ;d]t
;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{ u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 ul/Psf]

822

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

ljZn]if0f gldn]sf]n] a}+sdf hDdf ePsf] lgIf]k

/sd ?=@%,)),))). sf] dfq ;|f]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{
;DklQ ePsf] egL dfly 5'} ljZn]if0f e};s]sf]
5 . j:t'tM a}+sdf hDdf ul/Psf] lgIf]k /sd g}
k|ltjfbLn] hDdf u/]sf] /sd x'Fbf ;f]sf] ;|f]t
k'li6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lgIf]kaf6 k|fKt ePsf] Aofh
a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ x'Fbf a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQsf]
5'} ;|f]t lbO{ /xg' kg]{ cj:yf kb}{g . cfwf/e"t
;DklQ cyf{t\ lgIf]k /sdsf] ;|f]t k'li6 ePdf
To;af6 a9] a 9fPsf] Aofhsf] klg :jtM
sfg"gc?ksf] cfh{g x'g] / lgIf]k /sdsf] ;|f]t
k'li6 ug{ g;s]df To;af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ
klg :jtM u}/sfg"gL 3f]lift x'g k'Ub5 . tyflk
To:tf] a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQnfO{ ljuf]sf] ?kdf
g/fvL e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
$& n] hkmt x'g] ;DklQsf ?kdf;Dd /fv]sf]
x'Fbf AofhnfO{ cflh{t ;DklQ jf lgIf]ksf] ;|f]t
k'li6 ug]{ cfosf] dfGotf k|bfg ug{ ldNb}g .
ljz]if cbfntn] ;f] vftfsf] lgIf]k / AofhnfO{
;d]t ;DklQsf ?kdf /fvL k'gM AofhnfO{ ;|ft] sf]
?kdf u0fgf u/]sf] x'Fbf AofhnfO{ ;DklQ /
cfo;|f]t b'a}af6 x6fpFbf ;d]t lx;fj lstfadf
tflTjs leGgtf cfpg] l:ylt /xFb}g . tyflk
P]gsf] efjgfljk/Lt AofhnfO{ ;DklQdf ;dfj]z
ug]{ tyf Aofhaf6 lgIf]ksf] ;|f]t k'li6 x'g] u/L
ljz]if cbfntaf6 ePsf] q'l6k"0f{ ljZn]if0f sfod
/fVg' plrt gePsf]n] k|ltjfbL zLnf zdf{
-v8\sf_ sf] gfdsf j}+s vftfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
JofhnfO{ cfo;|f]tsf] ?kdf sfod ug{ ldNb}g .
hxfF;Dd 5f]/L k'gd v8\sfsf] a}+s
vftfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] elgPsf] ?=#,)!,^*@. Aofh
/sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g
eGg] lhsL/ 5 xfn df}Hbft g/x]sf] egL pQm
Aofh k|fKt ePsf] elgPsf] lgIf]k ?=(,)),))).
nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
b]lvFb}g . ;fy} 5f]/Lsf gfdsf] pQm a}+s vftfsf]
/sd ;d]t xfnL k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtLsf gfddf
@)%* ;fndf v/Lb ePsf] nlntk'/ ;fg]kfsf]
823

3/hUufnfO{ ;| f ] t k' l i6 gePsf] ;DklQdf

/flvPsf]n] a}+s vftfaf6 lgsflnPsf] /sdsf
;DaGwdf 5'} bfjL glnOPsf] eGg] jfbL kIfsf]
bfjL / lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf pQm
vftfaf6 cg';Gwfg z'? x'g' cufj} lgsfn]sf]
/sdsf] Jofh cfosf] lhsL/ lngsf] nflu k|ydtM
vftfdf hDdf u/]sf] lgIf]k ?=(,)),))). sf]
;|ft] k|ltjfbLn] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . vftfdf hDdf
u/]sf] lgIf]ksf] ;|f]t eg] k'li6 ug'{ gkg]{ s]jn
vftfaf6 k|fKt Aofh dfq} cfo;|ft] sf] ?kdf u0fgf
x'g'kg]{ eGg] ts{ sfg"g;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g .
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fy ;+/If0fdf /x]sL ljBfyL{ cj:yfsL
5f]/Lsf] vftfdf hfFr cjlwdf Tolt 7"nf] /sd
hDdf x'g ;Sg] s'g} cfwf/ b]lvFbg} . pQm vftfdf
hDdf u/]sf] /sddWo] ?=%,)),))). nfO{ lghsf]
bfg bIfL0ff / l6sf6fnf]sf ?kdf ljz]if cbfntn]
dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvP klg Ps} k6s hDdf ul/Psf]
;f] /sd l6sf6fnf]sf] /sd xf] eGg] s'/f :jfefljs
gePsf]n] vftfdf xfn df}h"b /x]sf] ?=!^,^*@.
;Dd lghsf] bIfL0ffsf] /sd x'g ;Sg] egL
To;nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] ;DklQdf ;dfj]z ug{ gldNg]
egL dfly 5'} ljZn]if0f e};s]sf] 5 . o; l:yltdf
pQm Aofh /sdnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfodf ;dfj]z
ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbLsf]
j}wflgs cfo ;|ft] sf] cj:yf b]xfo adf]lhd sfod
x'g] b]lvof] M
cfo;|f]tsf]
ljj/0f
k}t[s gub
kfl/>lds
ljb]z e|d0f
s[lif cfo
C0f ;fk6L
;'grfFbL
a}+s Aofh
Ifltk"lt{
hUuf laqmL
5f]/Lsf] bIfL0ff
s'n

ljz]if cbfnt
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@,)),))).

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%,(*,@#$.
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#,&%,!#%.

#,&%,!#%.
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%,)),))).
!,$),^$,&^). **,#&,%**.(% %@,@&,!&!.)%

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

dfly k| s /0f k| s /0fdf ul/Psf]

ljZn]if0faf6 k|ltjfbLnfO{ hfFr cjlwdf j}wflgs
;|ft] af6 hDdf ?=**,#&,%**.(% cfo k|fKt ePsf]
b]lvPsf] x'bF f k|ltjfbLn] jf:tljs ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf]
eGbf ljz]if cbfntaf6 ?=%@,@&,!&!.)% a9L x'g]
u/L hDdf ?=!,$),^$,&^). cfo k|bfg u/]sf] ldn]sf]
gb]lvPsf]n] k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] j}wflgs
cfo ?=**,#&,%**.(% sfod x'G5 .
k|ltjfbLn] hfFr cjlwdf hf]8s
] f] ;DklQ /
u/]sf] s'n vr{sf ;DaGwdf dfly 5'} ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0faf6 ?=!,*#,!!,&!!.)* a/fa/sf] rn crn
;DklQ / vr{ sfod x'g cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;
k|sf/ k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] s'n ;DklQ tyf
vr{ ?=!,*#,!!,&!!.)* a/fa/ b]lvg cfO{ ;f]xL
cjlwdf lghn] j}wflgs ;|ft] af6 ?=**,#&,%**.(%
cfo k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;af6 k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr
cjlwsf] j}wflgs cfo;|ft] n] ;f]xL cjlwdf cflh{t
;DklQ / u/]sf] vr{dWo] ?=($,&$,!@@.!# a/fa/sf]
rn crn ;DklQ tyf vr{sf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePsf]
b]lvPg .
@)= ca, bf];f| ] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ dfly klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0faf6 k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] cflh{t
;DklQ / u/]sf] vr{ ?=!,*#,!!,&!!.)* a/fa/
b]lvPsf]df ;f]xL cjlwdf lghnfO{ j}wflgs ;|ft] af6
?=**,#&,%**.(% sf] cfo k|fKt ePsf] b]lvPsf]
x'bF f j}wflgs cfo;|ft] af6 k'li6 x'g] ;DklQ / vr{
36fpFbf hDdf ?=($,&$,!@@.!# a/fa/sf] ;DklQsf]
;|ft] k'li6 ePsf] b]lvPg . ;|ft] k'li6 x'g g;s]sf]
pk/f]Qm ;DklQ s'n cflh{t ;DklQsf] s/La %!
k| l tzt x' g cfPsf] x' F b f ljz] i f cbfntn]
?=!@,%*,(&). cyf{t\ k|ltjfbLsf] s'n ;DklQsf]
*=@! k|ltzt ;DklQsf] dfq ;|ft] k'li6 gePsf] /
;f] cGt/nfO{ c:jfefljs tyf cldNbf]
hLjgofkgsf] :t/ dfGg gldNg] egL k|ltjfbLnfO{
;kmfO lbg canDag u/]sf] lg0f{ofwf/sf] ;fGble{stf
g/x]sf]n] To; ;DaGwdf yk ljZn]if0f ul//xg
cfjZos ePg .

@!= k|ltjfbLsf] hfFr cjlwsf] s'n cflh{t

;DklQ / u/]sf] vr{ tyf ;f]xL cjlwdf lghn]
j}wflgs ;|ft] af6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfoaLr tfbfDotf
b]lvg gcfO{ j}wflgs cfo ;|ft] sf] t'ngfdf cflh{t
;DklQ / vr{ a9L b]lvg cfPsf] o; l:yltdf
;DklQ / cfo;|ft] sf aLrsf] o; k|sf/sf] cGt/nfO{
:jfefljs dfGg ldNg] xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zg ljrf/0fLo
x'g cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu k|ydtM cf/f]k bfjL;Fu
;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfx b[li6ut ug'{ jf~5gLo
x'g cfpF5 .
@@= k|ltjfbLpk/ s;"/ sfod ug]{ sfg"gL
cfwf/sf ?kdf cf/f]k kqdf ;fljssf] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf #, &-!_ / !% tyf
xfnsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)
-!_ ;d]tsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ lnOPsf] 5 . ;fljs
P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] Joj:yfsf] lg/Gt/tf xfn axfn
/x]sf] P]gsf] bkmf @)-!_ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf o;
cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/ lj= k|ltjfbL O{Zj/ kf]v/]nsf] d'2fdf l;4fGt
sfod e};s]sf] x'bF f ;f] l;4fGtnfO{ cg'z/0f gu/L
o; ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;n] cGoyf af]Ng ldNg] cj:yf
5}g . xfn axfn /x]sf] P]gsf] bkmf @)-!_ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{, k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] dflgg] /fi6;j] sn]
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f
cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs b]lvg cfPdf jf lghn]
dgfl;j sf/0f lagf cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr
hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]df jf cfk\mgf] x}l;ot eGbf
a9L s;}nfO{ bfg, bftAo, pkxf/, ;fk6L, rGbf jf
as; lbPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf] ;DklQ s] s:tf]
;|ft] af6 cfh{g u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f lghn] k|dfl0ft
ug'k{ g]5
{ / gu/]df To:tf] ;DklQ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
cfh{g u/]sf] dflgg]5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
@#= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k|I] odf
cfk"m;Fu /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] dflgg] /fi6;j] s pk/
g} /xg] b]lvg cfpF5 . cf/f]lkt JolQmn] ;|ft] k'li6

824

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

ug{ g;s]df To:tf] ;DklQ :jtM u}/sfg"gL cfh{g

dfGg' kg]{ eGg] pQm sfg"gsf] p2]Zo / dg;fo
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L sfg"gn] g} ;fj{hlgs kb
wf/0f u/]sf] dflgg] /fi6;j] ssf ;fydf /x]sf]
;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 ug]{ bfloTj lgh pk/ /fvL ;f]
ug{ g;s]df u}/sfg"gL cfh{g dfGg' kg]{ u/L :ki6
Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gsf] ;Lwf k|fjwfgsf]
an k"js
{ JofVof u/L cGoyf cy{ ug{ jf lgsfNg
ldNg] l:ylt b]lvFbg} .
@$= pRr kbLo x}l;ot cyf{t\ k|lti7fsf]
cf8df jf k]zfut cfwf/df ul/g] ck/fw
ck/fwzf:qdf Zj]tlu|jL ck/fw -WhiteCollar
Crime_ sf] ?kdf kl/lrt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf
ck/fwx pRr kb:y sd{rf/L tyf /fhgLlts
kbflwsf/Lxaf6 kbLo clwsf/sf] b'?kof]usf]
pkhsf] ?kdf x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf ck/fwnfO{
g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n uDeL/ ck/fwsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
@%= ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;+nUg x'g]
/fi6;j] sxnfO{ kfl/>ldssf] cltl/Qm /fHosf]
tkm{af6 k|of]u ul/g] s]xL clwsf/x k|of]u ug{
lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs
hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf cf;Lg o:tf /fi6;]jssf]
pQ/bfloTj clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf JolQmxaf6
/fHon] w]/} of]ubfgsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'G5 . kfl/>lds
/ ;'ljwfsf] dfqf h] h:tf] eP klg /fHo / hgtfsf]
;]jfdf ;dlk{t /xg' logsf] st{Jo x'G5 . /fHoaf6
s] k|fKt ug]{ eGbf klg b]z / hgtfnfO{ s] lbg]
cyf{t\ of]ubfg k'ofpg] eGg] s'/fdf of] ju{ bQlrQ
/xg' kb{5 . ToxL eP/ logLxsf] of]ubfgnfO{
/fHon] klg pRr sb/ ug]{ ub{5 .
@^= pRr kb:y /fi6;j] sx ;dfhdf
nAw k|ltli7t ljlzi7 JolQm x'g] x'gfn] c?
hg;fwf/0f eGbf a9L ;';l" rt, ;Ifd / r]tgzLn
/xg] ub{5g\ . sbflrt o; ju{sf JolQmx sfg"g
pNn+3g sfo{df ;+nUg /x] eg] ltgLxsf] rnfvL
/ zLk klg To;df JoQm x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] o:tf
JolQmxaf6 x'g] o:tf k|sl[ tsf ck/fwsf] klxrfgdf
w]/} ;do nfUg] ub{5 eg] o;sf] cg';Gwfg k4lt
825

klg hl6n x'G5 . cGo k/Dk/fut ck/fwsf]

cg';Gwfgdf ckgfOg] k4lt tyf To;df nfUg]
;do o:tf ck/fwsf] xsdf ckof{Kt x'g ;S5 .
tyflk o:tf ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ hl6n x'g]
eP klg cg';Gwfg x'g} g;Sg] / o:tf sfo{nfO{
sfg"gsf] bfo/fn] 5'g} g;Sg] eGg] l:ylt eg] x'bF g} .
ljz]if sfg"g / cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ljz]if Ifdtfsf]
cfjZostf eg] x'G5 .
@&= /fi6;j] s eP/ klg ;+ljwfg / sfg"g
k|lt vfPsf] zkysf] k|lts"n e|i6frf/df ;+nUg
x'g] JolQm hlt;'s} s'zfu| eP klg sfg"g
pNn+3gsf 36gfnfO{ ;bfsf nflu n'sfpg jf
cs}{ 9+un] k6fIf]k ug{ ;Dej /xFbg} . o;f] eGg'sf]
cy{ hlt;'s} h]x]Gbf/ / ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf
;DdfgLt cf]xf]bfdf /x]sf] eP klg sbflrt sfg"g
pNn+3g u/L ck/fw hutdf k|j]z ub{5 eg]
l9nf] rfF8f] sfg"gsf] ;f\nf]leq kg]{ lglZrt k|foM
x'G5 . sfg"gdf afFlwg] / sfg"g;+ut Jojxf/ u/L
cg'zfl;t hLjgofkg ug'{ g} ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L
af]s]sf /fi6;]jsx;Fu ck]lIft s'/fx x'g\ /
o;nfO{ ;DalGwt ;a}n] x[bo+ud ug'{kb{5 eGg]
;Gb]z u|x0f ug'{ ljz]if ?kn] dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
@*= ;fj{ h lgs ;] j fdf sfo{ / t
/fi6;j] sx rfx] tL /fhgLlts sdL{ x'g\ jf
sd{rf/Lx, ltgLxnfO{ cfk\mgf] kb;Fu ;DalGwt
st{Jo lgj{xgsf nflu /fHon] sfg"gf/f kb;Fu
;Da4 s]xL clwsf/x ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] k|sl[ tn] ubf{ To:tf ;]jfdf ;+nUg x'gx] nfO{
tb\g?' ksf] k|lti7f, ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f klg k|bfg
ul/Psf] x'G5 . lt ;a} Joj:yf ug's
{ f] Psdfq p2]Zo
ltgLxnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L sfg"g;+ut /
Odfgbfl/tfsf ;fy ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd agfpgsf
nflu dfq} xf] . cGoyf hg;fwf/0fnfO{ eGbf
lghxnfO{ k[ys ?kdf /fHon] Aojxf/ ug'k{ g]{
s'g} sf/0f /xFb}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;+nUg
pRrkb:y g]tf jf sd{rf/Lx JolQmut ?kdf
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfeGbf leGg / a9L dfggLo x'bF g} g\ .
s]jn ltgLxn] cfk\mgf] kb cg'sn
" hjfkmb]xL

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

9+uaf6 lbg] ;]jfx dfq dfggLo x'G5g\ . of]

cGt/nfO{ ga'emL cfk\mgf] st{Jo eGbf klg kbLo
clwsf/sf] sf/0fn] cfk}m+ nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ / dfggLo
7fGg] ul/of] eg] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf of] eGbf 7"nf]
e|d csf]{ x'g ;Sb}g .
@(= ;fj{ h lgs ;] j fdf /xg]
/fi6;]jsxsf] sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{ klg x'G5 .
lghxnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] t'ngfdf
s}of}+ u'0ff af]lemnf] / r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd ltgLxsf]
x'g ;S5 . sfd ;Dkfbg ug{ rflxg] 1fg, ;Lk /
;f] k|of]u ubf{ klg sltko /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs
jf ;fdflhs bjfj / r'gf}tLxn] cfk\mgf] jf
cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf] hLp Hofg jf xLt hf]lvddf
gknf{ eGg ;lsGg . hlt;'s} ;Gqf;df hLjg
Joltt ug'{ k/]klg / hlt;'s} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{
;Dkfbg u/L sfdsf] dof{bf /fVg vf]h]klg Tof]
;b}j k|z+l;t / dfGo g} x'G5 eGg] klg x'Fb}g .
oBlk To;df ;sf/fTds ;f]r lnP/ afFRg'sf]
ljsNk /xFbg} . cefj, tgfj / hf]lvdsf] dfemdf
cfk\mgf] kbsf] gftfn] cfk\mgf] jf kl/jf/sf] xLt
;Fux| ug{ o:t} s'/fxn] gsf/fTds lbzfdf pGd"v
ug]{ nfnrL cj:yfx l;h{gf x'g ;Qm5g\ . oxL
df]8df, ;]jfk|ltsf] cljrlnt cf:yf / cg'zf;gsf]
d2tn] ltgsf] ;dg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
#)= c?sf] nflu ;]jf lbg vl6Psf
dflg;x cfk\mg} ef}lts jf cfly{s ;'vdf lnKt
/xg] k|j[lQn] g} j}wflgs cfoeGbf a9L ;DklQ
;Fu|x ug]{ / cfk\mgf] cfo;Fu g;'xfpFbf] hLjg:t/
pkef]u ug{ b'?T;flxt u/]sf] x'G5 . 1ftJo s] 5
eg] dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kbef/ u|x0f
ug{ kfpg' cfkm}+df 7"nf] s'/f xf], ;f] sfd u/]afkt
j}wflgs nfe, cd's ;Ddfg jf k'/:sf/ k|fKt
xf];\ jf gxf];\, cfkm"n] oyfof]Uo ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf]
5 eg] Tof] g} k'/:sf/ xf] eG7fGg] pRrtd
cfWoflTds / g}lts r]t ljgf o:tf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t
/xg]xsf] nflu ;]jfsf] wd{cg'k k|lta4 eP/
;]jf/t /xg ufx|f] x'G5 . /fHon] klg ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf /xg] /fi6 ;]jsxsf] nflu lg/Gt/ pRr

dgf]an / pTk|]/0ff hufpg] vfnsf Joj:yf /

sfo{qmddfkm{t\ of] ju{nfO{ ;bf st{Jo k/fo0ftfsf]
cj:yfdf sfod /fvL /fVg] k|oTg ug{' h?/L
b]lvG5 .
#!= k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ nufOPsf]
cf/f]k x]bf{ cfk\mgf] cfosf] cg'kftdf g;'xfpFbf]
;DklQ cfh{g u/L pRr hLjg:t/ pkef]u u/]sf]
cj:yfdf cfslif{t x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yftkm{ O+lut
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . em x]bf{ pRr hLjg:t/ pkef]u
ug]{ x/]s JolQmsf OR5f x'g ;Sb5g\ . vf; u/]/
cfw'lgs pkef]QmfjfbL ;dfhsf] k|j[lQ x]bf{
dflg;x ldtJolotf / lbuf] pkef]u z}nLnfO{
kl/Tofu ub}{ cgfjZos vlr{nf / ;|ft] x cg'lrt
?kdf v]/kmfNg] k|jl[ QnfO{ g} j}ejsf] kl/rfossf]
?kdf lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;sf] nflu a9L
;DklQ cfh{g ug{' / ;Fux| ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . of] k|jl[ Qn]
hf] sf]xL klg k|efljt ePsf] x'g;S5 . of] xfd|f]
cy{tGq / ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] cTofw'lgs hl6n
;d:of xf] .
#@= t/ ;fj{ h lgs ;] j fdf /xg]
/fi6;]jsn] eg] cfk"mn] rfx]h:tf] pRr cfly{s
hLjg:t/ pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] ;xh l:ylt b]lvFbg} .
vf; u/]/ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;]jfnfO{ sfdsf]
k|sl[ tcg'k cfly{s d"Nofg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOFbg} .
g t kbsf] k|sl[ t cg'sn
" cfjZostfxsf] cfly{s
d"Nofg u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ Pjd\
;'ljwf tf]Sg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] kbflwsf/Lsf]
cfjZostf, kbcg'sn
" sf] ;]jfsf] k|sl[ t, lgh;Fu
ul/Psf] hgck]Iff / cfk\mg} efjL cfly{s ;'/Iffsf
k|Zgx clg ljBdfg kbsf] ;]jf lbPafkt
tf]lsPsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] ;Lldttfn] cg]sf}+
cGt/lj/f]w v8f ug{ ;S5g\ . sfg"gdf k|o'Qm
ePsf] cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/
kl/eflift gePsf] l:ylt x'bF f ;Gbe{xsf] cfwf/df
lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . To;nfO{ :ki6
ug]{ dfkb08sf] cefjdf JolQmsf] j}wflgs /
cf}krfl/s cfo:t/sf] cfwf/df dfq lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{
clxn]sf] sfg"gL afWotf 5 .

826

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

##= cy{tGqsf ;Da4 lgsfox h:t}M

g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf xfp;xf]N8 ;j]I{ f0f
;Dd ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvP klg ljleGg txsf /fi6;j] s
jf cfostf{xsf] hLjg:t/ ;j]I{ f0f u/]sf] eg]
xfn;Dd b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;af6 s;}n] lgjf{x u/]sf]
hLjg:t/sf] cf}lrTo k/LIf0fsf] k|Zg ;xh b]lvFbg} .
o; ;DaGwdf /fHon] txut cfwf/df hLjg:t/sf]
dfkb08 agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;do ;dodf
hLjg:t/ ;j]I{ f0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 .
#$= plNnlvt ;}4flGts ljZn]if0fsf]
k[i7e"ld ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fsf k|ltjfbL
v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] hfFr cjlwdf pk/f]Qm j}wflgs
;|ft] af6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfo / cflh{t ;DklQ tyf
u/]sf] vr{ aLrsf] leGgtf cldNbf] / c:jfefljs
xf] xf]Og tyf ;DklQ / cfo;|ft] df b]lvg cfPsf]
;f] cGt/sf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLn] cfkm\gf] x}l;ot
eGbf cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs / pRr hLjgofkg
u/]sf] dfGg ldN5 ldNb}g eGg] cf/f]k dfubfjLsf]
d'Vo k|Zgdf s]lGb|t x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
#%= k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sf @)$*
;fnb]lv ;+;b ;b:osf] ?kdf /xL ldlt @)%(.^.!*
;Dd k6sk6s dxTjk"0f{ dGqfnosf] dGqLsf]
kbef/ ;Dxfn]sf] JolQm ePsf] eGg] tYodf s'g}
ljjfb 5}g . klxnf] k6s dGqL x'bF f @)$* ;fndf
lghn] k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf ?=@ nfv gub,
kSsL 3/!, efG;f 3/!, ;ft tf]nf ;'g, 5 tf]nf
rfFbL, uf]N8:6f/ l6=le!, / cfk\mgf] gfddf !)
ljufxf tyf cfdfsf] gfddf b'O{ ljufx hUuf /x]sf]
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] ljj/0fdf cfdfsf]
gfdsf] b'O{ ljufxf hUuf yk b]vfP klg ldlt
@)$$.*.@! sf] kfl/t c+z ekf{Oaf6 lghn] !)
)!) ljufxf hUuf c+zafkt a'em]sf] b]lvFbf
;fj{hlgs kbdf k|jz
] ug'c
{ l3 lgh;Fu !))!)
ljufxf k}ts
[ hUufsf cltl/Qm dfly plNnlvt
cGo rn crn ;DklQ dfq /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
@)$$ ;fndf c+z a'em]sf] JolQm;Fu @)$* ;fndf
@ nfv dfq gub /x]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf], a}s
+ df
vftf /x]sf] cj:yf klg gePsf] / k}ts
[ ;DklQ
827

afx]s cGoq s'g} klg crn ;DklQ tyf pNn]Vo

rn ;DklQ hf]8g\ g;s]af6 To; avt;Ddsf]
lghsf] df}lb|s cfo jf hLjgz}nLsf] ;xh ?kdf
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
#^= @)$* ;fndf ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf
k|jz
] u/]kl5 k|ltjfbLsf] cfo cfh{gsf] ;|ft] df
s[lif cfosf cltl/Qm ;+;b ;b:o / dGqLsf
x}l;otdf kfpg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf yk x'g] b]lvG5 .
hfFr cjlwsf] !@ jif{df k|ltjfbLn] kfl/>lds /
eQfafkt ?=!$,*^,$@$.(% tyf j}bl] zs e|d0f
eQfafkt lghs} egfOcg';f/ %) k|ltzt jrt
ePsf] egL dfGbf ?=$,@&,#)#. ;d]t u/L s/La
!(,!#,&@&.(% cfo k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf]
>LdtL ;fdfGo u[lx0fL /x]sf] b]lvPsf] tyf pBf]u,
Jofkf/ jf ;]jf u/]sf] egL cGo cfo cfh{g x'g]
yk ;|ft] k|ltjfbLn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOFbg} . @)$*
;fndf dGqL ePb]lv k|ltjfbL kl/jf/;lxt lg/Gt/
?kdf sf7df8f}d
F } a:b} cfPsf] eGg] x'bF f bfdf
/x]sf k}ts
[ hUufaf6 cfpg] s[lif cfo:tf klg ;f]
eGbf klxnfsf] hlt gx'g] s'/f :jtM cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . tyflk dfly cfo;|ft] sf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0faf6 ?=!@ nfv;Dd s[lif cfosf] of]ubfg
/x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . To:t} v/Lbsf] ;|ft] g} ljrf/0fLo
eP klg k|ltjfbLn] hfFr cjlwdf /fhwfgLdf v/Lb
u/]sf hUuf laqmLaf6 @*,&^,^@%. d'gfkmf u/]sf]
dfgL ;f] /sdnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ubf{ ;d]t
lghsf] s'n cfosf] emns :ki6 x'G5 . k6sk6s
dGqL ePsf], lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf] tyf Jofks
/fhgLlts ;DaGw ePsf] k|ltjfbLn] a}w ;|ft] af6
k|fKt x'g ;Sg] pk/f]Qm cfo art u/L pNn]Vo
;DklQ cfh{g ug{;Sg] cj:yf ljZj;gLo dfGg
;lsFbg} .
#&= t/ k|ltjfbLn] lgh ;fj{hlgs
lhDd]jf/Lsf] kbdf /x]sf] ;f]xL !@ jif{sf] hfFr
cjlwdf sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/sf] zx/L
If]qdf lnvt d"Nocg';f/ klg s/Lj (@ nfv
eGbf a9Lsf] 3/hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
v/Lb u/]sf] ;fg]kfsf] 3/df s/Lj !$ nfv

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

a/fa/sf ljB'tLo ;fdu|L / kmlg{r/ hf]8]sf],

5f]/LnfO{ ljb]z ef/tdf lrlsT;fzf:q ljifo
cWoog u/fpg & nfv eGbf a9L vr{ u/]sf],
bfdf !% nfv eGbf a9L d"Nokg]{ 3/ agfPsf],
>LdtLsf gfddf @% nfv / 5f]/Lsf gfddf (
nfv eGbf a9L a}+sdf hDdf u/]sf] tyf ;f+;b
;'ljwfcGtu{t @$ nfv eGbf a9L d"Nosf] uf8L
v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
#*= cfo;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf /fVg] k|rng
gePsf] cj:yf tyf ;DklQsf] d"Nofgdf
;doqmddf /xg hfg] ;fdfGo cGt/nfO{
c:jfefljs ?kdf glnO{ cfo;|f]t / ;DklQ aLr
s]xL leGgtf /xg hfg] s'/f ljj]s;Ddt x'g;Sg]
eP klg k|ltjfbLsf] j}wflgs cfo;|f]t / pk/f]Qm
;DklQaLrsf] cGt/nfO{ :jfefljs 7x/ ug{ ldNg]
cfwf/ b] l vGg . To;df klg ;fj{ h lgs
hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf k|jz
] ug'c
{ l3 / kl5sf] lghsf]
cfly{s cj:yf, ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ k|j[lQ /
hLjgz}nLsf] t'ngfTds ?kdf ljZn]if0f ubf{
:jfefljstf eGbf c:jfefljstfsf] c+z pRr
b] l vG5 . hfF r cjlwdf hf] 8 ] s f] 3/hUuf,
3/leqsf] ;fh;Hhf, ;'grfFbL, a}+s Aofn]G;,
uf8L v/Lb, 5f]/LnfO{ ljb]zdf k9fpg u/]sf]
vr{ cflbsf] k|s[lt x]bf{ lghsf] cfo;|f]tsf]
cg'kftdf :jfefljs / ldNbf] b]lvg cfpFb}g .
o; cfwf/df ;|f]t k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] pk/f]Qm
adf]lhdsf] ?=($,&$,!@@.!# a/fa/sf] ;DklQ
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
cfh{ g u/L lgh tyf lghsf] kl/jf/sf
;b:oxsf gfddf /fv]sf] eGg] s'/f z+sf/lxt
/ j:t'lgi6 9+uaf6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 .
#(= u} / sfg" g L ?kdf cfh{ g u/] s f]
;DklQsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
@) -@_ adf]lhd ljuf] sfod u/L hkmt ug'k{ g]{ /
To:tf] ;DklQaf6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t bkmf
$& adf]lhd hkmt ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f k|ltjfbLsf] ;|ft]
v'ns
] f] / gv'ns
] f] ;DklQ osLg ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfpF5 .
k|:t't d'2fdf klg k|ltjfbLsf] ;fydf /x]sf] ;DklQ,

;Dklt cfh{g ubf{sf avt lgh;Fu /xg ;Sg]

df}lb|s cfo ;d]tsf] cj:yf / l:yltsf] ;fk]Iftfdf
o; s'/fsf] lgisif{df k'Ug' kg]{ x'G5
$)= pk/f]Qm cfwf/df k|ltjfbL tyf lghsf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:osf gfddf /x]sf ;DklQdWo]
k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf gfddf btf{ /x]sf]
af=@=r=(%%%, v/Lb d"No ?=@$,%),))). sf]
ldT;'lj;L k|f8f] uf8L, cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= *
df plNnlvt tTsfnLg d"No ?=#,&%,!#%.!!
a/fa/sf] ## tf]nf ;'g / @=(# lsnf] rfFbL, k|ltjfbL
zLnf zdf{ v8\sfsf] gfdsf] n=k'=n=k'=p=d=kf=j8f
g+=@-s_ ls=g+=@$(, If]=km=!^!! lnvt d"No
?=@),(@,))). sf] hUuf, lgh}sf gfdsf] Pe/]i6
a}s
+ ln=gofF afg]Zj/sf] vftf g+= *%*) P vftfdf
df}Hbft /x]sf] lgIf]k ?=@%,)),)))., / lgh}sf
gfdsf] n=k'=p=d=kf=j8f g+=+ @-s_ ls=g+=!)& sf] !
^)) / ls=g+=!*^ sf] If]=km=)!!) hUufdWo]
3/afx]s ?=@),%^,(*&.)@ sf] ;|ft] k'li6 ePsf]
b]lvPg ;f] afx]s cGo ;DklQsf] ;|ft] k'li6 x'g]
b]lvPsf]n] yk ljZn]if0f ul//xg k/]g .
$!= ca, k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbPsf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / jfbL kIfsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo x'g'
kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ klxnf] / bf];f| ]
k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fdf plNnlvt
sfg"gL Joj:yf, k|ltkflbt l;4fGt / tYo Pjd\
k|df0fx ;d]tsf] cfwf/ sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbLnfO{
cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] km};nf pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbL
v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] ;|f]t k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf]
?=($,&$,!@@.!# a/fa/sf] rncrn ;DklQ
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf cfh{g u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @)-!_ cGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf]
7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf @)-@_ cg';f/ ljuf] / s;"/sf] dfqf ljrf/
u/L Ps jif{ s}b / ljuf]adf]lhd ?=($,&$,!@@.!#
h/Ljfgf tyf ;|ft] k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] pQm ;DklQ

828

**#@ g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t

/ bkmf $& adf]lhd ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ -v_ lgh}sf gfdsf] n=k'=p=d=kf=j8f g+=+ @-s_
;d]t hkmt eO{ k|ltjfbLn] dGqL / ;+f;bsf] kbdf
ls=g+=!)& sf] !^)) / ls=g+=!*^ sf]
/x]sf] ;dodf s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf bkmf @$
If]=km=)!!) hUufdWo] 3/afx]ssf]
adf]lhd yk 5 dlxgf s}b x'g] 7x5{ . c?df
hUufaf6 ?=@),%^,(*&.)@ a/fa/sf]
tk;Lnadf]lhd ug'{ .
efulx:;f .
-u_ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf gfddf btf{
tk;Ln
/x] s f] af=@=r=(%%%, v/Lb d" N o
dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lv adf]lhd ljz]if
?=@$,%),))). sf] ldT;'lj;L k|f8f] uf8L .
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L eO{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL
v'daxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ hDdf Ps jif{ 5 dlxgf - -3_ cf/f]k kqsf] tflnsf g+= * df plNnlvt
k|ltjfbL;Fu /x]sf] eg]sf] tTsfnLg d"No
!.^_ s}b x'g] 7x/ ePsf] x'b+F f k'kI{ fsf] qmddf y'gfdf
?=#,&%,!#%.!! a/fa/sf] ## tf]nf ;'g /
a;]sf] lbg b'O{ sf u/L lghnfO{ 7x/ ePsf] afFsL
@=(# lsnf] rfFbL .
s}bsf] nut s;L sfg"gadf]lhd c;"npk/ ug{'
u/fpg' egL k|:t't km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk ;lxt
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg" ======== !
k|ltjfbL k'gd v8\sfsf] gfddf lxdfnog
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
F f] km};nf pN6L eO{ a}s
+ 7d]n vf=g+=!#&))) df xfn afFsL /x]sf]
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ ?=($,&$,!@@.!# ?=!^,^@*. lghsf]] l6sf6fnf] / bIfL0ffafktsf] /sd
h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x/ ePsf] x'bF f lghnfO{ nfu]sf] h/Ljfgfsf] 7x/]sfn] /f]Ssf /flv/xg' kg]{ gb]lvPsf]n] km'sj' fsf]
nut s;L c;"npk/ ug'{ u/fpg' egL sf7df8f}F nflu lghsf] b/vf:t k/] km'sj' f ul/lbg' ======%
lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg" ======
@
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL v'daxfb'/ v8sfnfO{ k|:t't
ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L ePsf]n] km};nfadf]lhd nfu]sf] s}b / h/Ljfgf c;"npk/
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @)-@_ / bkmf eO{, ;|ft] gv'ns
] f] ;DklQ hkmt eO{ km};nf k"0f{?kdf
$& cg';f/ hkmt x'g] 7x/ ePsf] k|ltjfbL zLnf sfof{Gjog ePkl5 ljz]if cbfntaf6 /f]Ssf /x]sf]
zdf{ v8\sfsf gfdsf] Pe/]i6 a}s
+ ln=gofF afg]Zj/sf] ;DklQ km'sj' f ul/kfpFm+ egL k|ltjfbLsf] b/vf:t
vftf g+= *%*) P vftfdf df}Hbft /x]sf] lgIf]k k/] k'ms'jf ug{ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg'
?=@%,)),)))., tyf To;af6 a9]a9fPsf] Aofh ;d]t egL ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}d
F f n]vL k7fpg'====^
hkmt u/L ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvn ug'{ egL
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg" ===== #
km} ; nfsf hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
lgDg k| l tjfbLxsf gfddf /x] s f sfof{nodfkm{t\ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
lgDgadf]lhdsf ;DklQ / ;f]af6 a9]a9fPsf] ;DklQ cfof]udf k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{
;d]t hkmt u/L sfg"gadf]lhd ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf lbg" === &
bflvn ug"{ =========
$
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
-s_ k|ltjfbL zLnf zdf{ v8\sfsf] gfdsf] Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
n=k'=n=k'=p=d=kf=j8f g+=@-s_ ls=g+=@$(, Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg #) ut] /f]h # z'ed\====
| fb pkfWofo
If]=km=!^!! lnvt d"No ?=@),(@,))). Ohnf; clws[tM lai0f'k;
sf] hUuf .

829

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

plrt 9+un] ;~rfng ug'{ Pjd\ a]/f]huf/L

jf u/L vfg g;Sg] ckfnfO{ eQfsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ cToGt cfjZos 5 . o:tf]
l:yltdf ckf 3/sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng
tyf ljz]if ;'ljwf jf eQfsf nflu ul/Psf]
dfu bfjL plrt, sfg"g;Ddt Pj+ Gofok"0f{
b]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
s' g } klg ckfn] ;+ l jwfg, P] g ,
sfg"gcg';f/sf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt gx'g' /
cGt/f{li6o k|rng Pj+ dfkb08cg';f/sf]
;]jf ;'ljwf / x]/rfx k|fKt ug'{ /fli6o
uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . o;nfO{ /fHon] / /fHosf
;Da4 k|To]s cn] uDeL/tfk"js
{ lng' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
clt Goflos cu|;/tf (Extreme Judicial
Activism) jf cgfjZos Goflos
lgliqmotfsf] xb;Dd Goflos cfTd;+od
(Judicial-self restraint) ckgfpg' b'jn
} ]
hgtfsf] Gofo k|fKt ug]{ dfu{df cj/f]wsf]
l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] vt/fk|lt lg0f{ostf{ ;Fw}
;hu / ;fjwfg /xg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_

lg0f{o g+=**##
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.$.#).#
;+jt\ @)^*-WO-)!**
ljifoM k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM g]kfn ckf dfgj clwsf/ s]Gb|sftk{maf6
Pjd cfgf] xsdf ;d]t alb{of lhNnf
sflnsf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # do'/j:tL :yfoL
3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f
g+= & rfjlxn ;/:jtLgu/ a:g] clwjQmf
;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no ;d]t
;fdfGo dflg;eGbf ckfxsf nflu a9L
/ ljz]if ;'ljwf Pj+ x]/rfxsf] cfjZostf
kb{ 5 . o;sf/0f pgLx;F u /x] s f]
zf/Ll/s Ifdtf Pj+ dfgl;s / af}l4s
l:yltsf] klxrfg u/L ;fdfGo dflg;df
eGbf leGg ?kdf ltgLx;Fu /fHon]
Jojxf/ ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
clt czQm JolQmxsf] ;DaGwdf /fHon]
pgLxsf] hLjgsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt
ug{ s] ug'k{ b{5 eGg] s'/fk|lt a9L uDeL/
x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
clt czQmxsf nflu cfjZostfg';f/
cfjf;Lo ckf 3/sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ / ltgsf]

lgj]bssftkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo ;'bz{g ;'jb] L

/ d]h/ yfkf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf wd{/fh kf}8n]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM

830

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

!@-!_, !#-#_, !*-@_, ##-3!_, #%-(_, #%-!&_
ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( sf]
bkmf !)-!_, !!,
ckf ;+/If0f / sNof0f lgodfjnL, @)%!
lgod *
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf
@*-!_-6_-^_, (^-!_-`_-!)_, !*(-!_-r_-@_

**## ;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f, #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg;lxtsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
g]kfn ckf dfgj clwsf/ s]Gb|, @)%^
;fndf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}d
F f btf{
eO{ ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] g]tT[ jdf ;~rflnt
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o; ;+:yfn] cktf ePsf
JolQmxsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf
nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf lqmofzLn eO{ sfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
/ ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] xs clwsf/ tyf
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;jfndf ;fdflhs hgr]tgf,
Goflos cfjfh, jsfnt tyf k|j4{ gsf sfo{x
ub}c
{ fO/x]sf] 5 .
l/6 lgj]bsdWo]sf] d bLk]Gb| zfSo cfk"m
:jo+ klg clt czQm ckftf ePsf] JolQm x'F . d
cfk"m clt czQm cfktf ePsf] JolQm ePtfklg
cfgf] / d h:t} cGo ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf]
Goflos clwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fpFb} cfPsf]
5' . t;y{ clt czQm / jf}l4s ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] tk{maf6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of xfdL
lgj]bsxnfO{ /x] ePs} Joxf]/f lgj]bg ub{5f}+ .
g]kfndf ;':t dgMl:ylt -af}l4s cktf
ePsf JolQmx_ / clt czQm ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] hLjg lbg k|ltlbg cToGt} bogLo
aGb} uO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . af}l4s ckftf / clt
czQm ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] af/]df /fi6sf
x/]s lgsfon] k|bfg ug'{kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfx k|bfg
gug{' / ;DalGwt lgsfodf o:tf JolQmxsf]
cfjfh tyf dfu k'ofO{ lbg] dfWod gx'g' Pj+
:jo+ cfk"mdf kx'r
F x'g g;Sg'sf] sf/0fn] g]kfndf
;':t dgMl:ylt -af}l4s ckftf ePsf JolQmx_
/ clt czQm ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] hLjg
lbgk|ltlbg cToGt} bogLo aGb} uPsf] 5 eGg]
tYodf b'O{ dt 5}g .
ckftf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f lgodfjnL,
@)%! sf] lgod * n] clt czQm / af}l4s ckftf
831

ePsf JolQmxnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb" agfO{ ckf 3/sf]

:yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . czQm
/ c;xfo ckfxsf nflu ;'/lIft cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ckf 3/ ;~rfngdf Nofpg' kg]{
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] d l/6 lgj]bs bLk]Gb| zfSo
/ d h:tf cGo ckfnfO{ 3/ kl/jf/ Pj+ ;dfhaf6
x'g;Sg] ckx]ngfsf] lzsf/af6 dl'Qm lbnfO{ dfgj
eO{ dfgjsf] ?kdf hLpgsf] nflu /fHon] cfgf]
gful/ssf] hLp Hofg wgsf] ;'/Iff Pj+ ;+/If0f
lbg] Ps kljq p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf klg ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] tYofs ;+sng ug],{ ckf 3/ lgdf{0f
ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf]
xs clwsf/xsf] ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%! nfu" eP klg sfof{Gjogtk{m
lgliqmot'No 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf]
clwsf/ ;DaGwL Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities / Optional Protocol to
the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities @))^ nfO{ x:tfIf/ u/L ;f] ;d]taf6

sfg"gL clwsf/xsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfxn] u/]sf
cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 ^ nfvsf] ;+Vofdf af}l4s
ckftf -;':t dgMl:ylt_ / Tolt g} ;+Vofdf clt
czQm ckftf /x]sf] eGg] 5 . af}l4s ckftf /
clt czQm ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] hLjg emg
lbgk|ltlbg bogLo / lrGtfhgs aGb} uPsf] 5 .
af}l4s ckftf ePsf JolQm / clt czQm
ckftf ePsf JolQmxn] ;fdfGo eQf afx]s
vf; /fxt k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ sltko
ckf ePsfsf] b}lgs hLjg bogLo cj:yfdf
/x]sf] eGg] tYo @)^^ efb| !^ ut]sf] sflGtk'/sf]
;dfrf/ ;d]taf6 k|i6 ub{5 .
ctM ljkIfLxn] cfgf] ;+j}wflgs tyf
sfg"gL st{Jo k"/f gu/]sfn] ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@ n] k|bfg u/]sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

xs, ;dfgtfsf] xs, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs ;d]t

xgg x'g uO{ ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g,
@)#( sf] bkmf $, % / ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f
lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod * sf] ljk/Lt 5 .
ckf JolQmxsf] xs lxt tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iff;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ tyf ;DaGw /fVg] sfg"g
k|bQ ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f lgodfjnL, @)%!
sf] lgod * cg';f/ a];xf/f / sf]xL gePsf jf
xsjfnf jf ;+/Ifs eP klg lghxaf6 pk]lIft
ePsf tyf ul/Psf clt czQm / af}l4s ckftf
ePsfxnfO{ ;'/lIft / ;fd'bflos cfjf;Lo ejg
lgdf{0f u/L dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ 5'f5'} cfj;Lo
ejgdf /fVg] plrt Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg', clt czQm / af}l4s ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf xsjfnf tyf kl/jf/af6 pk]lIft eO{
;fd'bflos 3/df a:g rfx]df ;fd'bflos 3/df
a:g] Joj:yf u/fpg' ,;fj{hlgs ef}lts ;+/rgf
-;/sf/L ejg tyf sfof{no_ / ;fj{hlgs
oftfoftsf ;fwgxdf ckftfd}qL XjLn lro/
;d]t hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug'{ ,clt czQm / af}l4s
ckftf ePsf JolQmxnfO{ b}lgs hLjg u'hf/f
ug{ k'Ug] clgjfo{ a]/f]huf/ eQfsf] Joj:yf u/L
/f]huf/L ug{ ;Sg]nfO{ pgLxsf] cj:yf ;'xfpFbf]
pTkfbgzLn tfnLd tyf /f]huf/sf] Joj:yf ug',{
ljleGg lsl;dsf k|fs[lts ljklQ cfO{ kbf{ /fHon]
ckftf If]qdf klg clt czQm / af}l4s
ckftfxnfO{ s;/L arfpg] eGg] ljz]if
lsl;dsf] gLlt tof/ u/L nfu" ug',{ clt czQm /
af}l4s ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] zf/Ll/s
cj:yfcg's"nsf] cf}krf/Ls / cgf}krfl/s
Jojxfl/s lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug'{, clt czQm /
af} l 4s ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] nflu
;fd'bflos cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0f u/L clt czQm
/ af}l4s ckftf ePsf JolQmsf] k'g{:yflkt
geP;Ddsf] nflu lghxnfO{ b}lgs ?kdf
hLjgofkg ug{ k'Ug] ckftf eQf / Ps hgf
;xof]uL /fVg] Joj:yf u/L lghnfO{ ;d]t tna
eQmf lbg] Joj:yf ug'{, clt czQm / af}l4s

ckftf ePsf JolQmx tyf ;du| ckf

JolQmxsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# tyf ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] xs ;+/If0f;DaGwL dfly plNnlvt
;lGw ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ / xfn
e}/x]sf ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#(
tyf lgodfjnL @)%! dxf;lGwsf] dd{ cg';f/
k'gn{]vg u/L nfu" ug'{ u/fpg' egL k|ToyL{xsf
gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6
lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfk{mt lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
k|fKt eP jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ .
;fy} ljifoj:t'sf] ;+jb] gzLntfnfO{ x]bf{ k|:t't
d'2fnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]zLdf r9fpg' eGg] o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^*.%.!* df ePsf] cfb]z .
xfn} ul/Psf] /fli6o hgu0fgf @)^* af6
k|To]s kl/jf/df /x]sf ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf]
ljj/0f lng] sfo{ s]Gb|Lo tYof ljefuaf6 ;DkGg
e} pQm tYofsf] k|zf]wg tyf ljZn]if0f sfo{ e}/x]sf]
x'bF f ;f] sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 g]kfne/ /x]sf ckftf
ePsf] JolQmsf] ;+Vof osLg x'g] g} 5 .
ckftf ePsf JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf qL
jifL{o of]hgf -@)^&)^*@)^()&)_ df g]kfn
;/sf/n] lng] /0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt / k|dv
' sfo{qmdx
nufotsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h'g o;
cfof]un] k|sflzt u/]sf] qLjifL{o of]hgf k':tssf]
k]h g+= @*% b]lv @** ;Dddf /x]sf] 5 . qL
jifL{o of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/Pcg'k ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 sfdsf/jfxL x'g] u/L ckftf ePsf
JolQmxnfO{ d"nwf/df /fvL of]hgf ;d]t tof/

832

**## ;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ul/Psf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] /fli6o

of]hgf cfof]usf] tk{maf6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lzIff dGqfnoaf6 k|zf;g x'g] lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] kl/R5]b !! cGtu{t lgod
^)^^ ;Dd ljif]z lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yfcGtu{t
ckftf ePsf JolQmxnfO{ ljz]if Jojxf/ ug]{
s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . of] dGqfno ckftf
ePsf JolQmxsf xsdf ;+jb] gzLn /x]sf] / ljkIfL
lgj]bsn] lgj]bgkqsf] k|s/0f !) df bfjL u/]
h:tf] clt czQm / af}l4s ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfcg'sn
" sf] cf}krfl/s
/ cgf}krfl/s Jojxfl/s lzIff Joj:yf ug]t{ k{m
cfufdL lbgxdf cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .
cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf h:t} lzIff ;]jfdf klg ckftf
ePsf] JolQmxnfO{ lglZrt\ k|ltzt cf/If0fsf]
Joj:yf xfn} ul/Psf] lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL,
@)^& f/f ul/Psf] 5 . dGqfno ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
rf;f]kl| t ;hu /x]sf]n] ljkIfLsf] bfjLaf6 k'm;{b
kfpg cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL lzIff
dGqfnoaf6 o; cbfntdf k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] xs clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ o; dGqfno ;b}a k|oTgzLn
/x]sf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt cg'bfg ;~rfng
sfo{ljlw, @)^&, gu/kflnsf cg'bfg ;~rfng
sfo{ljlw, @)^& / ufpF ljsf; cg'bfg ;~rfng
sfo{ljlw, @)^& df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] sf]ifsf] s'n
k"h
F Lut ah]6af6 nlIft ;d"x Pj+ If]q tyf g]kfn
;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L nlIft ;d"x egL
tf]ss
] f] ju{ Pj+ ;d'bfon] k|ToIf kmfObf kfpg]
sfo{qmdcfof]hgfxdf nufgL ug{sf nflu
Go"gtd kGw| k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf
u/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]gdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd :yfgLo
lgsfon] ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] JolQmut 36gf
btf{ ug]{, To;sf] btf{ k|df0fkq lbg], ckf
833

eQfnufotsf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f ug]{

OToflb sfo{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L :yfgLo
lgsfoxaf6 ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] nflu
;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] /
ltgLxsf] Ifdtf clea[l4sf nflu ;Lkd"ns tfnLd,
;r]tgf;DaGwL uf]li7, ;]ldgf/ OToflb nufotsf
w]/} sfo{x ;Dkfbg x'bF } cfO/x]sf] 5 . lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt sfo{sfl/0fLsf] clwsf/If]q leqsf]
ljifonfO{ Goflos lg?k0fsf] ljifo agfpg zlQm
k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df ldNb}g
eGg] ;d]t :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfno cfgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} cfgf] ;|ft] /
;fwgn] EofP;Dd dlxnf, afnaflnsfsf] xs, lxt
Pj+ ;dfh sNof0fsf] If]qdf ;tt\ k|oTgzLn /xFb}
cfPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL dlxnf afnaflnsf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf tkm{af6 o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] g] k fn kIf ePsf ;lGw
;+emf}tfcg'sn
" sfg"g agfO{ nfu" ug'{ egL lhsL/
lng'ePsf] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] sfg"g agfpg], ;+zf]wg
ug]{ jf vf/]h ug]{ eGg] ljifo Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n] c;DalGwt
ljifodf o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf],
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*)^(
sf] ah]6 jQmJodfkm{t ckftf ePsf JolQmxn]
k|of]u ug{ ldNg] u/L agfOPsf !%) ;L=;L= ;Ddsf
:s'6/df ;jf/L ;fwg s/ / ;8s lgdf{0f tyf
;Def/ b:t"/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}
o:tf JolQmxsf] xs lxt tyf ;'ljwfsf] nflu
/fHon] cfgf] If]q / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd eljiodf
klg ljleGg sfo{qmd NofO{ pgLxnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg
ug{ ;bf tTk/ g} /xg] x'bF f ljkIfLn] lnPsf] lhsL/
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] cy{ dGqfnosf]tkm{af6 o;
cbfntdf k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#(,
ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f lgodfjnL, @)%! /

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

g]kfn kIf /x]sf]

Convention on the Rights of

Persons with Disabilities / Optional Protocol to
the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disbilities, 2006 sf] cIf/;M sfof{Gjog x'g' kg]{

eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL / efjgf;Fu o; ;lrjfnosf]

k"0f{ ;xdlt 5 . Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities / Optional Protocol to
the Convention on the Rights of Persons wiht
Disbilities, 2006 sf] dd{cg';f/ ckf ;+/If0f tyf

sNof0f P]g, @)#(, ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f

lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] k'gn{]vg ug'{kg]{ eGg]
lgj]bssf] bfjL ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf]
s'g} cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw;Fu g]kfn sfg"g afFlemPsf]
cj:yfdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yf
g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] / g]kfn sfg"gsf]
Joj:yf cdfGo x'g] Joj:yf g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf (-!_ df /x]sf]n] pQm dxf;lGw sfof{Gjogdf
s'g} cj/f]w /x]sf] b]lvFbg} . ;fy} s'g} lgodsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug'{ k/]df h'g lgsfon] lgdf{0f
u/]sf] lgod xf] ;f]xL lgsfon] ;+zf]wg u/L kl/dfh{g
ug{ ;Sb5 . g]kfn P]gsf] ;+zf]wg u/L kl/dfh{g
ug'{ k/]df g]kfn ;/sf/ jf Joj:yflksf;+;bsf]
s'g} ;b:on] o; ;DaGwL ljw]os Joj:yflks
;+;b;dIf k|:t't ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# n] Joj:yflksf;+;b tyf
;lrjfnonfO{ s'g} ljw]ossf] d:of}bf u/L ;bgdf
n}hfg] clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sf] x'bF f ckf ;+/If0f
tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( kl/dfh{g ePg eg]/ o;
;lrjfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ l/6 bfo/ ug's
{ f] s'g}
cf}lrTo gx'bF f o; ;lrjfnosf] xsdf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joj:yflksf ;+;b
;lrjfnosftkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k|:t't ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df
Jojl:yt df} l ns xsx ckftf ePsf
gful/sxnfO{ ;d]t ;dfg ?kdf k|rngsf]
;'lglZrtf k|bfg ug],{ u/fpg] s'/fdf g]kfn ;/sf/
k|ltj4 /x]sf] 5 . o;} k|of]hgsf nflu ckf ;+/If0f

tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( tyf lgodfjnL @)%!

hf/L ul/Psf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL
;]jfnufot ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;'ljwfsf] pkef]udf
ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf nflu cf/If0f k|bfg
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 l/6 g+= #%*^
;d]tsf l/6 lgj]bgxdf lgb]z
{ gfTds Pj+ k/dfb]z
hf/L ePsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cGwf ckf
alx/f tyf ;':t dgl:ylt ePsf JolQmnfO{
;fj{hlgs ljBfno, dxfljBfno / tfnLd s]Gb|df
lgMz'Ns egf{ lnO{ cGo s'gk} lg lsl;dsf] z'Ns
glng] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . c:ktfnnfO{ ckfd}qL
agfpg ljut tLg jif{bl] v ofDk lgdf{0f ug],{
ckfxnfO{ cTofjZos cf}iflw lgMz'Ns ljt/0f
ug],{ c:ktfnxaf6 ckf, c;xfosf] nflu ljz]if
5"6 Pj+ lgMz'Ns pkrf/sf] Joj:yf / ckf
c;xfoxsf] ;]jfsf] nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{
cg'bfg lbg] sfo{ eO/x]sf], % ljsf; If]qdf
ckftf;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf ;zlQms/0f s]Gb|
Help Desk) :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/Psf] /
b[li6ljxLgxsf nflu ;'Gg] k':tsfno :yfkgf /
;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . cf=a= @)^*.^( df &%
lhNnfdf ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf nflu ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t k'g{:yfkgf sfo{qmd, ckftf ePsf
JolQmxsf nflu ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd, # ljsf;
If]qdf cfj;Lo ;+/If0f tyf k'g:{ yfkgf s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf tyf ;~rfng, ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf
;xfos ;fdfu|L pTkfbgsf] nflu ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd
/ ckftf kl/rokq ljt/0f clen]v Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 o;
cbfntdf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; dGqfnoaf6 ckftf ePsf
JolQmxnfO{ /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgn] EofP;Dd
c:ktfndf ckfd}qL agfpg ljut jif{bl] v g}
c:ktfndf ofDk lgdf{0f ug]{, ckfxnfO{
cTofjZos cf} i flw lgMz' N s ljt/0f ug] { ,
c:ktfnxaf6 ckf c;xfosf] nflu ljz]if
5"6 Pj+ lgMz'Ns pkrf/sf] Joj:yf / ckf

834

**## ;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

c;xfoxsf] ;]jfsf] nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{

cg'bfg lbg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnoaf6
;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs h:tf ljkIfL
lgj]bsxnfO{ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] s'g} klg df}lns
xs Pj+ ;+jw} flgs pkrf/sf] xsdf cf3ft k'us
] f]
5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t :jf:Yo
tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bssftkm{af6 pkl:yt
/xg'ePsf ljfg clwjQmfx >L ;'bz{g ;'jb] L /
d]h/ yfkfn] ckftf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw,
ckf ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodfjnL ;d]tn] ckf
JolQmxsf nflu ljleGg clwsf/xsf] ;'lglZrtf
u/]sf] 5 . tL Joj:yfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?k lbPsf]
5}g . ;fdfGo ckfsf nflu s]xL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
eP klg clt czQm JolQmsf nflu ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6
s]xL Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ckf ;+/If0f tyf
sNof0f lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod * n] clt
ckf czQm JolQmsf nflu 3/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . t/ xfn;Dd To:tf] 3/sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
5}g . ckf d}qL ;8s Pj+ ;/sf/L ejg ;d]tsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/, :yfgLo
lgsfo / gu/kflnsf ;d]tsf] bfloTj /xG5 . Tof]
k"/f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g . dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf ePsf elgPsf sfo{x k|of{Kt 5}gg .
clt czQm JolQmsf] ;+/Ifs d/]kl5 lghsf] ;+/If0f
s;n] ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . ckfsf]
;fdflhs ;'/Iff, vfgkLg, lzIff Pj+ x]/rfxsf]
Joj:yf klg ul/g' kg]{ x'bF f lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e{ of] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
/xg'ePsf ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh
kf}8n
] n] ckf JolQmsf ;DaGwdf w]/} sNof0fsf/L
sfo{x ;/sf/L :t/af6 ePsf] s'/f k|wfgdGqL
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ul/Ps} 5 .
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 ckfsf] kl/efiff ug's
{ f
835

;fy} ckftfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Gsfndf ckf ePsf
dflg;xsf] /fxtsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . rfn"
qLjifL{o of]hgfdf klg ckftf sNof0fsf] ;DaGwdf
of]hgfx sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g . c:ktfn Pj+
;/sf/L sfof{noxnfO{ ckf d}qL agfpg]
Joj:yfsf] z'?jft ul/Psf] 5 . af]Ng] ;6j]o/
8]h ;d]tsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . xfn Joj:yflksf
;+;b gePsf] sf/0f dxf;lGwcg'k ckf sNof0f
P] g k' g n] { v g ug{ ;Dej 5} g . ckf 3/
lgdf{0fnufotsf sfo{sf nflu /fHon] cfgf]
Ifdtfcg';f/ ug]{ ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
o;df lgj]bg dfu bfjL x]bf{ lgj]bsx
g]kfn ckf dfgj clwsf/ s]Gb| / clt ckf
bLk]Gb| zfSon] ckfxsf] xslxt / /fHoleq
a;f]jf; ug]{ x/]s gful/sxn] ljgf e]befj
/fHoaf6 k|bQ clwsf/x ;xh ?kdf pkef]u
ug{ kfpg' kb{5 . Conevntion on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities / Optional Protocal to
the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disbilities 2006, nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg

u/L nfu" ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ckf ;+/If0f tyf

sNof0f P]g, @)#( tyf ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f
lgodfjnL, @)%! ck"0f{ ePsf] / nfu" eP klg
sfof{Gjog lgliqmo /x]sf] 5 . ckf ;+/If0f tyf
sNof0f lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod * n] ckf
3/sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/g] Joj:yf eP klg
To;/L 3/ ;d]t ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;af6
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-!_ f/f k|bQ afFRg kfpg] xs,
wf/f !# n] k|bQ ;dfgtf / ;+/If0f ;d]tsf] xsaf6
ckfx al~rt ePsf 5g\ . t;y{, clt czQm /
af}l4s ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf nflu ;fd'bflos
cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0f ug],{ ;fj{hlgs ef}lts
;+/rgf / oftfoftsf ;fwgxdf lXjn lro/
;d]t hfg ;Sg] u/L lgdf{0f ug{,] a]/f]huf/ eQf,
k|fs[lts ljklQ cfO{ kbf{ /fHon] ckfxnfO{
arfpg] gLlt tof/ ug],{ Jofjxfl/s lzIff nfu" ug]{

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

/ ckftf ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwcg'k ckf

;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( Pj+ lgodfjnL,
@)%! k'gn{v
] g ug'{ egL cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t lgj]bg dfubfjL lnPsf] b]lvof] .
o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] ljleGg
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z ;d]tsf] kl/k|I] odf c:ktfnnfO{
ckfd}qL agfpg ljutb]lv ofDk lgdf{0f ug],{
ckfxnfO{ cTofjZos cf}iflw lgMz'Ns ljt/0f
ug],{ c:ktfnxaf6 ckf, c;xfosf] nflu ljz]if
5"6 Pj+ lgMz'Ns pkrf/sf] Joj:yf / ckf
c;xfoxsf] ;]jfsf] nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{
cg'bfg lbg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]taf6
k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
dfly plNnlvt l/6 lgj]bg dfu bfjL,
ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkm / ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxn] ug'e
{ Psf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL
x]bf{ lgj]bsxsf] dfubfjL a'bF fut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] b]lvG5M
!_
@_
#_
$_

ckf tyf af}l4s ckftf ;d]t ePsf

JolQmxnfO{ /fHon] b}lgs eQf / ljz]if
;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ .
clt c;Qm ckfxsf nflu cfjf;Lo 3/sf]
lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng ug'k{ g]{ .
k|rlnt P]g, lgod k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu"
ug'k{ g]{ /
ckf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tfg';f/
g]kfnsf] P]g, lgod cBfjlws ug{ ;+zf]wg
jf k'gn]v
{ g u/L nfu" ug'k{ g]{ .

lgj]bsxsf] pQm dfu bfjLnfO{ Wofgdf

/fVb} lgDg k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f ub}{ lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{
b]lvof]M
!_ ckfxnfO{ eQf / ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{
Pjd\ clt c;Qmxsf nflu cfjf;Lo 3/
lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng ug{ k/dfb]z hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og <
836

@_

k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf / o;sf] sfof{Gjog

k|efjsf/L 5, 5}g <
#_ lgj]bsxsf] dfu bfjLnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ s],
s:tf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf] <
@= ;j{ky| d klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGw ljrf/
ubf{ , g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@-!_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg]
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrtf u/]s
] f] 5 . o; clwsf/sf]
k|rngsf] nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostfsf]
kl/k"lt{sf ;fy} ;Ddfghgs 9+un] afFRgsf nflu
yk cfjZos ef}lts ;'ljwf rflxg] x'G5 . /fHof/f
To;sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kg]{ s'/fdf b'O{ dt /xb}g .
;+lawfgsf] wf/f !# n] ;a} gful/snfO{ ;dfgtfsf]
xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 h:tf];s
' } zf/Ll/s jf
;fdflhs x}l;ot / cj:yfsf eP klg gful/sx
;dfg 5g / dflg;dflg;aLr lje]bsf] cj:yf
/xg'xb'F g} eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 .
;f]xL wf/f !#-#_sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf t/
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg,
dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;fF:s[lts b[li6n]
lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckf jf zf/Ll/s
?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf
ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s
nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] ;d]t ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* n] k|To]s
gful/snfO{ /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs
k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 / wf/f !*-@_ df dlxnf, >lds,
a[4, ckf tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{
sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
xs x'g5
] eGg] ljz]if ;+jw} flgs xssf] k|Tofe"lt
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
#= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt /fHosf]
bfloTjcGtu{t wf/f ## sf] v08 -3!_ n] dw]zL,
blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf, dhb'/, ls;fg,
lk5l8Psf ju{sf dflg;sf ;fy} ckfnfO{ klg
d'ns
' sf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cxdf ;dfg'kflts
cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ /fHon] cfgf]
bfloTjsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L /fHon]

**## ;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cjnDag ug]{ gLltcGtu{t c? s'/fxsf cltl/Qm

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%-(_ df /fHon] Psn dlxnf,
cgfy, afnaflnsf, c;xfo, a[4, ckf, czQm /
nf]kf]Gd"v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] ;d]t
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} wf/f #%-!&_
df j[4, czQm, dlxnf tyf a]/f]huf/nfO{ sfg"gdf
Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g] s'/f
klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;+aw} flgs Joj:yfn]
/fHonfO{ ckfxsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf]
k"lt{sf] cltl/Qm ;Ddfgk"js
{ -ltgLxsf]_ afFRg
kfpg] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{sf nflu ljz]if
Joj:yf ug{ ;d]t lgb]z
{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$= o; ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s
?k k|bfg ug{ ul/Psf] k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf tk{m
x]bf{ w]/} jif{ cufl8 ag]sf] ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f
P]g, @)#( sf] bkmf !)-!_ df 3/af; gePsf
ckfnfO{ cfgf] 3/af; agfpg jf s'g} ckfnfO{
s[lif Joj;fodf nfUg hUuf rflxPdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ljt/0f ul/g] jf
xfn cfjfbL ug{ lbOg] hUuf tf]lsPsf] zt{ aGb]hsf]
cwLgdf /xg] u/L pknAw u/fOlbg ;lsg]5 egL
ckfnfO{ ;x'lnotsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !! df ckfnfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o,
;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfn] x]/ljrf/ u/L kfng kf]if0f
ug'k{ g]5
{ eGg] Joj:yf u/L kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf
cfkmGtnfO{ ljz]if st{Jo tf]ss
] f] kfOG5 . o; P]gnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ ag]sf] ckf ;+/If0f / sNof0f
lgodfjnL, @)%! n] c? s'/fxsf cltl/Qm lgod
* df ckf 3/sf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ;DaGwL
Joj:yf u/]s
] f] kfOG5 .
%= o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g,
@)%% sf] bkmf @*-!_ sf] v08 -6_ sf] pkv08
-^_ df uf=lj=;= If]qleqdf c;xfo, cgfy / ckf
afnaflnsfxsf] nut /fVg] / ltgLxnfO{ pko'Qm
7fpFdf /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ elgPsf] kfOG5 eg] bkmf
(^-!_ sf] v08 -`_ sf] pkv08 -!)_ df gu/kflnsf
If]qleq To:tf] ckfxnfO{ /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g]
837

eGg] / bkmf !*(-!_ sf] v08 -r_ sf] pkbkmf -@_

df /fli6o gLltcg'k c;xfo, dlxnf, a[4, ckf
tyf czQmxsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ egL
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 .
^= g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] Convention
on the Rights of Persons with Disablities, sf]
Article 28 n] k|bfg u/]sf] Adequate Standard of
living and Social Protection sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t
ckftf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ;fj{hlgs cfjf;
sfo{qmddf ckftf ePsf JolQmxsf] kx'r
F nfO{
;'lglZrt ug]{ -To ensure persons with disabilities
to public housing programmes _ egL pNn]v ;d]t
ePaf6 /fHon] ;fj{hlgs cfjf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug'k{ g]{ / To;dfkm{t ckftf ePsf JolQmsf]
cfjf;sf] xs ;'lglZrt ug'k{ g]{ bfloTjnfO{ :jLsf/
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ g]kfn klg
o;sf] kIf eO;s]sf] l:yltdf cfgf] /fli6o sfg"gL
Joj:yf (Domestic Legal Domain) cGtu{ t
Jojxf/df kl/0ft u/fpFb} o;sf] jf:tljs /
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ bfloTjaf6
g]kfn / g]kfn ;/sf/ kl5 x6\g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g .
&= ckftf ePsf JolQmx ;jnf
JolQmsf] t'ngfdf ljz]if x]/rfxsf] cfjZostf kg]{
JolQmxsf] ;d"x xf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . o;
oyfy{tfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ pgLxsf] ljz]if zf/Ll/s
/ dfgl;s cj:yf cg';f/ /fHof/f ;fj{hlgs
:yndf logLxsf] ;Dks{ / kx'r
F sf] clea[l4 u/fpg
/ /f]huf/L ;'gl' Zrt u/fpg ljz]if k"jf{wf/sf]
Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . To;}n] klg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ;fdfGo
gful/seGbf km/s ljz]if ;d"xleq kg]{ ckf
;d]tsf JolQmsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug{;Sg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ckftf k|fs[lts ?kdf
hGdhft jf hlGd;s]kl5 cGo ljleGg sf/0faf6
x'g ;Sg] ljz]if zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf af}l4s cj:yf
xf] . ckftfaf6 JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf
af}l4s Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] ePsf] sf/0f ckfn]
cGo ;Ifd, ;jnf jf ;fdfGo dflg; ;/xsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

hLjg ofkg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] ;fdfGo

dflg;eGbf ckfxsf nflu a9L / ljz]if ;'ljwf
Pj+ x]/rfxsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf/0f
pgLx;Fu /x]sf] zf/Ll/s Ifdtf Pj+ dfgl;s /
af}l4s l:yltsf] klxrfg u/L ;fdfGo dflg;df
eGbf leGg ?kdf ltgLx;Fu /fHon] Jojxf/ ug'{
kb{5 . pgLxnfO{ cfgf] hLjg ofkg ug{;Sg]
Joj:yfsf nflu /fHon] cfjZos ef} l ts
k"jf{wf/;lxt ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g' p;sf]
bfloTjcGtu{t kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ckf / czQm
jf clt czQmsf] klxrfg u/L pgLxnfO{ hLjg
lgjf{xsf nflu lgjf{x eQf jf ljz]if ;'ljwf ;/sf/n]
pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ eGg] lgj]bsxsf] dfu bfjL
cg'lrt eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
*= k| r lnt ;+ j } w flgs Joj:yfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg o:tf ju{sf] ;+/If0f /
sNof0fsf] nflu /fHon] ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos
5 . ckfxdWo]df klg sf]xL ;fdfGo ckf x'g
;S5g eg] sf]xL a9L jf clt czQm ckfx 5g\
h;n] vfgf vfg]bl] v cfgf] lgtfGt b}lgs lqmofx
ug{ klg cfk"m ;Ifd geO{ c?sf] ;xf/f, ;]jf jf
x]/rfxdf e/ kg'k{ g]{ cj:yf /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf
clt czQm JolQmxsf] ;DaGwdf /fHon] pgLxsf]
hLjgsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ s] ug'k{ b{5 eGg]
s'/fk|lt a9L uDeL/ x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . ckf ;+/If0f
tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( n] ckf 3/sf] kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] 5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -u_ df ckf
3/ eGgfn] c;xfo ckfxnfO{ kfngkf]if0f
;d]tsf] nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] 3/ ;Demg' k5{
egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf
-*_ n] j[4 ckf tyf c;xfo ckfnfO{ a;f]jf;sf]
nflu ckf 3/sf] Joj:yf ug{ / ;f] 3/df dgf]/~hg
tyf ;do ;'lj:tf;Fu ljtfpg] ;fwgxsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ s'/f klg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]g
sfof{Gjogsf nflu !@ jif{ kl5 ag]sf] ckf ;+/If0f
tyf sNof0f lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod * n] klg
ckf 3/sf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng;DaGwL Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . lgod *-!_ n] cfjZostfg';f/ ljleGg

If]qdf g]kfn ;/sfn] ckf 3/sf] :yfkgf ug{

;Sg] / ;f] :yfkgf geP;Dd c? s'g} 3/nfO{
ckf 3/sf] ?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . lgod (, !), !! / !@ n] ckf 3/ ;~rfng
;DaGwL c? Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf !) n]
ckfxnfO{ ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kgf, ;fdflhs,
;fF:s[lts lqmofsnfkdf ltgLxsf] ;xeflutf,
/f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf Pj+ ;f] geP;Dd j]sf/L eQf,
hLjgofkg eQf, sdfO{ u/L vfg g;Sg] j[4 /
ckfnfO{ ljz]if eQfsf] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .
(= o;/L ckfxsf nflu cfjf;Lo 3/sf]
cfjZostf 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ dx;"; u/L ;f] :yfkgf
ug]{ / ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf plNnlvt P]g, lgodn]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . zf/Ll/s ?kn] jf dfgl;s ?kdf
clt czQm ckfnfO{ lghsf] kfngkf]if0f jf
;+/If0f ug]{ kl/jf/ 5}g jf kl/jf/ eP klg plrt
9+un] kfngkf]if0f ug{ g;s]df jf ;f] ug{ ;Ifd
gePdf jf kfngkf]if0f ug{ grfx]sf] jf gu/]sf]
jf:tljs l:ylt ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ clt czQmxsf
nflu cfjZostfg';f/ cfjf;Lo ckf 3/sf] lgdf{0f
ug'{ / ltgsf] plrt 9+un] ;~rfng ug'{ Pjd
a]/f]huf/L jf u/L vfg g;Sg] ckfnfO{ eQfsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ cToGt cfjZos 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf
ckf 3/sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng tyf ljz]if ;'ljwf
jf eQfsf nflu ul/Psf] dfu bfjL klg plrt,
sfg"g;Ddt Pj+ Gofok"0f{ b]lvG5 .
!)= ca bf];f| ] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/
ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ckf,
czQmxsf nflu ug'k{ g]{ egL lglb{i6 u/]sf] Joj:yf
/ Conevntion on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities / Optional Protocal to the Convention
on the Rights of Persons with Disbilities 2006

nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg u/L g]kfn kIf

alg;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{ ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f
P]g, @)#( / o; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnL,
@)%! ;d]tsf] Joj:yf k"0f{ ;Ifd Pj+ k|efjsf/L

838

**## ;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

5g\ egL eGg ;lsg] :ki6 cfwf/ 5}g . P]g /

lgodn] ckfxsf ;DaGwdf ;a} s'/f ;d]6g\
;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf ;fy} h], hlt ;d]l6Psf] 5,
To;sf] klg 7Ls plrt / k|efjsf/L 9+un]
sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . ckftfsf]
lgwf{ / 0f ul/Pklg Tof] 7Ls 9+ u n] lj:t[ t
(Comprehensive) / jf:tljs cfwf/df x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( sf]
bkmf $ n] nlIft u/]sf] ckfsf] lxt ;+/If0f k"0f{?kn]
x' g ;s] s f] 5} g . k| w fgdGqL sfof{ n o /
;dfhsNof0f dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmx
x]bf{ o; ;DaGwdf s]xL k|f/lDes sfo{xsf] yfngL
dfq ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ ug'k{ g]{ w]/} dxTjk"0f{
s'/fx x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . P]g lgodn] ug'k{ g]{ egL
Joj:yf u/]sf] ckf 3/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5}g .
s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf lbOPsf]
cg'bfg afx]s ;/sf/L :t/af6 ckf 3/sf] g
lgdf{0f ePsf] 5, g t ;~rfng ePsf] 5 .
ckfxsf] lzIff ;DaGwdf klg s]xL cToGt
k|f/DeLs sfo{x dfq ePsf] 5 h'g k|ofKt 5}g .
To:t} tfnLd / /f]huf/L tyf ckf P]gsf] bkmf !)
n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot klg plrt
/ k|ofKt lsl;dn] pknAw u/fOPsf] kfOb}g .
!!= k|rlnt P]g lgodsf cltl/Qm
ckfxsf] sNof0f / ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf o;
cbfntaf6 o; cufl8 klg ljleGg l/6
lgj] b gxdf ckf sNof0fsf ;DaGwdf
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]zx hf/L ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds Joj:yf sfof{GJogsf
nflu / ;fj{hlgs :yn Pj+ cj;/df ckfsf]
;/n / ;xh kx'r
F x'g ;Sg] u/L gLlt / sfo{qmd
agfpg -lgj]bs ljdnf v8\sf ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no @)^% sf] l/6 g+=
)&$*_, cGwf, ckfnfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ug{
-;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\
;lrjfno ;d]t @)%& ;fnsf] l/6 lgjb]g g+=
#%*^_, df / ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#(
sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ -lgj]bs afa'si[ 0f dxh{g
839

lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #^^^_
;d]tsf d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 ;f] ;DaGwL
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]zx ePsf 5g\ .
!@= o; cbfntaf6 klxnf ePsf cfb]zx
/ o; l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfLxf/f k|l] ift lnlvt
hjfkm ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ jt{dfg sfg"gL
Joj:yf cfhsf] ;dodf ckf sNof0f / ;+/If0fsf
nflu k|ofKt ePsf] eGg] lg:sif{df k'Ug sl7g 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm eO/x]sf] Joj:yf klg k|efjsf/L
9+un] nfu" x'g ;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf
@) cg';f/ ckf ;DaGwL k|efjsf/L, oyfy{k/s
gLlt / sfo{sd
| xsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] jf x'g] u/]sf]
5}g . o;af6 ;dfhsf] o; sdhf]/ ju{kl| t /fHon]
k"/f ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvg cfpFbg} . o; cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf nflu /
ckf / czQmxsf] jf:tljs lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu
xfd|f] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/, kl/j{tg / kl/dfh{gsf]
cjZostf 5 . of] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . plrt /
;do ;'xfpFbf] cBfjlws sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;/sf/
/ ;/sf/L lgsfoxnfO{ o; lbzfdf ;+jb] gzLn
dfq u/fpg] xf]Og . clkt'M ;f]cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L
k"/f ug{ afWo u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5 . To;}n] ljBdfg
sfg"gL Joj:yfdf cfhsf] kl/l:yltdf ckfxsf]
;+/If0f / sNof0f ;DaGwL sfd ug{ ;/sf/ /
;/sf/ ;Da4 cg]s lgsfonfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/
agfpgsf nflu oyf]lrt kl/dfh{g ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 .
;f] geP;Dd eO/x]sf P]g, lgodxsf] sfof{Gjog
k|lqmofnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpFb}
hfg' cfjZos 5 .
!#= cj lgj]bsxsf] dfu bfjLnfO{
b[li6ut ub}{ o; ;Gbe{d s]s:tf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg] t];|f] k|Zgtk{m ljrf/ ubf{
;+ljwfg / P]g, lgoddf ul/Psf] Joj:yfx
Jojxfl/s x'gk' g]{ / o:tf Joj:yfx sfof{Gjogsf
nflu x'g eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . ltgsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf] 7f]; pkfo Pj+ Joj:yf ug'{ /fHosf]
/ /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ ;/sf/ Pj+ ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

bfloTj xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] efu $ df n]lvPsf /fHosf]

bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt / /fHosf gLltx klg
zf]efsf nflu zflAbs cfe"if0f dfq xf]Ogg\ .
;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] ltgsf] cfjZostf dx;"; u/]/
jt{dfg kl/j]zdf /fHon] qmdzM Jojxf/df kl/0ft
ub}{ hfg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf x'g .
To;sf/0f efu $ sf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfnfO{ klg
lgliqmo ?kn] /flv/xg' ;+ljwfgsf] ;dli6ut
Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf (Constitutional spirit)
adf]lhd x'Fb}g . t/ o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfg, sfg"g
/ cGt/f{li6o ;lGw;Demf}tfdfk{mt\ JoQm ul/Psf]
k|ltj4tf Jojxf/df kl/0ft ug{ ;f]xLcg'ksf]
c7f]6, cfr/0f / ef}lts ;fwg, ;|ft] sf] cfjZostf
kb{ 5 . s' g } klg ckfn] ;+ l jwfg, P] g ,
sfg"gcg';f/sf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt gx'g' /
cGt/f{li6o k|rng Pj+ dfkb08cg';f/sf] ;]jf
;'ljwf / x]/rfx k|fKt ug'{ /fli6o uf}/jsf] s'/f
xf] . o;nfO{ /fHon] / /fHosf ;Da4 k|To]s cn]
ueL/tfk"j{s lng' kb{5 . of] cToGt ;+j]bgzLn
ljifo xf] . /fHo jf ;/sf/n] tTsfn} ug}{ g;Sg]
k|ltj4tf JoQm ug'{ x'Fb}g / cbfntn] klg To:tf]
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNb}g .
!$= cbfnt, ;+ljwfg / P]g lgodsf] k"0f{
sfof{Gjog u/fpg] tk{m k|ltj4 / ;+jb] gzLn /xL
cfPsf] 5 . sfg"gn] :ki6 ls6fgL u/]sf] s'/fxsf
cltl/Qm sfg"gsf] p2]Zo / ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ Pj+ efjgfnfO{
klg Jofjxfl/s ?k lbg], lbnfpg] sfddf of] cbfnt
;b}j ;lqmo, cu|;/ / k|oTgzLn /lxcfPsf] 5 . t/
/fHosf] Ps c ePsf]n] PSnf] lxF8g\ ' eGbf /fHosf
cGo cx;Fusf] ;dGjodf ;fd~hotfk"0f{ 9+un]
cbfntL sfdsf/jfxL ePdf dfq hgtfnfO{ Gofo
k|fKt x'G5 / /fHo ;~rfng ljlwk"js
{ ;DkGg x'g
;Sb5 . o;y{ o;tk{m cbfnt ;b}j ;hu /xFb} plrt
Goflos ;+od (Judicial restraint) sf] l;4fGtnfO{ klg
a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g . o;sf] tfTko{ oyfl:yltjfbnfO{
h:tfsf] t:t} :jLsf/ ug'{ jf ckfxsf] xslxt k|lt
pbfl;g x'g' jf Goflos cu|;/tfsf] :yfgdf Goflos
lgliqmotfsf] af6f] cjnDag ug'{ eGg] sbfkL xf]Og .

t/ o:tf] l:yltdf Goflos cu|;/tf / Goflos ;+od

b'jn
} fO{ oyf]lrt 9+un] b[li6ut ug'{ / ;Gt'ng /fVg' g}
pkof]uL x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 . clt Goflos cu|;/tf
(Extreme Judicial Activism) jf cgfjZos Goflos
lgliqmotfsf] xb;Dd Goflos cfTd;+od (Judicialself restraint) ckgfpg' b'jn
} ] hgtfsf] Gofo k|fKt ug]{
dfu{df cj/f]wsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] vt/fk|lt lg0f{ostf{
;Fw} ;hu / ;fjwfg /xg' kb{5 .
!%= k|of{Kt ckf 3/sf] nflu ef}lts
;+/rgf, / ltgsf] ;~rfng, k|To]s ;/sf/L Pj+
;fj{hlgs sfof{no / ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;fwg
/ af6f]df XjLn r]o/ / ;f] ;d]t hfg ;Sg] 5'}
dfu{ (Track) sf] Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ egL l/6 lgj]bsn]
dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . clt czQmxsf nflu lgoldt
eQf / ltgsf] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQmsf nflu klg
lgjf{x eQfsf] dfu klg ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo,
/f]huf/ nufotdf ckfxsf] kx'r
F nufotsf dfu
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . oL dfuxsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ o;sf nflu k|ofKt k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{
/fHon] cfgf] ;|ft] / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd qmdzM oL
dfux ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;f]xL cg'ksf] gLlt /
sfo{qmd agfpFb} nfu" ub{} hfg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf
nflu 7"nf] ef}lts ;fwg / ;|ft] sf] cfjZostf kg]{
ePsf]n] o:tf sfo{sf ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6
;do;Ldfa4 ?kdf lg/k]If ?kn] cfb]z ubf{ To;sf]
sfof{Gjog ;d]t ;Dej x'bF g} . ef}lts ;fwg /
;|ft] sf] cg'knAwtf klg To;df afws aGg ;Sg]
x'G5 . o;y{ oL lgj]bsxn] o; l/6 lgj]bgdf
dfu u/] h:tf Jofks sfo{x tTsfn} ug'{ egL
cfb]z hf/L ug'{ ljj]s;Ddt / pkof]uL x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvFbg} .
!^= o;/L ;du| kl/l:yltsf] uDeL/tfk"js
{
cWoog / ;dLIff u/L x]bf{ s]xL s'/fx tTsfn}
ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 eg] s]xL s'/fx qmdzM ub}{
hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ / o;sf ljleGg
cxaf6 ckfxsf] xs, lxtsf nflu lzIff,
:jf:Yo Pj+ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf s]xL
sfo{xsf] yfngL x'g' pT;fxjw{s s'/f xf] . t/

840

**## ;'bz{g ;'jb] L ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

Tof] cToGt Go"g / ckof{Kt 5g\ . o;y{ o;k|lt

a9L uDeL/ / a9L lhDd]jf/ eP/ b]xfosf sfo{x
ug{ egL ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf
;dfhsNof0f dGqfno / cy{ dGqfnosf] gfddf
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
ug'k{ g]{ sfo{xM
!_ clxn];Dd klxrfg / u0fgf eO;s]sf
ckfxnfO{ ckftfsf] cj:yf x] / L
a]/f]huf/ / cfosf] ;|ft] gePsf / j[4
ckfxnfO{ Go"gtd dfl;s =%)).
-kfFr ;o_ b]lv =#))). -tLg xhf/_
;Dd lgjf{x eQf lbg] lbnfpg] Joj:yf ug'k{ g],{
@_ klxrfg eO{ u0fgf eO;s]sf zf/Ll/s ?kn]
lxF88'n ;d]t ug{ g;Sg] k"0f{ c;Qm jf k"0f{?kn]
dfgl;s ljlIfKttfsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] clt
ckfnfO{ plrt x]/rfx ug]{ kl/jf/ gePsf
jf ;f] ug{ ;Ifd kl/jf/ gePsfnfO{ x]/rfx
ug{] JolQm ;d]tsf] nflu Go"gtd lgjf{x eQfsf]
?kdf cj:yfcg';f/ =#))). -tLg xhf/_
b]lv =%))).-kfFr xhf/_ ;Dd dfl;s
ljz]if eQf pknAw u/fpg],
#_ ckfxsf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / ltgLxsf]
;du| xslxt ;d]t x]g{] u/L k|To]s lhNnfdf
sDtLdf Ps hgf ;dfh sNof0f clws[tsf]
lgo'lQm ug]{ jf lghsf] sfd ug]{ u/L g]kfn
;/sf/sf] s'g} clws[tnfO{ tf]Sg' kg],{
$_ pk/f]Qm bkmf ! / @ cg';f/sf] eQf / ljz]if
eQf of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltb]lv nfu"
x'g] u/L cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf
leq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ .
%_ of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq
;dfh sNof0f clws[t lgo'Qm ul/;Sg' kg],{
^_ pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] sfo{x ;DkGg u/L of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ;ftf}+ dlxgf leq cfb]z
sfof{Gjog ePsf] hfgsf/L o; cbfntnfO{
u/fpg' kg]{ .

!&= pk/f] Q m sfo{ x sf] cltl/Qm

;+ljwfgadf]lhd ckfsf ;DaGwdf ug'k{ g]{ c?
sNof0fsf/L sfo{x /fHosf gLltdf g} ;Lldt
g/xL sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofdf cfpg' k5{ . To:tf
s'/fx P]gdf lj:t[t ?kdf Jojl:yt x'gk' 5{ .
o;sf cltl/Qm ckf xslxtsf] If]qdf b]vf k/]sf
gjLg r'gf}tLxnfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'{ cfjZos
5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ckf P]g / lgodfjnLdf
kl/dfh{g jf k|ofKt cWoog u/L csf]{ PsLs[t P]g
hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfh eGbf tLg
bzs klxnf ag]sf] P]g / b'O{ bzs cufl8 ag]sf]
lgodfjnLn] o; If]qsf cfjZos ;a} s'/fx Ps
t ;d]6g\ ;s]sf] 5}g eg] bf];f| ] tL P]g, lgodsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5}g .
!*= t;y{ dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf ;+ljwfg,
P]g, lgod / dxf;lGw ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ plrt
;do ;Ldfleq lgDg adf]lhdsf sfo{x qmdzM
ub}{ hfg ljkIfLx g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, / dlxnf afnaflns tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf gfddf of] lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5M
lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf ljifoxM
!_ ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( sf]
bkmf # sf] k|of]hgsf nflu lrlsT;fzf:qsf
;j{dfGo l;4fGt / cGt/f{li6o dfkb08
;d]tsf] cfwf/df zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s
ckfxsf] u0fgf u/L ltgLxsf] :t/
lgwf{/0f Pj+ juL{s/0f oyfzL3| ug],{ u/fpg],
@_ ckf 3/sf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ;~rfng ug]{ . o;sf]
nflu cfufdL cfly{s jif{bl] v g} ckfsf]
;+Vofsf] cfwf/df a9L ckf ePsf] lhNnf
jf If]qdf of]hgfj4 9+un] k|To]s jif{ sDtLdf
Ps ckf 3/sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ub}{
hfg' kg],{
#_ P]g / lgodn] ckfxsf] cfjf;, lzIff,
:jf:Yo, tfnLd, /f]huf/L / cGo ;'ljwfsf]

841

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;DaGwdf u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un]

nfu" ub}{ hfg],
lg0f{o g+=**#$
$_ ckf sNof0f / ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;/sf/L /
u}/;/sf/L :t/af6 ul/g] lqmofsnfk /
ultljlwsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg]
;jf{R] r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
p2]Zon] dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnodf / dlxnf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
afn aflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
clws[t:t/sf] PsPs cg'udg clwsf/L ;Djt\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/=g=g+= )^^WO!!@(
lgo'Qm ug]{ / ltgLxsf] sfd, st{Jo /
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.!%.$
clwsf/ klg kl/dflh{t ckf, ;+/If0f tyf
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
sNof0f P]gdf lgwf{/0f ug],{
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf,
%_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#j8f g+= ( l;gfd+un rf]sdf /x]sf] /f]ljo;
#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds v08 / ;+ljwfgsf] efu $
OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= sf] clVtof/k|fKt P]=
df /fHosf] bfloTj / /fHosf gLlt pNn]v
k|f=ln= sf ;~rfns lgb]z
{ s s'df/ tfdf
ul/Pcg';f/ ckfxsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf
lj?4
/ sfo{qmdsf] th'd{ f u/L nfu" ub}{ hfg' kg],{
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
^_ ckftf clwsf/ / ckf sNof0fsf] If]qdf
sfo{/t ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfoxsf]
s'g} klg ckf/bzL{ Joj;fo jf n'sL rf]/Lsf]
sfdsf/jfxLdf cfjZostfg';f/ ;dGjo /
k|lqmofaf6 ;~rfng x'g] sf/f]jf/ pBd
;xof]usf] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
Joj;fo ;~rfng;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/af6
&_ g]kfnn] ckftf ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, @))^
3f]lift ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ljk/Lt x'G5 .
cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/
k|lt:kwf{ P]g, sfnf] ahf/ lgoGq0f
u/L o; If]qsf ljz]if1 / ;/f]sf/jfnfx
P]gnufotsf sfg"gdfkm{t\ 3f]lift ;fj{hlgs
;d]t;Fu cfjZos k/fdz{ Pjd ;'emfj lnO{
gLltsf] ljk/Lt ;~rfng x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( / lgodfjnL,
Joj;fo jf sf/f]jf/n] pBd Joj;fo ug{]
@)%! df ;dofg'sn" ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]{
df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] .
jf gofF PsLs[t P]g / ;f]xLcg'ksf] PsLs[t
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgodfjnL lgdf{0f ug'k{ g]{ .
s'g} klg Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 qm]tf Pj+
of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
laqm]tf b'a} kIfsf] s]xL g s]xL k|ltkmn
sfof{ n odfk{ m t\ ljkIfLxnfO{ / Ps k| l t
k|fKt u/]s} x'gk' g]{ x'G5 . ljq]mtfn] ljleGg
km};nf;lxtsf] hfgsf/L o; cbfnt cg'udg tyf
gfddf lbO{ /sd c;"n ug]{ j:t'tM
lg/LIf0f dxfzfvfnfO{ ;d]t lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut
v/Lbstf{ elgPsf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn]
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .
s]xL gkfpg] u/L ;~rfng x'g] Joj;fo
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Jofkf/;DaGwL ljlwzf:q (Trade
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Jurisprudence) sf] k|lts"n x'g] dfq geO{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg #) ut] /f]h # z'ed\
To:tf] Joj;fon] ;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL
Ohnf; clws[t M r'/fdg v8\sf
;+/If0f k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_

842

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|rngdf /x]sf] P]g, lgod jf lgb]l{ zsf

cflbsf] hGd h'g lgsfoaf6 x'G5 ;f]sf]
vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ clVtof/L klg
;fdfGotof ;f]xL lgsfodf g} lgxLt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
Psk6s nfu" eO{ k|rngdf cfPsf] sfg"g
;w} sfod /xg] eO{ ;fj{hlgs lxt sfod
ug{ g;lsg'sf ;fy} ultzLn ;dfhsf]
kl/jt{gzLn rfxgf ;d]t kl/k"lt{ ug{
g;lsg] x'g hfG5 . /fHon] ;fj{hlgs
lxt / sNof0fsf] nflu ;fdflhs
cfjZostfcg';f/ P]g, lgod Pj+ lgb]l{ zsf
lgdf{0f, ;+zf]wg Pj+ vf/]h ug{;Sg] x'bF f
o:tf] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu eP u/]sf]
gLltut lg0f{osf] ljifodf Promissory
Estoppel sf] l;4fGt cfs{lift x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
lgofds sfg"gsf] cefjdf j:t' Jofkf/
ubf{ /sd sldzg cfpg] cfZjf;g lbO{
gofF ;b:o agfO{ /sd ;+sng ug]{ /
;]jfafkt egL /sd sldzg ;d]t lng]
vfg] sfo{ pBd Joj;fo ;~rfng;DaGwL
dfGo lgodxsf] ljk/Lt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
h'g lgb]l{ zsfnfO{ clwsf/sf] ;|ft] dfgL
;f]cg';f/ gub w/f}6L /fvL Joj;fosf]
cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] xf] ;f] lgb]l{ zsf g}
vf/]h eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]af6 l;lh{t
Ohfht kqsf] cfwf/df l;h{gf ePsf]
clwsf/ :jtM ;dfKt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
WTO nufot cGo ax'kIfLoax'/fli6o
Jofkfl/s ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] bfo/f ;b:o
/fi6x jLr x'g] Jofkf/df / o;sf
lgodxsf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] tyf Ps
;b:o /fi6n] cGo ;b:o /fi6x;+u
Jofkf/ ubf{ kfngf ug'k{ g]{ lgod;+u dfq
;Lldt 5 . WTO sf] ;b:otfsf] sf/0fn]

s'g} klg ;fj{ef}d b]zn] cfgf] e"ldleq

;~rfng x'g] u}/sfg"gL Joj;fonfO{
/f]Sgsf] nflu pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug]{ jf
o:tf] Joj;fonfO{ Jojl:yt, lgoldt tyf
kf/bzL{ 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg]
qmddf cfjZos P]g, sfg"g jf lgb]l{ zsf
agfpg] clVtof/L x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_
l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx
ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{, xl/x/ bxfn / zDe'
yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfx u'0flglw
Gof}kfg], d]3/fh kf]v/]n, afns[i0f 9sfn,
lbgdl0f kf]v/]n, lbg]z/fh ;Tofn /
/fdaxfb'/ yfkf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb
kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@-#_-r_, #&
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
lgod %%
sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @!
cfb]z
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z
o; k|sf/ 5 M
xfdL lgj]bsx g]kfnsf] k|rlnt sDkgL
P]gcg';f/ sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ u/L
cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf kfg tyf Eof6df btf{
eO{ cGo :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ 7fpFdf :jLs[lt lnO{ k]zf
Joj;fo ub}{ cfPsf k|f= ln= tyf lnld6]8 sDkgL
xf}+ . ldlt @)^^ ;fn df3 !& ut] jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno, jfl0fHo ljefun] hf/L u/]sf] g]6js{

843

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ cg';f/

Jojl:yt eO{ cfk\mgf] Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ ;~rfng
u/L cfPsf]df ldlt @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] ;f]djf/
uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfdf j:t' jf ;]jf
Jofkf/;+u ;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo gug{ gu/fpg
x'g eGg] ;"rgf hf/L u/L dGqfnoaf6 ldlt
@)^^.!).!& df :jLs[t e} hf/L ul/Psf] j:t'
Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo ;DaGwL
lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ ;d]t vf/]h ul/Psf] hfgsf/L
ePaf6 xfd|f] Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtfdf aGb]h
nufOPsf] / xfd|f] Joj;fosf] jf/]df s'g} cWoog
cg';Gwfg g} gu/L k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt
lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h u/L xfd|f] Joj;fonfO{ k|ltjGw
nufpg] ljkIfLxsf] sfdn] xfd|f] df}lns xsdf
cf3ft k/]sf]n] of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ .
xfd|f] Jofkfl/s sDkgLn] sfg"gadf]lhd
?=@%,)),))). w/f}6 /fvL g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo
ug{ sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ u/L Ohfht
lnO{ Joj;fo u/]sf] xf] . xfdLn] xhf/f}nfO{ /f]huf/L
lbg'sf ;fy} /fHonfO{ s/ a'emfPsf 5f}+ . ljkIfLxn]
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ tyf sfg"gL
bfo/fdf Nofpg'sf] ;f lgb]l{ zsf g} vf/]h ug]{ Pj+
Joj;fonfO{ g} k|ltaGw nufpg] vfnsf] h'g sbd
rfn]sf 5g To;af6 xfd|f] k]zf Joj;fo ug{ kfpg]
:jtGqtf tyf ;DklQ cfh{g ug{, laqmL ljt/0f ug{
kfpg] ;d]tsf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !@-#_ sf] -r_, wf/f !#, !*, !( f/f k|bQ
df}lns xsdf cf3ft x'gs
' f ;fy} sDkgL P]g,
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, tyf lgodfjnL / k|rlnt
sfg"g k|lts"n ePsf] 5 .
xfdL ljz]if u/L j:t';DaGwL Jofkf/ ug]{
Joj;foL ePsfn] xfd|f] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/, o;af6
x'g] kmfObf j]kmfObfsf af/]df pkef]QmfnfO{ ;';l" rt
u/L ljB'tLo tyf lk|G6 ldl8ofdf lj1fkg gu/L
pkef]Qmfn] ;fdfgsf] pkef]u u/]sf] cfwf/df csf]{
pkef]QmnfO{ l;kmfl/z u/L ;fdfg laqmL ug]{ k4ltsf]
cjnDag ub{5f}+ . ctM xfdLsxfF cfpg] pkef]Qmf
eg]sf] xfdLn] pknJw u/fPsf] ;fdu|Laf6 ;Gt'i6

ePsf] JolQm dfq xf] . ;fdfgsf] laqmL ljt/0f ubf{

k/Dk/fut Jofkf/ ug]{ Joj;foLn] lbg] sldzg
h:t}M xfd|f] sDkgLn] klg pgLxsf] sfo{ bIftfsf]
cfwf/df sldzg lbg] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . u|fxs
ljt/snfO{ pknAw u/fpg] sldzg /sddf klg
cltl/Qm !% k|ltzt s/ s6fO{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
/fhZj ltb{5f}+ . cfo'jl{] bs pTkfbgx, hl8j'6LhGo
;fdfgxsf] pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ xfd|f]
p2]Zo ePsf]n] u|fld0f ls;fgx ;d]t o;af6
nfeflGjt e}/x]sf 5g\ . xfdLxn] laqmL ljt/0f
ub}{ cfPsf ;fdu|Lx, pTkfbgx tyf ;f]sf] laqmL
ljt/0f ug]{ tf}/tl/sfx s'g} klg sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt
5}gg\ . To;}u/L k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] pQm Jofkf/
ug]{ k4ltnfO{ lgif]w klg u/]sf] 5}g . cfkm}n] lgod
agfO{ lgoddf cfpg] lgb]z
{ g lbg], cfkm}n] ltdLx
Joj;fo gu/ egL Joj;fo ug{ /f]s nufpg]
clwsf/ ljkIfLxnfO{ 5}g . Promisory Estoppel
sf] l;4fGtljk/Lt cfkm\gf] k|lt1fnfO{ /fHon]
;"rgff/f vf/]h ug{ ;Sb}g . ctM ljkIfLxn]
u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{o vf/]h u/L xfdLnfO{ k'gM
Joj;fodf kmsL{ /fi6 / pkef]Qmfsf] ;]jf ug]{
cj;/ lbnfO{ kfpFm .
ljkIfLxn] cfkm}n] agfPsf] lgb]l{ zsf,
k|rlnt sfg"g / lgodsf] alv{nfk u/L dgf]ut
9+uaf6 u/]sf] lg0f{on] xfd|f] :jfledfg, OHht,
k|lti7f / JolQm tyf ;DklQsf] xsnfO{ s'l07t ug]{
sfd u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] ;~rfng ePsf]
Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg' eGbf k"j{
;f]sf] ;xL / plrt ;do / cj;/ ;d]t glbO{
ul/Psf] k|ltaGwn] xfdL lgj]bsnufot ;Dk"0f{
pkef]QmfxnfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g k'us
] f] 5 . ctM
ldlt @)^&.@.!) df uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf /
;f] ;DaGwL s'g} lg0f{o jf kl/kq eP plNnlvt
q'l6k"0f{ sfo{xnfO{ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
Joj;fo ug{ kfPsf] Ohfhtcg';f/ sfdsf/jfxL
u/L ;]jf ug{ lbg', pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ /
pkef]Qm ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod %%
adf] l hd hf/L ePsf] g] 6 js{ dfs] { l 6

844

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ k'gM sfod ug'{

egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]znufot
hf] h] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L Gofo
lbnfO{ kfpFm . ;fy} ljkIfLn] hf/L u/]sf] ldlt
@)^&.@.!) sf] ;"rgf / ;f];uF ;DalGwt s'g} lg0f{o
jf kl/kq ePdf ;f] ;d]t sfof{Gjog gug',{ gu/fpg'
oyfl:yltdf /fVg', /fVg nufpg' egL ;af]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
ljkIfLsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z
hf/L x'g gkg]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sf/0f eP of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq dxfGoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL of] cfb]z / l/6 lgj]bgsf]
Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf
k7fO{ To;sf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nonfO{ lbg' . lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ .
;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ePsf] k|:t't
ljifonfO{ b[li6ut u/L ef]ln ldlt @)^&.@.!@.$
sf lbg cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug{ kg]{ gkg]{ ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ug{ ljkIfLxsf] k| l tlglwTj ug] {
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ pkl:Yt x'g' egL
cfh} ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^&.@.!! sf] cfb]z .
o;df ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf] jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] ;"rgfdf j:t' Jofkf/;Fu
;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo gug{ gu/fpg egL
pNn]v u/L /f]s nufPsf] b]lvof] . g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6
Joj;fo ;~rfng Ohfht k|df0fkq jfl0fHo
ljefuaf6 lgj]bsxn] k|fKt u/L /x]sf] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . s] sf/0fn] lgj]sbxnfO{ pk/f]Qm adf]lhd
/f]s nufPsf] xf] < ;f] s'/f v'ns
] f] cj:yf ;"rgfaf6
b]lvFbg} . ;fy} cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{ z'? ul/Psf]
egL To;sf] lgisif{ gcfpFb} pQm ;"rgf hf/L

u/]sf] b]lvof] . lgj]bsxn] sDkgL P]gcGtu{t

Ohfht lnO{ pk/f]Qm j:t' Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng
u/]sf] cj:yfsf] kl/k|I] f / lgj]bsnfO{ x'g ;Sg]
ck"/l0fo Iflt / ;'ljwf ;Gt'ngsf] b[li6n] ;d]t
ljrf/ ubf{ kl5 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] u/L xfn cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L x'g' af~5lgo b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] xsdf
pQm ;"rgfaf6 j:t' Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]6js{
Joj;fo gug{ gu/fpg egL /f]s nufPsf] xb;Dd
pQm ;"rgf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ;af]R{ r
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
ljkIfLsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf]
5 . cfb]zsf] ;"rgf ljkIfLnfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.@.!^ sf] cfb]z .
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
lgod %% df P]g jf o; lgodfjnLadf]lhd ug'k{ g]{
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ dGqfnon] cfjZos
lgb]l{ zsf jgfO{ nfu" ug{;Sg] Joj:yfadf]lhd k|:t't
lgb]l{ zsf agfO{Psf] b]lvG5 . pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g,
@)%$ tyf ;f] cGt/u{t ag]sf] lgodfjnL, @)%^
adf]lhd ug'k{ g]{ sfdsf/jfxL ug{ lgb]l{ zsfsf]
cf}lrTo gePdf lgb]{lzsf agfpg] lgsfon]
hlxn];s
' } klg lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h ug{;Sg] g} x'bF f
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnoaf6 k|:t't lgb]l{ zsf
vf/]h ug{ ePsf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf]
lhsL/ ts{;u+ t gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj dfwj kf}8n
] sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
g]6js{ dfs]{l6 Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf
Jofks kdf hgu'gf;f]x cfpg yfn]sf] / g]6js{
Joj;fonfO{ tTsfn /f] s gnufPdf cfd
pkef]Qmfx 7lug hfg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'bF f g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ vf/]h
ul/Psf] / s'g} klg k|sf/sf] g]6js{ Joj;fo gug{
gu/fpg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L eO{ ;s]sf] x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg cfwf/lxg / vf/]hefuL 5 . pkef]Qmfsf]
lxt ;+/If0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] h'g;'s} ;dodf

845

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

ljleGg vfnsf] gLlt lgodx agfpg, nfu" ug{ /

vf/]h ug{ ;Sb5 . h'g lgsfon] lgb]l{ zsf hf/L
u/]sf] xf] ;f] lgsfon] vf/]h ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t
/fVb5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;a} kIfsf] ljrf/ u/L
Ps k6s vf/]h ul/;s]sf] lgb]l{ zsfnfO{ k'gM hufpg'
pko'Qm gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm . ;fy}
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf cfufdL lbgdf
/fHosf] tkm{af6 lnOg' kg]{ gLltut tyf sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf cWoog ug{sf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;x;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
cGt/ dGqfno :t/Lo cWoog 6f]nL ;d]t u7g
ul/;lsPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 P]= sf lgldQ ;lrj rGb|sd
' f/ l3ld/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL,
@)^$ sf] cg';r
" L@ adf]lhd pkef]Qmfsf] xs,
lxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{ o;
dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q cGtu{tsf] sfo{ gePsf] x'bF f
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^
o; dGqfno;+u ;DalGwt gePsf] o; dGqfnosf]
s'g} klg sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lgh lgj]bssf] df}lns
xs Pj+ sfg"gL xs ;d]t xgg\ gePsf] / l/6
lgj]bsn] o; dGqfnonfO{ ljgfsf/0f ljkIfL
agfPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h
u/L kfpg ;DdfgLt cbfnt;dIf cg'/f]w 5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 P]= sf
;lrj k|tfks'df/ kf7ssf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] o; dGqfnosf] s]
s:tf] sf/jfxLaf6 g]6js{ dfs]{l6 Joj;fo
;~rfng ;DaGwdf /f]s nufPsf] xf] ;f] s'/fsf]
lhsL/ l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v g} gu/L xr'jfsf]
e/df cy{ dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnoaf6 g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf
kqklqsf tyf hgu'gf;f]x/sf ;DaGwdf Ps
cWoog 6f]nL u7g u/L 5fgaLg Pj+ cg';Gwfg

sfo{ z'? ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] / j:t' tyf Jofkf/;+u

;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^
;d]t vf/]h u/]sf] ljifo pQm dGqfnosf]
sfo{If]qleq kg]{ ePsf]n] sfg"gadf]lhd pQm
dGqfnon] u/]sf] sfo{sf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cy{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj
/fd]Zj/k|;fb vgfnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
hgdfg;df g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6k|ltsf] cfz+sf
/ Jojxf/nfO{ lgolGqt / Jojl:yt ug{ g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6;DaGwL cWoog ug{ ul7t 6f]nLn] lbPsf]
k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t eO{ g]6js{ Joj;fo ;DaGwL
lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ ;d]tnfO{ vf/]h u/]sf] cj:yf
xf] . ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] cWoog 6f]nLn] lbPsf]
k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df sf/f]jf/df /f]s nufPsf] xf] .
s]jn cWoog 6f]nLsf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] dfq
o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] u[x dGqfnosf] tkm{af6
P]= sf ;lrj 8f= uf]ljGbk|;fb s';d
' sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] xf] <
To;sf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f
c;DalGwt ljifodf k|ToyL{ agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg k]z
u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod %% df P]g jf o;
lgodfjnLadf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfdsf/jfxLnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon]
cfjZos lgb] { l zsf jgfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yfadf]lhd k|:t't lgb]l{ zsf agfOPsf] b]lvG5 .
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ tyf ;f] cGt/u{t
ag] s f] lgodfjnL, @)%^ adf] l hd ug' { k g] {
sfdsf/jfxL ug{ agfO{Psf] lgb]l{ zsfsf] cf}lrTo
gePdf lgb]l{ zsf agfpg] lgsfon] hlxn];s
' } klg
lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h ug{;Sg] g} x'bF f jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnoaf6 k|:t't lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h ug{ ePsf]
lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] lhsL/ ts{;u+ t
b]lvFbg} . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] Joj;fo ;~rfng

846

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ug{ lbg] lgb]l{ zsf xfn vf/]h eO{ ;s]sf] / g]6js{

Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ k|rlnt s'g} klg sfg"gn]
clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sf]n] lgj]bg lhsL/ vf/]hefuL
5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj ljdnk|;fb jfUn]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
xfd|f] kIf lgj]bs sDkgLx g]kfnsf]
k|rlnt sDkgL P]gcg';f/ sDkgL /lhi6f/sf]
sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf sDkgLx x'g\ . lgj]bs
sDkgLx cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf kfg tyf
Eof6df btf{ eO{ cGo :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ 7fpFdf
:jLs[lt lnO{ k]zf Joj;fo ub}{ cfO{/x]sf 5g\ .
lgj]bsx jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, jfl0fHo
laefun] ldlt @)^^.!).!& df hf/L u/]sf] g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]lzsf, @)^^ cg';f/
Jojl:yt eO{ cfgf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng
u/L cfPsf]df ldlt @)^&.@.!) df uf]/vfkqdf
pQm dGqfnosf] k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ plNnlvt
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^
vf/]h ug]{ sf/o{af6 lgj]bsxnfO{ ;+ljwfgk|bQ
Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] ;d]tsf xsdf cf3ft
ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/af6 pQm lgb]{lzsf vf/]hL
lg0f{opk/ lgj]bsxaf6 ;DdfgLt cbfntdf
l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ eO{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^&.@.!@ df cGtl/d cfb] z hf/L eO{
lgj]bsxn] cfgf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;'rf
ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . tyfkL cbfntsf] k"0f{ lg0f{o
k|fKt gx'bF f ;Dd k"jj{ t\ cj:yf em} k|lt:kwL{ Jofkf/
ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] d"n
h8 eg]sf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6sf] af/]df kqklqsfdf
k|sflzt ;dfrf/af6 dGqfnosf] Wofgfsif{0f eO{
cWoog ug{ 6f]nL v6fPsf] / To; 6f]nLn] g]6js{
Joj;fonfO{ k|ltjGw ug'k{ 5{ egL lbPsf] ;'emfjsf]
cfwf/df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6nfO{
/f]s nufPsf] xf] . lgj]bs sDkgLx k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ljlw;Ddt kdf btf{ eO{ sf/f]jf/
u/L cfPsf lyP . To:t}df ljkIfL jfl0fHo ljefun]
ldlt @)^^.!).!& df j:t' Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt

g]6js{ Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ hf/L

uof] / uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L g]j6s{
dfs]{l6 Joj;fo ug{ rfxg] sDkgLn] cfgf]
k|jGwkqdf Psn p2]Zo /fvL g]6js{ dfs]{l6
ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg tf]Sof] . ;fy} pQm lgb]{lzsfnfO{
$% lbgleq ck8]6 ug'k{ g]{ k|fjwfg tf]sL ljefuaf6
@% nfv w/f} 6 L lnO{ Ohfht lbPsf] d f
sfg"gk|lts"n lgb]{lzsf g} vf/]h u/L Joj;fo
ug{ /f]s nufpg] lg0f{on] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_, wf/f !#, !*,
!( n] k|bfg u/]sf] lgj]bsxsf] df}lns xsdf
uDeL/ cf3ft ePsf] 5 .
g] 6 js{ Joj;fo dfgj ;Eotfsf]
ljsf;;Fu} jhf/Ls/0fsf] cfwf/df kl/jt{g x'Fb}
cfO{ /x]sf] 5 . xfn ljZje/L g} k|rngdf cfO{
j}wflgs kdf ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf
dfq o;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ldNb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
nfvf} k}ofF w/f}6L lnO{ g]6js{ dfs]{l6 Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ lbPsf] / Joj;foLxn] ;/sf/nfO{
s/f]8f} s/ z'Ns cflb a'emfO{ nfvf} g]kfnL
gful/ssf] b}lgsLdf ;xof]u k'ofO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf
;'g'jfO{sf] cj;/ -Right to Hearing_ ;d]t glbO{
lgb]{lzsf vf/]h ug'{ ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gk|lts"n
5 . lgb]l{ zsf agfpFbf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] lgod %% adf]lhd pkef]Qmf kl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zdf agfO{ nfu" u/]sf]df vf/]h ubf{ ;d]t
pQm kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'G5 .
t/ kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf geO{ kqklqsfsf]
;dfrf/ / o' l g6L nfO{ k m OG6/g] z gnsf]
ultljlwjf/] cWoog ug{ u7g ePsf] ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] To:tf]
sfo{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gk|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . pQm
;ldltn] g]6js{ dfs]{l6nfO{ sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L
Jojl:yt ul/g'kg]{ ;'emfj cWoog k|ltj]bgsf
;d]t k]z u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bsxn] lgb]{lzsfsf]
k"0f{ kfngf u/]sf 5g\ . lgj]bsx pk/ sxL st}
ph"/L k/]sf] 5}g . g]kfnn] WTO, SAFTA, /
BIMSTEC sf] ;b:otf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 . WTO

847

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;d]tsf] ;b:o eO{ ;s]kl5 s'g} klg j}wflgs

Jofkfl/s kltnfO{ /f]s nufOof] eg] Tof] Barrier
to Trade x'G5 / o;/L /f]s nufpg ;d]t ldNb}g .
t;y{, k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtadf]lhd
;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO{, ;+lwfg / sfg"gsf] jlv{nfk
x'g] u/L 7f8f] ;"rgf lgsfnL sf/f]jf/df x7ft\ /f]s
nufpg] / aGb ug]{ sfd ug{ ldNb}g, /fHon] Psk6s
af]nL ;s]sf] / ;'ljwf lbO{ ;s]sf] s'/f k"0f{ kfngf
ug'{ kb{5 eGg] k|f]ld;/L O:6f]k]n -Promisory
Estoppel_ sf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] alv{nfk x'g] u/L
ul/Psf] j:t' Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6
Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o
/ ;f] ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gk|lts"n
x'bF f pQm lg0f{o tyf ;"rgf pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn]
ab/ u/L hf/L lgb]l{ zsf sfod /fVg' / lgb]l{ zsfnfO{
lj:yfkg ug'k{ /] sfg"g lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq lj:yfkg
ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;j{ky| d jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnoaf6
ldlt @)^^.!).!& df hf/L ePsf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6
Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ ldlt @)^&.@.(
df vf/]h u/L ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf] ;"rgfaf6
;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L lbPsf] Joxf]/f c'g/f]w 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfonsf]
ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;f]xL dGqfnosf
;x;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf g]6js{ dfs]{l6,
Joj;fo;DaGwL cWoog ug{ sfo{bn u7g ePsf]
/ ;f] sfo{bnn] g]6js{ dfs]{l6, Joj;fo ug]{
sDkgLxsf] ;DaGwdf lj:t[t cWoog u/L g]kfn
;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;dIf g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6, Joj;fo;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^&
k]z u/L ;s]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgn] ljb]zL
/fi6xdf ePsf] cg'ejnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L
j:t'xsf] Jofkf/ Joa;fo ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L
cg'udg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug],{ Jofkf/;Fu hfn;fhL,
7uL h:tf] ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ cfrf/;+lxtf agfpg]
j:t'xsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug{ k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkg
ug] { , k| T oIf laqmL;DaGwL sfg" g lgdf0f

ug]{nufotsf l;kmfl/z;lxt j:t'xsf] Jofkf/

Joj;fo ug{ lbg / ;]jf Joj;fosf] xsdf :ki6
sfg"gsf] Joj:yf gu/L Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{
lbg' pko'Qm gx'g] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]
k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnon] cWoog u/L cfjZos sf/jfxLsf]
r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ug{
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z eO{ d'2f
rln/x]sf] sf/0f sf/jfxL cufl8 a9\g g;ls/xsf]
cj:yf 5 . l/6 lgj]bsxn] sDkgL btf{ u/L
xfn;Dd sf/f]jf/ ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"g -pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$, sfnf]
ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo
P]g, @)#@, k|lt:kwf{ k|j{4g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f
P]g, @)^#, d'ns
' L P]g, 7uLsf] dxn cflb_ adf]lhd
lgodgsf/L lgsfoxaf6 tt\ tt\ sfg"gn] lgif]w
u/]sf] ck/fw dfg]sf ljifodf ul/Psf sfg"gL
sf/jfxLn] ;+j}wflgs xsdf cff3ft k'ofPsf]
dfGg ldNb}g . lgb]{lzsf hf/L u/]sf] lgsfon]
cfkm"n] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{lzsf vf/]h ug{;Sg] x'Fbf
pQm lgb]l{ zsf vf/]hpk/ k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhx tyf l/6 lgj]bs tyf
ljkIfLxsf tk{maf6 k|:t't lnlvt jx; gf]6
cWoog u/L ;'gj' fO{sf] qmddf l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx >L ab|Laxfb'/
sfsL{, >L xl/x/ bxfn / >L zDe' yfkf Pj+
ljfg clwjQmfx >L u'0flglw Gof}kfg], >L d]3/fh
kf]v/]n, >L afns[i0f 9sfn, >L lbgdl0f kf]v/]n,
>L lbg]z/fh ;Tofn / /fdaxfb'/ yfkfn] ug'{
ePsf] ax; / ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf
cfk" l t{ dGqfno ;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
] n] k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
lg0f{o ;'gfpgsf] nflu cfhsf] tfl/v
tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bs Pj++ ljkIfL

848

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf] ax;

lhsL/ ;'gL k]z ul/Psf pko'Q
{ m lnlvt ax;
gf]6nfO{ b[li6ut u/L l/6 lgj]bgsf ;fy} ;Da
;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] ;d]t ;du|
cWoog u/L x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno, jfl0fHo ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).!& df
hf/L u/]sf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL
lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ vf/]h ug's
{ f] ;fy} s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
g]6jls{ Joj:yf gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] sf/0fn] lgj]bsxsf] k]zf
/f]huf/ ;DaGwL xs xgg ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o
jb/ ul/kfpFm / pQm lgb]l{ zsfnfO{ sfod /fVg'
eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo dfu
bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{ eGbf
klxn] lgDg k|Zgx lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]M
!_

g]6jls{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ k|lqmof tyf

k|sl[ t k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] cjnDag u/]sf]
k|lt:kwf{ tyf jhf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;j{dfGo
gLlt cg'sn
" 5 jf 5}g / o:tf] Joj;fo
;~rfng ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf 7lug],
e'mlSsg] jf lghxaf6 s;}n] gfhfoh
kmfObf lng ;Sg] cj:yf 5 jf 5}g <
@_ k]zf jf Joj;fo ug]{ clwsf/ lg/k]If
clwsf/ -Absolute right_ xf] jf xf]Og /
;j{;fw/0f hgtfsf] lxt ljk/Lt ;~rfng
ul/Psf] s'g} Joj;fonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lgif]w, lgoGq0f jf lgoldt ug{ ;S5 jf
;Sb}g <
#_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hf/L ul/Psf] g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^
nfO{ hf/L ug]{ lgsfon] vf/]h ug{ kfpg] xf]
jf xf]Og < g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pQm lgb]l{ zsf
vf/]h u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt 5 jf 5}g <
$_ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] j:t' tyf
;]jf Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo
gug{ gu/fpgsf] nflu ldlt @)^&.@.( df
u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ldlt @)^&.@.!) df hf/L

%_

u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf f6:sfg"g;Ddt 5

jf 5}g <
lgj]bsxsf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og <

@= klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{,

l/6 lgj]bsxsf] dfu bfjLnfO{ g} d"n ?kdf x]gk{' g]{
x'G5 . g]6jls{sf] dfWodaf6 j:t' lsgj]r ug]{
sfo{ j:t' Jofkf/sf] Pp6f k|lqmof dfq xf] / o:tf]
k|lqmof 5gf}6 ug{ kfpg] lgj]bssf] df}lns xs
ePsf], o:tf] Joj;fodf sfg"gn] /f]s gnfPsf],
lgj]bsxsf] lj?4df s'g} klg ph"/L gk/]sf],
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 Ohfht kq lnO{ g]6js{
Joj;fo u/]sf]df lgj]bsxnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf
glbO{ j:t' Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo
ug{ /f]s nufpg] / g]6js{ Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf,
@)^^ nfO{ vf/]h ug]{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hf/L
ePsf] ldlt @)^&.@.!) ;"rgf / ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt
lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] jb/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] d'Vo dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}n]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pQm lg0f{osf] j}Btfsf] k/LIf0f
ug{sf] nflu g]6js{ Joj;fo s] xf], j:t'sf]
Jofkf/;DaGwL of] Joj;fo j:t' laqmL;DaGwL
k/Dk/fut Joj;fo jf dfWod eGbf s] km/s 5 /
of] k|lqmofaf6 j:t' jf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ x'Fbf
pkef]QmfnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 / o:tf] Jofkf/;DaGwL
cGo b]zxsf] k|rng s] 5 / g]kfndf o;
Joj;fosf] ;~rfng s;/L ePsf] / j:t'
Jofkf/;DaGwL g]kfndf ;~rflnt g]6js{ Joj;fo
sfg"g ;+Ddt ?kaf6 ;~rfng ePsf] 5 jf 5}g
eGg] h:tf ;Da4 k|Zgxsf] af/]df g} ;a{ky| d
ljj]rgf ug{' kg]{ b]lvof] .
#= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ ul7t g]6js{ dfs]{l6 Joj;fo
;DaGwL cWoog sfo{bn, @)^& sf] k|ltj]bgdf
o; ;DaGwdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ tYof:x ;+sng
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|ltj]bgsf] cg';r
" Ldf ;+nUg
j]nfot, rLg, dn]l;of, yfONof08 cflb b]zxsf]

849

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

sfg"gsf] cWoog ubf{ j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL

k/Dk/fut k|lqmofdf j:t'sf] pTkfbsb]lv yf]s
ljqm] t f, 8Ln/, v' b | f ljqm] t f x' b } clGtd
pkef]Qmf;Dd k'Ubf ljleGg txsf Jofkf/Lxn]
lng] lbg] sld;gn] ubf{ pkef]Qmf d"No dx+uf] x'g]
t/ g]6js{ Joj;fosf] dfWodaf6 j:t'sf] k|ToIf
laqmL -Direct Selling_ ubf{ pk/f]Qm tx kf/ ug'{
gkg]{ x'Fbf pkef]Qmfn] ;:tf]df u'0f:t/Lo j:t'sf]
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] egL plNnlvt b]zxdf o;
;DaGwL 5'} sfg"g agfO{ j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL
g]6js{ Joj;fonfO{ Jojl:yt tyf lgoldt u/]sf]
kfOG5 . t/ oL b]zxdf klg j:t'sf] d"No,
u'0f:t/tf tyf ;j{;fwf/0f 7lug], e'mlSsg] jf
lghxaf6 s;}n] gfhfoh kmfObf lng ;Sg]
kl/:ylt tyf cj:yfxsf] klxrfg h:tf
ultljlwxnfO{ k|ltjlGwt u/fO{ o:tf] sfo{df
;+nUg x'g] u/fpg]nfO{ s8f ;hfo u/]sf] b]lvG5
eg] j:t' laqmL gu/L s]jn tx txdf ;b:o dfq
agfpb} hfg], ;b:otf z'Ns c;"n ug]{ / ;b:otf
;+Vof a9fPsf] cj:yfdf yk sldzg lbg] h:tf
sfo{nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf /f]s nufPsf] b]lvG5 .
$= g]kfndf j:t' laqmL;DaGwL g]6js{
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ sfg"g gagfO{ o; ;DaGwdf
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^
hf/L u/L pQm Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht lbg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] s'/f pQm cWoog sfo{bnsf]
k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvG5 . t/ pQm lgb]l{ zsf hf/L ePkl5
klg Ohfht glnO{ j:t' tyf ;]jf ;DaGwL g]6js{
Joj;fo ;~rfngdf /x]sf / Ohfht kq lnO{ jf
glnO{ o:tf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug] { x af6
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ e|ddf kf/L /sd c;"n ug]n
{ ufot
lgDg k|sf/sf clgoldt sfo{ u/]sf] s'/f pQm
cWoog k|ltj]bg tyf ljleGg lhNnfsf k|dv
' lhNnf
clwsf/L;dIf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ph"/L k/L ;f]
;DaGwdf eP u/]sf sf/jfxLxaf6 b]lvG5M
-s_ j:t'sf] jf:tljs d"No geO{ Kofs]h z'Ns
jf Kofs]h z'Nssf] gfd glbO{ ;j{;fwf/0faf6
/sd c;"n ug]{ u/]sf],

-v_ ls6 d"No, Kofs]h d"No, ls6 z'Ns, Kofs]h

z'Ns cflb ljleGg gfdaf6 ;j{;fwf/0faf6
/sd c;"n ug]{ t/ ;f]afkt s'g} j:t' glbg]
/ lbP klg clt yf]/} d"Nosf] j:t' pknAw
u/fpg] cem slt sDkgLn] t ?=^))). -5
xhf/ ?k}of_ b]lv ?=@%,))). -kRrL; xhf/_
;Dd ;j{;fwf/0faf6 c;"n u/L ;f]afkt
?=#)). eGbf sd d"Nosf] j:t' dfq lbPsf]
eGg] u'gf;f klg ;fj{hlgs ePsf] b]lvof],
-u_ g]6js{sf] ;b:o gjgL j:t' v/Lb ug{
gkfpg],
-3_ v'Nnf ahf/sf] d"No eGbf g]6js{sf]
dfWodaf6 laqmL x'g] j:t'sf] d"No w]/} u'0ff
dx+uf] kg],{
-_ vfB jf cf}iflw k|of]uzfnfaf6 u'0f:t/
k/LIf0f gePsf] km'8 ;lKnd]G6, x]Ny s]o/;Fu
;DalGwt ljleGg cf}iflwhGo j:t'xsf]
pkef]uaf6 x'g] kmfObf tyf u'0fsf] jf/]df
a9fO{ r9fO{ avfg ug]{ / e|dk"0f{ hfgsf/L
lbO{ laqmL ug]{ / o:tf j:t'sf] ;]jgaf6
tTsfn s'g} kL8f sd x'g] b]lvP klg oL
j:t'sf] ;]jgaf6 x'g] ;fO8 Okm]S6 cy{ft
cGo /f]u pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf / o:tf]
j:t'sf] lgoldt ;]jgn] v/fj nt j:g
uO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ ;Sg],
-r_ g]6jls{ sDkgLn] laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ j:t'
;fdfGotof ahf/df v/Lb ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
gx'g] / leGb} j|f08 / Sjfln6Lsf] x'g] x'bF f
t'ngfTds ?kdf o:tf j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ t'ngf
ug{ jf bfFHg sl7gfO{ x'g,]
-5_ j:t'sf] pkef]Qmf d"Nosf] %) k|ltzt eGbf
a9L;Dd /sd ljleGg k|sf/sf sldzg,
af]g;, kmfObfsf] ?kdf laqmLstf{ jf
k|ltlglwnfO{ afF9g\ ] u/]sf],
-h_ ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf v/Lb laqmL gx'g] JolQmut
;Dks{af6 g} g]6js{ Joj;fo ;~rfng x'g]
ePsf]n] of] Jofkf/sf] cg'udg ug{ sl7g x'g,]

850

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

-em_ JolQmut ;DaGwsf cfwf/df Jofkf/

;~rfng x'g] / kof{Kt kf/blz{tfsf] cefjdf
g]6js{ Jofkf/af6 hfn;fhL, 7uL, h:tf
ck/fw x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf],
-`_ k|To]s dlxgf d'gfkmf afFl8g] eGg] h:tf em"7f
cfZjf;g ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lbO{ lghxaf6
/sd c;"n u/L g]6js{ ;b:o a9fpb} hfg]
t/ c;"n u/]sf] /sdsf] afktdf s'g} j:t'
jf ;fdfg glbg] .
-6_ ul/aL, clzlIft, cfly{s cefjsf] cj:yfdf
/x]sf cfd u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qsf
jfl;GbfxnfO{ g]6js{ Jofkf/sf] ;+hfndf
;d]6g\ ] gfpFdf lghxaf6 ljleGg gfd /
axfgfdf /sd c;"n ug],{ yf]/} nufgLaf6
w]/} cfo x'g] / lgoldt Jofh jf gfkmf af8\g]
h:tf em"7f cfZjf;g lbg] / ;kgf afF8g\ ]
sfo{ eP u/] s f 36\ g fx ;fj{ h lgs
hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf],
-7_ g]6js{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ kmd{ tyf
sDkgLxn] w]/} JolQmnfO{ 8'KnLs]6 sfuh
b]vfO{ em'SofO{ g]6js{ ;b:o agfO{ 3/df
g} a;L nfvf} ?k}ofF sdfpg ;lsg], /ftf/ft
wgL aGg ;lsg] h:tf em"7f ;kgf afF8b}
lx8\g] u/]sf,] u/Lj ;'s'Djf;L / Ps 5fs
vfg g;Sg] cfly{s x}l;otsf dflg;nfO{
ljleGg k|nf]eg b]vfO{ /sd c;'Ng] u/]sf]
/ dx+uf / sd u'0f:t/sf ;fdfgx g]6js{
;b:onfO{ hj/\h:tL le8fpg] u/]sf] eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ;of}F ph"/Lx ljleGg lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{noxdf k/]sf] eGg] tYo
o;} d'2fsf] nufpsf] ?kdf cfh o;}
Ohnf;df k]z ePsf l/6 g+= )^$WO
)^@* nufotsf l/6 lgj]bgxdf ljkIfL
jgfOPsf ljleGg lhNnfxsf k| d ' v
lhNnf clwsf/L tyf lhNnf k| z f;g
sfof{non] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6
b]lvPsf] .
851

%= pk/f]Qm sfo{ g]kfn sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]

dfq geO{ j:t' laqmL;DaGwL g]6js{ Joj;fo ug{
cg'dlt lbg] sfg"g ePsf b]zx h:tf] rLg,
j]nfot, dn]l;of, yfO{Nof08 cflbsf] sfg"g cg';f/
klg lgif]lwt tyf b08gLo eP /x]sf] b]lvG5 . n'sL
rf]/L / 5n5fdsf] Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ s'g} klg
b]zsf] sfg"gn] dfGotf lbPsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs
hfgsf/Ldf 5}g . j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL g]kfnsf]
;fj{hlgs gLltn] n'sL rf]/L Jofkf/nfO{ s'g} :yfg
lbb}g . j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL
cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g, @)#@,
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ / k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g
tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^# tyf d'ns
' L P]g
7uLsf] dxndf ul/Psf Joj:yfxsf] ;du|
cWoogaf6 klg g]6js{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{
kmd{ sDkgLxaf6 eP u/]sf jf x'g] u/]sf
plNnlvt sfo{x lgif]lwt sfo{x x'g t/ g]kfndf
g]6js{ Joj;fo ;DaGwL 5'} sfg"g gePsf] /
g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns cj:yf,
g]kfnL hgtfsf] z}lIfs :t/, cfly{s cj:yf
plNnlvt sfo{xsf] k|sl[ t tyf g]6js{ Joj;fo
;~rfng ul/g] ckf/blz{ tf}/ tl/sfsf] sf/0fn]
g]6js{ Joj;fo ;~rfngsf pk/f]Qm ljs[lt tyf
clgoldttf / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ em'Sofpg] / 7lug]
sfo{xsf] ;xL ;"rgf k"0f{ ?kdf /fHo ;+oGq leq
cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf gx'bf sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL
cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g, @)#@
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ tyf k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g
tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)^# cGt/u{t Joj:yf
ul/Psf kbflwsf/L tyf lgsfoxaf6 plNnlvt
clgoldt tyf u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg
u/L pko'Qm b08 ;hfo ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ tTsfn}
k|efjsf/L ?kaf6 x'g g;Sg] sf/0fn] g]6js{
Jofkf/sf] lgoGq0f, lgodg / Joj:yfkg ug'{ clt
cfjZos /x]sf] eGg] plNnlvt cWoog sfo{bnsf]
;'emfj /x]sf] b]lvof] .
^= pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/
s'g} JolQmn] ;~rfng u/]sf] g]6js{ Jofkf/af6

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

;j{;fwf/0f hgtf 7lug], em'lSsg] jf hfn;fhLo'Qm

sf/f]jf/sf kmGbfdf k/]sf / eljZodf o:tf] sfo{
x'g] k|jn ;Defjgf /x]sf] / o:tf] sf/f]jf/af6
dsf{df kg]{ JolQmxaf6 /fhwfgLleq / jflx/sf
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noxdf ph"/Lx kl//x]sf]
/ ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/sf dfWodxaf6 klg g]6js{
Jofkf/af6 ;j{ ; fwf/0f, 7luPsf] n' l 6Psf] ,
em'SofPsf], em"7f cfZjf;g lbO{ /sd c;"n ug]{
u/] s f] , rsf] { d" N odf ckf/bzL{ k| l qmofaf6
;fdfgxsf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf], o:tf] k|lqmofaf6
u'0f:t/ k|dfl0ft gePsf cf}iflwhGo j:t'sf]
lsgj]r ePsf] ;d]t 36gfx ;fj{hlgs ePsf]
b]lvof] . j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL g]6js{ Joj;fo
;~rfngsf] k|lqmof / o;sf] ;~rfngaf6 phfu/
ePsf pk/f]Qm tYoxsf] cjnf]sg ubf{ of]
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ k|lqmof / k|sl[ t j:t' Jofkf/
;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf]
;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;fy} k|lt:kwf{ tyf ahf/
;+/If0f;DaGwL plNnlvt sfg"gx ljk/Lt
;~rfng eP u/]sf] b]lvof] .
&= g]6js{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ ;a}
kmd{ tyf sDkgLxaf6 plNnlvt gLlt tyf
sfg"gljk/Lt sfd gePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . t/ oxL
cfwf/df g} j:t' Jofkf/sf] pk/f]Qm k|lqmofnfO{
;/sf/n] x:tIf]k ug{ g} g;Sg] jf lgoldt ug{
gkfpg] eGg] xf]Og . pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf
ul/Pcg' ; f/ j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL g] 6 js{
Joj;fosf] ;~rfngaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf 7lug]
jf em'lSsg] dfq geO{ pgLxsf] ;DklQ, z/L/
tyf ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yoljk/Lt sfd eP u/]sf
5g eGg] tYox ;fj{hlgs eP kl5 ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
lxt /Iffsf] ;ky lnPsf] / ;+j}wflgs bfloTj
jf]ss
] f] ;/sf/;dIf s]jn b'Oj6f dfq ljsNkx
/xg] b]lvG5 . klxnf] ljsNkcg';f/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
lxtljk/Lt ;~rfng x' g ] o:tf Jofkfl/s
sf/f]jf/xnfO{ ;bfsf] nflu k|ltjGw nufO{
lgif]lwt sfo{sf] ;"rLdf /fVg] sfo{ x'g ;Qm5,
eg] o:tf] g]6js{ Jofkf/sf] sfo{nfO{ lgoldt

tyf Jojl:yt ug{ pko'Qm sfg"gsf] th'{df u/L

o:tf] sfo{sf] cg'udg ug{ / plNnlvt g]6js{
Jofkf/sf] k|lqmofaf6 v/Lb laqmL x'g] j:t'xsf]
u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ug{sf] nflu
;fwg ;|ft] ;DkGg k|efjsf/L tyf ;Ifd ;+oGqsf]
Joj:yf u/L j:t' laqmL;DaGwL g]6js{ Jofkf/nfO{
lgoldt Joj;fo -Regulated trade_ sf] ?kdf
dfGotf lbg] bf];f| ] ljsNk x'g ;Qm5 . o:tf] bf];f| ]
ljsNk sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ P]g sfg"sf]
lgdf{0fnufot kof{Kt ;fwg ;|ft] ;DkGg ;+oGqsf]
ljsf; ug{ ] sfo{ tTsfn x' g g;Sg] x' F b f
;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yo, ;DklQ tyf lxtsf] /Iff
ug{sf] nflu g]6js{ Joj;fo tTsfn /f]Sg] af/]df
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ePsf] plNnlvt lg0f{o tyf
;"rgfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] b[li6af6 cGoyf eGg
/ o:tf] sfo{nfO{ Gofo lg/f]k0fsf k|lqmofaf6
x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g .
*= lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ bf];f| ] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{, l/6 lgj]bsxn] k]zf jf Joj;fo
ug{ kfpg] ;+ l jwfg k| b Q df} l ns xsdf
ljkIfLxaf6 jGb]h nufO{Psf] egL bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 ax; ug{' x'g]
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] j:t' Jofkf/ ;Fu
;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo s'g} gf}nf] / gofF
Joj;fo geO{ of] s]jn j:t' Jofkf/sf] Pp6f
k|lqmof dfq xf] / g]6js{ Joj;fo ug{af6 /f]s
nufpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 j:t' Jofkf/sf
k|lqmof /f]Hg kfpg] df}lns clwsf/ xgg ePsf]
5 / o:tf] Joj;fo ug{ /f]s nufpg] sfg"gsf]
cefjdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pQm lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL
tyf cgflwsf/ 5 egL k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lhsL/
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, s'g} JolQmn] k]zf, Joj;fo
ug{ kfpg] xssf] / ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo,
;DklQsf] /Iff, 7uL, rf]/L hfn;fhL tyf em'Sofg
lj?4sf] g};lu{s xssf] aLrdf Gb -Conflict_
cfPsf] cj:yfdf klxnf] xs cyf{t\ Joj;fo ug]{
xs jf bf];f| ] xs 7uL, rf]/L, em'Sofg lj?4sf] xs
dWo] s'g xsn] k|fyldstf kfpg] eGg] k|Zg g}

852

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

d"n ?kdf lg/fs/0f ug{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf

ljrf/ ubf{ k]zf Joj;fo ug]{ xssf ;DaGwdf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@
pkwf/f -#_ v08 -r_ df s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u
/ Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf sf] xs ;fy ;fy} pQm
pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z cGtu{t
v08 -%_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf klg x]g'{ kb{5 .
pQm wf/fdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 s'g} k]zf Joj;fo
ug]{ xs lg/k]If xs xf]Og . o;}n] o:tf] xs /
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ tyf z/L/sf] /Iff ;DaGwL
hGdhft xssf] aLrdf Gb cfPsf] cj:yfdf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ / z/L/sf] /Iff ug{] ljifon]
k|fyldstf kfpg] x'Fbf of] k|fyldstfsf] /Iff ug{'
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
k|fKt sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] cfwf/ :tDesf] ?kdf
cGt/\lgxLt ;+j}wflgs bfloTj tyf st{Jo
kfngfsf] ljifo x'g hfG5 . s'g} Joj;fo ;~rfng
ubf{ -h:tf] j:t' laqmL ;DaGwL g]6js{ Joj;fo_
o:tf] Joj;foLnfO{ pQm k/Dk/fut Jofkf/af6
eGbf a9L gfkmf x'G5 jf ;'ljwf x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df
o:tf] Joj;fo /f]Hg] xs :jtM lghnfO{ k|fKt x'G5
eGg] xf]Og . s'g} klg ckf/bzL{ Joj;fo jf n'sL
rf]/Lsf] k|lqmofaf6 ;~rfng x'g] sf/f]jf/ pBd
Joj;fo ;~rfng;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/af6 3f]lift
;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ljk/Lt x'G5g . k|lt:kwf{ P]g,
sfnf] ahf/ lgoGq0f P]gnufotsf sfg"gdfkm{t\
3f]lift o:tf] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ljk/Lt ;~rfng
x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] Joj;fo jf sf/f]jf/n]
pBd Joj;fo ug{] df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f k|fKt
ug{ ;Qm}g . s'g} klg Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{
o;af6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yo, ;DklQ tyf z/L/df
gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] jf kg{ ;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgf
5 egL ljZjf; ug]{ cj:yf ePdf o:tf] sfo{nfO{
/f]Sg kfpg] clVtof/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f #& cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sfdf :jtM
k|fKt x'g] clVtof/L;Fu hf]l8Psf] st{Jo ;d]t x'g]
x'Fbf o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf xflgsf/s
k]zf jf Joj;fodf /f]s nufpg ;f]xL ;+ljwfg
853

cGtu{t ag]sf] 5'} sfg"g rflxG5 eGg] ljfg

sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;DklQ, z/L/,
:jf:Yo tyf cfly{s lxtsf] /Iff ug]{ tTsfnLg
pkfosf] ?kdf ;/sf/n] tTsfn o:tf] sfo{ jf
Joj;fo /f]sL o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfg"gL tyf
k|zf;sLo ;+oGqsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf u/L
o;nfO{ sdzM v'nf ug{ klg ;Qm5 t/ slxn] /
s;/L v'nf ug]{ eGg] ljifo ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ
z/L/ tyf :jf:ysf] /Iff ug]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTj
k"/f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ cfkm}n]
lg0f{o ug]{ ljifo xf] .
(= k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{
:jtGqtf ;DaGwL xs, ;DklQ ;DaGwL xssf]
;dsIftfdf /xg] xs x' g \ . oL b' j } xs
gful/sxsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk pBf]u u/L
;DklQ cfh{g tyf ef]urng ug]{ xs ;Fu ;DalGwt
xs x'g . o:tf] cfly{s wg ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{
lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt xsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] df}lns
xssf] ?kdf /fv] tfklg ;fj{hlgs lxt sfod
/fVgsf] nflu pQm xsdf ;+ljwfgn] g} s]xL
;Ldfx tf]Sg'sf] ;fy} Ps Ps JolQmn] k]zf
Joj;fo ug]{ cfgf] df}lns xssf] k|of]u ubf{
cGo JolQmsf] ;DklQ ;DaGwL xsnufotsf cGo
df}lns xsdf jfwf cj/f]w x'g] jf xgg gx'g]
u/L ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/f ;a} k|hftflGqs b]zxsf
;+j}wflgs sfg"gn] dfGotf lbPsf] / c+uLsf/
u/]sf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt klg xf] . s'g} JolQmn] s'g}
sDkgL jf kmd{dfkm{t\ Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{
cfgf] Jofj;flos of]hgf tof/ ubf{ jf pQm
of]hgfnfO{ nfu" ubf{ cfd JolQmnfO{ k|fKt
;DklQ;DaGwL xsnufotsf cGo df}lns xs
xgg gxf];\ eGg] s'/f uDeL/tf ;fy Wofg lbg
kg]{ / o;k|lt ;bf;j{bf ;hu x'gkg]{ ljifo xf] .
o:tf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf
e'mlSsg], 7lug], 5lng] jf hfn;fhdf kg]{ jf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yodf c;/ kg]{ sfd ePsf] 5
jf o:tf] sfo{ x'g] k|jn ;Defjgf 5 eGg] s'/f

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] cj:yfdf

o; ;DaGwdf jf:tljs ;To tYo kQf nufpg] /
o:tf] Joj;fo jf sfo{ /f]Sg tTsfn pko'Qm
Joj:yf ldnfpg] clVtof/L dfq k|fKt u/]sf] geO{
o:tf] sfo{ tTsfn /f]Sg] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo tyf
bfloTj ;d]t g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f #& cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/leq cGt/\lgxLt 5 eGg]
;DaGwdf cfh o;} lgj]bgsf] nufpsf] ?kdf
k]z ePsf] l/6 g+= )^^WO!@(# -l/6 lgj]bs
o'lg6L nfO{km OG6/g]zgn ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/,
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg, g]sfk @)%(, ;fpg, lg=g+=**!$, k[=^$#
df k|sflzt - ;Dkfbs_ df lj:t[t ljj]rgf u/L ;lsPsf]
x'gfn] o; ;DaGwdf yk ljj]rgf ul//xg k/]g .
!)= pk/f] Q m k| s /0fxdf ljj] r gf
ul/Pcg';f/ lgj]bsxn] ;~rfng u/]sf] g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo JolQmut ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df
;~rfng x'g,] kof{Kt kf/blz{tfsf] cefj x'g] x'bF f
o:tf] Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 hfn;fhL 7uL h:tf
ck/fwx x'g;Sg] cj:yf /xg'sf] ;fy} pQm
Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf Jofks kdf hgu'gf;f]x
cfpg yfn]sf] / g]6js{ Joj;fonfO{ tTsfn /f]s
gnufPdf cfd pkef]Qmfx 7lug'sf] ;fy} o;af6
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ tyf :jf:Yodf gf]S;fg kg's
{ f]
;fy} ;fj{hlgs lxt Pj+ g}ltstfljk/Lt x'g] ul/g]
sfo{ /f]Sg'kg]{ ;+jw} flgs bfloTj k"/f ug]{ qmddf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf] ;"rgfcg';f/
sfg"gadf]lhd ;~rflnt Jofkf/nfO{ s'g} aGb]h
gnufO{ s]jn g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fonfO{ dfq
aGb]h nufPsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf] k|To]s gful/snfO{
s' g } k] z f, /f] h uf/, pBf] u / Jofkf/ ug] {
:jtGqtf;DaGwL df}lns xs lg/k]If xs geO{
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;DklQ tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs /
lxtsf] ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L pkof]u ug{ kfOg] xs
ePsf]n] ;j{;fw/0f hgtfsf] lxt /Iffsf] nflu
cfjZos b]lvPdf s'g} klg k]zf jf Joj;fosf]

;~rfngdf /f]s nufpg, lgoGq0f jf lgoldt ug]{

/ ;f] k|lqmofdf cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{;Sg]
;+jw} flgs clVtofl/sf] ;fy} cGt/\lgxLt st{Jo
;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/df /x]sf] b]lvof] .
!!= lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ t];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{, l/6 lgj]bsxn] lgj]bgdf g]6js{ dfs]{l6
Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ nfO{ hf/L ug]{
lgsfon] Joj;fo ug]{ cg'dlt lbO{;s]kl5 k'gM
lgb]{lzsf vf/]h u/L g]6js{ Joj;fo gug'{ egL
/f]s nufpg] clwsf/ ljkIfLxnfO{ gePsf] x'Fbf
To:tf] sfo{ Promisory Estoppel sf]
l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ub}{ l/6 lgj]bg
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLtk{msf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f
P]g, @)%$ tyf ;f] cGt/u{t ag]sf] lgodfjnL,
@)%^ adf]lhd ug'k{ g]{ sfdsf/jfxL ug{ agfOPsf]
lgb]{lzsfsf] cf}lrTo gePdf lgb]{lzsf agfpg]
lgsfon] hlxn];'s} klg lgb]{lzsf vf/]h ug{;Sg]
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f
lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod %% df P]g jf o;
lgodfjnL adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfdsf/jfxLnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon]
cfjZos lgb] { l zsf jgfO{ nfu" ug{ ; Sg]
Joj:yfadf]lhd g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL
lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ agfO{Psf] b]lvG5 . P]g sfg"gsf]
lgdf{0f ;dfhsf] cfjZostf k"lt{sf] nflu ul/g] /
o:tf sfg"gnfO{ ;dfofg's"n x'g]u/L ;+zf]wg,
vf/]h Pj+ gofF sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ ljlwzf:qLo
dfGotf g} xf] . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon]
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod
%% df ePsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd g]6js{ dfs]{l6
Joj;fonfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pQm lgb]{lzsf agfO{
ldlt @)^^ ;fn df3 !& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L hf/L
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} aLr g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo
;~rfng ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n
c;/ kg{;Sg] j:t'xsf] ;d]t sf/f]jf/ x'g] u/]sf]
;fy} To:tf] Joj;fosf] ;~rfngaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtf e'mlSsg], 7lug] tyf lghxnfO{ ;b:o

854

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

agfpg] gfddf k|ltkmn ljgfsf] ;b:otf z'Ns

c;"n ug]{, j:t'sf] Jofkf/ eGbf klg ls6 d"No,
Kofs]h d"No, ls6 z'Ns, Kofs]h z'Ns h:tf gfd
lbO{ ;b:otf z'Ns lnO{ lagf k|ltkmn g]6js{
;b:otf ;+Vof dfq a9fpb} uO{ ;j{;fwf/0faf6
gfhfoh kmfObf lnPsf] eGg] u'gf;fx cfO{ ;f]
;DaGwdf cWoog ug{ cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt
@)^&.!.( df ul7t ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf j:t'
Jofkf/sf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ug{ lbg ;d]t
plrt Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxtcg's"n gePsf]
;' e mfj lbPsf] b] l vG5 . s' g } klg Jofkf/
Joj;foaf6 qm]tf Pj+ laqm]tf b'a} kIfsf] s]xL g
s]xL k|ltkmn k|fKt u/]s} x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . ljq]mtfn]
ljleGg gfddf lbO{ /sd c;"n ug]{ j:t't
v/Lbstf{ elgPsf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] s]xL
gkfpg] u/L ;~rfng x'g] Joj;fo Jofkf/ ;DaGwL
ljlwzf:q (Trade Jurisprudence) sf] k|lts"n x'g]
dfq geO{ To:tf] Joj;fon] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL
;+/If0f k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ ljlw;Ddt\
agfpg] lhDd]jf/L ;f] ;DaGwL lgofds lgsfodf
/xg] x'G5 .
!@= k|rngdf /x]sf] P]g, lgod jf
lgb]l{ zsf cflbsf] hGd h'g lgsfoaf6 x'G5 ;f]sf]
vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ clVtof/L klg ;fdfGotof
;f]xL lgsfodf g} lgxLt x'g] x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] hf/L u/]sf] g]6js{
dfs]{l6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ sf]
vf/]hLsf] k|Zg /x]sf] x'Fbf, tTsfn cfjZostf /
cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df cfgf] sfo{If]qsf] ljifodf
lgodg ug{ hf/L u/]sf] lgb]l{ zsf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf]
b[ l i6sf] 0 faf6 o;nfO{ k| r ngdf /xg lbg'
cf}lrTolxg b]lvPkZrft\ vf/]h ug]{ clwsf/ :jo+
hf/L ug]{ lgsfodf g} lgxLt x'g] x'G5 . sfg"g
JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @! df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} cfb]z, lgod, jf pklgod
agfpg] clVtof/Lleq ;+zf]wg ug],{ jbNg] jf vf/]h
ug]{ clVtof/L ;d]t x'G5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

!#= k|:t't ljjfbdf ldlt @)^^.!).!& df

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] hf/L u/]sf] g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ nfO{
hf/L ug]{ lgsfon] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{oaf6
vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ul/Psf]
ljj]rgfaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnoaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo
;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ nfO{ hf/L ug]{ lgsfon]
vf/]h ug{ kfpg] eGg] af/]df sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL
P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @! df :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvFbf pQm lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h u/]sf] jfl0fHo tyf
cfk" l t{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^&.@.( lg0f{ o
sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] b]lvof] .
!$= lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]h:tf] lgb]l{ zsf
vf/] h ug] { sfo{ Promisory Estoppel sf]
l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] dfGg] xf] eg] Ps k6s nfu"
eO{ k|rngdf cfPsf] sfg"g ;w} sfod /xg] eO{
;fj{hlgs lxt sfod ug{ g;lsg'sf ;fy} ultzLn
;dfhsf] kl/jt{gzLn rfxgf ;d]t kl/k"lt{ ug{
g;lsg] x'g hfG5 . /fHon] ;fj{hlgs lxt /
sNof0fsf] nflu ;fdflhs cfjZostf cg';f/ P]g,
lgod Pj+ lgb]l{ zsf lgdf{0f, ;+zf]wg Pj+ vf/]h
ug{;Sg] x'bF f o:tf] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu eP
u/]sf] gLltut lg0f{osf] ljifodf Promisory
Estoppel sf] l;4fGt cfs{lift x'g g;Sg] x'b
Ff
lgj]bssf] pQm bfjL;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
!%= rf}yf] k|Zgtk{m ljrf/ ubf{, l/6
lgj]bsxn] lgj]bgdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnosf] j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt
g]6js{ Joj;fo gug{ gu/fpgsf] nflu ldlt
@)^&.@.( df u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf]
;"rgf sfg"g;Ddt gx'bF f pQm lg0f{o Pj+ ;"rgf
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] jb/ u/L ;"rgfsf] sfof{Gjog
gug{ gu/fpgsf] nflu dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL
tkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pQm lg0f{o Pj+ ;"rgf
ljlw;Ddt ePsf] lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] .
lgj]bsxn] ;~rfng u/]sf] g]6js{ Joj;fonfO{
lgoldt ug{ s f] nflu g] 6 js{ dfs] { l 6

855

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ hf/L ul/Psf] /

;f]xL lgb]l{ zsfsf] cfwf/df lgj]bsxsf] Joj;fon]
j}wtf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnon] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ pQm
lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfly k|Zg g+= # sf
;DaGwdf u/]sf] ljj]rgfaf6 lgb]l{ zsf hf/L ug]{
lgsfon] o:tf] lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h ;d]t ug{;Sg] /
pQm lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h u/]sf] jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt
/x]sf] egL of] Ohnf; lgrf]8df k'lu ;s]sf] 5 .
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fosf] sfg"g ;|ft] sf] ?kdf
/xL o;nfO{ lgodg ug]{ lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h ul/Psf]
/ pQm lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o g} ljlw;Ddt\
eO{ ;s]kl5 clwsf/sf] ;|ft] sf] ?kdf /x]sf] pQm
sfg"gsf] cefjdf g]6js{ dfs]{l6 Joj;fo
cj}wflgs x'g] x'bF f j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/;Fu
;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo gug{ gu/fpgsf] nflu
ldlt @)^&.@.( df g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{o
Pj+ ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf] ;"rgf ;d]t ljlw;Ddt\
g} b]lvof] . t;y{, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf]
j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo
gug{ gu/fpgsf] nflu ldlt @)^&.@.( df u/]sf]
lg0f{o Pj+ ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf] ;"rgf sfg"g;Ddt\
ePsf] kfOof] .
!%= kfrf} tyf clGtd k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{, j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL g]6js{ Joj;fosf]
;~rfng k| r lnt g] k fn sfg" g / j:t'
Jofkf/;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf]
;fj{hlgs gLltcg'sn
" ;~rfng eP u/]sf] 5 jf
5}g eGg] s'/f g} d"n ?kdf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . pk/f]Qm
k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ g]kfndf
;~rfng ePsf g]6js{ Joj;fo lk/fld8 k2ltdf
cfwfl/t ePsf] klg b]lvPsf] / qm]tf Pj+
laqm]tfaLr j:t'sf] Jofkf/ dfq geO{ gofF u|fxs
;b:o agfpg], ;b:otf z'Ns lt/]afkt ;b:oxn]
s]xL klg gkfpg], ;b:o geO{ j:t' v/Lb ug{
klg gkfpg] / ;b:o agfO{ lbg]] ljrf}lnof
JolQmxn] ;b:otf agfPafkt sld;g ;d]t

lng] t/ ;b:o aGg]nfO{ e'QmfgL /x]sf] /sdsf]

t'ngfdf ;f/e"t d"Nosf] s'g} j:t' k|fKt gx'g] /
of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ ?kdf hf/L /xg]] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 klg lgj]bsx ;d]taf6 ;~rflnt j:t'
Jofkf/;DaGwL g]6js{ Joj;fosf] ;~rfng j:t'
Jofkf/;DaGwL jhf/sf dfGo lgodcg' ; f/
;~rfng geO{ 5'} / ljz]if k|lqmofaf6 ;~rfng
x'g] Joj;fo ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] lqmofaf6
;~rfng x'g] j:t' Jofkf/ ckf/bzL{ x'g] /
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] j:t'sf] jf:tljs d"No af/]df
hfgsf/L kfpg] cj:yf gx'Fbf j:t'sf] jf:tljs
d"NoeGbf a9L d"No lt/L cfd ;j{;fwf/0f
pkef]Qmfsf] lxtk|lts"n x'g] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb
/x]g . lgofds sfg"gsf] cefjdf j:t' Jofkf/
ubf{ /sd sldzg cfpg] cfZjf;g lbO{ gofF
;b:o agfO{ /sd ;+sng ug]{ / ;]jfafkt egL
/sd sldzg ;d]t lng] vfg] sfo{ pBd Joj;fo
;~rfng;DaGwL dfGo lgodxsf] ljk/Lt x'G5 .
csf]{ s'/f o; k|sf/sf] Joj;fo lk/fld8 kltdf
;~rfng ePsf] klg b]lvPsf] / of] k4ltdf j:t'
laqmLsf] sf/f]jf/ eGbf ;b:o agfO{ ;~rfng
x'Fbf dflyNnf] txdf yf]/} ;b:o x'g] / tNnf] txdf
w]/} ;b:o x'g] eO{ tNnf] txsf ;b:oxaf6
lnOPsf] d" N osf] sldzg dflyNnf] txsf
;b:oxdf hfg] tNnf] txsfn] ;b:otf z'Ns
ltg{ kg]{ t/ s]xL gkfpg] cj:yf x'g ;Sg] eGg]
s'/f pk/f]Qm cWoog k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 b]lvof] .
!^= g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fosf] kl/efiffleq
s] kg],{ g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 cGtu{t s] s:tf k|sf/sf
Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] xf], o;sf k"jz
{ t{x s] s] x'g
;S5g, g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 sDkgLsf] bfloTjx s]
x'gk' g],{ ;]jfu|fxLxsf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f s] s;/L
x'g,] qm]tf / laqm]tfaLrsf] clwsf/ Pj+ bfloTjx
s] x'g,] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ Ps};fy ug{ kfpg]
jf gkfpg], lk/fld8 kltsf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo
ug{ kfpg] jf gkfpg], sldzg;DaGwL Joj:yf s]
s:tf] x'g,] sfg"gsf] pNn3g ePdf ;hfo Pj+
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf s] x'g] cflb ;d]tsf] sfg"gL

856

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

Joj:yfsf] cefjdf x'g] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo

cfd ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxtk|lts"n x'g] / s'g}
k]zf Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]
clxt x'g] sfo{ x'g ug{af6 /f]s nufpg] ;+jw} flgs
clVtof/L tyf bfloTj g]kfn ;/sf/df lgxLt /x]sf]
5, eGg] s'/f pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ul/Psf
ljj]rgfaf6 :ki6 ePs} 5 .
!&= l/6 lgj]bsxn] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6
Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ 7" n f] ;+ V ofdf
;j{;fwf/0fxnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;b:o agfO{ /sd
p7fO{ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] tYo l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/faf6
g} v'ns
] f] 5 . cfd pkef]Qmfxn] z'Ns a'emfO{
;b:o ePsf]df a'emfPsf] z'Nscg';f/sf] d"Nosf]
j:t'x klg k|fKt gx'g] / ;b:otf z'Ns ;d]t
lkmtf{ x' g g;s] s f] s' / f cfd ;j{ ; fwf/0f
pkef]Qmfxsf] lxtsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cToGt
;+jb] gzLn ljifo xf] . o; cbfntsf] cfb]zcg';f/
k|fKt ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lnlvt ax;gf]6df
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6, Joj;fo;DaGwL cWoog ug{
sfo{bn u7g ePsf] / ;f] sfo{bnn] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6,
Joj;fo ug]{ sDkgLxsf] ;DaGwdf lj:t[t cWoog
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
;dIf g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6, Joj;fo ;DaGwL cWoog
k|ltj]bg, @)^& k]z u/L ;s]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgn]
ljb]zL /fi6xdf ePsf] cg'ejnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L
j:t'xsf] Jofkf/ Joa;fo ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L
cg'udg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug],{ Jofkf/;Fu hfn;fhL,
7uL h:tf] ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfpg]
j:t'xsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug{ k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgf
ug],{ k|ToIf laqmL;DaGwL sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]n
{ ufotsf
l;kmfl/z;lxt j:t'xsf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ lbg
/ ;]jf Joj;fosf] xsdf :ki6 sfg"gsf] Joj:yf
gu/L Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ lbg' pko'Qm gx'g]
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!*= lgj]bsxn] l/6 lgj]bgdf Pj+ lnlvt
jx; gf]6 k]z ubf{ ljkIfL jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnon] lgb]l{ zsf hf/L u/L lgj]bs sDkgLxnfO{
Psn p2]Zo ePsf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fodf sDkgL
857

/lhi6f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ ug{ nufO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd

ljefuaf6 ?=@%,)),))). w/f}6L lnO{ Ohfht lbO{
g]6js{ Joj;fo ug]{ cg'dlt lbPsf]df lgb]l{ zsf g}
vf/]h ug]{ Pj+ j}wflgs Joj;fosf] ?kdf /x]sf]
g]6jls{ Joj;fo ;~rfngdf g} k|ltaGw nufpg]
sfo{ k|rlnt sfg"gk|lts"n ePsf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . ljkIfL lnlvt hjfkmdf h'g lgb]l{ zsfsf]
cfwf/df cg'dlt lbOPsf] xf] ;f] g} vf/]h ePsf]
cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] bfjL cfwf/lxg ePsf] pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgf
cg';f/ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] ldlt
@)^^.!).!& df hf/L u/]sf] g]6js{ dfs]{l6
Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf, @)^^ nfO{ ;f]xL dGqfnosf]
ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{oaf6 vf/]h ug]{ / g]6js{
dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo gug{ gu/fpg ;d]t lg0f{o u/L
ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf]
;"rgf ;d]t sfg"gk|lts"n ePsf] b]lvPg . o; af/]df
pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf lj:t[t ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] 5 .
lgj]bsxn] g} g]6jls{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{
sfg"gL cfwf/ pQm lgb]l{ zsf g} xf] eGg] tYo :jLsf/
u/L pQm lgb]l{ zsfn] tf]ss
] f] k|fjwfgadf]lhd jfl0fHo
ljefudf ?=@%,)),))). w/f}6L /fv]sf] / pQm /sd
w/f}6L /fv]kl5 pQm Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/sf]
;|ft] sf] ?kdf Ohfht k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] tYo lgj]bg
Joxf]/fdf g} pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsxn] h'g
lgb]l{ zsfnfO{ clwsf/sf] ;|ft] dfgL ;f]cg';f/ gub
w/f}6L /fvL Joj;fosf] cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] xf] ;f]
lgb]l{ zsf g} vf/]h eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]af6 l;lh{t
Ohfht kqsf] cfwf/df l;h{gf ePsf] clwsf/ klg
:jtM ;dfKt x'g] b]lvof] .
!(= j:t' laqmL;DaGwL g]6js{ Joj;fo
;~rfng ul//x]sf JolQm jf o:tf] Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ ul7t kmd{ jf sDkgLnfO{ g]6js{
Joj;fo ug{ gkfpbf lghxn] cGo s'g} klg
sfg"g;Ddt k]zf Joj;fo ug{ gkfpg] eGg] cj:yf
klg b]lvPg . j:t'sf] Jofkf/ ug]{ JolQm jf kmd{ jf
sDkgLsf] nflu g]6js{ Joj;fo dfq Pp6} ljsNk
xf] eGg] s'/f klg xf]Og . g]6js{ Joj;fonufot

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

s'g} Joj;fo o;sf ;~rfnsxsf] nflu w]/}

d'gfkmfo'Qm x'g ;Qm5 . t/ oxL cfwf/df dfq
lghxn] o:tf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] lg/k]If
df}lns xs k|fKt x'G5 eGg] klg xf]Og . ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
lxtsf] ljifo eGbf 7"nf] s'g} JolQmsf] df}lns xs
x'g ;Qm}g . ;j{;fwf/0f 7lug], em'lSsg] jf
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] clxt x'g] u/L ;~rfng
ePsf] jf x'g ;Sg] s'g} klg Joj;fodf tTsfn
g/f]Sg] xf] eg] ufpFdf cfuf] nfu]kl5 bdsn v/Lb
ug]{ 6]08/ k|sflzt ug'{ h:t} x'g ;Qm5 . s'g}
JolQm jf ;d"xn] gfkmfsf] nflu ;~rfng u/]sf]
sf/f]jf/ jf Joj;foaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;j{:j
u'd]kl5 sfg"g agfO{ o:tf] sfo{ /f]Sg'sf] s'g}
k|of]hg klg x'b}g .
@)= v' N nf ahf/sf] lgodcg' ; f/
k/Dk/fut Jofkf/ ug]{ ljsNk l/6 lgj]bs ;d]tnfO{
pknAw x'g] / lghxn] ;~rfng u/]sf g]6js{
Joj;fosf] ;~rfng ug{ lbOPsf] Ohfht kq
lghxn] xfl;n u/]sf] ljlzi6Ls[t z}lIfs pkflw
xfl;n u/L o:tf] pkflwsf] cfwf/df ;~rfng ug{
jf ckgfpg kfpg] -/]u'n]6]8 Joj;fo h:tf]
lrlsT;s, OlGhlgo/ jf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] k]zf
jf Joj;fo_ Joj;fo klg xf]Og . of] Joj;fo ug{
gkfpbf lgj]bsnufot cGo sf]xL klg JolQmnfO{
ljlzi6Ls[t lzIffsf] cfwf/df lgodgsf/L lgsfon]
;~rfng u/]sf k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L Ohfht k|fKt
ljz]if1 ;]jf lbg] Joj;foLx -h:tf] lrlsT;s,
OlGhlgo/ jf sfg"g Joj;foL_ sf] ;dsIfdf /fVg
klg ;lsb}g .
@!= pk/f] Q m k| s /0fxdf ljj] r gf
ul/Pcg';f/ lgj]bsxn] g]6js{ Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ gkfpFbf lghxn] sfg"g;Ddt cGo Joj;fo
ug{af6 s'g} /f]sfj6 gx'g,] g]6js{ Joj;foaf6
a9L gfkmf x'g] x'bF f lghxn] pQm Joj;fo ug{
kfpg} kg]{ eGg] xs lghxnfO{ s'g} sfg"gn] klg
k|bfg u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'bF f / lgj]bsxn] jfl0fHo
ljefudf /fv]sf] w/f}6L ?=@%,)),))). cfjZos
sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] cj:yf

/x]sf], lgj]bsx pQm w/f}6Lsf] /sd lkmtf{ kfpmF

egL dfu ug{ uPsf] cj:yf gePsf] / pQm /sd
lkmtf{ glbg] eGg] cfzo klg ljkIfLxsf]
sfdsf/jfxL tyf lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ;d]t
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsxsf] k]zf Joj;fo
jf ;DklQ;DaGwL xs xgg x'g] jf ePsf] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
@@= g]kfn WTO sf] ;b:o /x]sf] / pQm
g]6jls{ Joj;fodf k|ltjGw nufpbf jx'kIfLo
Jofkf/ ;lGw ;Demf}tfljk/Lt Jofkfl/s cj/f]w
(Trade barrier) v8f eof] eGg] lgj]bsxsf]
egfOsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, WTO nufot cGo
ax'kIfLoax'/fli6o Jofkfl/s ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf]
bfo/f ;b:o /fi6x jLr x'g] Jofkf/df / o;sf
lgodxsf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] tyf Ps ;b:o
/fi6n] cGo ;b:o /fi6x;+u Jofkf/ ubf{ kfngf
ug'{kg]{ lgod;+u dfq ;Lldt 5 . WTO sf]
;b:otfsf] sf/0fn] s'g} klg ;fj{ef}d b]zn] cfgf]
e"ldleq ;~rfng x'g] u}/sfg"gL Joj;fonfO{ /f]Sgsf]
nflu pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug]{ jf o:tf] Joj;fonfO{
Jojl:yt, lgoldt tyf kf/bzL{ 9+uaf6 ;~rfng
ug]{ u/fpg] qmddf cfjZos P]g, sfg"g jf lgb]l{ zsf
agfpg] clVtof/L gx'g] eGg] s'/f xf]Og . ;fy}
o:tf] ;lGw ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] sf/0fn]
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;fj{hlgs lxt, ;DklQ tyf :jf:Yosf]
/Iffsf] nflu cfjZos lgb]z
{ g hf/L ug{ jf pBd
Joj;fosf] gfddf g} ;~rfng ePsf] elgPsf]
al~rt x'g] eGg] s'/f xf]Og . s'g} klg Joj;fonfO{
/f]s nufpg kfpg] cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/af6 g]kfn
;/sf/ al~rt x'g] eGg] s'/f xf]Og . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f #& cg';f/ o:tf] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/df
/xg] / o:tf] clwsf/leqsf] ;fj{hlgs lxt /Iffsf]
nflu cfjZos lgif]wfTds cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{
;+jw} flgs st{Ao ;d]t x'g] x'bF f g]6jls{ Joj;fodf
/f]s nufPsf] sfo{n] lgj]bssf] s'g} ;+jw} flgs xs
xgg\ x'g] jf WTO nufot cGo ax'kIfLoax'/fli6o
Jofkfl/s ;lGw ;Demf}tf pNn+3g x'g] cj:yf klg
b]lvPg .

858

**#$ /f]ljo; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

@#= ca, l/6 lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z

hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
dfly ljleGg k|s/0fxdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6
k]zf jf Joj;fo ug]{ clwsf/ lg/k]If clwsf/
-Absolute Right_ geO{ o;nfO{ /fHon] ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ lgoldt
ug{ ;Sg] ;+jw} flgs clVtof/L tyf st{Jo ;d]t
/x]sf] b]lvof] . sfg"g JoVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!)
sf] bkmf @! df s'g} g]kfn P]gn] ;"rgf, cfb]z,
lgod jf pklgod hf/L ug]{ clVtof/ lbPsf] 5
eg] ;f] clVtof/n] To:t} lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf ToxL
lgsf;fd'tfljs ToxL lsl;dn] ;f] hf/L ul/Psf
;"rgf, cfb]z, lgod jf pklgodxnfO{ yKg,
;+zf]wg ug{ abNg jf vf/]h ug{ x'G5 egL pNn]v
4ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^^.!).!& df hf/L
ul/Psf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo;DaGwL lgb]l{ zsf,
@)^^ nfO{ hf/L ug]{ lgsfon] vf/]h ug{ kfpg] x'bF f
ldlt @)^&.@.( sf] lg0f{on] pQm lgb]l{ zsf vf/]h
u/]sf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt x'gs
' f] ;fy} jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt
g]6js{ Joj;fo gug{ gu/fpgsf] nflu ldlt
@)^&.@.( df u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ldlt @)^&.@.!) sf]
;"rgf ;d]t sfg"g;Ddt ePsf] kfOof] . jfl0fHo
ljefudf /fv]sf] w/f}6L ?=@%,)),))). cfjZos
sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L lkmtf{ lng kfpg] g} x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bg g}
vf/]h ePsf] x'bF f o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.!^
df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z klg :jtM lgliqmo
x'g] 7x5{ .
@$= g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo JolQmut
;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ;~rfng x' g ] , kof{ K t
kf/blz{tfsf] cefj x'g] x'Fbf o:tf] Jofkf/
Joj;foaf6 hfn;fhL, 7uL h:tf ck/fwx
x'g;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] / o:tf] ck/fwdf h/Ljfgf
s}b ;d]t x'g;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf cGo b]zdf
/x]sf] tYo pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf s]xL

b]zsf g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo;DaGwL sfg"gsf]

cWoogaf6 b]lvP tfklg g]kfndf o; ;DaGwL 5'}
/ ljz]if sfg"g eP /x]sf] b]lvPg . g]kfn ;/sf/
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;dIf k]z ePsf]
g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6, Joj;fo ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg,
@)^& n] klg oxL tYonfO{ :jLsf/]sf] b]lvof] . o;
;Gb{edf g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo ljz]if k|lqmofaf6
;~rfng x'g] 5'} k|sl[ tsf] Joj;fo ePsf] / o:tf]
Joj;fosf] ;~rfngaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f 7lug], n'l6g]
jf lghxsf] z/L/ tyf ;DklQdf x'g] gf]S;fg
tyf IfltnfO{ /f]Sg] / bf]ifLnfO{ b08 ;hfo ug]{
k|efjsf/L sfg"gL ;+oGq gePsf] cj:yfdf cfd
;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfxsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf
pQm Joj;fo ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' ;fj{hlgs
lxtljk/Lt x'g] eGg] s'/f pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf ul/Psf]
ljj]rgfaf6 ;d]t :ki6 ePsf] 5 . g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6
Joj;fodf cGt/\lgxLt ljs[ltxnfO{ s;/L /f]Sg
;lsG5, g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt, clzIff, u/Llj,
j]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf, jx';V+ os hgtf u|fdL0f If]qdf
/xg] tyf cfgf] xs clwsf/ / j:t' Jofkf/ ;DaGwL
lgoldt k|lqmofsf] jf/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/Lsf] cefj
ePsf] sf/0fn] c?n] eg]sf] s'/fdf ;xh ?kdf
lng] / ljZjf; ug]{ dfgl;stf ePsf ;f]emf ;fbf
hg;fwf/0fsf] jfx'No ePsf] / o:tf JolQmx
;xh ?kdf em'lSsg / 7lug] ;Defjgf ;d]tnfO{
ljrf/ u/L g]kfnsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf j:t'
Jofkf/;DaGwL g]6js{ Joj;fonfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf
k|ltjGw nufpg' pko'Qm x'G5 jf o;nfO{ lgodg
u/L lgoldt Joj;fo -Regulated bussiness_ sf]
?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf / o:tf]
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ lbbf o;af6 ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtf em'lSsg], 7lug] cj:yf tyf lghxsf] :jf:Yo
tyf ;DklQdf k'Ug] gsf/fTds c;/ tyf o;af6
b]zsf] cy{tGq psf; ug{ k'Ug] of]ubfg ;d]tsf]
t'ngfTds cWoog ug'{ / o:tf] t'ngfTds
cWoogaf6 of] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm x'g]
b]lvPdf o:tf] g]6js{ dfs]l{ 6 Joj;fo sfg"g;Ddt
?kdf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf To;sf]

859

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cg'udg ug]{ ;+oGq s] x'g] xf] / To:tf] cg'udg

;+oGqsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/x s] s] x'g,]
sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/]df s] s:tf] s;"/df s:tf]
;hfo x'g] xf] eGg] ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;d]6g\ ] u/L
pko'Qm sfg"g agfpg' / o:tf] sfg"g agfpbf
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f ;d]tnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL o:tf] sfg"gsf] cg'udg ug{ cfjZos
kg]{ kof{Kt ef}lts ;fwg tyf tfnLd k|fKt
hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf u/L ;fwg ;DkGg k|efjsf/L
;+oGqsf] :yfkgf gu/L j:t' jf ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Fu
;DalGwt g]6js{ Joj;fo gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
xfn nufOPsf] k|ltjGw k'ms'jf gug'{ egL ljkIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L
ul/Psf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfL g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ / o; cbfntsf] cg'udg dxfzfvfnfO{
lbg' . k|:t't l/6 vf/]h x'g] 7x/ ePsfn]] bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t !% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM lzjk|;fb vgfn

j]Unfj]Un} jf/bft eO{ rn]sf j]Unfj]Un}

d'2fdf cl3Nnf] d'2fdf k'kI{ fsf nflu y'gfdf
a;]sf] cjlwnfO{ kl5Nnf] d'2fdf nfu]sf]
s}b, h/Ljfgf c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
u0fgf ug{ gldNg] .
Dofb yksf] qmddf jf cleof]ukq ;fy
k]z ul/Psf] cj:yfdf jfx]s cGo cj:yfdf
cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ aofg u/]kl5 dfq
lghpk/ nfu]sf] d'2fdf lghsf] pkl:ylt
/x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
y'gfdf al;/x]sf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f / Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u tyf
xftxltof/ v/vhfgf d'2f a]Unfa]Un}
jf/bftsf ePsf] / j]Unfj]Un} jf/bft
eO{ rn]sf j]Unfj]Un} d'2fdf cl3Nnf]
d'2fdf k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf a;]sf]
cjlwnfO{ kl5Nnf] d'2fdf nfu]sf] s}b c;"n
ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu u0fgf ug{ sfg"gtM
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_

lg0f{o g+=**#%

lgj] b s tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf

of]uG] b|axfb'/ clwsf/L / g/axfb'/ of]uL
ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
;"og{ fy k|sfz clwsf/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $! g+=
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
@# / **-@_

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
@)^*-WH-))&%
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.@.*
ljifo M aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f .
lgj]bsM lhNnf sfe|k] nf~rf]s, 5q]jf; ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= % bfKrf 3/ eO{ xfn
cfb]z
sf/fuf/ sfof{no l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}d+ f
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
y'gfdf /x]sf] :ofn eGg] ;+lhj nfdf
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
lj?4
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6sf] ;+lIfKt
ljkIfLM sf/fuf/ sfof{no, l8NnLahf/, ;d]t
tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
860

**#% :ofn eGg] ;+hLj nfdf lj=sf/fuf/ sfof{no l8NnLahf/ ;d]t

d lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^&.&.@% sf lbg

kqmfp u/L ldlt @)^&.*.!( ut] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f / lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no sf7df8f}d+ f xftxltof/ d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf]
lyof] . y'g5]ssf qmddf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] ?=!!,))). w/f}6 dfu
u/] s f] n ] pQm /sd ldlt @)^&.*.@@ df
a'emfPkZrft\ xftxltof/ d'2fdf aofg u/fpg
;f]xL lbg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}+
nluPsf]df pQm lbg ;do cefjsf sf/0fn]
y'g5]s ;DaGwL sfo{ x'g g;sL ldlt @)^&.*.@#
ut] ?=!,)),))). w/f}6 dfu ug]{ cfb]z ePsf]
lyof] . pQm dfu ePsf] w/f}6 ltg{ g;sL y'gfdf
al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf
uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
k|ltjfbL d ;d]t ePsf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f rn]sf] eGg] yfxfkfO d}n] pQm
d'2fdf x'g] sf/jfxLdf ;dfj]z x'gkfpFm egL
sf/fuf/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ dfkm{t lgj]bg lbPsf]
lyPF . ;f] d'2fdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
dnfO{ y'gfaf6 lemsfO{ y'gfdf /fvL k"k{If ug]{
cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .
dfly plNnlvt sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf
rn]sf] Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2faf6 ldlt @)^*.!!.!
/ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}+df rn]sf]
xftxltof/ d'2faf6 ldlt @)^&.&.@% df ;kmfO
kfpg] u/L km};nf eO{ ;s]sf] 5 eg] st{Jo Hofg
tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b
;hfo x'g] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^*.!).@# ut] km};nf eO;s]sf] 5 . pQm
st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fsf] km};nfsf]
tk;Ln v08df ldlt @)^&.!).% b]lv k"k{Ifsf
lgldQ y'gfdf a;]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eO{
dnfO{ lbO{Psf] s}bL k"hL{df ;d]t ldlt @)^&.!).%
b]lv k"k{Ifsf lgldQ y'gfdf a;]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v ub}{ pQm ldltaf6 ! jif{ ^ dlxgf k'Ug]
ldlt @)^(.$.$ ;Dd y'gfdf /fVg] eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
861

d ldlt @)^&.&.@% sf lbg kqmfp k/L ;f]

ldltaf6 nuftf/ y'gfdf /x]sf] x'bF f dnfO{ ldlt
@)^&.&.@% b]lv k"kI{ fsf] lgldQ y'gfdf a;]sf]
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] s}bL k"hL{ ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm
egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt txl;n kmfF6df lgj]bg
lbPsf]df s}bL k"hL{ ;+zf]wg ug{ gldNg] egL
txl;nbf/af6 cfb]z ePsf] / pQm cfb]z ab/
u/L kfpg lhNnf GofofwLz ;dIf lgj]bg lbFbf
tx;Lnbf/af6 ePsf] cfb]z ab/ ul//xg k/]g
egL ldlt @)^(.!.* df cfb]z eof] . pQm
cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf c=j+= !& g+=
adf]lhd lbPsf] lgj]bg dfly ;dodf ;'gj' fO{ x'g
;s]sf] 5}g .
d lgj]bs ldlt @)^&.&.@% b]lv nuftf/
y'gfdf a;]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . o:tf] l:yltdf ldlt
@)^&.&.@% b]lv k"kI{ fsf nflu y'gfdf a;]sf] cjlw
sfod u/L st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf
y'gfdf /fVg'kg]d{ f ldlt @)^&.!).% b]lv y'gfdf a;]sf]
ldlt sfod u/L ldlt @)^(.$.$ ;Dd y'gfdf /fVg]
u/L ePsf cfb]zsf sf/0faf6 xfn;Dd dnfO{
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf y'gfdf /flvPsf] cj:yf 5 .
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $! g+=
df Ps} dflg;nfO{ jf w]/} d'2fsf] s}b 7]Sg' k/]df
h'g snd 7"nf] x'G5 ;f] sndsf] s}b 7]Sg kg]{
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] x'bF f s}bL k"hL{ ;+zf]wg gx'g]
cj:yf 5}g . d lgj]bs lg/Gt/ y'gfdf /x]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] y'gfnfO{ dfGotf glbg] u/L ePsf]
cfb]zn] d}n] u}/sfg"gL y'gfdf a:g' kl//x]sf] x'bF f
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] dnfO{ lbPsf] ldlt
@)^*.!@.@^ sf] s} b L k" h L{ ab/ u/L
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]zf/f y'gfd'Qm x'g kfpFm
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f
eP # lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf
lbO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.!.#! sf] cfb]z .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{sf] hfx]/Ln] jfbL

g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL :ofn eGg] ;+lhj nfdf
;d]t ePsf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
d'2fdf oL lgj]bsnfO{ ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b x'g] /
lgh ldlt @)^&.!).% b]lv y'gfdf /x]sf] x'Fbf
;f]xL ldltaf6 nfu" x'g] u/L s}b 7]sL k7fpg'
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eO{ ldlt @)^*.!).@# df
o; cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf
cg';f/ s}bL k"hL{ hf/L u/L k7fO{Psf] xf] . pQm
s}bL k"hL{ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg
lgj]bsn] o; cbfntdf lbPsf]df km};nfdf
k|i6;+u ldlt @)^&.!).% b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L s}b
c;"n ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'Fbf s}bL
k"hL{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ldn]g egL km};nf sfof{Gjog
clwsf/Laf6 ldlt @)^*.!@.@& df cfb]z ePsf]
/ pQm cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bsn]
lbPsf] lgj]bg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'Fbf km};nf
sfof{Gjog clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] cfb]z ldn]sf]
b]lvFbf kl/jt{g ug{ k/]g egL ldlt @)^(.!.*
df cfb]z ePsf] 5 .
o; cbfntdf rn]sf] st{Jo Hofg tyf
Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf oL lgj]bsnfO{ lemsfO{
ldlt @)^&.!).% sf] cfb]zfg';f/ y'gfdf /fVg
k7fOPsf] cj:yfdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
sf7df8f}+df rn]sf] xftxltof/ d'2fdf y'gfdf
a;]sf] cjlwnfO{ y'gfdf a;]sf] cjlw sfod ug{
gldNg] ePsf]n] lgj]bsnfO{ u}/sfg"gL y'gfdf
g/flvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt / P]= cbfntsf
km};nf sfof{Gjog clwsf/Lsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt
hjfkm .
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldlt
@)^&.*.@# sf] kqf/f xftxltof/ v/vhfgf
d'2fdf / sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.!).$ sf] kqfg';f/ st{Jo Hofg / Hofg
dfg{] pBf]u d'2fdf y'gfdf /flvPsf] x'Fbf o;
sfof{non] lgj]bsnfO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kn] y'gfdf
g/fv]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]

Joxf]/fsf] sf/fuf/ sfof{no l8NnLahf/sf] lnlvt

hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf of]u]Gb|axfb'/ clwsf/L
/ g/axfb'/ of]uLn] lgj]bs lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{ n o, sf7df8f} + d f rn] s f] xftxltof/
v/vhfgf d'2fdf dfu ePsf] w/f}6L lbg g;s]s
] f
sf/0fn] y'gfdf a;]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf rn]sf] Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf klg
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ldlt @)^&.&.@% b]lv y'gfdf
/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . tL d'2fxaf6 lgj]bsn] ;kmfO
kfO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf]
st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf oL
lgj]bsn] cfkm" y'gfdf /x]sf] sf/fuf/dfkm{t\
lgj]bg lbPcg';f/ aofg u/fOPsf] xf] . lgj]bs
ldlt @)^&.&.@% b]lv lg/Gt/ y'gfdf a;]sf] s'/f
ldl;naf6 k'li6 eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf st{Jo Hofg
tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b
x'g] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^*.!).@# df km};nf x'Fbf ldlt @)^&.&.@%
b]lv y'gfdf a;]sf] cjlw sfod gu/L ldlt
@)^&.!).% b]lv y'gfdf a;]sf] ldlt sfdo u/L
lbOPsf] y'g'jf k"hL{sf sf/0f lgj]bs xfn;Dd
u} / sfg" g L y' g fdf a:g' k/] s f] x' F b f aGbL
k|ToIfLs/0fsf] cb]z hf/L x'g' k5{ egL ax;
ug'{eof] . o:t} ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L ;"o{gfy k|sfz clwsf/Ln]
oL lgj]bsn] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 lbOPsf]
y'gj' f k"hL{ ;+zf]wg ul/kfpFm egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntdf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf s}bL k"hL{ ;+zf]wg
gx'g] u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]zpk/ c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf lbPsf] lgj]bg sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf
/x]sf] x'Fbf pQm lgj]bgaf6 g} lgj]bsn] pkrf/
k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u, xftxltof/ v/vhfgf / st{Jo Hofg
tyf Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u cnucnu d'2f x'g\ . klxnf]

862

**#% :ofn eGg] ;+hLj nfdf lj=sf/fuf/ sfof{no l8NnLahf/ ;d]t

d'2fdf y'gfdf a;]sf] cjlwnfO{ kl5Nnf] d'2fdf

nfu]sf] s}bdf u0fgf ug{ ldNb}g . o;sf/0f lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .
@= ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
Pj+ ldl;n ;d]t cWoog u/L x]bf{ d]/f lj?4
rn]sf] Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf ldlt @)^&.&.@%
b]lv cg';Gwfgsf nflu y'gfdf /fvL pQm Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u d'2faf6 tfl/vdf 5'6\gf;fy lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf rn]sf] xftxltof/
v/vhfgf d'2fdf k]z u/L ;f] d'2fdf dfu ePsf]
w/f}6L ?=!,)),))). ltg{ g;sL y'gfdf /xL /x]sf]
cj:yfdf d]/f lj?4 st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{
pBf]u d'2f ;d]t sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf]
s'/f yfxf kfO{ sf/fuf/ sfof{no dfkm{t d'2fsf]
sf/jfxLdf ;dfj]z x'gkfpFm egL d}n] lbPsf]
lgj]bgcg';f/ dnfO{ sf/fuf/dfkm{t\ lemsfO{ ldlt
@)^&.!).% df y'g5]s cfb]z ePsf] / ldlt
@)^*.!).@# df ;f] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofgdfg]{
pBf]u d'2f km};nf x'Fbf dnfO{ ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b
x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf ePsf] 5 . d lgj]bs ldlt
@)^&.&.@% b]lv nuftf/ y'gfdf /x]sf] 5' . d}n]
Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u / xftxltof/ v/vhfgf d'2faf6
;kmfO kfO;s]sf] x'Fbf d k"k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf
a;]sf] ldlt @)^&.&.@% b]lv y'gfdf a;]sf] ldlt
sfod u/L y'gj' f k"hL{ lbg' kg]d{ f ldlt @)^*.!).%
b]lv k"kI{ fsf nflu y'gfdf a;]sf] ldlt sfod u/L
lbPsf] y'g'jf k"hL{sf sf/0f xfn km};nfn] nfu]sf]
s}b e'Qmfg eO{ ;Sbf klg y'gfdf g} al;/xg'
k/]sf] x'bF f aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= oL lgj]bspk/ ldlt @)^^.%.!% sf
lbg cledfg l;+x a:g]tnfO{ uf]nL k|xf/ u/L Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]usf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
d'2f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf / ;f]xL jf/bftdf
k|of]u ul/Psf] elgPsf] xftxltof/sf ;DaGwdf
xftxltof/ v/vhfgf d'2f, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
sf7df8f}d
+ f bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfntdf rn]sf] Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf ePsf]
863

y'g5]ssf] cfb]zcg';f/ oL lgj]bs ldlt @)^&.*.@@

df tf/]v
] df 5'6k] l5 ;f]xL lbg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
sf7df8f}dF f xftxltof/ v/vhfgf d'2fdf y'g5]ssf]
nflu k]z ul/Psf] / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
sf7df8f}a+ f6 ldlt @)^&.*.@# df ?=!,)),))).
w/f}6L dfu ePsf]df pQm dfu ePsf] w/f}6L a'emfpg
g;s]sf]n] lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg k7fOPsf] eGg]
s'/f Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf ldl;nxaf6
b]lvG5 .
$= o;} aLr oL lgj]bsnfO{ k|ltjfbL
sfod u/L sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf st{Jo
Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f bfo/ u/L ;f]
d'2fdf ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L ldlt
@)^*.!).@# df km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntd} rn]sf] csf]{ Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u d'2faf6 ldlt @)^*.!!.! df / lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{nodf rn]sf] xftxltof/ v/vhfgf
d'2faf6 ldlt @)^&.&.@% df ;kmfO kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] ;kmfO kfPsf] elgPsf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
/ xftxltof/ v/vhfgf d' 2 fsf] jf/bft
@)^^.%.!% ut]sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] s;"/bf/
7x/ ePsf] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
d'2fsf] jf/bft ldlt @)^^.!).^ ut]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L jf/bft ldlt g} km/s k/]sf]n] lgj]bs
cg';Gwfgsf nflu y'gfdf a;]sf] elgPsf] Hofg
dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f / w/f}6L a'emfpg g;sL k'k{Ifsf
nflu y'gfdf a;]sf] elgPsf] xftxltof/ v/vhfgf
d'2f;Fu lgj]bsnfO{ ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b x'g] 7xofO{
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] st{Jo
Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fsf aLrdf s'g}
tfbfDotf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g, tL d'2fx 5'f5'}
cl:tTjsf b]lvG5g\ .
%= cnucnu hfx]/L b/vf:t, cnu
cnu d'2f / cnucnu jf/bft /x]sf] cj:yfdf
To:tf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tyf ;hfo ;d]t cnu
cnu x'G5 . To:tf leGgf leGg} jf/bft ePsf
d'2fxdf ePsf] leGgf leGg} ;hfonfO{ Pp6} d'2fdf
ufEg] sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsf] / lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

To:tf] cfwf/x v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . lgj]bsn]

d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $! g+= sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yf Pp6} jf/bftsf ;DaGwdf dfq
nfu" x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] lgj]bssf] pQm lhsL/ k|:t't
d'2fdf ;fGble{s b]lvg cfPg .
^= s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf
-Personal Liberty_ ckx/0f gx'g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@@_ n] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq -Universal Declaration of
Human Rights_, !($* sf] wf/f # tyf g]kfn
kIf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/
;DaGwL cg'aGw -Inetrnational Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights_, !(^^ sf] wf/f ( nufotsf
cGt/fli6o ;lGwdxf;lGwsf b:tfj]hxn] ;d]t
JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o:t} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ n] JolQmsf] j}olQms
:jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g] u/L sfg"gljk/Lt s;}nfO{
y' g fdf /flvPdf To:tf] u} / sfg" g L y' g fsf
;DaGwdf o; cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg]
;+j}wflgs pkrf/ -Constitutional Remedy_ sf]
Joj:yf ;' l glZrt u/] s f] 5 . jf:tjdf
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] d"n dd{ g} s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ab\lgot /fvL k|j[t efjgfsf
;fy y'gfdf /flvPdf To:tf] y'gfsf] j}wtfsf]
k/LIf0f -Legality test_ ug'{ xf] .
&= k|:t't d'2fdf s] s'g sfg"gljk/Lt
u}/sfg"gL tj/n] lgj]bsnfO{ y'gfdf /flvPsf] eGg]
s'/fsf] 7f]; / :ki6 sfg"gL cfwf/ lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf
/ lgj]bstkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ax;sf]
qmddf b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . g t ldl;naf6
ab\lgot jf k|jQ
[ efjgfn] ljkIfLxn] y'gfdf
/fv]sf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
*= j]Unf j]Un} jf/bft eO{ rn]sf j]Unf
j]Un} d'2fdf cl3Nnf] d'2fdf k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf

a;]sf] cjlwnfO{ kl5Nnf] d'2fdf nfu]sf] s}b,

h/Ljfgf c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu u0fgf ug{
ldNg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bs
st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fdf
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt @)^&.!).% df
pkl:yt eO{ jofg u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f]xL ldltb]lv
dfq pQm st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
d'2fdf lghsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
Dofb yksf] qmddf jf cleof]u kq ;fy k]z
ul/Psf] cj:yfdf jfx]s cGo cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL
cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ aofg u/]kl5 dfq lgh
pk/ nfu]sf] d'2fdf lghsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] dfGg'
kb{5 . o;}n] st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
d'2fdf oL lgj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] ?kdf pkl:yt
eO{ aofg u/]sf] ldlt @)^&.!).% b]lv y'gfdf
a;]sf] ldlt u0fgf u/L s}b c;"n ug{' eGg]
Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L hf/L ul/Psf] y'g'jf k"hL{nfO{
cGoyf eGg ldn]g .
(= t;y{ lgj]bs xfn y'gfdf al;/x]sf]
st{Jo Hofg tyf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2f /
Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u tyf xftxltof/ v/vhfgf
d'2f a]Unfa]Un} jf/bftsf ePsf] / j]Unfj]Un}
jf/bft eO{ rn]sf j]Unfj]Un} d'2fdf cl3Nnf]
d'2fdf k'k{Ifsf nflu y'gfdf a;]sf] cjlwnfO{
kl5Nnf] d'2fdf nfu]sf] s}b c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgsf
nflu u0fgf ug{ sfg" g tM gldNg] ePsf] n ]
lgj]bsnfO{ u}/sfg"gL tj/n] y'gfdf /fv]sf]
eGg ldn]g . lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g
7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn h]7 * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M lszf]/ l3ld/]

l
864

**#^ k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

lg0f{o g+=**#^
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
@)^&-CR-)#*)
km};nf ldltM @)^(.$.@$.$
d'2fM st{Jo Hofg, h=s= pBf]u .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf df]/, a]njf/L ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= ( 3/ eO{ xfn
sf/fuf/ sfof{no df]/df y'gfdf /x]sf
k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gf
lj4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/
z' km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L e/tk|;fb clwsf/L
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L xl/axfb'/ a:g]t
df=Gof=>L 8Da/axfb'/ zfxL
kLl8tsf] klxn]bl] v s} ljleGg sfo{ jf
cleJolQmn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]z jf
pQ]hgfdf Nofpg] k[i7e"ld tof/ u/]sf]
x'g;Sg] eP klg kLl8tn] tTsfn pQ]hgf
l;h{gf ug]x{ b;Ddsf] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] x'gk' b{5,
h;sf] k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mnfO{
lgoGq0f ug{ g;s]sf] xf];\ . o;af6 kLl8tsf]
sfo{ (Provocative action) ljutb]lv x'bF }
cfPsf] (Cumilative) eP klg ;f]sf] clGtd
s8L tTsfn ePsf] x'gk' g]{ .
k|ltjfbLnfO{ pQ]hgfdf Nofpg] sfo{
kLl8tafx]ssf cGo JolQmsf] cfr/0f, sfo{
jf cleJolQmsf] cfwf/df ePsf] x'g gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
865

;fdfGotof kLl8tsf] pQ] h s sfo{

k|ltjfbLk|lt g} nlIft ePsf] x'gk' b{5 cyf{t\
k|ltjfbL To:tf] cfj]zdf cfpg] u/L
lghnfO{ g} nlIft u/L kLl8tn] s'g} sfo{
u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ .
ljz]if kl/l:yltdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg]
ckjfbsf] cfwf/df kLl8tsf] pQ]hs sfo{
k|ltjfbLk|lt g} nlIft ePsf] x'gk' g]{ eGg]
;fdfGo lgodsf] cg'lrt lj:tf/ ug'{
dgfl;a gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
pQ]hgfdf Nofpg] u/L ePsf] kLl8tsf]
sfo{ k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] dfgl;s lgoGq0f
u'dfpg] l:ylt pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] u/L pQ]hs
x'g' kb{5 . kLl8tsf] ;fdfGo sfo{ jf
egfO{sf] k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbL cfkm}F
cToflws pQ]hgfdf cfPdf p;nfO{
k|lt/Iff k|fKt x'g g;Sg] .
k|ltjfbLs} kl/j]z jf ;dfg cj:yf /
x}l;otsf] cGo ;fdfGo ;dem ePsf]
JolQm pQm cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL ;/x
pQ]lht x'GYof] eGg] s'/f j:t'ut kdf
:yflkt ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kb{5 . o;af6
kLl8tsf] pQ]hs sfo{ / k|ltjfbLsf]
pQ]hgfsf] aLrdf cg'kflts ;DaGw
(Proportional relationship) :yflkt
ePsf] b]lvg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
sfg" g adf] l hd u/] s f] sfo{ s f]
k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbL cfkm}F cToflws
pQ]hgf jf cfj]zdf cfO{ kLl8tnfO{ xflg
k'ofpF5 jf lghsf] Hofg hfg] s'g} sfo{
ub{5 eg] To:tf] k|ltjfbLnfO{ cToflws
cfj]zsf] k|lt/Iff k|fKt x'g g;Sg] .
csf] sfg"gL xssf] ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo
;a}n] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ :jfefljs sfg"gL ck]Iff
x'g] ePsfn] cfk"mnfO{ lrQ ga'g] sfo{
u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq sfg"gL sfo{sf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

k|ltlqmof:jk ePsf] cToflws cfj]znfO{

k|lt/Iffsf] cfwf/ dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
pQ]hs sfo{ / o;sf] k|ltlqmofTds sfo{sf]
aLrdf cGt/fn ePdf ;f] cGt/fnn]
k|ltjfbLdf cfPsf] cfj]z zfGt u/fpg]
(Cooling-off) jf dg;fo tTjsf] l;h{gf
ug]{ (Creation of Intention) ;do k|bfg
ug]{ x'gfn] o:tf] cGt/fnkl5 klg k|ltjfbLn]
kLl8tdfly cfqmd0f u/]df p;sf] o:tf]
cfqmds sfo{nfO{ cfj]zk|l/t sfo{sf]
kdf lng g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
kLl8tsf] pQ] h s sfo{ s f] tTsfn
k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbLn] cfkm}p
F k/sf]
lgoGq0f k"0f{kdf u'dfO{ s'g} sfo{ ubf{
kLl8tsf] Hofg dg{ uPsf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLn] cfj]zsf] lhsL/ lng;Sg] /
cf+lzs k|lt/Iffsf] ;'ljwf kfpg;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
d[tsn] cfgf] sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|of]u
u/L s/0fLsf] nflu ;xdlt glbg' g} oL
k|ltjfbLn] cfkm" pk/sf] lgoGq0f k"0f{tM
u' d fpg] u/L cfj] z df cfpg ;Sg]
cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug]{ cfwf/ aGg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
st{Jo Hofgsf] ck/fw sfod x'gsf] nflu
;a} cj:yfdf k"j{ l/;OjL, k"jd
{ g;fo jf
k"jo{ f]hgf cfjZos kb{5 eGg] x'bF g} .
cfk/flws sfo{ ljleGg s8Lx
(Segments) sf] kdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf
s'g} s8Ldf cfk/flws dg;fosf] pkl:ylt
ePdf ck/fw sfod x'gsf] nflu ;f]
cfk/flws dg;fo kof{Kt x'g] .
dfg]{ dg;fo slt ;doleq aGg' kb{5
eg]/ s'g} klg ;Ldfdf afFWg ;lsg] s'/f
xf]Og . of] dfgl;s cj:yf w]/} klxn]bl] v
/x]sf] xf];\ jf tTsfn pTkGg ePsf] xf];\

o;n] cfk/flws sfo{nfO{ dg;fok"js

{
ul/Psf] :yflkt u/fO{ ;DkGg ck/fwsf]
k|sl[ tnfO{ s'g} k|efj kfg{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf
nLnfdl0f kf}8n
]
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= / !#-#_, !$ g+=
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !, %, * g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)^^.!!.% sf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
cg'xf/df kfgL, afn'jf / lxnf] nfu]sf],
skfn kfgLn] leh]sf], v'6f[ v'lDrPsf], gfsaf6
lkmFh lgl:sPsf], 3fF6Ldf s;]sf] 8fd ePsf], lha|f]
6f]sL bfFt b]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn
tyf nf;hfFr d'rN' sf .
ldlt @)^$.*.!) ut] d]/L sfsL jif{ @(
ls dLgf ljZjsdf{ ;fdfg v/Lb ug{ a]njf/L ahf/
cfPsLdf ;fFem;Dd klg gkms]s
{ f]n] vf]htnf;
ug]{ qmddf ldlt @)^$.*.!! ut] laxfg a]njf/L
( l:yt k}gLdf d[t cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sL / lghnfO{
k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gfn] l/S;fdf xfnL 3/tkm{ NofpFbf
36gf:yndf lghn] d[tsnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL
ug]{ k|of; ubf{ sfsLn] c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 st{Jo
u/L df/]sf] a'lemPsf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbL k"0f{axfb'/
ltlD;gfnfO{ kqmfp u/L cfjZos sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf gL/axfb'/
ljZjsdf{sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
d[ts dftL ;fOsn rnfpg g;Sg] ePsf]
/ lghn] dnfO{ 3/;Dd k'ofO{ lbg' eg]sfn] l/S;fdf

866

**#^ k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

xfnL 3/tkm{ Nofpg] qmddf af6f]df lgh;Fu

of}glqm8f ug]{ ;xdlt eO{ 36gf:yndf k'uL ;Def]u
ug{ vf]Hbf OGsf/ u/L d]/f] bfh'n] tFnfO{ 6'qmf6'qmf
kf/L lbG5 eg]sLn] of}g Kof; d]6fpg gkfPsf]
l/;df lghnfO{ pQfgf] kf/L n8fO{ afofF xftn]
pQfgf] cj:yfdf skfndf ;dftL bfofF xftn]
3fF6Ldf lyrL df/L k|f0f clGtd ePkl5 lghn]
cf]9s
] f] ;nn] 3fF6Ldf afFwL 3f]K6f] agfO{ v'fn]
6fpsf] lyrL xTof u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL bLk] eGg] k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gfn] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
"Cause of death could be as certained
after biochemical report" eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

d[tssf] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .

"The Sample no. 1-2 have shown
negative tests for above mentioned insecticides,
fungicide, herbicide, alcohol, fumigant and rat
poison" eGg] n]lvPsf] d[tssf] s]Gb|Lo k|x/L

j}1flgs k|of]uzfnfsf] k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .

c+uh
]| Ldf "ROVER CYCLES" n]lvPsf],
afFofkL kfO8n gePsf], l;6 RofltPsf] /ftf] /+usf]
n]l8h ;fOsn yfg!, sfnf] /+usf] t'gfh:tf] lkmQf
ePsf] ;]tf] l3p sn/sf] /+u ePsf] afofF v'fdf
nfpg] ;]G8n yfg! ;d]t a/fdb ePsf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a/fdbL d'rN' sf .
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] sf/0fn] ;f] 36gf
36]sf] x'gk' 5{ . k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L
df/]sf] s'/f ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
36gf ljj/0f sfuh n]vfO{ lbg] dflg;x nIdL
ltlD;gf / gL/f ljZjsdf{ ;d]tn] cg';Gwfg
clws[t;dIf ul/lbPsf] sfuh .
;+nUg ljZn]lift cfwf/ k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL
bLk] eGg] k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gfn] hf]x/jfnfsL
sfsLnfO{ 3/ k'ofO{ lbg] jxfgf agfO{ s/0fL ug]{
p2]Zon] l/S;f r9fO{ 36gf:yn;Dd nuL d[ts;Fu
s/0fL ug{ dfUbf glbPkl5 d[tssf] 3fF6L bjfO{
k}gLsf] kfgLdf 8'afO{ 3Ff6L lyrL d[tss} ;nn]
3Ff6Ldf kf;f] afFwL st{Jo u/L dfl/Psf] b]lvPsf]
x'bF f k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] sfo{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !
867

g+= / !#-#_ g+= tyf hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] % g+=

alv{nfksf] s;"/ x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL s;"/df
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= / hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] % g+= adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u dfu bfjL .
ldlt @)^$.*.!) ut] a]ns
' f d[tsnfO{
l/S;fdf r9fO{ lnO{ cfPsf], of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] s'/f
ubf{ lghn] :jLsf/]sLdf 36gf:yn a]njf/Lsf]
h+undf k'ofO{ s/0fL ug{ dfUbf glbO{ OGsf/ u/L
bfh'nfO{ egL 6'qmf6'qmf kf/LlbG5' eg]sfn] l/;n]
cfj]zdf cfO{ lghnfO{ 3Ff6L lyrL ;nn] 3Ff6Ldf
s;L df/L cfkm}F 3/ uPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL bLk] eGg] k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gfsf] cbfntdf
ePsf] aofg .
k|ltjfbLn] ;fIfL /fv]sf] gx'bF f jfbL kIfsf
;fIfL a'em\g' egL cfb]z eO{ askqsf nflu kqfrf/
ePsf]df jfbLsf ;fIfL pkl:yt eO{ askq u/]sf]
gb]lvPsf] .
hj/\h:tL s/0fL pBf]utkm{sf] 5'} ;hfodf
cleof]u dfu bfjL k'Ug g;sL k|ltjfbL k"0f{axfb'/
lglD;gfn] d[tsnfO{ Hofg;DaGwLsf] ! g+= / !#-#_
g+= adf]lhd st{Jo u/L Hofg df/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f]
7xgf{n] k|ltjfbL k"0f{ axfb'/ ltlD;gfnfO{ pQm P]gs}
pQm dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j;lxt
hGds}b x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z' df]/
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.@.!( sf] km};nf .
d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ dg;fo klg g/x]sf], Hofg
lng'kg];{ Ddsf] OjL klg g/x]sf], tTsfn p7]sf] l/;af6
cfj]zdf cfO{ cfkm"nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;sL x'g uPsf]
s;"/df ;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/fO{
z' cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf k'glj{rf/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
k|ltjfbLn] tTsfn p7]sf] l/;af6 st{Jo
u/]sf] eGg] geO{ s/0fL h:tf] ck/fw ug{ p2t eO{
;f] sfo{ ug{ gkfPsf] l/;n] df/]sf] x'F egL aofg
u/]af6 d'ns
' L P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= sf]
cj:yf dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf gePsf] / d[tsnfO{
df/]sf] af/]df clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L / cbfntdf
;d]t ;fljt eO{ aofg u/]af6 z' df]/ lhNnf

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

cbfntn] k|ltjfbL k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gfnfO{ Hofg

;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= sf] s;"/df P]= sf] !#-#_ g+=
adf]lhd ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.@.!( sf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^^.!!.% sf] km};nf .
d}n] cfgf] l/S;fdf ;fO{sn / lgh
d[tsnfO{ /fvL hfFb} ubf{ af6f]df b'j}hgfaLr
of}g ;Dks{ kg]{ s'/f ub}{ hfFbf lghn] :jLsf/
u/]sLn] tLgk}gL eGg] 7fpFdf k'Ubf lgh l/S;faf6
cf]n{g g;s]sLn] d}n] l/S;faf6 cf]/fnL lgh;Fu
of}g ;Dks{ ug{ dfUbf ;d]t k'gM :jLsf/ u/]sf]
cj:yf lyof] . d} n ] af] s ] / h+ u ndf nuL
k"j{;xdltcg';f/ of}g ;Dks{ ug{ vf]Hbf lghn]
crfgs c:jLsf/ u/L bfh'nfO{ egL d]/f] Hofg}
df/L 6'qmf6'qmf kfl/lbg] egL wDsL lbg yfn]sf]n]
k"j{;xdltljk/Ltsf] Jojxf/ b]vfpFbf d}n] cfgf]
;d]t Hofg} hf]lvddf kg]{ eof] eGg] 7fgL tTsfn
s]xL ;f]Rg g;sL crfgs p7]sf] l/;sf sf/0f
u/]sf] st{Joaf6 lghsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] ;To
;fFrf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L aofg u/L cg';Gwfg
tyf Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{df k"0f{ ;xof]u u/]sf]
xf] . d}n] d[tsnfO{ s/0fL ug]{ p2]Zon] em'SofO{
kmsfO{ km'NofO{ lnP/ uPsf] xf]Og . lghsf] Hofg}
dfg]{ p2]Zo ;d]t d]/f] lyPg . lgh cToflws
dlb/f ;]jgsf sf/0f gzfn] u|:t /x]sL / cw{rt]
cj:yfsL eO{ cfkm" 3/ hfg g;Sg] ePsf]n] cfkm"
/ cfgf] ;fOsn ;d]t 3/ k'ofOlbg cg'/f]w
u/]adf]lhd d}n] cfgf] l/S;fdf lghnfO{ /fvL
lnP/ uPsf] cj:yf xf] . af6f]df 3/tkm{ hfg]
qmddf xfdL b'js
} f] cfk;L ;xdlt d~h"/Ladf]lhd
d}n] lgh;Fu of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] k|of; ubf{
k"j{;xdltljk/Lt crfgs d lj4 k|ltzf]wk"0f{
Jojxf/ u/]sf sf/0f cfj]zdf cfO{ tTsfn s]xL
;f]Rg g;sL lghsf] 3fF6L lyRbf d[To' ePsf]
s'/f;Dd ;To ;fFrf] xf] . xfdLaLr cfk;L
;xdltdf s/0fL lng'lbg' ug'{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
kl/efiffleq kg]{ xf]Og . d]/f] d[tsnfO{ Hofg}
dfg] { ; Ddsf] dg;fo klg g/x] s f] , Hofg

lng'kg];
{ Ddsf OjL klg g/x]sf] cj:yfdf d[tsn]
bfh'nfO{ af]nfP/ 6'qmf6'qmf kfg{ nufpg] elglbPsf]
wDsLsf sf/0f tTsfn p7]sf] l/;af6 cfj]zdf
cfO{ cfkm"nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;sL x'g uPsf]
s;"/nfO{ ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b ug{ gldNg] Joj:yf
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= n] :ki6 kdf u/]sf]
cj:yf x'Fbf Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L dnfO{
xb};Dd ul/Psf] ;hfo k'glj{rf/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
>L nLnfdl0f kf}8]nn] oL k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{
dg;fok"j{s df/]sf] cj:yf 5}g . oL k|ltjfbL
l/S;f rfns ePsf] / d[ts dfbskbfy{ ;]jg
u/L lxF8\g g;Sg] cj:yfdf ePsf]n] d[tsn]
cfkm"nfO{ 3/;Dd k'ofOlbg cg'/f]w u/]kl5 lgh
/ lghsf] ;fOsn ;d]t l/S;fdf /fvL a]njf/L
ahf/af6 3/tkm{ nfFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbL
/ d[tsaLr of}glqmofsf] af/]df s'/fsfgL ePsf]
/ k/:k/df s/0fL ug]{ ;xdlt ;d]t ePkl5 oL
k|ltjfbLn] tLgk}gL eGg] :yfgdf l/S;f /f]sL
d[ t snfO{ l/S;faf6 ptf/L h+ u ntkm{ nuL
;xdltadf]lhd s/0fL ug{ vf]Hbf d[tsn] crfgs
OGsf/ u/L ;xdltljk/Lt bfh'nfO{ af]nfP/ ef]ln
6'qmf6'qmf kf/L dfg{] wDsL lbPkl5 oL k|ltjfbL
cfj]zdf cfPsf] / ;f]xL cfj]zsf] cj:yfdf lghn]
d[tssf] 3fF6L lyRbf lghsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yf
5 . oL k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf tyf
cbfntdf ;d]t ;f]xL Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L aofg
u/]sf]n] lghn] d[tsnfO{ k"j{of]hgf jf l/;OjLsf]
cfwf/df dg;fok"js
{ xTof u/]sf] k'li6 x'g g;Sg]
cj:yf 5 . ;xdltljk/Ltsf] d[tssf] sfo{af6
oL k|ltjfbL cToflws cfj]zdf cfPsf] sf/0fn]
lghn] cfk"mpk/sf] lgoGq0f u'dfO{ u/]sf] sfo{af6
d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lghnfO{
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo
ug'k{ g]d
{ f z' / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] pQm dxnsf]
!#-#_ g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] ;hfo q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf

868

**#^ k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfO{ 5nkmn u/L k'g/fj]bsnfO{

lghn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !$
g+= adf]lhd dfq ;hfo x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax;
lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k| : t' t d' 2 fsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
k'g/fj]bstkm{sf ljfg clwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]
ax; lhsL/ ;'gL ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt @)^^.!!.% df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5, 5}g / k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf],
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^$.*.!) ut]
dLgf ljZjsdf{ ;fdfg v/Lb ug{ a]njf/L ahf/
cfPsLdf ;fFem;Dd klg gkms]s
{ Ln] vf]htnfz ubf{
ldlt @)^$.*.!! ut] laxfg a]njf/L( l:yt k}gLdf
d[t cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sL / lghnfO{ k"0f{axfb'/
ltlD;gfn] l/S;fdf xfnL 3/tkm{ NofpFbf 36gf:yndf
lghn] d[tsnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL ug]{ k|of; ubf{
sfsLn] c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 st{Jo u/L df/]sf] a'lemPsf]
x'bF f k|ltjfbL k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gfnfO{ sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tcg';f/ k|:t't
d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg sf/jfxL k|f/De ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLsf] aofg ;d]tsf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf tof/
ePsf sfuh k|df0fsf] cfwf/df oL k|ltjfbLpk/
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= / !#-#_ g+= tyf hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] % g+= alv{nfksf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
lghnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= / hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] % g+= adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfu bfjL u/L
cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cg'xf/df kfgL, afn'jf / lxnf] nfu]sf],
skfn kfgLn] leh]sf], v'6f[ v'lDrPsf], gfsaf6
lkmFh lgl:sPsf], 3fF6Ldf s;]sf] 8fd ePsf], lha|f]
6f]sL bfFt b]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn
tyf nf;hfFr d'rN' sf, hfx]/Ldf plNnlvt Joxf]/f
tyf oL k|ltjfbLsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf tyf
cbfnt;dIf ePsf] aofg ;d]taf6 d[tssf]
st{Jok"js
{ d[To' ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
cleof]hg kIfsf] dfu bfjLadf]lhd oL
k|ltjfbLsf] st{Joaf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] xf],
xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ;L:ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLn]
869

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf jofg ubf{ d[ts dftL

;fOsn rnfpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] / lghn]
dnfO{ 3/;Dd k'ofO{ lbg' eg]sfn] l/S;fdf xfnL
3/tkm{ NofpFbf af6f]df lgh;Fu of}glqm8f ug]{ ;xdlt
eO{ 36gf:yndf k'uL ;Def]u ug{ vf]Hbf OGsf/
u/L d]/f] bfh'n] tFnfO{ 6'qmf6'qmf kf/L lbG5 eg]sLn]
of}g Kof; d]6fpg gkfPsf] l/;df lghnfO{ pQfgf]
kf/L n8fO{ xftn] 3fF6Ldf lyrL df/]sf] egL s;"/
:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cbfntdf ePsf] aofgdf
;d]t lghn] ;f]xL Joxf]/f :jLsf/ u/L cfk"mn]
d[tssf] xTof u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . lghsf] pQm ;fljt syg hfx]/Ldf
plNnlvt Joxf]/f / d[tssf] nf;hfFr k|s[lt
d'rN' sfaf6 ;d]t ;dly{t eO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
o;af6 d[tssf] d[To' oL k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{sf]
kl/0f:jk ePsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFbg} .
oL k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfntdf u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bgkq tyf lghsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLn]
cfgf] ax; lhsL/df oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og .
k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+=
cGtu{tsf] cfj]zk|l] /t sfo{ ePsfn] ;f]xL g+= adf]lhd
;hfo x'gk' g]{ eGg] lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] lhsL/sf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ s] s:tf] cj:yfdf d'ns
' L P]g,
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
cfslif{t x'G5 jf cfj]zk|l] /t xTofsf] jf/bft x'G5
egL ljZn]if0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfof] .
dflg;sf] Hofg dg]{ u/L ePsf] cfk/flws
36gf 36]sf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL cToflws cfj]zsf]
cj:yfdf eO{ cfk"mpk/sf] lgoGq0f k"0f{ kn]
u'dfO{ s'g} sfo{ ub{5 / ;f] sfo{sf] kl/0ffd:jk
kLl8tsf] Hofg dg{ hfG5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLn] sd ;hfosf] nflu cf+lzs k|lt/Iff
(Partial defense) sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sb5 .
Hofg;DaGwL ck/fw ;fk]lIfs ck/fw (Relative
crime) eP klg dflg;sf] Hofg dg{ hfg] o:tf]
sfo{ d f dg;fo tTj (Mens rea) sf] k" 0 f{
cg'kl:yltdf klg ;fk]lIfs ck/fwsf] ckjfbsf]
kdf o:tf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gn] b08gLo agfP klg

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

dg;fok|]l/t xTofeGbf sd ;hfo x'g] xTofsf]

>]0fLdf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cToflws
cfj]zsf] cj:yfdf 36gf 36\g hfFbf dflg;sf]
d[To' ePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yfdf ;f]
36gf 36]sf] ;dodf To:tf] 36gf 36\g;Sg]
kl/l:ylt lyof] ls lyPg egL x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .
Hofg;DaGwL d'2fxdf cf+lzs k|lt/Iffsf] kdf
cfj]zk|]l/t xTof (Provocational homicide)
ePsf]n] sd ;hfo x'g' kb{5 egL k|ltjfbLn]
lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] lhsL/
:jLsf/of]Uo 5, 5}g eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu
jf/bftsf] ;dodf lgDg kl/l:yltsf] ljBdfgtf
lyof] ls lyPg egL ljZn]if0f u/]/ x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5M
-s_ kLl8tn] u/]sf] s'g} sfo{ jf JoQm u/]sf] s'g}
s'/faf6 k|ltjfbL :j:k"mt{ Pjd\ :jfefljs
kdf pQ]lht ePsf] jf cfj]zdf cfPsf]
lyof], lyPg <
-v_ k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]zdf Nofpg] u/L ePsf]
kLl8tsf] sfo{ (Provocative action)
k|ltjfbLk|lt g} nlIft lyof], lyPg <
-u_ kLl8tsf] cfr/0f, lghn] u/]sf] s'g} sfo{ jf
JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f k|ltjfbLnfO{ :jfefljs
kdf cToflws pQ]lht kfg{ ;Sg] vfnsf]
lyof] ls lyPg jf kLl8tsf] lqmofsnfkaf6
k|ltjfbLsf] h:t} cj:yfsf] jf ;dfg
kl/j]zsf] ;fdfGo ;'ema'em ePsf] dflg;
;d]t pQ]lht x'g ;SYof], ;Sb}gYof] <
-3_ k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]zdf Nofpg] u/L ePsf]
kLl8tsf] sfo{ lghn] sfg"gadf]lhd ug{ kfpg]
xf], xf]Og <
-_ k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]zdf Nofpg] kLl8tsf] sfo{
/ k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tdfly u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf]
aLrdf ;dosf] cGt/fn (Interval of time)
slt 5 jf cfj]z ;dfKt x'g] ;do (Coolingoff-time) JotLt ePsf] lyof], lyPg <
@= plNnlvt k|ZgxdWo] k|ltjfbL kLl8tn]
u/]sf] s'g} sfo{ jf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/faf6

:j:k"mt{kdf pQ]lht ePsf] jf cfj]zdf cfPsf]

lyof], lyPg eGg] klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ k|ltjfbLsf] cfj]z jf pQ]hgf kLl8tsf] pQ]hs
sfo{ jf cleJolQmsf] k|ltlqmof:jk tTsfn pTkGg
ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . kLl8tsf] klxn]bl] v s} ljleGg
sfo{ jf cleJolQmn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]z jf
pQ]hgfdf Nofpg] k[i7e"ld tof/ u/]sf] x'g;Sg]
eP klg kLl8tn] tTsfn pQ] h gf l;h{ g f
ug]x{ b;Ddsf] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] x'gk' b{5, h;sf]
k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
g;s]sf] xf];\ . o;af6 kLl8tsf] sfo{ (Provocative
action) ljutb]lv x'b
F } cfPsf] (Cumilative) eP klg
;f]sf] clGtd s8L tTsfn ePsf] x'gk' b{5 . o;}
u/L o:tf] k|ltjfbLnfO{ pQ]hgfdf Nofpg] sfo{
kLl8tafx]ssf cGo JolQmsf] cfr/0f, sfo{ jf
cleJolQmsf] cfwf/df ePsf] x'gx' bF' g} .
#= k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]zdf Nofpg] u/L ePsf]
kLl8tsf] sfo{ (Provocative action) k|ltjfbLk|lt g}
nlIft lyof], lyPg eGg] bf];f| ] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df
ljrf/ ubf{ ;fdfGotof o:tf] kLl8tsf] pQ]hs
sfo{ k|ltjfbLk|lt g} nlIft ePsf] x'gk' b{5 cyf{t\
k|ltjfbL To:tf] cfj]zdf cfpg] u/L lghnfO{ g}
nlIft u/L kLl8tn] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] x'gk' b{5 . t/
of] ;fdfGo lgodsf] s]xL lj:tf/ x'g;Sb5 .
nf] U g] : jf:gL jf cToGt lgs6 kl/jfl/s
;DaGwleqsf JolQmxsf] aLrdf sltko
kl/l:ytdf PsJolQmk|lt nlIft sfo{n] csf]{ JolQm
:jfefljs kdf pQ]lht x'g;Sg] x'G5 . ckjfbsf]
kdf o:tf] kl/l:yltdf ePsf] pQ]hgfnfO{ klg
:jfefljs pQ]hgf jf cfj]z egL dfGg' kg]{
x'g;Sb5 . t/, of] ljz]if kl/l:yltdf :jLsf/ ug{
;lsg] ckjfbsf] cfwf/df kLl8tsf] pQ]hs sfo{
k|ltjfbLk|lt g} nlIft ePsf] x'gk' g]{ eGg] ;fdfGo
lgodsf] cg'lrt lj:tf/ ug'{ dgfl;a x'bF g} .
$= kLl8tsf] cfr/0f, lghn] u/]sf] s'g}
sfo{ jf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f k|ltjfbLnfO{ :jfefljs
kdf cToflws pQ]lht kfg{;Sg] vfnsf] lyof] ls
lyPg jf kLl8tsf] lqmofsnfkaf6 k|ltjfbLsf] h:t}
cj:yfsf] jf ;dfg kl/j]zsf] ;fdfGo ;'ema'em

870

**#^ k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/

ePsf] dflg; ;d]t pQ]lht x'g ;SYof], ;Sb}gYof]

eGg] t];f| ] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLnfO{
pQ]hgfdf Nofpg] u/L ePsf] kLl8tsf] sfo{
k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] dfgl;s lgoGq0f u'dfpg] l:ylt
pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] u/L pQ]hs x'g' kb{5 . kLl8tsf]
;fdfGo sfo{ jf egfO{sf] k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbL
cfkm}F cToflws pQ]hgfdf cfPdf p;nfO{ k|lt/Iff
k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . k|ltjfbLs} kl/j]z jf ;dfg
cj:yf / x}l;otsf] cGo ;fdfGo ;dem ePsf]
JolQm pQm cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL ;/x pQ]lht x'GYof]
eGg] s'/f j:t'ut kdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsg] x'gk' b{5 .
o;af6 kLl8tsf] pQ]hs sfo{ / k|ltjfbLsf]
pQ]hgfsf] aLrdf cg'kflts ;DaGw (Proportional
relationship) :yflkt ePsf] b]lvg' kb{5 .
%= k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]zdf Nofpg] u/L ePsf]
kLl8tsf] sfo{ lghn] sfg"gadf]lhd ug{ kfpg] sfo{
xf], xf]Og eGg] rf}yf] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{
kLl8tn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] xs
clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df JoQm u/]sf] s'g}
s'/f jf Jojxf/ jf kLl8tnfO{ s'g} sfg"gn] k|lt/Iffsf]
nflu k|bfg u/]sf] ljif]z ;'ljwf h:tf sfg"gL
clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df sfg"gadf]lhd u/]sf]
sfo{sf] k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbL cfkm}F cToflws
pQ]hgf jf cfj]zdf cfO{ kLl8tnfO{ xflg k'ofpF5
jf lghsf] Hofg hfg] s'g} sfo{ ub{5 eg] To:tf]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cToflws cfj]zsf] k|lt/Iff k|fKt x'g
;Sb}g . csf] sfg"gL xssf] ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo
;a}n] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ :jfefljs sfg"gL ck]Iff x'g] ePsfn]
cfk"mnfO{ lrQ ga'g] sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq
sfg"gL sfo{sf] k|ltlqmof:jk ePsf] cToflws
cfj]znfO{ k|lt/Iffsf] cfwf/ dfGg ;lsFbg} .
^= k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfj]zdf Nofpg] kLl8tsf]
sfo{ / k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tdfly u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf]
aLrdf ;dosf] cGt/fn (Interval of time) slt 5
jf cfj]z ;dfKt x'g] ;do (Cooling-off-time) JotLt
ePsf] lyof], lyPg eGg] kfrf}F k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLaf6 cToflws cfj]zdf ePsf]
kLl8tdflysf] cfqmd0f kLl8tsf] pQ]hs sfo{sf]
tTsfn k|ltlqmof:jk ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . olb pQ]hs
871

sfo{ / o;sf] k|ltlqmofTds sfo{sf] aLrdf cGt/fn

ePdf ;f] cGt/fnn] k|ltjfbLdf cfPsf] cfj]z zfGt
u/fpg] (Cooling-off) jf dg;fo tTjsf] l;h{gf
ug]{ (Creation of Intention) ;do k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn]
o:tf] cGt/fnkl5 klg k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tdfly cfqmd0f
u/]df p;sf] o:tf] cfqmds sfo{nfO{ cfj]zk|l/t
sfo{sf] kdf lng ;lsFbg} .
&= plNnlvt k| Z gxdf ljj] r gf
ul/Padf]lhd kLl8tsf] pQ]hs sfo{sf] tTsfn
k|ltlqmof:jk k|ltjfbLn] cfkm}p
F k/sf] lgoGq0f
k"0f{kdf u'dfO{ s'g} sfo{ ubf{ kLl8tsf] Hofg dg{
uPsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] cfj]zsf] lhsL/ lng;Sg]
/ cf+lzs k|lt/Iffsf] ;'ljwf kfpg;Sg] b]lvG5 .
*= cfj]zk|l] /t xTof ;DaGwdf d'ns
' L P]g,
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= df Hofg dfgf{sf]
dg;fo /x]g5, Hofg lng' kg];
{ Ddsf] Olj klg
/x]g5, n'sL rf]/Lsg xfg]sf] klg /x]g5\ p;} df}sfdf
p7]sf] s'g} s'/fdf /L; yfDg g;sL hf]lvdL xltof/n]
xfg]sf] jf ljif v'jfPsf]df afx]s ;fwf/0f nf7f,
9'uF f, nft d'Ssf OToflb xfGbf ;f]xL rf]6 kL/n]
P]gsf Dofb leq Hofg d/]df bz jif{ s}b ug'k{ 5{
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] cfj]zk"0f{ l:ylt eP klg ljifsf] k|of]u
jf hf]lvdL xltof/sf] k|of]unfO{ 36gfsf] cfj]zk"0f{
kl/l:yltsf] nflu jlh{t u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6
cToflws cfj]zsf] cj:yfdf hf]lvdL xltof/sf]
k|of]un] dflg; dg{ uPdf To:tf] sfo{ dg;fok|l] /t
xTof x'g] ljBflosL dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
(= k|:t't d'2fdf oL k|ltjfbLn] dfbs kbfy{
;]jg u/]sL d[tsnfO{ cfgf] l/S;fdf r9fO{ a]naf/L
ahf/af6 3/tkm{ nu]sf] / 3/tkm{ hfg] qmddf lgh;Fu
of}glqmofsf af/]df s'/f u/L s/0fLsf] nflu lgh
;xdt ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
;f]xL ;xdltadf]lhd oL k|ltjfbLn] dfbs kbfy{
;]jg u/]sL d[tsnfO{ s/0fLsf] nflu cfkm"n] rnfPsf]
l/S;faf6 ptf/]/ h+untkm{ nu]sf] / ;f] cj:yfdf
d[tsn] s/0fLsf] nflu ;xdlt lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] /
lghnfO{ ef]ln dfg{] egL wDsL lbPsf]n] oL k|ltjfbL
cfj]zdf cfO{ 3fF6L lyr]sf] eGg] b]lvFg cfpF5 .

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, ebf}

!)= oL k|ltjfbLpk/ d[tsn] tTsfn s'g}

hf]lvd k}bf u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} . s/0fLsf
nflu ;xdlt lbg' jf glbg' d[tssf] :jtGq O{R5fsf]
ljifo ePsf] / klxn] ;xdlt lbPsf] eGg] cfwf/df
s/0fL ug{sf] nflu oL k|ltjfbLdf O{R5f ePsf]
;dodf d[tsn] ;xdlt lbg'kg]{ eGg] klg x'bF g} .
k|:t't d'2fdf d[ts dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L cw{rt]
cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] lghn] cfgf] l/S;fdf /fvL 3/tkm{
nu]sf] eGg] k|ltjfbLs} aofgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . lghn]
klxn] s/0fLsf nflu ;xdlt lbFbf lgh k"0f{ xf];df
g/x]sf] x'g;Sg] cj:yf ;d]t k|:t't d'2fdf
ljrf/0fLo 5 . ;xdltsf] cefjdf ul/g] s/0fLnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= n] b08gLo
ck/fwsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . oL k|ltjfbLn]
d[tssf] ;xdlt gx'bF f hj/\h:tL s/0fL ug{ vf]Hg'
g} :jod\df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ck/fw x'g]
cj:yfdf s/0fL ug{ glbPsf] eGg] cfwf/df cfk"m
cToflws cfj]zdf cfPsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] ts{
/x]sf] 5 . s/0fLsf] nflu ;xdlt lbg] jf glbg]
d[tssf] O{R5fdf lge{/ /xg] / d[tssf] ;xdlt
gePsf] cj:yfdf lghpk/ hj/\h:tL s/0fL x'g]
cj:yf ePdf ;f]af6 aRg lghn] s]xL ubf{ h'nd' Lsf]
dg{ uPsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t lghnfO{ j}w k|lt/Iff
k|fKt x'g] hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] * g+= sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] cj:yfdf d[tsn] cfgf] sfg"gL
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L s/0fLsf] nflu ;xdlt glbg'
g} oL k|ltjfbLn] cfkm" pk/sf] lgoGq0f k"0f{tM u'dfpg]
u/L cfj]zdf cfpg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug]{
cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm dfbs kbfy{
;]jg u/]sL d[tsn] oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ cToflws
pQ]hgfdf Nofpg] u/L cGo s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ /x]sf] 5}g / ;f] cj:yf ldl;naf6
;d]t b]lvg cfpFbg} . o;af6 d[tsnfO{ lghsf]
OR5fljk/Lt k|rlnt sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{
hj/\h:tL s/0fL ug{ gkfPsf]n] cToflws cfj]zdf
cfPsf] eGg] k|ltjfbL tyf lghsf sfg"g Joj;foLsf]
lhsL/nfO{ :jLsf/of]Uo dfGg ;lsPg .
!!= oL k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ dfg'{ kg]{
dg;fo, k"jo{ f]hgf / k"jl{ /;OjL gePsf]n] st{Jo

Hofgsf] jf/bft gePsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]

b]lvG5 . oL k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{cg';f/ lghn]
d[tsnfO{ ahf/af6 3/tkm{ l/S;fdf nfFb} u/]sf]
cj:yfdf s/0fLsf] nflu ;xdlt ePsf] t/
jf/bft:yndf lghn] s/0fLsf] nflu OGsf/ u/]sf]n]
cfj]zdf cfO{ lghsf] 3F6L lyrL df/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
st{Jo Hofgsf] ck/fw sfod x'gsf] nflu ;a}
cj:yfdf k"jl{ /;OjL, k"jd
{ g;fo jf k"jo{ f]hgf
cfjZos kb{5 eGg] x'bF g} . cfk/flws sfo{ ljleGg
s8Lx (Segments) sf] kdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf
s'g} s8Ldf cfk/flws dg;fosf] pkl:ylt ePdf
ck/fw sfod x'gsf] nflu ;f] cfk/flws dg;fo
kof{Kt x'G5 . dfg]{ dg;fo slt ;doleq aGg'
kb{5 eg]/ s'g} klg ;Ldfdf afFWg ;lsg] s'/f
xf]Og . of] dfgl;s cj:yf w]/} klxn]bl] v /x]sf]
xf];\ jf tTsfn pTkGg ePsf] xf];\ o;n] cfk/flws
sfo{nfO{ dg;fok"js
{ ul/Psf] :yflkt u/fO{ ;DkGg
ck/fwsf] k|sl[ tnfO{ s'g} k|efj kfg{ ;Sb}g . oL
k|ltjfbLdf d[tsn] s/0fLsf] nflu ;xdlt lbg
OGsf/ u/]kl5 lghdf d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ dg;fo pTkGg
ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ lghsf] sfo{nfO{
dg;fok|l] /t sfo{ g} dfGg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . o;af6
oL k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ dg;fok"j{s df/]sf]
z+sf/lxt tj/n] k'li6 x'g cfof] .
!@= t;y{, plNnlvt ljj]lrt cfwf/ /
sf/0faf6 oL k|ltjfbL k"0f{axfb'/ ltlD;gfn] d[tsnfO{
dg;fok"js
{ df/]sf] z+sf/lxt tj/n] k'li6 x'g
cfPsfn] lghnfO{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= sf]
s;"/df P]= sf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j;lxt
hGds}bsf] ;hfo u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.@.!( sf] z'
df]/ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/fPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.!!.%
sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf]
nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk|t] L

872