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Chapter 14 - File Processing

Outline
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12

Introduction
The Data Hierarchy
Files and Streams
Creating a Sequential-Access File
Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File
Updating Sequential-Access Files
Random-Access Files
Creating a Random-Access File
Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File
Reading Data Sequentially from a Random-Access File
Example: A Transaction-Processing Program
Input/Output of Objects

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

14.1 Introduction
Storage of data
Arrays, variables are temporary
Files are permanent
Magnetic disk, optical disk, tapes

In this chapter
Create, update, process files
Sequential and random access
Formatted and raw processing

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

14.2 The Data Hierarchy

From smallest to largest
Bit (binary digit)

1 or 0
Everything in computer ultimately represented as bits
Cumbersome for humans to use
Character set
Digits, letters, symbols used to represent data
Every character represented by 1's and 0's

Byte: 8 bits
Can store a character (char)
Also Unicode for large character sets (wchar_t)

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

14.2 The Data Hierarchy

From smallest to largest (continued)
Field: group of characters with some meaning
Your name

Record: group of related fields

struct or class in C++
In payroll system, could be name, SS#, address, wage
Each field associated with same employee
Record key: field used to uniquely identify record

File: group of related records

Payroll for entire company
Sequential file: records stored by key

Database: group of related files

Payroll, accounts-receivable, inventory
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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

14.2 The Data Hierarchy

Sally
Tom
Judy
Iris
Randy

Judy

Black
Blue
Green
Orange
Red

Green

Judy

File

Record

Field

01001010 Byte (ASCII character J)

1 Bit

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

14.3 Files and Streams

C++ views file as sequence of bytes
Ends with end-of-file marker
0

...
...

n-1
end-of-file marker

When file opened

Object created, stream associated with it
cin, cout, etc. created when <iostream> included
Communication between program and file/device

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

14.3 Files and Streams

To perform file processing
Include <iostream> and <fstream>
Class templates
basic_ifstream (input)
basic_ofstream (output)
basic_fstream (I/O)

typedefs for specializations that allow char I/O

ifstream (char input)
ofstream (char output)
fstream (char I/O)

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

14.3 Files and Streams

Opening files
Create objects from template
Derive from stream classes
Can use stream methods from Ch. 12
put, get, peek, etc.
basic_ios

basic_istream

basic_ifstream

basic_ostream

basic_iostream

basic_ofstream

basic_fstream

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

C++ imposes no structure on file
Concept of "record" must be implemented by programmer

To open file, create objects

Creates "line of communication" from object to file
Classes
ifstream (input only)
ofstream (output only)
fstream (I/O)

Constructors take file name and file-open mode

ofstream outClientFile( "filename", fileOpenMode );

To attach a file later

Ofstream outClientFile;
outClientFile.open( "filename", fileOpenMode);

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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10

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

File-open modes
Mode

Description

ios::app

Write all output to the end of the file.

ios::ate

Open a file for output and move to the end of the

file (normally used to append data to a file).
Data can be written anywhere in the file.
Open a file for input.
Open a file for output.
Discard the files contents if it exists (this is
also the default action for ios::out)

ios::in
ios::out
ios::trunc
ios::binary

Open a file for binary (i.e., non-text) input or

output.

ofstream opened for output by default

ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::out );
ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat");

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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11

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

Operations
Overloaded operator!
!outClientFile
Returns nonzero (true) if badbit or failbit set
Opened non-existent file for reading, wrong permissions

Overloaded operator void*

Converts stream object to pointer
0 when when failbit or badbit set, otherwise nonzero
failbit set when EOF found
while ( cin >> myVariable )
Implicitly converts cin to pointer
Loops until EOF

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

12

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

Operations
Writing to file (just like cout)
outClientFile << myVariable

Closing file
outClientFile.close()
Automatically closed when destructor called

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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// Fig. 14.4: fig14_04.cpp

// Create a sequential file.
#include <iostream>

using
using
using
using
using

Outline
fig14_04.cpp
(1 of 2)

std::cout;
std::cin;
std::ios;
std::cerr;
std::endl;

#include <fstream>
using std::ofstream;
#include <cstdlib>

Notice the the header files

required for file I/O.
// exit prototype

int main()
{
// ofstream constructor opens file
ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::out );
// exit program if unable to create file
if ( !outClientFile ) { // overloaded ! operator
cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
exit( 1 );

ofstream object created

and used to open file
"clients.dat". If the file
does not exist, it is created.

! operator used to test if the

file opened properly.

} // end if

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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cout << "Enter the account, name, and balance." << endl
<< "Enter end-of-file tocin
end is
input.\n?
implicitly";
converted to

int account;
char name[ 30 ];
double balance;

a pointer. When EOF is

encountered, it returns 0 and
the loop stops.

Outline
fig14_04.cpp
(2 of 2)

// read account, name and balance from cin, then place in file
while ( cin >> account >> name >> balance ) {
outClientFile << account << ' ' << name << ' ' << balance
<< endl;
cout << "? ";
} // end while
return 0;
} // end main

Write data to file like a

regular stream.

// ofstream destructor closes file

File closed when destructor

called for object. Can be
explicitly closed with
close().

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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Enter
Enter
? 100
? 200
? 300
? 400
? 500
? ^Z

the account, name, and balance.

end-of-file to end input.
Jones 24.98
Doe 345.67
White 0.00
Stone -42.16
Rich 224.62

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

15

Outline
fig14_04.cpp
output (1 of 1)

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All rights reserved.

16

14.5 Reading Data from a SequentialAccess File

Reading files
ifstream inClientFile( "filename", ios::in );

Overloaded !
!inClientFile tests if file was opened properly

operator void* converts to pointer

while (inClientFile >> myVariable)
Stops when EOF found (gets value 0)

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// Fig. 14.7: fig14_07.cpp

// Reading and printing a sequential file.
#include <iostream>

using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using

std::cout;
std::cin;
std::ios;
std::cerr;
std::endl;
std::left;
std::right;
std::fixed;
std::showpoint;

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Outline
fig14_07.cpp
(1 of 3)

#include <fstream>
using std::ifstream;
#include <iomanip>
using std::setw;
using std::setprecision;

#include <cstdlib> // exit prototype

void outputLine( int, const char * const, double );

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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int main()
{
// ifstream constructor opens the file
ifstream inClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );
// exit program if ifstream could not open file
if ( !inClientFile ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
exit( 1 );

18

Outline
Open and test file for input.
fig14_07.cpp
(2 of 3)

} // end if
int account;
char name[ 30 ];
double balance;
cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 13 )
Read from file until EOF
<< "Name" << "Balance" << endl << fixed << showpoint;

found.

// display each record in file

while ( inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance )
outputLine( account, name, balance );

return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file

} // end main

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// display single record from file
void outputLine( int account, const char * const name,
double balance )
{
cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name
<< setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance
<< endl;

Outline
fig14_07.cpp
(3 of 3)
fig14_07.cpp
output (1 of 1)

} // end function outputLine

Account
100
200
300
400
500

Name
Jones
Doe
White
Stone
Rich

Balance
24.98
345.67
0.00
-42.16
224.62

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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All rights reserved.

20

14.5 Reading Data from a SequentialAccess File

File position pointers
Number of next byte to read/write
Functions to reposition pointer
seekg (seek get for istream class)
seekp (seek put for ostream class)
Classes have "get" and "put" pointers

seekg and seekp take offset and direction

Offset: number of bytes relative to direction
Direction (ios::beg default)
ios::beg - relative to beginning of stream
ios::cur - relative to current position
ios::end - relative to end

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

21

14.5 Reading Data from a SequentialAccess File

Examples
fileObject.seekg(0)
Goes to front of file (location 0) because ios::beg is default

fileObject.seekg(n)
Goes to nth byte from beginning

fileObject.seekg(n, ios::cur)
Goes n bytes forward

fileObject.seekg(y, ios::end)
Goes y bytes back from end

fileObject.seekg(0, ios::cur)
Goes to last byte

seekp similar
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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

22

14.5 Reading Data from a SequentialAccess File

To find pointer location
tellg and tellp
location = fileObject.tellg()

Upcoming example
Credit manager program
List accounts with zero balance, credit, and debit

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// Fig. 14.8: fig14_08.cpp

// Credit-inquiry program.
#include <iostream>

using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using

std::cout;
std::cin;
std::ios;
std::cerr;
std::endl;
std::fixed;
std::showpoint;
std::left;
std::right;

23

Outline
fig14_08.cpp
(1 of 6)

#include <fstream>
using std::ifstream;
#include <iomanip>
using std::setw;
using std::setprecision;

#include <cstdlib>

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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enum RequestType { ZERO_BALANCE = 1, CREDIT_BALANCE,

DEBIT_BALANCE, END };
int getRequest();
bool shouldDisplay( int, double );
void outputLine( int, const char * const, double );

24

Outline
fig14_08.cpp
(2 of 6)

int main()
{
// ifstream constructor opens the file
ifstream inClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );
// exit program if ifstream could not open file
if ( !inClientFile ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
exit( 1 );
} // end if
int request;
int account;
char name[ 30 ];
double balance;

// get user's request (e.g., zero, credit or debit balance)

request = getRequest();

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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// process user's request

while ( request != END ) {
switch ( request ) {
case ZERO_BALANCE:
cout << "\nAccounts with zero balances:\n";
break;

25

Outline
fig14_08.cpp
(3 of 6)

case CREDIT_BALANCE:
cout << "\nAccounts with credit balances:\n";
break;

case DEBIT_BALANCE:
cout << "\nAccounts with debit balances:\n";
break;
} // end switch

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
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// read account, name and balance from file

inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance;
// display file contents (until eof)
while ( !inClientFile.eof() ) {

26

Outline
fig14_08.cpp
(4 of 6)

// display record
if ( shouldDisplay( request, balance ) )
outputLine( account, name, balance );

// read account, name and balance from file

inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance;
} // end inner while

Use clear to reset eof. Use

seekg to set file position
pointer to beginning of file.

inClientFile.clear();
// reset eof for next input
inClientFile.seekg( 0 ); // move to beginning of file
request = getRequest(); // get additional request from user
} // end outer while
cout << "End of run." << endl;

return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file

} // end main

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// obtain request from user
int getRequest()
{
int request;

Outline
fig14_08.cpp
(5 of 6)

// display request options

cout << "\nEnter request" << endl
<< " 1 - List accounts with zero balances" << endl
<< " 2 - List accounts with credit balances" << endl
<< " 3 - List accounts with debit balances" << endl
<< " 4 - End of run" << fixed << showpoint;

// input user request

do {
cout << "\n? ";
cin >> request;
} while ( request < ZERO_BALANCE && request > END );
return request;
} // end function getRequest

120

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121 // determine whether to display given record

122 bool shouldDisplay( int type, double balance )
123 {
124
// determine whether to display credit balances
125
if ( type == CREDIT_BALANCE && balance < 0 )
126
return true;
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// determine whether to display debit balances
129
if ( type == DEBIT_BALANCE && balance > 0 )
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return true;

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Outline
fig14_08.cpp
(6 of 6)

// determine whether to display zero balances

if ( type == ZERO_BALANCE && balance == 0 )
return true;
return false;
} // end function shouldDisplay
// display single record from file
void outputLine( int account, const char * const name,
double balance )
{
cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name
<< setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance
<< endl;
} // end function outputLine
Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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All rights reserved.

Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 1

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Outline
fig14_08.cpp
output (1 of 2)

Accounts with zero balances:

300
White
0.00
Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 2
Accounts with credit balances:
400
Stone
-42.16

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 3

30

Outline
fig14_08.cpp
output (2 of 2)

Accounts with debit balances:

100
Jones
24.98
200
Doe
345.67
500
Rich
224.62
Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 4
End of run.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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All rights reserved.

31

14.6 Updating Sequential-Access Files

Updating sequential files
Risk overwriting other data
Example: change name "White" to "Worthington"
Old data
300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87

Insert new data

300 Worthington 0.00
300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87

Data gets overwritten

300 Worthington 0.00ones 32.87

Formatted text different from internal representation

Problem can be avoided, but awkward
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32

14.7 Random-Access Files

Instant access
Want to locate record quickly
Airline reservations, ATMs

Sequential files must search through each one

Random-access files are solution

Instant access
Insert record without destroying other data
Update/delete items without changing other data

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

33

14.7 Random-Access Files

C++ imposes no structure on files
Programmer must create random-access files
Simplest way: fixed-length records
Calculate position in file from record size and key
0

100

200

300

400

500

byte offsets

100

100

100

100

100

100

bytes

bytes

bytes

bytes

bytes

bytes

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

34

14.8 Creating a Random-Access File

"1234567" (char *) vs 1234567 (int)
char * takes 8 bytes (1 for each character + null)
int takes fixed number of bytes (perhaps 4)
123 same size in bytes as 1234567

<< operator and write()

outFile << number
Outputs number (int) as a char *
Variable number of bytes

outFile.write( const char *, size );

Outputs raw bytes
Takes pointer to memory location, number of bytes to write
Copies data directly from memory into file
Does not convert to char *
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35

14.8 Creating a Random-Access File

Example
outFile.write( reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&number),
sizeof( number ) );

&number is an int *
Convert to const char * with reinterpret_cast

sizeof(number)
Size of number (an int) in bytes

read function similar (more later)

Must use write/read between compatible machines
Only when using raw, unformatted data

Use ios::binary for raw writes/reads

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Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

36

14.8 Creating a Random-Access File

Usually write entire struct or object to file

Problem statement
Credit processing program
Store at most 100 fixed-length records
Record
Account number (key)
First and last name
Balance

Account operations
Update, create new, delete, list all accounts in a file

Next: program to create blank 100-record file

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// Fig. 14.10: clientData.h

// Class ClientData definition used in Fig. 14.12Fig. 14.15.
#ifndef CLIENTDATA_H
#define CLIENTDATA_H
#include <iostream>

using std::string;

Class ClientData stores

the information for each
person. 100 blank
ClientData objects will be
written to a file.

37

Outline
clientData.h
(1 of 2)

class ClientData {
public:

// default ClientData constructor

ClientData( int = 0, string = "", string = "", double = 0.0 );
// accessor functions for accountNumber
void setAccountNumber( int );
int getAccountNumber() const;
// accessor functions for lastName
void setLastName( string );
string getLastName() const;

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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// accessor functions for firstName

void setFirstName( string );
string getFirstName() const;

Outline
clientData.h
(2 of 2)

// accessor functions for balance

void setBalance( double );
double getBalance() const;
private:
int accountNumber;
char lastName[ 15 ];
char firstName[ 10 ];
double balance;

Put limits on the size of the

first and last name.
accountNumber (an int)
and balance (double) are
already of a fixed size.

}; // end class ClientData

#endif

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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// Fig. 14.11: ClientData.cpp

// Class ClientData stores customer's credit information.
#include <iostream>

using std::string;

39

Outline
ClientData.cpp
(1 of 4)

#include <cstring>
#include "clientData.h"
// default ClientData constructor
ClientData::ClientData( int accountNumberValue,
string lastNameValue, string firstNameValue,
double balanceValue )
{
setAccountNumber( accountNumberValue );
setLastName( lastNameValue );
setFirstName( firstNameValue );
setBalance( balanceValue );
} // end ClientData constructor
// get account-number value
int ClientData::getAccountNumber() const
{
return accountNumber;

} // end function getAccountNumber

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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// set account-number value
void ClientData::setAccountNumber( int accountNumberValue )
{
accountNumber = accountNumberValue;

Outline
ClientData.cpp
(2 of 4)

} // end function setAccountNumber

// get last-name value
string ClientData::getLastName() const
{
return lastName;

} // end function getLastName

// set last-name value
void ClientData::setLastName( string lastNameString )
{
// copy at most 15 characters from string to lastName
const char *lastNameValue = lastNameString.data();
int length = strlen( lastNameValue );
length = ( length < 15 ? length : 14 );
strncpy( lastName, lastNameValue, length );
// append null character to lastName
lastName[ length ] = '\0';

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

54
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} // end function setLastName
// get first-name value
string ClientData::getFirstName() const
{
return firstName;

Outline
ClientData.cpp
(3 of 4)

} // end function getFirstName

// set first-name value

void ClientData::setFirstName( string firstNameString )
{
// copy at most 10 characters from string to firstName
const char *firstNameValue = firstNameString.data();
int length = strlen( firstNameValue );
length = ( length < 10 ? length : 9 );
strncpy( firstName, firstNameValue, length );
// append new-line character to firstName
firstName[ length ] = '\0';
} // end function setFirstName

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

78
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// get balance value

double ClientData::getBalance() const
{
return balance;
} // end function getBalance

42

Outline
ClientData.cpp
(4 of 4)

// set balance value

void ClientData::setBalance( double balanceValue )
{
balance = balanceValue;
} // end function setBalance

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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// Fig. 14.12: fig14_12.cpp

// Creating a randomly accessed file.
#include <iostream>

Outline
fig14_12.cpp
(1 of 2)

using std::cerr;
using std::endl;
using std::ios;
#include <fstream>

using std::ofstream;
#include <cstdlib>
#include "clientData.h"

// ClientData class definition

int main()
{
ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::binary );

Open a file for raw writing

using an ofstream object
and ios::binary.

// exit program if ofstream could not open file

if ( !outCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit( 1 );
} // end if

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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// create ClientData with no information
ClientData blankClient;

Outline
Create a blank object. Use
write to output the raw data
fig14_12.cpp
to a file (passing a pointer to
(2 of 2)
the object and its size).

// output 100 blank records to file

for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
outCredit.write(
reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &blankClient ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );
return 0;
} // end main

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

45

14.9 Writing Data Randomly to a RandomAccess File

Use seekp to write to exact location in file
Where does the first record begin?
Byte 0

The second record?

Byte 0 + sizeof(object)

Any record?
(Recordnum - 1) * sizeof(object)

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// Fig. 14.13: fig14_13.cpp

// Writing to a random access file.
#include <iostream>

using
using
using
using
using

46

Outline
fig14_13.cpp
(1 of 4)

std::cerr;
std::endl;
std::cout;
std::cin;
std::ios;

#include <iomanip>
using std::setw;
#include <fstream>
using std::ofstream;
#include <cstdlib>
#include "clientData.h"

// ClientData class definition

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

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int main()
{
int accountNumber;
char lastName[ 15 ];
char firstName[ 10 ];
double balance;

Outline
Open file for raw (binary)
fig14_13.cpp
writing.
(2 of 4)

ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::binary );

// exit program if ofstream cannot open file
if ( !outCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit( 1 );
} // end if
cout << "Enter account number "
<< "(1 to 100, 0 to end input)\n? ";

Get account number, put into

number
object. It has not yet been
written to file.

// require user to specify account

ClientData client;
cin >> accountNumber;
client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

46
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// user enters information, which is copied into file

while ( client.getAccountNumber() > 0 &&
client.getAccountNumber() <= 100 ) {

// user enters last name, first name and balance

cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
cin >> setw( 15 ) >> lastName;
cin >> setw( 10 ) >> firstName;
cin >> balance;

48

Outline
fig14_13.cpp
(3 of 4)

// set record lastName, firstName Position

and balance
values to the
outCredit
client.setLastName( lastName );
proper location in the file
client.setFirstName( firstName );
(based on the account
client.setBalance( balance );

number).

// seek position in file of user-specified record

outCredit.seekp( ( client.getAccountNumber() - 1 ) *
Write ClientData
sizeof( ClientData ) );

object
to file at specified position.

// write user-specified information in file

outCredit.write(
reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );

69

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

70
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// enable user to specify another account number

cout << "Enter account number\n? ";
cin >> accountNumber;
client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );
} // end while

49

Outline
fig14_13.cpp
(4 of 4)

return 0;
} // end main

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Enter account number (1 to

? 37
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Barker Doug 0.00
Enter account number
? 29
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Brown Nancy -24.54
Enter account number
? 96
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Stone Sam 34.98
Enter account number
? 88
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Smith Dave 258.34
Enter account number
? 33
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Dunn Stacey 314.33
Enter account number
? 0

100, 0 to end input)

50

Outline

balance

Notice that accounts can be

created in any order.

fig14_13.cpp
output (1 of 1)

balance

balance

balance

balance

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

51

14.10 Reading Data Sequentially from a

Random-Access File
read - similar to write
Reads raw bytes from file into memory
inFile.read( reinterpret_cast<char *>( &number ),
sizeof( int ) );

&number: location to store data

sizeof(int): how many bytes to read

Do not use inFile >> number with raw bytes

>> expects char *

Upcoming program
Output data from a random-access file
Go through each record sequentially
If no data (accountNumber == 0) then skip

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// Fig. 14.14: fig14_14.cpp

// Reading a random access file.
#include <iostream>

using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using

std::cout;
std::endl;
std::ios;
std::cerr;
std::left;
std::right;
std::fixed;
std::showpoint;

52

Outline
fig14_14.cpp
(1 of 3)

#include <iomanip>
using std::setprecision;
using std::setw;
#include <fstream>
using std::ifstream;
using std::ostream;

#include <cstdlib> // exit protoyype

#include "clientData.h" // ClientData class definition

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

27
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void outputLine( ostream&, const ClientData & );

int main()
{
ifstream inCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in );

53

Outline
fig14_14.cpp
(2 of 3)

// exit program if ifstream cannot open file

if ( !inCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit( 1 );
} // end if

Read sizeof(ClientData) bytes and put

empty

cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 16 )

into object client. This may be an
<< "Last Name" << setw( 11 ) << "First Name" << left
record.
<< setw( 10 ) << right
<< "Balance" << endl;
ClientData client; // create record
// read first record from file
inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

50
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// read all records from file

while ( inCredit && !inCredit.eof() ) {

Outline

// display record
if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 )
outputLine( cout, client );

Loop exits if there is an error fig14_14.cpp

reading (inCredit == 0) (3 of 3)
or EOF is found
(inCredit.eof() == 1)

// read next from file

inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );
} // end while

return 0;
} // end main

Output non-empty accounts.

Note that outputLine
takes an ostream argument.
We could easily output to
another file (opened with an
ofstream object, which
derives from ostream).

// display single record

void outputLine( ostream &output, const ClientData &record )
{
output << left << setw( 10 ) << record.getAccountNumber()
<< setw( 16 ) << record.getLastName().data()
<< setw( 11 ) << record.getFirstName().data()
<< setw( 10 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << fixed
<< showpoint << record.getBalance() << endl;

} // end outputLine

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Account
29
33
37
88
96

Last Name
Brown
Dunn
Barker
Smith
Stone

First Name
Nancy
Stacey
Doug
Dave
Sam

Balance
-24.54
314.33
0.00
258.34
34.98

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

55

Outline
fig14_14.cpp
output (1 of 1)

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

56

14.11 Example: A Transaction-Processing

Program
Instant access for bank accounts
Use random access file (data in client.dat)

Give user menu

Option 1: store accounts to print.txt
Account
29
33
37
88
96

Last Name
Brown
Dunn
Barker
Smith
Stone

First Name
Nancy
Stacey
Doug
Dave
Sam

Balance
-24.54
314.33
0.00
258.34
34.98

Option 2: update record

Enter account to update (1 - 100): 37
37
Barker
Doug
Enter charge (+) or payment (-): +87.99
37
Barker
Doug

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

0.00

87.99

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

57

14.11 Example: A Transaction-Processing

Program
Menu options (continued)
Option 3: add new record
Enter new account number (1 - 100): 22
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Johnston Sarah 247.45

Option 4: delete record

Enter account to delete (1 - 100): 29
Account #29 deleted.

To open file for reading and writing

Use fstream object

"Or" file-open modes together

fstream inOutCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::out );

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

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// Fig. 14.15: fig14_15.cpp

// This program reads a random access file sequentially, updates
// data previously written to the file, creates data to be placed
// in the file, and deletes data previously in the file.
#include <iostream>
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using

58

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(1 of 14)

std::cout;
std::cerr;
std::cin;
std::endl;
std::ios;
std::left;
std::right;
std::fixed;
std::showpoint;

#include <fstream>
using std::ofstream;
using std::ostream;
using std::fstream;
#include <iomanip>
using std::setw;
using std::setprecision;
#include <cstdlib>
#include "clientData.h"

// exit prototype
// ClientData class definition

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

30
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int enterChoice();
void printRecord( fstream& );
void updateRecord( fstream& );
void newRecord( fstream& );
void deleteRecord( fstream& );
void outputLine( ostream&, const ClientData & );
int getAccount( const char * const );

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(2 of 14)

enum Choices { PRINT = 1, UPDATE, NEW, DELETE, END };

Open file for reading and

int main()
writing (fstream object
{
needed).
// open file for reading and writing
fstream inOutCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::out );
// exit program if fstream cannot open file
if ( !inOutCredit ) {
cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
exit ( 1 );
} // end if

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

60

53

int choice;

54
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// enable user to specify action

while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != END ) {

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79

Outline

switch ( choice ) {

fig14_15.cpp
(3 of 14)

// create text file from record file

case PRINT:
printRecord( inOutCredit );
break;
// update record
case UPDATE:
updateRecord( inOutCredit );
break;
// create record
case NEW:
newRecord( inOutCredit );
break;
// delete existing record
case DELETE:
deleteRecord( inOutCredit );
break;

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

61

53

int choice;

54
55
56

// enable user to specify action

while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != END ) {

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79

Outline

switch ( choice ) {

Displays menu and returns

user's choice.

fig14_15.cpp
(4 of 14)

// create text file from record file

case PRINT:
printRecord( inOutCredit );
break;
// update record
case UPDATE:
updateRecord( inOutCredit );
break;
// create record
case NEW:
newRecord( inOutCredit );
break;
// delete existing record
case DELETE:
deleteRecord( inOutCredit );
break;

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

80
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101
102
103
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// display error if user does not select valid choice

default:
cerr << "Incorrect choice" << endl;
break;
} // end switch

62

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(5 of 14)

inOutCredit.clear(); // reset end-of-file indicator

} // end while
return 0;

} // end main
// enable user to input menu choice
int enterChoice()
{
// display available options
cout << "\nEnter your choice" << endl
<< "1 - store a formatted text file of accounts" << endl
<< "
called \"print.txt\" for printing" << endl
<< "2 - update an account" << endl
<< "3 - add a new account" << endl
<< "4 - delete an account" << endl
<< "5 - end program\n? ";

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

106
107
int menuChoice;
108
cin >> menuChoice; // receive choice from user
109
110
return menuChoice;
111
112 } // end function enterChoice

63

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(6 of 14)

113
114 // create formatted text file for printing
Output to print.txt. First,
115 void printRecord( fstream &readFromFile )
print the header for the table.
116 {
117
// create text file
118
ofstream outPrintFile( "print.txt", ios::out );
119
120
// exit program if ofstream cannot create file
121
if ( !outPrintFile ) {
122
cerr << "File could not be created." << endl;
123
exit( 1 );
124
125
} // end if
126
127
outPrintFile << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 16 )
128
<< "Last Name" << setw( 11 ) << "First Name" << right
129
<< setw( 10 ) << "Balance" << endl;
130

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

131
132
133
134
135
136
137

64

// set file-position pointer to beginning of record file

readFromFile.seekg( 0 );
// read first record from record file
ClientData client;
readFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );

Outline
Go to front of
file, read
fig14_15.cpp
account data,(7and
print record
of 14)
if not empty.

138
Note that outputLine
139
// copy all records from record file into text file
takes an ostream object
140
while ( !readFromFile.eof() ) {
(base of ofstream). It can
141
easily print to a file (as in this
142
// write single record to text file
case) or cout.
143
if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 )
144
outputLine( outPrintFile, client );
145
146
// read next record from record file
147
readFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
148
sizeof( ClientData ) );
149
150
} // end while
151
152 } // end function printRecord
153

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

154 // update balance in record

155 void updateRecord( fstream &updateFile )
156 {
157
// obtain number of account to update
158
int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter account to update" );
159
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// move file-position pointer to correct record in file
This is fstream (I/O)
161
updateFile.seekg(
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( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof(
ClientData
) );
because
we must
read the old
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balance, update it, and write
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// read first record from file
the new balance.
165
ClientData client;
166
updateFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
167
sizeof( ClientData ) );
168
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// update record
170
if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 ) {
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outputLine( cout, client );
172
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// request user to specify transaction
174
cout << "\nEnter charge (+) or payment (-): ";
175
double transaction; // charge or payment
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cin >> transaction;

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182

65

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(8 of 14)

// update record balance

double oldBalance = client.getBalance();
client.setBalance( oldBalance + transaction );
outputLine( cout, client );
Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

183
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66

// move file-position pointer to correct record in file

updateFile.seekp(
( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(9 of 14)

// write updated record over old record in file

updateFile.write(
reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );
} // end if
// display error if account does not exist
else
This is fstream because
cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber
read to see if a non-empty
<< " has no information." << endl;
} // end function updateRecord

we

record already exists. If not,

we write a new record.

// create and insert record

void newRecord( fstream &insertInFile )
{
// obtain number of account to create
int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter new account number" );
// move file-position pointer to correct record in file
insertInFile.seekg(
( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

210
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67
// read record from file
ClientData client;
insertInFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(10 of 14)

// create record, if record does not previously exist

if ( client.getAccountNumber() == 0 ) {
char lastName[ 15 ];
char firstName[ 10 ];
double balance;

// user enters last name, first name and balance

cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
cin >> setw( 15 ) >> lastName;
cin >> setw( 10 ) >> firstName;
cin >> balance;
// use values to populate account values
client.setLastName( lastName );
client.setFirstName( firstName );
client.setBalance( balance );
client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );

234

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

235
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// move file-position pointer to correct record in file

insertInFile.seekp( ( accountNumber - 1 ) *
sizeof( ClientData ) );

// insert record in file

insertInFile.write(
reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );

68

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(11 of 14)

} // end if

245
246
// display error if account previously exists
247
else
248
cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber
249
<< " already contains information." << endl;
250
251 } // end function newRecord
252

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

253 // delete an existing record

254 void deleteRecord( fstream &deleteFromFile )
255 {
256
// obtain number of account to delete
fig14_15.cpp
257
int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter account to delete" );
(12 of 14)
258
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// move file-position pointer to correct record in file
260
deleteFromFile.seekg(
261
( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) ); fstream because we read to
262
check if the account exits. If it
263
// read record from file
does, we write blank data
264
ClientData client;
(erase it). If it does not exist,
265
deleteFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
there is no need to delete it.
266
sizeof( ClientData ) );
267
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// delete record, if record exists in file
269
if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 ) {
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ClientData blankClient;
271
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// move file-position pointer to correct record in file
273
deleteFromFile.seekp( ( accountNumber - 1 ) *
274
sizeof( ClientData ) );
275

Outline

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

69

276
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// replace existing record with blank record

deleteFromFile.write(
reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &blankClient ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );
cout << "Account #" << accountNumber << " deleted.\n";

70

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(13 of 14)

} // end if
// display error if record does not exist
else
is very
cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber outputLine
<< " is empty.\n";

} // end deleteRecord

flexible, and can output to any

ostream object (such as a
file or cout).

// display single record

void outputLine( ostream &output, const ClientData &record )
{
output << left << setw( 10 ) << record.getAccountNumber()
<< setw( 16 ) << record.getLastName().data()
<< setw( 11 ) << record.getFirstName().data()
<< setw( 10 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << fixed
<< showpoint << record.getBalance() << endl;

299
300 } // end function outputLine
301

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

302 // obtain account-number value from user

303 int getAccount( const char * const prompt )
304 {
305
int accountNumber;

306
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// obtain account-number value
308
do {
309
cout << prompt << " (1 - 100): ";
310
cin >> accountNumber;
311
312
} while ( accountNumber < 1 || accountNumber > 100 );
313
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return accountNumber;
315
316 } // end function getAccount

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.

71

Outline
fig14_15.cpp
(14 of 14)

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.

72

14.12 Input/Output of Objects

I/O of objects
Chapter 8 (overloaded >>)
Only object's data transmitted
Member functions available internally

When objects stored in file, lose type info (class, etc.)

Program must know type of object when reading

One solution
When writing, output object type code before real object
When reading, read type code
Call proper overloaded function (switch)

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reproduced from the PowerPoints for C++ How to Program, 4/e by Deitel and
Deitel 2003. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.