Linear Algebra Notes
Linear Algebra Notes
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A vecloR., spoce N o\ep- a fi"U F opewtbns folbd
clnsists ofi
6Adrhm end scbba rnu\tipticaton, ?csgech./c[y) acc desnrd so +t4et'
f-g- scln p"lrr, r[ etsrerrl-s ",9, in V +hcpe iS 3 utnir{t e\emcrrf,
7t5 in Vl mA fro- esh clcilernt p in F cnd esch i:ler'nen+ rx ,r)
V .-thepr is p, uniqye eleh.ren| oI in V, suc.ln fkpt +hq $ttoS,n1
C,ondrdu^Sh"tcl ' '
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(vs a) evr ebrry.ir in V dev'o{tdh D suc-tr-+I4+ tfio=v foR Vx6.V
(vS+) Vx€\ fuerj surch +hst- ot^=^ ztq-e
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exln pril " * v,
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(ab) x,- alba\"F :
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"fnace
,{ J,stwAe wrl*l
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+R Mn*nG)€,F I
LR-(*)= L Au
J=l
,
Drfinitiun, A linue ,fiinction ig J' rnap f ,V--+ F wheRe V 'iJ J fc/'bp Jprce_
o\cq tr nrdn thrt ri
D (c^*1)=
fcr) tf
,D +@zf = ef G), Q)-
i' rl
A k) '
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1* (il
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a, b €M^r,
nced :t>'shw
' tn-Gt v)--fu4p)d{L(B)
i7qrl, ,i,fr'r2+w);;
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fr i^o), \
:ll
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frq aver< a fe/d tr
A subs* W rs catred' , (An"l J"ryr, /, ar;l/t ,regoul zL //te
sil.thov1 ml c"tlnp na/fi,p/rcph;n /cfincl;n t i ;.t;, ;;, ehnr
ofbrJ J ,er/*, sperc rytR f
' Th[ obvi4ls condl,tin fin W 4 k I sarbpace k /lat' ll h
uarcq unctee. saalfion
clwel .unaeK rabc;;;;;;;"',"it)*-ioo
at,/ t/Jblz
add,'hon ahl mulhplazh)n - ohen.attre ,.lle
*,
opercthus JtLt ral wel;dert.ned m W. '
-
The onlq attirms jtn f nc.d {p De clecLed .rse rlsg end us4
Lel', Jlsur4s vJ ,s non-cnp/,/ Jf w i, in reer/ c/ased on/ep-
alk."h* ar/ /rted mu/t1t/,c4ir' j/ron' slaBhw n)ti antl
onol 0€r,
, ""' at€
-vv V v
0.ro=o o, pr*n, orrl ;;ri. fni) ,
fo,il,w V5+, picB ,7W.'A"W suoh *roi u--eD.w ,hc.ntte
r./
p chsed wddl scabn W/Ap[c.*n. If /N!
W
(r).w=-(t.w)"-w,JL-w€Writi) --'-1
"ttrc+f 6o ptuveh llat
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F;r,qE,f =?b,,a,,er-- ) lo, ekS .
*,,r, * b;rr' (o,r, rb, r,) r(al l,) v{ c/nsud -wtlen acldr'6'on
-->
w, = I (O,7.1, oY it a subsp"ce
\,L ' W, U W, is $r r
subspace . Not- clDsrl nrdea ildtt''lbn.
-Pbot'Nu
T,iilxl'li';ls*: "+
Ift,s lo//s beuuteud W; ;, a .,ubspze(( d,td undeB dl^so,t)
'll a€F w e ]til; + q. oo en Nt ( W a'De til, )
Agou, , lhis hoAt c,r,ose 6?4 v(' I a tubVtce (/clotul ulclee scalqz
be mulh'yt rt",q)
ou o
e,W $t ecch L ) 9o CQ,nW;
il'e u2 6^ w'LtD'
J:ry,ti'Ir-#,i:3,
i- ,e d,. drJ ,y'il,
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so N,()No itle
fo \tq e /,O/ tL I tD- oo 6ol, . 2 ffirl;n ,f
z+T unian
I zr7 e(d,, taren hiy)-, e h), t td {tr'
a canhed"ht;7,
,{ x+7 € N,, Jr*n re Nr, ., ,-t*ohffn'
It), e u), ilL tU, € ,u, A aJrttafn
+- Vta^?E
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spart 2e,,e"\ " [(n y, o)l
t
i.e. I,lhneva #o;w' 'o , ai. p fac lz t'Lrn h, eR)
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Artmd^'rv[, {he 5el 5 c,l[{e/ hrunlX depn dunt ;( 'lhep, cnrElc 4,' e F , 'a,'to
rurhlhat u2 Aiv;:o,
t-_ I
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lttf- 5'=ln; I t4 ,*n)
fcl "t s'ufu)
'M ^,1
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sysn
J+ iI ob-'rnr fM spn (t')9 tp 6)
N* *hafe S'c ty'(s,) a^/. {v\ ( t s/ar,(s')fzl\
.$
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lLrr\tr
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e
\n G)
5\'4n|6))t rp; (s) i
{his pnrYt, Span (S';; sprn(5)
lr
fnf
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Secl.6 I o-(, 2a-e,j,{r to) 12, 14 rt?.
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J;r*oo b^b-,nshmr
^/f
furnl, TL>y;
Vetltrt { is e
n
An*no emh'aJfrny) ,( f-, , ^"J ev
Jinv" 'T',=
ft aidno fiz ry a; etr t+ e f u,, ,^Lj
=Q
l/0 ? -ro€ have e anfra/ich',rn
C*,,lrsion ' Jt, Yn , 2ut ).- e nJ rre. &ru:"Q indqenr,lent onc/ J, "l v€/ is
l huz"ra amhn,than ,f fe,,.-- erj.
t
Zolvr. Zb; v; /tgf nr-I b,' fua Suln^e-12
sl/ch c
(1,"n
Q=* h, -br'>4 a'rd {tu totne L) L, lel .
Propf , ,
,l
Ara *r^ar v is a !)nutr or^'uiru+r* ,P
v7syn6) : 1-r,, - - 1,..4 impl;es 4ur
.rl
Cr,l*"1',3,f %, frr,y sul,rd Se V , g asuisef S'aS saoh lhaf ,f-,6,Ip(g I
;d S'
is"horrp/rl indepondcnt
t\, lJsrhf
7r{" 1t coil|loo'V.-,,t
(lv );
t
t-
V (!() holdj, i.e ./3 p*Joo s,.hre:f |'gs s,r. rpnk'Prp*G), s r l'r,^ue *r-a^o.|
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rf lo{, s.f.'rr'L'ruazl1
Uvapzsrf hofl, rt ttruazlt tndfrildetlt,
in/rynlent, J'=) , JS'ir
S=S', ir hrunlq ,rAry^Xrrri
/,trnQ ;ndpp"&*tl- . : t
Attqrrcflvlhll,^r1Le 5'95 syn(5')=sptn[f)rtr,rn aut Qv)' !r/d,
sue6'+,ficf
qt;i: - ] f
/1rcp fu<'"g unh'l
1/^ ryf
lhe snallerr yosifte seL ncJ, ttut ft; ) - a
tyan 6"), tp*(59' r
. 'splntY).tlilr-hnl ltaf 'lh;, par6or) tnsi- 4iel.l a auk 4h(/)
in
tL,;; ;; ,:;'*+ 5;;:,1'iiu",ST
:
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J is ,rfu,rf*
iincaal{ : , Urr*,
^/ :nlciu,rbnt
tlwlen,tf t tn'lv), ,SQv is e bs,s iff w*l veV cat l" *t/k--, a
wiXtutX'u! an Lncaa co-lirtzhrn 4 ,"/*, ,.n j. , Q
e
[nnpla ot' a bsis, Lr* {,ip' *,/ f-p e
Itt e; It l/c u-luph uh hat a. / * /tL ilh an/ a 0
weaayheae else
Vf, 2
!
l'I"n 1t,,.-- t,\ r a bfii; ,"f k" n I
Al the dsnwtrs ( lt" is 'f 11" ft.,," |nro.. C
Jz is
lc;J ulW hhe sfafupcl bssis.
l
Tuul*y 0t+ i- 2 to Pno ilJ4r+ (fl,t' tArtnry ry-A{) e
2 - I .+f
'r., ill S z.lfl
1L*ut 0t+ I'lf-/'10 Hs2qfl
r4{ ! r; (: in rn(/
) r : ;) , (: i),(; :)il
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or,')
= (':
a+C=l 3+C=( c=-2
b+e=2 4+(2)=2v
-a= -3 -\ ar g
lr" 4
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i 4.tl Dow 5frn (ttrl) --70^ lorr\
P7, yen (/xt)= /# a,si lne N getr r1 e lrll
or,::!g::: ,4)' ? F, t; f^J
J" r.u rayre ^d, €
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::l
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/n/ Ib,& D{ f(" ./e* 9, , S, g F-
i /r* t=f(tto)l' ,
tr
sTan(9, ns-)/*rn (t,)rl
'faG) :
7,= O 6k ,rLr,, € :, u. l)
rytn G art.-- f. lon--.
Pf'
il r,?!'!!
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1u,l rr /tnrae/y
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4-
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I
P{" /u,l errY*7 Y, e (D 7an ,
q Tln
/r- \r
(''=*"
:,=f ^/
JH Asfun<- /z-t &
fru , . Paorc fr" n+ I .
l"I 7*, S' is ldae/ /"7 ,;{f 4= a aK kor,€ spa 6o,,,- . aQ Lan
&Lse /' S ' ;, /in /cV
//,en=0 62 ke*r € ,f* (5or,; u-I) fra
xt . lz <n
Sa %t=D n- uL,e ,fh(fro,r_ -4u) rv4 L <n+ I
tase J' S' '! inclcp
a oo/ ur*, / cpanr (2u,,- - = u.j) W lcLn
flnn 'u,/
E s'TIrn /-+ , r;rou s---t'LJ ? ztn*,j on/ st Ci,- ,o/?,
is /'a /"?. ,-/f u,*t e :|an(s,)
S)rrc s 4n 4, un*, €iyrn Cs,) =sprn (ir,.-- ,.1)
J, , ut. 0 cz, uut e tf\( lr,, -- ,ri & r'^4 t tn7 /
f
(h*r, twt *r L-n\
? inslea/ ptrre co+lzo7anlrc.'
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,[slur*. S is l*ly ,+,4Lo i' ,, t,uroog ttcy'e7- (Do- /, a)
lf ,'o&.ch'rc n{ro-pir- tttdo t^d %"r, / sp:a(/2,,.--z.l) L(o
" ua+1 € t7*, ( S')
\it,
"ft., ,S ;s lr,zaafl *fa"/zt* bAAr*n
'[hrnn' Ut- ( fuild,l ge*ntk/ yechn t/io 6e 3 fr'n;/L "cf S uil yan{l-v)
h,
Then V las a /|ri* lasit. & f*t, lle f{/n sltkaufi /rU.
^,/ -ilz6hf/"'
t 4 T eV Tanenetes V ilen g"T'cT us,.rh
*tet T' ;s o basis I t/. ft fi";+e)
2) Jf T ;s ,'F-! nc/epcnduf, lhen T cat, bo e//ade/ !, a hsis "f V
3
alilnq vtrhu {*, Sh it.(Tlou no{ .quezafe (;n fto's rase)
-,'^f ,) N, fpovel ag a zoet/ln7 i dc A- AolihLnt 7]n lha/r
$" V A'n;te TSv !T'-cT suoh lhaf syn(r')-syr(r) aarf T' ;s /ir"**t
in/efcndcal.
Jn *his cav iFrn ff)=V 4 JT'4r' s.t. tf tT') =sf on (T)'V
' snd T' is lntmlt indefa,clot. (17 ltz a-//7 )
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$7'isJbasr"lV'
l)l*r T e V le luoalX iaolcTenchnt. T=7il,,...u,J.
lcl S'?v,..- url an/ spn(s)=V i
lbp"o+,1 "/ /,heen mle7afleno " f* /ht ft{ck anh'l .tftrl (r )=V .
Jo v= z 4j, r a;s;
.i€4,
tf
rt"
,Pvr, ( 5) tPm CS) 5'6 v€tftn(5,)rtphG)
{e+ Y € rf* fs,) tsyn 6,> -} v= x o(J, sotl lUf 7 € sF* (5 ) ye tF 6^)
v: 2a;s;
')=J )-l tZ bri
o I
d;,breF sleS, treS,
t'l
tl n) oln^(N,)= 15,l
n= ctnn hvl*)= I 9 rl
tut'Tkrbasisfr"D,Ohl,
ttl- t i drn (N, fi't)r)- lt I
4.i
-)r3
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Ne Lnvr +ha+ mVZ.: tJe t,ill 00u rRque ll,dl tn -/ ' t t eko in A , cpcai'or/rl J
a V
confue/;ch'on htuR Jrtunph'nn ,:i
Jn
Tach'oube,. lu,t.-.u-i
isa /'nenlXt intlependenf: tg ;nti/e a yechz
Fr,
trr)'- fpanlv,,.- vm-r1 olri4 ,t' 0*"*A Ll t *n, of a-l elenenfi.
-
[o n-t alsn leknys l, +t* e A. '
o V v, T) -T
&):= 0 rs 6,- /,""-rt, tfuar/ro,.?hdr)
?uarfiort.?hdD art/ i}
*uar, t"&rl
l/*, "lc
lero |wotfio^tho4".
, V= IR.' F= R-
Th, !)'' (-t,l) Srflcc/r'an owt t/v- uf-ax,i.
t*u h choclc lh,t is e linc,ttt 'f,wrrfin ehh.
"' Lel-u o t yh?Jt- - Ll T, tR.z-; lR' h +b nrfa/zrn tv tg/t'E
'Lel V' P^ Lfl * of AY 4n (oneo rrsrl nu^WY
frlyorn,dr
T(f),'={' 13 J l,,ro'tR twn$n62Aon
o Lel V= l*^(n ) ,
Lt f,,a
N 0,-1,-z) inro T r, Iu In,-24\' T,= 1(r,-2,-z)l
eLaL (J., !, t)e s7-ff,)
(1, t, l) =o (1
, -3,-z-)
r*e o fao
lo ,folal;a , h* in /tn yn .
--t'€
2g
Emas;ri- :
i- :
<^ --n i
nN trr'(/r, F-
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Jyy', ve(b,'U (t, m v e 5F, (p, U{i,\ f vi)
tuel've p, ':
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lt ,e tpr((F,ltuilu rt.) :
h, ?"*ir;ler
9:,
-fLttf,
o y', ;' abeh ,>dq e,tcat^.
/b, UF, iS a br{., .
L
X lI\1 fl4 . all,ahs +, errn gesticn:
km;rdee' 7'{aW is,phcl hncatt lreenrf"rail,A il * 'auy'cB" lhe aldrh'on atl scCap ^
nwlhplicahon Tk,tvJ =I(u)*TCu ) , Tkv)* cT&) Vu. eV ) ceF
q de6'r.{ I{,,Q. r,rtt I{,L Nft) = 1*VlTc0'+1 an/ #,e prrye Pff}f n€uolln p=Tqn '(
T era ynnurcl )herv l, h tubpaw
Pgft I *,r) 3 aue egu'whht _+ 2 suhsyo ilct/ has d;^utrtoD o iff il=703
TI,Ln 1b)=rh)
inplics lt,y* v,o.
bl't poo* k)r-pt et (t)
Asrur* +h* Ntt)18 Le+ q,v. e V L. s.b Tft,)-T(u,)
'fhrn Tfu)-TG,).6 '
(z)-43) LXH \
,lrf nihon r(T):= drn (<ft)) = d,'n @)
uDrnok
b)€) b) Ll= Rft); Tl,ert Ll CW is r tubsTot* a:t t&r(
FlJt/Orl
-
V
I
let V P,
-- (r) )
aV
T;rl
' f tt'. i
lYt'---
ilrrr hael lhal t/,,.--yz,t,r---'u,q is I btis fn V. 4 s, ? bo ( l/
,^n^11 ho* wl, elrw*it , end uc'nc 4l5xg - : : :
fuoU 1"b 6x) rk;)=o fr* Vi 'iinea 'vr' hxru dfrert J, k { ht, & fht lzepnel f
ltJe ,et,n!T(9ni,i)=
tfir a /n- m
11
anl s& taaa/ ,riepnt/en t,
bags
Vr' tnu y.t^x/ze chafeo J, L.
Za;v; -c -
ll)
J bc,r" ,rrd y), - - uh ahl Lneaa/
t'nkpufut+,
E
3t
'Jl;,l n s/>ans V.
/et veV l
^),=TQe Pff)
Fnsl- lef ,*-
lfucons. Dj sf*,s R(f) J , 15 $uclz llzrf .^) 3 Zli, j
i
Ttn)* Z t; T/u;)
T("- 2 t;u 3)=o
.l l<
!ra.r!,V=lRr') h)=lK^"'
Tloon lhc Dimenrigh lVwze^ irnplal Ntut fie_
b/o thV'5 or4 r-(T) 4 *.n, t).{
n c,*td nffhrff) * dr.n V
F-uklhcenop.e, T cln' { h inTech"x .
ficaent Lc* T.V+|A) a &'ne* t'ztnshc*atz>n. Asrr,n- 10.,1- A.^ Vr*,* ttS a-^o/
tha* 'tlu alnastnt az" la't , A s|sea'el carc is ulorn Vil. Tt*a 7 rs airb if'eaal
t,tlX
q r/ Tr iaVctve.
nD,orn,,rn
W, ry Tln*l- w( l,*" ntr)tr(r) '6b^ V.
Tin ;{ n(7)=o->t-ff)./;n V= aLn y'. lhm Tzs )ntz,
/\l,il ;{ r(tl l'^ G ahn tO '+ nnY O /fu n T us inTetl'rc
fu lfu +uo lhcnnenr on rt,24
f4^ro,!, trl, ,,rolff$,4 dhe4 V i, nor : fia;kfi ftatctktt -
thtowm ,does
Et,kt- V--,P&l1 tatt p,gno.ab) *d ,/or, T, V 4V' k T/p)=pt,.
T*" T ;s mto , buf f ;5 a,t ,njeth've.
, q V n'l _ fr'n;fe Aivw-nrrnat lurt cJm alual l^d c"T (le- uhtct +t"L
;s
th*ne^ -il fa( :
Thc.n' fu V 3
X,,/t,/, ek.> 1 A pfiln*n,al + dranee 12
s,^ch lhe'1. n h) = al'tbz le A. p6,)-X, f*, dt z, 3l ei.t, :
P*f , Le+ V= P, h)
L=L+ T' V
zR-o s-i- Th)= { hr,)), (p {x.D , (ph, D)
4,
'This is s Linu*
{ptrtftrtwrt,on kq fD ct"rt).
&rt ilaut T ls l-t. rtu ,f T(l)=(0,0t c), ilqn p-o
&=0 fia ,Wn:arc a.r'tbrtc,o les qLmatl ,7 a&^h;*, lxt p(x,1.ph),VQrl=O
b-- c= o fo,n
,2
'Ntt+ tlrf ,d,in,V',h^ P,h)-3 prl, 4n ti,&^ R.''- 3 ,
I fQ). (po),pht,),pht)).
Thn
r (Z atut)= 2 o. rtu)=
fi.,:
[hrr? T(v;),t4s; tYt it ani4uc, if f+ ttisf
:':_!li
Ltivcn ang vEV , J un,qr+ scabps ,e,,.-.an. !.t. y, fu;vu-.
T(v)t= Z- 4; rt '
,Dc/rne, '
Lt wNtr)
unih
"v.
. llrn O=Tfu) "T (/o;r;l= Zo;:f&) ' 2ai No'.
Zoorn'
D't [u;J ;t o bts and ltuSoz Ll,radX ;nckPendznf, /wh4 e;=o Ut
Thi; inTL'u v.Za.vi z o.
7 i> onta +
A ua$ h ag Eu?A
Aheil ta sbu Jiev ttttg Th),nt
hut' l"+j t e lasi attl Ahqzfu- tphs all t' 7O, /rurrz : rLe 6?n l.Ipite'
-. ,4 Ba b),.
n
M,l defi* v= 3 Qi Vo' , Tlvn , ar lefr'rc
i rli
W'ht T, , Pn GtJ->
T, ' Prh);a Pn-r,hl
PrrhT l.
Le
T,
T,Q'P"
b)=P'
W (T,tT,)-(y)'f
'*P".
r(
tl
Jn;ie* lP. Fo t*t'o alt;pL'ah\n .
,l
trfrit;r' C*nps;h;n I l*sfu-r*,"n
Lrcae ,
"l
q
>;dl
[ii*n V j+ U+d :
T
v --) V lw
7h drhne ,f,T : V -+ d ev
S, Tfu) := S (roi) e il
€p*, V= P^r^l l)= Dn_,Ct1 h), ?rrz,J
bfo'{tq , ./ frV* il t6 6rc-h-Dre ,ahl lhfut r,k Ell T' i nvephhie . .:Jf- j jrtvrtuh"bt<.
T' V-+\r/, we t
/ th* V "rn/ uJ ,* 6onnp1tc ancl T ,s {n ilornrzpArth ,
{P* V, W .*L
itf !;,P;:l-:ff Hr{uftuvtokl
"eh*a itttnazpl,t"c-
,u/eptc*nf"
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,l
Eaeecitr''
2.1. lD I'r, rn\"lfn :
4"ycat\,,
.:
t,
stcl, +lref
I
:l I
(t, t) -? h,q)
Fn4 ;Tk,')). Js T: tu-h'uh. ?
Jpen l,(t te) , (1, l) S -lR.t s, :T
-T(2 : Q, o))
,v):T (,1 (t, r)
.r- 3 r(,
D -T7 t, o) (q , lr)
is T a,e- b -oke ? F,'ncl NCr) i
'
!l:'
,6
2.1.13 ,find ewn/e of . TiV-=+V : btcpa-, /vl?o,
, ,
I.
, i .u2* Rn)=,fjro\,
l
, .j . r- , , I
, . $c ne*ol Thro),: /p, o,) ) :
Ad Th,11),(t, o),
oi,ue,*,
Ct,eoL f ,,
' -l 1
.
i:
r ; . i .j r i :
Wfu-',&th;ehonlhtp , ;l i
r , ,end V'.gV,',t.&tht:pat1 : ; , .
t'lt'1-T1"1
'E
eall il ll&
, rc.steith'ch oP T h \/ .' ,
i.
''
.',
,bn '"T(r,),dfu) €Uot l
i r i i i. i Tri ctle'b-crl-
1-g*A. 0y *fi'rnrn ,, ,f ';s orci-h-arc a;/ bro: fh| 'is t sdl {xorzeA'e f fV
g{a+ {,,n, aV^ tr ^Tfur)=
r,t; ie fu, zl to, € il'
-' T/rn ,',ox: dr6,rr4,o, Sfu)t v; ' i
tNz LY cle/'n;yn
7\,Sfu,t;ri',l)'= ur
i?srilr s,d) ' Tftal,1 rTG(uz)) sha T lwac-
S'"T
7'V4'1il
h h]+V j, lhr
i V
isonwpAis,n
; /en
l S,Uf+t/
hA . -fwa r tfr*
itdry&?/u"trn
eh o'')
&{rn,r*' lf
-f
'{-N i.r *aeae a'd '' *€F , lheo
(el),.,ir't= a.'l(v) -
,
ir , '
I
i
i :
V.r, lo R".
\L' Ui l;o* lt d{ ,{ V o
\+h€h
V;s iromepl,,c
Urryt /
(*u oAtlee is i*F/*r)
, P fu t ias:is of V 5t
/Lal'
Vu€V 1! n-tuplei (a,,"''a,^)
I
t s dnoR2 {n
fhan {r{-+R' S,t, fftrt) .an/ :
lenaruP /L'Jtr. -
L>E!tt*
;!
Fir basts't 4gV ,, 0*cilvv {y2 a,,/ fn ,rrrl* *v*.[a+nt,u
"lt'Tlr
wpt 8", &n d.fv,? fury ,o
I ?p h /,(nrn F) '
!V,D i i
- i y'uaf- :'t i
L(v, ta) a M^r, (.R.)
1--'- 1 ,- ' l'
I
: . i ,
ij,ii
'fhnwm
Ltv, ohfa'
Pf' fhil an/ ffJ^Bw 'ak4.
(Js
4r"nte,'<
t
:,
,8, T{,b_
'., ,V w :
:[ I
fr 4d
rvl tr"l b*'l'
I t
-Lo
.I
IR '*-
t=nfiR-
i
.l
I
I
:
th#/1.1^"6rr',,
Thr, wr, dfni (e ,Lne&
Ea,7n1
,L.A,t
4.f
R" -R.t
avi
, la ft:F O,, it
lf=
ffR' v
, 'f.0)), '
I i 't I I i :
-ilh
.-. r , :. - j
:
tV
!ryvt+'-r;:t!s o]
4 }
*'lo "'Ffl
i Lo o , al , lrl
-i: ,v Lr) :
, v''- 6f ,*!6r,
Au={i,Ut] = i,Aqrro,,^ tfi)",r(ilil)
,=
t d,",t L+ k $n4 a li,rr< +*rc&mrirn ,
=
J+i *.1 , :
-i:
r'i.:
l
'rri
i
l
.ta 4t
.: I :
i
-lhcorcq.
Jn,,f n fle fftk orl cph D
ft-^ V +o R-- fi
,4!Y W, 0
i" i,l V5w-{ 6L :
a,,l+trl ;rh%*-
[rt"ilu, = t["J,) =n,l"rr,)
'
Lva*,
tl
: I
'
//"
-r'z [il N ila bRdM( + i; 'ut nt Bv
(,:i
4L
f 'ft* ftno' h
.:
.:
J t4,4, ?w;q,b $uranr, lel- VW arrf ''6J'R" ,*,1 cl*su {1" h,tu I l.
ila tler[tid bs^.The rtV* beenbsi ;
K-V \W,R"
tuhu
t ,, 1 "d*#\
J, I
.t:r
l-A -.
R'n
ffi.
:' 7''6v
,'
/R"
't
il:'
Th' w,gttrur t,i c/ed<, ) J/c ;{ A{r, A/L,
::
:i':.
t-
tt
;
':
FW'A€M*r,G)
r
o
..'a i
De;;rn, LA , Fo -?
F' '
, fu LA(x)=A.A , ,
hy.) Ty+
E:,ry] = 6
i.
h'rno* -
A,;i (ot y) i
G,*g;) l"( + r;n F'
FA,ix;
+L
j*l
nt
A,jgj , ctiil".
-r/ conb,
.fh
/v2 f I
(t^ Gil; t (u|1.D), ,t+ + L4
n n t
tlr rk (/*Gr); =
F Aij (cz)ro fr A5cxi
.i
tt
=
JC Z
7'-t
A,;
J
ri : 'c/-Ah))r,.
so U '.r Lr,,'au.
),+ tr]
H|,:,r,,,,),,,,,i = E
.$ LA t Fn -t F- o,,{w-h-otv-, *1'b .
so,L^)- o
anl .(Ln)' n
=) Lt. n (Le)rr(L^)
h^ Thn
J'6 h= ttt . 5o A is ftuaRen .
Th* z ta ,a,
t-L;;T= ftt^li;)-
t
.f ,V-
frr, ft* hu, (V,\,\/
{r+ 1"J
fj vr f 4,u"*)
f ia'r<tliblc
TLn Er-Jrn*" : tTJ::)_,
.r, tt; J: = 4-' st: A-t e vis*o .
.t
I
" l ' ' - -t
rl
';':
lt
I
l
' -'f -1(
--f
.,
'I
i
o
{r
- ' -:- -
Itl
' t+ lL
[iJ'%' ttu .
+(7, n',\
l
= Ao, Uu
rl)
{}
''p/rn;v A
is 'rn"erd,bh
iF AeM*,,Cr) a,,a J sdn^4- D"nb^(r)
i
lbt Ab=I
AB=r
H v
l
iH-'J
l
v
TL neln.z bA w+*uo* Sf tf.. Jfc-
k {/- ,fuA lp^rfirfoq"nh*-r, ,
2=;
,imphea W S *rJ T qr- iaveqa; ,+ *
it, lefaraiepl q /+8, . so AB-I ^*,
Tlh 7,5 ,? alro + ,hA? :/-,r,r - V'
,$w a$u4q. rtA=I aa/ AC,J
.
l:=
;lrrc bn* tT'A =f ,fo V
1>
v
v:
v
v
'
Wonz, lc|:vo(, tvJaF 0. ,uJo i uhc" tf2 v uiil *t/d h F;.
M,Tht )t n,*tr;oi ft*; d6n/,bn :
Ta,bt, T,I/ : , : ,
:
ot
Dcbnntnanu,
4) dc* A+ - tle,t, A
f,{ luetftr-V i ,- l
I
i^
{a Q = E/J';
.''
n 2.4' aEr;'v|n = Q [uJr I
2tuileY :
'
;
.
, , .J . ,
I
. [uJ7u=(r,trz);
'
,:
t
'hI u, n*q /A,s ft, .th anhraaqlt v -- ailtr "z' ,€ V
[.]:= Q-' nf, a =) Jn ytnuwl".g-' eris*s ht +vr idenhfr1 ndtu/
has pn irrvcRte U
.
o
;:
Dele\llr,i nrnF,
o Thggouo' AeM^7c^(q) I ,
I
: :
A<nrrtt A rnVen-labtc.
'J
& A-' eristr 4 AA-'= {d
dot Ga-:)= /l-od>- |
,{rt &4-')= dr+(4),drr (A) = I
4 del- A)t o r
h@' v
Qn a wfkiv)' Lelt' AL[4nrr(n)
I
-Ucfuhe!.
Jr t€l;l
q/c
l:' i
lr'
I
7 A is an e-gc.nvahrq- + r+ k gn 4qenvec,loz
n)dina'u ?
v:
fu^pb' /+=i
f' li
.t
l"l 1 j
: TuI [r nf,
lo Ly
i
o I
. '"ti,LJ'V{
L1 '7j
"\H--
+
:
q=0,orl' Zr!,
n Jn.is ,nl [rt l rjer
d, rn c1w't.tlru.
.
ly J u'
;
I
Jr 4ob
d
7-Vl
7= Q ru- 7-- I
I
tl/tnvec/za,
I
Ihe
Wehvethes
trc alwls
',, /^a h lnlt t bx. Lhe
I
tryn f avrcft;V 'foJ.
be"pJr' h ,1 'I
,J
.i
f,,
)-t I
t, )=0 6v )=9 I
:,
' V--o c;rc + vrJJ"o
n--l rrr. +
/=o
-7"1
'A=3, cere -f i
.
;) 0:'rt ) ^
,Nhr,, n* 'tw1i;";;'l'+f:rH: tunspo,",et;n tA?
v
a*, h,o
LA" n u by? ^br*td,
4lo,t yb"
Th't kinl & quzthn d";*" tur;th Al*, oL I*s - & 's,$t"n' *-,ce'/./
"'Drnti
I *n,ebbr 'r,,i lln 1*n,', *'4* llrgt, * nlbl* (;9t -A:)
^/
(') 'n
r6ry {; "=(")
^[,lY'3tl'T#ifr:;u,"'
fl
q rve ]a Le d ?At/vr/". lasr',r pr, lv,,v, l Ik' I
I
'-
l*tr,)= -2v,,
Ln&,-) = {', rLn&')
L^&,)
J, lLnl
1Bt = v,
l-t
vtLo I )a /'1rd natru/ ii
i
,f
Tton
$o
^( fuis
t ro//tal
(Tlc-
@vE'/+=('*) ft'f0,G) j .l
D6g, LeF T,V.+( Lx ,{rrnoB A n6t*,pr uethn ,,e V ir rtllcd Jv) .0*,uec-toe- "f T
^
fu*P!' A = v,=(-,') r,, T= La
(l)
,
vz ar4 afltnveclops tf T, on[
vr o^rl - 2' or/ { Jzt
u !/'c Wvafrus
' asspa'tk / n/'lh v, a"/ v" , flr tptchvcfit ,
JMrp!,
'Tle,
' .
it: 4n eg*uecho + T
rvrlh
W*{cuc i
:
Q=1rde, ' Lel. T,|R.'-+R' b. {he iz#h'oo i lu;ntfuv*rh}n; -ifh ' arrnlc , dz Q < E
TWa T hrg rr0 gipava0ucr T'L* ,, A cav,'J bt d,Y6malit d
i
i
ThcpRnh L* TV+V v,--.vney hu,q',,',ralu.r+ T*
b:r [nua*,Le[
'{itFrrrlf u1cn.,lt es v,,.-.A, h;r a; y iti ) orr6u /hr/ , Tn, = A; v..
uri{h
hu 7v - - - n'7 tue lircaely rnleynhnt.
! f' //tet fiourone h / lltc thconca fo,tt.
W* /ha/ rtz h=/, the lheann hr//s)
Mt aI lhe ncntnFeA cxarrryhs' h 'hhe Jhencn +d" *he one 'w*h
ru^n#nol h. hJ. Iuut lh* nvl anA 4ea"'s h corryrtcn evenpte ui*h
n-l uqunva(nes. , ,,
So B.v=O
so (n- i,.)
v'D
Av- (zf )v = Av -vY = o
AV= 2V :
BerngnP
':.
:,
ril
l
7 = O"|O- 1..= O
/ :t
o
'"1-
i .'
I
n
Jo e iret udiacs JPh in lt ct/ts T rr hol-
J
ohe_ /o _atz .
(r
lrt ) h rn ei1ehdee fi* f L
Vrz-lt.F
2t,'
N (T - z.I\
'f h,y,z) - z,(n,g,z\ (0, o, o)
-Z-l-7,9=o
,-Z'A_7=O
^ry-^zv=o ,
s'ef /'1, M 4tl U=z-llz-l-f,
fo (t , v,-l,i-z)",, ,, .'iEnvedLe F- 4.
Nok +h;s tbo' waBLs f.. ir= --t)E
-$r.
t
I
q.l 14
r(
flcRciSe LeF A h
a sryJRe rno'fnia.
Peu.o A, A+ ,hovs -[E .ghe cigelrolre-.)
l'
-&&,€.,
V $o A"ff {o 6)= o
cgenvalue
V ugcnvalue f"" A" '{+ ta'(t= o
l,
{A rbY det (e'- 7.I)
AebCA t-
(z,I)*) (bu zr is def.al)
?- dc+ (
te-h l)*) &L {ncrrpp ii r hrera *ap)
( pn"pa\ F+ dekarn,r"rr*)
=to tt
to {n* 6)= fa (^>
'
'
I
';
.
.l
A is i sinrt?R ,t" D rn
j
h) '",drl Crt-Af)
e,det f0-tr+g - Zf)
= dct (s-'(A-ar)S)- ht (rq-')det (A-ar)d.rGD
=d&,A_ar) ={e cil