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Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They are known as the powerhouse of the cell as they produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are semi-autonomous. They likely originated as prokaryotic cells that engulfed eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into cristae which increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria convert glucose and other molecules into pyruvate and later ATP through a series of steps including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

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Bio Project

Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They are known as the powerhouse of the cell as they produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are semi-autonomous. They likely originated as prokaryotic cells that engulfed eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into cristae which increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria convert glucose and other molecules into pyruvate and later ATP through a series of steps including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

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You are on page 1/ 15

MITOCH

ONDRIA
By

V.V.Ram Sharan
IX Topaz
BIOLOGY PROJECT

WE ARE GOING TO SEE ABOUT THE

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF

MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria is a membrane-bound cell organelle which is located in the
cytoplasm of the cell that is present in most eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 m in diameter.
It is also known as the powerhouse of the cell as it produces energy for the cell.
It is semi-autonomous (self-replicating) because it has its own DNA ,so, it can
make things like proteins that they require.
There is a theory about the origin of Mitochondria called SYMBIOTIC THEORY.
We will be seeing it later here.

A SIMPLE
PICTURE OF
MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA
IN A CELL

ETYMOLOGY
The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek, mitos, i.e. "thread", and
chondrion, i.e. "granule" or "grain-like".

Discovery
Mitochondria were first discovered in 1886 by Richard Altman, who thought they
were parasites inside the cell.
Scientists soon noticed that mitochondria were found in every cell, but were most
dense in muscle cells.

ORIGIN
There are two hypotheses about the origin of mitochondria: endosymbiotic and
autogenous.
The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests mitochondria were originally prokaryotic
cells, capable of implementing oxidative mechanisms that were not possible for
eukaryotic cells; they became endosymbionts living inside the eukaryote.
In the autogenous hypothesis, mitochondria were born by splitting off a portion of
DNA from the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell at the time of divergence with the
prokaryotes; this DNA portion would have been enclosed by membranes, which
could not be crossed by proteins.
Since mitochondria have many features in common with bacteria, the most
accredited theory at present is endosymbiosis.

ORIGIN
A picture
showing the
origin of
eukaryotic cells
with
mitochondria
through
endosymbiotic
theory.
7

STRUCTURE
Mitochondria has a double-layered membrane.
These membranes are made of phospholipid, bilayers and proteins.
The outer membrane is very porous.
While the inner membrane is deeply folded.
These folds are called cisternae which create a large surface area for energy
generating chemical reactions.
It has its own DNA and ribosomes on the folds.

A PICTURE
SHOWING
STRUCTURE OF
A
MITOCHONDRIA

FUNCTION
The energy required for various chemical activities needed for life is released by
Mitochondria in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
The body uses the ATP stored for forming new chemical compounds and
mechanical work of the body.
It has its own DNA and ribosome which distributes the proteins required for itself.
ATP is produced through Cellular Respiration.
It also regulates the cellular metabolism.
It also synthesizes steroid.

1 glucose = 38 ATP
1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH = 2 ATP
NADH- Nicotinamide-Adenine
Dinucleotide
FADH- Flavin-Adenine
Dinucleotide

HERE WE ARE
GOING TO SEE
ABOUT THE
SMALL
SPECIFICATIONS
OF EACH.

PRODUCTION OF ATP
1. Intake of Food.
2. Digestion of food in taken.
3. Breaking down of food molecules (complex to simple).
4. Carbohydrate
5. Protein
6. Fat

glucose.
amino acids.

fatty acids.

7. The result will be Glucose.


8. Then assimilation takes place.
9. The absorbed glucose will be sent to cell (cytoplasm).
10. Glycolysis (lysis means shrinking) takes place.
11. In this process glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, and during this process
some amount of ATP is released but this is not enough.
1

Next, oxidation of pyruvic acid takes place. Here pyruvic acid released is oxidized
which gives out Acetyl COa and some NADH with some ATP.
The Acetyl COa should be converted into NADH and FADH. This takes place in the
process of KrebsNADH
Cycle.Acetyl
COa
ATP

NADH

FADH

The released NADH and FADH should be converted to ATP in order to utilize it.
It is done in the process of ETC (Electron Transport Chain).
FADH

These processes take place only in Aerobic respiration.

AT
P

In absence of oxygen, fermentation takes place, so, only


NADH

less amount of ATP or energy is released.

NADH

FADH

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com for images
My 9th grade Biology Classwork
9th grade NCERT Science book

14

THANK
YOU!

15

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