Forward blocking mode In this mode of operation, the anode is given a positive potential while the cathode is given a negative voltage, keeping the gate at zero potential i, disconnected. In this case junction JI and JB are forward biased while J2 is reversed biased due to which only a small leakage current exists from the anode to the cathode until the applied voltage reaches its breakover value, at which J2 undergoes avalanche breakdown and at this breakover voltage it starts conducting, but below breakover voltage it offers very high resistance to the current and is said to be in the off state Forward conduction mode SCR can be brought from blocking mode to conduction mode in two ways: either by increasing the voltage across anode to cathode beyond breakover voltage or by applying of positive pulse at gate, Once it starts conducting, no more gate voltage is required to maintain it in the on state There are two ways to tum it off 1. Reduce the current through it below a minimum value called the holding current and 2. With the Gate turned off, short out the Anode and Cathode momentarily with a push-button switch or transistor across the junction. Reverse blocking mode SCRs are available with reverse blocking capability, which adds to the forward voltage drop because of the need to have along, low doped Pl region. (If one cannot determine which region is Pl, alabeled diagram of layers and junctions can help). Usually, the reverse blocking voltage rating and forward blocking voltage rating are the same. The typical application for reverse blocking SCR is in current source inverters SCRs incapable of blocking reverse voltage are known as asymmetrical SCR abbreviated ASCR. They typically have a reverse breakdown rating in the tens of volts. ASCRs are used where either a reverse conducting diode is applied in parallel (for example, in voltage source inverters) or where reverse voltage would never occur (for example, in switching power supplies or DC traction choppers). Asymmetrical SCRs can be fabricated with a reverse conducting diode in the same package. These are known as RCTs, for reverse conducting thyristors Thyristor turn on methods 1, forward voltage triggering gate triggering 3, dvldt triggering4. temperature triggering 5. light triggering Forward voltage triggering occurs when the anode-cathode forward voltage is increased with the gate circuit opened, This is known as avalanche breakdown, during which junction J2 will breakdown. At sufficient voltages, the thyristor changes to its on state with low voltage drop and large forward current. In this case, JI and J3 are already forward biased Application of SCRs SCRs are mainly used in devices where the control of high power, possibly coupled with high voltage, is demanded. Their operation makes them suitable for use in medium to high-voltage AC power control applications, such as lamp dimming, regulators and motor control SCRs and similar devices are used for rectification of high power AC in high-voltage direct current power transmission, They are also used in the control of welding machines, mainly MTAW (Metal Tungsten Arc Welding) and GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) process, Compared to SCSs A silicon-controlled switch (SCS) behaves nearly the same way as an SCR, aside from a few distinctions, Unlike an SCR, a SCS switches off when a positive voltage/input current is applied to another anode gate lead. Unlike an SCR, a SCS can also be triggered into conduction when a negative voltage/output current is applied to that same lead SCSs are useful in pra control pulses. This includes power-swit ally all circuits that need a switch that tums on/off through two disti hing circuits, logic circuits, lamp drivers, counters, Compared to Triacs TRIACS resemble SCRs in that they both act as electrically controlled switches. Unlike SCRs, TRIACS can pass current in either direction. Thus, TRIACS are particularly useful for AC applications. TRIACs have three leads. a gate lead and two conducting leads, referred to as MTL and MT2. IEno current/voltage is applied to the gate lead, the TRIAC switches off On the other hand, if the trigger voltage is applied to the gate lead, the TRIAC switches on TRIACS are suitable for light-dimming circuits, phase-control circuits, AC power-switching circuits, AC motor control circuits, etc. 1. Forward blocking mode (aff state) Forward conduction mode (on state) 3. Reverse blocking mode (off state)