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[Reasoning] Syllogism (All Cats are Dogs): Method,

approach, techniques, shortcuts explained for IBPS, SSC,
CSAT and CAT

Aptitude / 3 years Ago / 618 Comments

1.

Introduction to Syllogism

2.

Basics

3.

Subject vs Predicate

4.

Classification of statement

5.

Standard format: conversion

6.

No conclusion Combos

7.

Conclusive-Combos

8.

DemoQ: Crazy men and Women

9.

DemoQ: Intelligent Poets and singers

10.

For Aptitude, I recommend

Maths: Fast-track Rajesh
Reasoning: MK Pandey
English: SP Bakshi

CAT-level
DemoQ: Sweet Testing Apples (CAT)
DemoQ: Working mother nurses (CAT)

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DemoQ: 4 questions in 1!
11.

Special Conversions

12.

Complimentary pairs

13.

Tricky Situations: Priority order

14.

Tricky Situations: 1-Statement Conclusion

15.

Summary

Introduction to Syllogism
There are two main types of Syllogism question
2-Statements

3-Statements

Question Statement:
I. All cats are dogs
II. All dogs are birdsConclusion:
I. Some cats are birds
II. Some birds are cats.

Question Statement
A. All cats are dogs
B. some pigs are cats
C. no dogs are birdsConclusion
I. some cats are dogs
II. no birds are cats
III. some pigs are birds
IV. some pigs are not birds

2 Statement Syllogism questions are usually found in IBPS (Bank) and SSC exams.
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UPSC CSAT 2012 exam had quite a few questions on 3 Statement Syllogism.
In CAT exams, they ask 2 Statement Syllogism but they pack 3-4 such 2-statement syllogism
questions inside one question to make it very time-consuming process.
In this article, you will learn how to solve the 2 Statement syllogism questions.
3 Statement syllogism syllogism is explained in separate article (CLICK ME). (Theyre mere
an extension of the concepts explained in this article, so first master the 2-statement technique here.)
There are three methods to solve 2-statement Syllogism questions.

1. Venn Diagram
2. AEIO (analytical
Method)
3. Distribution of
terms (Tick
method)

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In the exam, Have to think of all possible Venn-Diagram situation and draw
them to check every statement.= time consuming in the exam hall.
Have to mugup some rules, and spend some hours @home to master the
AEIO conversion in your head. But once done, it is easy as a walk in the park.
Usually taught in CAT coaching classes and study material.
Technique is very fast but It excludes the concept of Conversion and
Complementary cases, hence sometimes makes it difficult to solve non-CAT
questions.

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The technique explained in this article, is a modified version of AEIO method combined with the Tick
Method. Lets call it U.P.U.N. method.

Basics
Subject vs Predicate
Consider this question statement
1. All cats are dogs
2. Some dogs are birds
3. No bird is a pig
4. Some pigs are not birds.
In all such statements, first-term is called subject and second is called predicate.
It doesnt matter what word is given: Table, Chair, Raja, Kalmadi, Kanimozhi or Madhu Koda first term is
subject and second term is predicate.
Lets relook at those question statements
Subject

Predicate

1. All cats are dogs

Cats

Dogs

2. Some dogs are birds

Dogs

Birds

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3. No bird is a pig

Bird

Pig

4. Some pigs are not birds.

Pigs

Birds

I hope the Subject vs. Predicate is clear now. Lets move to second thing

Classi cation of statement

In syllogism, each statement usually has following format
xyz subject is/are (not) predicate.
For example,
Xyz

Subject

Is/are (+/-not)

Predicate

All

Cats

Are

Dogs

Some

Pigs

Are not

birds

Based on xyz and not, we classify the statements as following

Statement
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1. All cats are dogs

Universal Positive

UP

2. Some dogs are birds

Particular Positive

PP

3. No bird is a pig

Universal Negative

UN

4. Some pigs are not birds.

Particular Negative

PN

Please remember following words. Whenever they come, you classify the statement accordingly.

All, every, any, none, not a single, only etc.

Universal (positive or
negative)

Some, many, a few, quite a few, not many, very little, most of, almost,
generally, often, freqently, etc.

Particular (positive or
negative)

Standard format: conversion

The standard 2-statement syllogism question format is following:
1. (xyz) A is/are (+/- not) B
2. (xyz) B is/are (+/- not) C
So basically it is
1. A>B
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2. B>C
(read as A to B then B to C)
What does this tell us?
Question statements must have ONLY three terms. (A, B and C).
In the exam, if they give you two question statements with four terms then your time is saved! Just tick the
answer no conclusion can be drawn.
For example
Question statements

Answer

1. All cats are Dogs

2. Some birds are pigs

No conclusion can be drawn. Because it has four terms (cats, dogs, birds, pigs)
A>B
C>D

Anyways back to the topic,

The standard format for question statements is:
1. A>B
2. B>C

1. First term>Middle Term

2. Middle Term>Third term

But if the given question statements are not given in this format, then we must convert them into above
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format. Otherwise we cannot proceed with answer. For example

Given question statements are
1. A>B
2. C>B

This must be converted into

1. A>B
2. B>C

Given question statements are

1. B>A
2. B>C

This must be converted into

1. A>B
2. B>C

Ok, so how to convert the statements?

Universal Positive (UP)

Given Statement
Given Statement: All Cats are Dogs

Valid conversions

Type

Some Cats are dogs

Particular Positive (PP)

Some dogs are cats

Particular Positive (PP)

It means UP can be converted into PP.

Please note: if the statement is Only Dogs are cats, then better convert it into All cats are dogs. (Only A
is B > All B are A)
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Universal Negative (UN)

Given Statement
Given Statement: No Cats are Dogs

Valid conversions

Type

Some dogs are not cats

Particular Negative (PN)

No dogs are cats

Universal Negative (UN)

It means UN can be converted into PN or UN.

Particular Positive (PP)

Given Statement

Valid conversions

Type

Some Cats are Dogs

Some dogs are cats

Particular Positive (PP)

It means PP can be converted into PP only.

Particular Negative
Example: Some Cats are not Dogs. In Particular negative statements (PN), no conversion can be made.
So PN=cant convert.
To sum up the conversion rules
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Type

Valid Conversion

Universal Positive (UP)

Only PP

Universal Negative (UN)

PN or UN

Particular Positive (PP)

Only PP

Particular Negative (PN)

Not possible.

Please note:
In some lower level exams, sometimes they directly ask about conversion. For example
Q. What can be concluded from the given statement: Some Politicians are honest men.
Answer choices
1. Some Honest men are not Politicians.
2. All Honest men are not politician
3. Some Honest men are politicians.
4. None of Above.
(Please donot read further, without solving above question.)
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Solution
well, the given statement Some Politicians are honest men. is a particular positive statement (PP).
Hence according to our table, it can be converted into PP only. Therefore
Given answer choice

Thought process

1. Some Honest men are not Politicians.

Particular negative (PN), hence eliminate.

2. No Honest men are politicians.

Universal Negative, hence eliminate

3. Some Honest men are politicians.

PP hence this is correct answer.

4. None of Above.

not applicable because C is the correct answer.

In case you are wondering,

Q. Some politicians are honest men.
In above case, cant the answer be A: Some honest men are not politicians?
Well, if you go by Venn Diagram method, itll lead to two cases hence it is doubtful.

Case #1

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Data
1. Sardar Patel
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

Subject (Politicians)

3. Raja
4. Kalmadi

Predicate (Honest Men)

1. Sardar Patel
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

In above situation, can you say Some honest men are not politicians?
Well you cant say that. Because both Honest men (Sardar and Shastri) are in politician set.

Case #2
Data
1. Sardar Patel
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

Subject (Politicians)

3. Raja
4. Kalmadi

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1. Sardar Patel
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

Predicate (Honest Men)

3. Bhagat Singh
4. ChandraSekhar Azad

In above situation, can you say Some honest men are not politicians?
Yes you can. Because two Honest men (Bhagat Singh and Azad) are not in politician set.
The point is, whenever two cases are possible, you cannot safely conclude one statement.
Hence, if the statement is
Some A are B> it doesnt mean Some B are not A.
The only valid conclusion in above case is :Some B are A.
Therefore Particular Positive (PP) statement can be converted into Particular Positive (PP) statement
only.
Similarly
Type of Statement

Valid Conversion

Path

Universal Positive (UP)All cats(A) are

Only PPSome Cats (A) are dogs. (B)Some dogs (B)

A to BB

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Universal Positive (UP)All cats(A) are

dogs (B)
Universal Negative (UN)No Cats(A) are
dogs (B)

Only PPSome Cats (A) are dogs. (B)Some dogs (B)

are cats. (A)
PN :Some Dogs (B) are not Cats (A).
UN: No Dogs (B) are cats. (A)

A to BB
to A
B to A

Particular Positive (PP)Some cats (A)

are dogs (B)

Only PP: Some dogs (B) are cats(A)

B to A

Particular Negative (PN)

Not possible.

Anyways back to the topic, what are we discussing?

1. Topic of discussion is: How to solve 2 statement syllogism question
2. Subject vs predicate
3. Type of statements (UP, UN, PP, PN)
4. Standard format and conversion.
The standard question format is
A>B
B>C
If the given question doesnt have statements in ^above standard format, then we must convert them
into standard format. Only then we can proceed further.
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So far, We constructed our shortcut table on how to convert the statements. Now

lets try some examples

Question statements

Conversion?

1. All Cats are dogs(B)

2. Some dogs(B) are not
pigs.

Already in standard format (A to B and then B to C)

hence no need to convert.

1. Some dogs(B) are not

pigs.
2. All Cats are dogs(B)

No need to convert any statement.

Just exchange the position of first and second statement.
1. All Cats are dogs(B)
2. Some dogs(B) are not pigs.

1. All Cats are dogs (B)

2. All pigs are dogs(B)

Have to convert, because not in standard format.1.All cats(A) are

dogs(B)
2.Some dogs(B) are pigs(C). (Rule UP-> only PP)

Now coming to the heart of the matter: how to solve the (stupid) 2 statement syllogism question?

No conclusion Combos
Here are the non-conclusion combos when two question statements are in following format.
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First statement (A to B)
Universal Positive (UP)

Universal Negative (UN)

Particular Positive (PP)

Particular Negative (PN)

Second statement (B to C)

Answer

Particular Positive (PP)

No conclusion

Particular Negative (PN)

No conclusion

Universal Negative (UN)

No conclusion

Particular Negative (PN)

No conclusion

Particular Positive (PP)

No conclusion

Particular Negative (PN)

No conclusion

Any other (UP, UN, PP, PN)

No conclusion

^does it look difficult?

Not really. Lets condense this table into mug-up rules.
1. UPs politicians hate giving particular statements (both positive and negative). E.g. they donot reveal
their clear position on FDI in retail until the 11th hour.
2. United Nations hates negativity. (both Universal and particular)
3. Pritish Nandy hates everybody.
4. Two-negatives=no conclusion. (although implicit in 2+3)
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5. Two particulars=no conclusion. (although implicit in 1+3)

Please note: in ^above situations definite conclusion is impossible. However, sometimes two answer
choices are still possible either a or b.
That concept is called Complimentary pairs. Well learn about it at the bottom of this article.
For the moment, lets not complicate the matters with complimentary pairs.
Ok back to topic, when you face a Two-statement syllogism question? youll follow these steps:
1. first, make sure it contains only three terms (ABC) (else no conclusion.)
2. Make sure question statements are in standard format (A to B then B to C). If not in standard format,
then re-arrange.
3. Classify the question statements. (UP, UN, PP, PN)
4. Check if the question statements have no conclusion combos (^Above rules)
if above things donot yield an answer, then weve to think about what will be the conclusion(s)?

Conclusive-Combos
If youve followed above steps, then question statements in the format A to B and then B to C.
First statement (A to B)
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Second statement (B to C)

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Conclusion
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Universal Positive (UP)

Universal Negative (UN)

Particular Positive (PP)

Universal Positive (UP)

Universal Positive (UP) (A to C)

Universal Negative (UN)

Universal Negative (UN) (A to C)

Universal positive (UP)

Particular Positive (PP)

Particular Negative (PN). (C to A)

Universal Positive (UP)

Particular Positive (PP) (A to C)

Universal Negative (UN)

Particular Negative (PN) (A to C)

As you can see from above table,

The answer statement is usually in the format of A to C. with exception when first question statement is
Universal Negative (UN).
Lets condense this table into mug-up rules as well.
ConclusiveCombos

In your head, visualize

1. UP+UP=UP

If Uttar Pradesh meets Uttar Pradesh, then its size doesnt increase.

2. UP+UN=UN

If Uttar Pradesh meets United Nations then its size increases and it becomes
United Nations.

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United Nations Secretary Ban Ki Moon is in very positive mood. But he meets
another positive person, and his attitude is totally reversed he becomes
particularly negative! (reversed =C to A)

3. UN+
(UP/PP)=PN
4. PP+

When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA telescope, his mood becomes
positive or negative depending on the mood of universe.

(UP/UN)=PP/PN

Try a question from SSC-CGL (Tier-I, 2010) exam,

DemoQ: Crazy men and Women

Question Statements
1. All men are women.
2. All women are crazy.
Conclusion
1. All Men are crazy
2. All the crazy are men
3. Some of the crazy are men
4. Some of the crazy are women
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Answer
a. None of the conclusion follows
b. All conclusions follow
c. Only 1, 3 and 4 follow
d. Only 2 and 3 follow
(I suggest you pause here. First try to solve it on your own, without directly reading the solution. If youve
difficulty, re-read rules given above)

Solution
Our standard operating procedure (SOP)
Question Statements
1. All men are women.
2. All women are crazy.
First step: make sure four terms are not given = check. Only three terms (men, women, crazy)
Second step, make sure theyre in standard format (A to B and then B to C): Check yes theyre.
Hence conversion is not required.
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1. All men(A) are women. (B) (UP)

2. All women(B) are crazy.(C) (UP)
Third step, classify the statements.

1. All men are women.

Universal Positive (UP)

2. All women are crazy.

Universal Positive (UP)

Fourth step: check the combo for question statements.

Well, since it is UP+UP= its size doesnt increase. Hence conclusion should be UP. (A to C) meaning All
men(A) are crazy.(C)
Check the answer statements.

1. All Men are

crazy

Correct.

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2. All the
crazy are
men

Recall that conversion table.Universal Positive (UP) can be converted only into
Particular Positive (PP).
Since All men are crazy => Some Crazy are men.
But we cannot say All crazy are men. So this option is false.
If you apply common sense at this stage: well, 1st statement correct, and 2nd
statement is false, hence answer is (C): only 1, 3 and 4 follow!

3. Some of
the crazy

Correct because of conversion table

are men
4. Some of
the crazy
are women

Given question statement : All women are crazy. (Universal positive). If we apply
conversion table (UP=> PP) then Some Crazy are women. Hence this statement is
also correct.

Final answer (C): only 1, 3 and 4 follow

If youre still staggering, I suggest you go through those rules again, note them down in a diary in your
own words and language, revise a few times. Then try next question

DemoQ: Intelligent Poets and singers

Question Statements (SSC-CPO exam)
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1. All poets are intelligent

2. All singers are intelligent.
Conclusion
1. all singers are poets
2. some intelligent persons are not singers
Answer choices
a. only conclusion one follows
b. only conclusion two follows
c. either conclusion one or conclusion two follows
d. neither follows

solution
first step: does the question statements have only three terms? Check: Yes. Singers, poets, intelligent.
Good, proceed with next step.
Second step: Are the question statements given in standard format (A to B then B to C)?
Check. Nope
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1. All poets (A) are intelligent (B)

2. All singers (C) are intelligent. (B)
Then we have to convert it into standard format. And since both statements are universal positive, we
dont need to worry about which statement to convert first? (that priority order, more about it,
explained at the bottom of this article.)
Second statement is universal positive (UP), according to our table, we can only convert it into particular
positive (PP) therefore
All singers (C) are intelligent. (B)==> Some intelligent persons(B) are singers.(C)
Now the new question statements, in the standard format (A to B then B to C) are
1. All poets are intelligent (B)
2. Some intelligent persons(B) are singers.
Third step, classify the question statements
question statement

type

1. All poets(A) are intelligent (B)

Universal positive (UP)

2. Some intelligent persons(B) are singers.(C)

Particular positive (PP)

Fourth step, apply the combo rules.

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Since UPs politicians hate particular statements (both positive and negative), hence no conclusion can be
drawn. That means we cannot connect A to C or C to A.
Now check the Answer statements
i. all singers(C) are
poets (A)

False. UP+PP=no conclusion, as explained above.

Check the second original question statement : All singers are intelligent.

ii. some intelligent

persons are not
singers

(Universal positive UP).

According to our conversion table, UP can be converted into particular
positive (PP) only. But this answer statement (II) is a particular negative
statement. Hence this is also false.

Final answer: (D) neither follows.

CAT-level
Same UP-UN Concept but they pack 3-4 or more syllogism questions into one question to test your
speed, not just your understanding. for example:

DemoQ: Sweet Testing Apples (CAT)

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given question has five statements followed by options containing three statements put together in a
specific order. Choose the option which indicates a valid argument, where the third statement is a
conclusion drawn from the preceding two statements.
Question statements (CAT 1999)
a. Apples are not sweet
b. Some apples are sweet
c. All sweets are tasty
d. Some apples are not tasty
e. No apple is tasty
answer choices
1. cea
2. bdc
3. cbd
4. eac

solution and approach

weve to check the given options one by one.
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Option (i). CEA. Meaning weve to take C as our statement (I), E as our Statement (II) and then observe, if
statement (A) can be concluded from C and E.
C

All sweets are tasty

Universal positive

No apple is tasty.

Universal negative

Apples are not sweet

Universal negative

In the actual CAT exam, we cannot afford to waste time in actually converting all statements and checking
them.
Here is the fast approach
1. three terms?= yes
2. in standard format? No. but we can convert second (UN) into another UN and then combo rule is
UP+UN=UN.
Hence this answer choice (CEA) is correct.
Final answer (i) CEA

DemoQ: Working mother nurses (CAT)

question statement
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a. No mother is a nurse.
b. Some Nurses like to work

1. ABE

c. No woman is prude

2. CED

d. Some prude are also nurses

3. FEB

e. Some nurses are women

4. BEF

f. All women like to work

Check the answer choices one by one.

i. ABE
A (Statement I)

No mother is a nurse. (UN)

B (Statement II)

Some Nurses like to work

E (Conclusion)

Some Nurses are women.

This is invalid. Because Statement I and II have three terms (Mother, Nurse and work) while given
conclusion statement adds fourth new term women
Move to next choice.
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ii. CED
Statement

Type

C (Statement I)

No woman is prude

Universal negative

E (Statement II)

Some nurses are women

Particular positive

D (conclusion)

Some prude are also nurses

Particular positive

Question statements have three terms? Yes (women, prude, nurses)

Are they in standard format (A to B then B to C?) nope.
No woman(B) is prude

Universal negative

Some nurses are women(B)

Particular positive

change position of first and second statement.

1. Some nurses(A) are women(B)
2. No woman(B) is prude(C)
question statement
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1. Some nurses(A) are women(B)

Particular positive (PP)

2. No woman(B) is prude(C)

Universal negative (UN)

Apply the combo rules

PP+UN=??
When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA telescope, his mood becomes particularly negative or
positive depending on the mood of universe. Hence PP+UN=PN.(A to C)
So legitimate conclusion is Some Prune arenot nurses.
But Check the given conclusion statement: Some prude are also nurses. It is Particular positive (PP).
But According to conversion table, PN cannot be converted. So we cannot say that since Some prune
are not nurses, that means some prunes are nurses!
Therefore given answer choice(ii) CED is false because D cannot be concluded from C+E.
Move to the next answer choice.
Actual thought process: three terms =yes. Standard form=no. rearrange. But PP+UN=PN, cant be
converted to PP. Hence false.

iii.FEB

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Statement

Type

F (Statement I)

All women like to work

Universal positive UP

E (Statement II)

Some nurses are women

Particular positive PP

B (conclusion)

Some nurses like to work

Particular positive PP

three terms =yes. Standard form=no. but no need to convert, just exchange position of statement I and II.
Some nurses(A) are women(B)

Particular positive PP

All women(B) like to work (C)

Universal positive UP

Apply combo rule, again same situation

When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA telescope, his mood becomes particularly positive or
negative depending on the mood of universe. Hence PP+UP=PP.(A to C).
Some nurses(A) like to work(C). Done! This is same as the given conclusion (B)
Therefore, final answer is (iii) FEB.

DemoQ: 4 questions in 1!
This one is from CAT-1999.
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Each of the given question statement as three segments. Choose the alternative where third segment of
the statement can be logically be used using the both preceding two but not just from one of them
Question statements
a. all dinosaurs are prehistoric creatures. Water buffaloes are not dinosaurs. Water buffaloes are not
prehistoric creatures
b. all politicians are frank. No frank people are crocodiles. No crocodiles are politicians
c. no diamond is quartz. No opal is quartz. Diamonds are opals.
d. All monkeys like bananas. Some Joes like bananas. Some Joes are monkeys.
Answer choice
i. Only C
ii. Only B
iii. Only A and D
iv. Only B and C

Approach
C. Diamonds,
Quartz,

Three terms yes. Standard format =No.Both question statements are Universal
negative. We can convert either of them, into UN or PN. But in any case, both question

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Quartz,
Opals.

negative. We can convert either of them, into UN or PN. But in any case, both question
statements will remain negative. And Two negatives=no conclusion. So C is not
possible. Hence answer choice (i) and (iv) eliminated.

B. Frank
politicians
and
crocodiles

Already in three terms standard format.UP+UN=size enlarged and becomes UN.

So conclusion should be No crocodile is politician so this statement is correct. Hence
answer choice (ii).

Final answer: (ii) only B.

The End?
No. Picture abhi baaki hai mere dost: just three more concepts before concluding the Two-Statement
Syllogism

Special Conversions
Recall that when question statements are not in standard format (A to B then B to C), in that case weve to
convert them according to conversion table. Here are some special cases.

Given Question statement

None but Politicians are honest.

Conversion (all applicable to all given question

statements)

Type

1. All honest(people) are politicians

UP

No one else but Politicians are

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No one else but Politicians are

honest.
Only politicians are honest.
Politicians alone are honest

2. No non-politician is honest.
3. No honest (people) are non-politicians.
4. Some politicians are honest

UN
PP

Second concept:

Complimentary pairs
Earlier we saw there are five no-conclusion combos
1. UPs politicians hate giving particular statements (both positive and negative). E.g. they donot reveal
their clear position on FDI in retail until the 11th hour.
2. United Nations hates negativity of any type. (both Universal and particular)
3. Pritish Nandy hates everybody.
4. Two-negatives=no conclusion.
5. Two particulars=no conclusion.
For example
Question statement
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1. Some Politicians are male.2. Some males are honest.

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Conclusion

1. Some Politicians are honest.2. No Politicians are honest.

Answer choice
a. Only 1 follows
b. Only 2 follows
c. Either 1 or 2 follows
d. Neither follows
Apply the standard operating procedure:
Three terms? Check: yes
Are they in standard format? A to B then B to C? check. Yes
Then classify the statements
1. Some Politicians(A) are males(B)

Particular positive.

2. Some males(B) are honest(C)

Particular positive.

From the given rules, Two particulars = No conclusion!

But please observe one of the answer choice (C)= Either 1 or 2 follows.
Consider these cases
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Case#2
Politicians
5. Sardar Patel
6. Lal Bahadur Shastri
7. Raja
8. Kalmadi
9. Sheila

Males

honest

1. Sardar Patel

1. Sardar Patel

2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

2. Lal Bahadur Shastri

3. Raja

3. Bhagat Singh

4. Kalmadi

4. ChandraSekhar Azad

5. Bhagat Singh

5. Sarojini Naidu

6. ChandraSekhar Azad

6. Mother Teresa

In this case#1: some politicians (Sardar and Shastri) are honest.

So conclusion (1) may be possible.

Case#2
Politicians
1. Raja
2. Kalmadi
3. Sheila
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Males

honest

1. Raja

1. Bhagat Singh

2. Kalmadi

2. ChandraSekhar Azad

3. Bhagat Singh

3. Sarojini Naidu

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3. Sheila

4. ChandraSekhar Azad

4. Mother Teresa

In this case, No politician is honest.

So conclusion (2) may be possible.
Therefore answer becomes Either 1 or 2 follows
Such syllogism-situations are called complementary.
Youve to check following things, before thinking about complementary cases.
1. Two statements with three terms? Yes
2. Question statements are given in standard format (A to B Then B to C). if not, then rearrange or
convert them.
3. Classify the statements (UP, UN, PP, PN)
4. Apply the rules. Get the answer.
5. If Step #4 gives No conclusion AND one of the answer choice is in the format of Either I or II follows,
only then check for complemantary case.

Checklist: complementary case

1. Two answer choices have same subject and predicate.
Applicable
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1. Some Politicians are honest.2. No

Politicians are honestBecause both have
common subject (politician) and common
predicate (honest)

1. Some Politicians are honest.2. No Honest are

Politicians.In first statement, subject=Politician but in
second statement, subject= Honest. Hence
complemantary case not possible.

2). The answer choice combo must be either of these three

Answer choice combo

example

Uttar Pradesh (UP) + Pritish Nandy (PN)

1. All Politicians are honest.

2. Some Politicians arenot honest

PP + Pritish Nandy (PN)

1. Some Politicians are honest.

2. Some Politicians arenot honest

PP + United Nations (UN)

1. Some Politicians are honest.

2. No Politicians are honest

When these two conditions are met, then answer would be Either (I) or (II) follows.

Priority order
You know that when Question statements are not in standard format (A to B Then B to C), we must
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convert them. But here is a thing to keep in mind. Consider these statements
Question statements:
1. All Dogs are Cats.
2. Some Dogs are Pigs.
Common term or middle term is Dogs. So thats our B.
1. All Dogs(B) are Cats.
2. Some Dogs(B) are Pigs.
We can convert it via two routes
Route #1

Route #2

Just convert the first

statement.
1. Some Cats are dogs. (Rule:
UP to PP)
2. Some Dogs are pigs.

Well re-order the statements. (that is interchange thee position of

both statements)
1. Some dogs(B) are pigs
2. All Dogs(B) are Cats
Now well convert the first statement.
1. Some pigs are Dogs (B) (Rule: PP to PP)
2. All dogs (B) are cats.

Both routes are valid.

Now the question is, which route should be preferred?
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The priority order is:

1) Particular positive (PP) >> 2) Universal Negative (UN) >> 3) Universal Positive (UP)
Note: weve not included Particular Negative (PN) in this order because PN cannot be converted. So
according to this priority order PP>UN>UP, route #2 is the more suitable approach. (although such
complications dont usually arise in most of the questions).

Tricky Situations: Priority order

Consider this scenario
Question statements

Conclusion

1. All women(B) are birds

1. Some birds are tree

2. Some women(B) are tree

2. All trees are bird.

As you can see, the question statements are not in standard format (A to B then B to C).
So, which question statement to convert?
First the wrong approach.

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Since question statements are not in standard format (A to B then B to C), hence well convert
first statement. (UP to PP)After conversion
WRON
G

1. Some birds(A) are women (B)

2. Some women(B) are tree
Both question statements are particular, hence final answer=No conclusion. (please note: this
approach is wrong, because weve not followed the priority order).

Now the correct approach

The priority order for Statement conversion is PP>UN>UP.Meaning, if there are two question
statements, and weve to convert one of them to make it a standard format=> then well
convert Particular positive statement first.So in the given case
1. All women(B) are birds
2. Some women(B) are tree
Convert second statement. (PP to PP)
CORR
E

1. All women(B) are birds.

2. Some trees are women(B).

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Now exchange positions of question statements

1. Some trees are women(B). (PP)

2. All women(B) are birds. (UP)
Now theyre in standard format, apply combo rule: PP+UP=PP (Nasa telescope rule!)
Hence conclusion is
Some trees are birds. (PP)
We can also say that Some birds are trees. (PP to PP conversion). Therefore answer is (1)

Moral of the story: Conversion priority: PP>UN>UP. Especially when youre getting PP+PP= no conclusion
after conversion.

Tricky Situations: 1-Statement Conclusion

Question statements

Conclusion

1. All the flowers are leaves.(B) (UP)

1. Some birds are flowers

2. Some leaves(B) are birds (PP)

2. Some leaves are flowers

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Question statement contains only three terms=yes.

Are they in standard format? (A To B then B to C?) =Yes.
Apply combo rules: UP+PP=No conclusion because Uttar Pradeshs politicians hate particular statements.
But heres the catch. Observe the conclusion statements carefully
Conclusion
statement

Thought process

1. Some
birds
are

Not possible because combo rule.

flowers
2. Some
leaves
are
flowers

first question statement says All flowers are leaves. If you apply the conversion rule UP>PP, thenAll flowers are leaves=> Some leaves are flowers. Hence this conclusion is
correct, although it did not employ both question statements.

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Moral of the story: Read terms (subject-predicate) of conclusion statements.

Summary
What to do when 2-statement syllogism question is given?
1. They must have only three terms (A, B and C)
2. Are the question statements in standard format (A to B then B to C)? if no, then refer to following
conversion table. (important: priority order for conversion is PP>UN>UP.)
Type

Valid Conversion

Universal Positive (UP)

Only PP

Universal Negative (UN)

PN or UN

Particular Positive (PP)

Only PP

Particular Negative (PN)

Cant do.

3. Classify the Question statement (UP, UN, PP, PN)

4. Apply the combo rules on Question statements.

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No conclusion

Yes conclusion
1. If Uttar Pradesh meets Uttar Pradesh, then its size

1. UPs politicians hate giving particular

statements (both positive and negative).

doesnt increase. (UP+UP=UP)

2. If Uttar Pradesh meets United Nations then size

E.g. they donot reveal their clear position

increases and it becomes United Nations.

on FDI in retail until the 11th hour.

(UP+UN=UN)

(UP+PP/PN=NO)
2. United Nations hates negativity. (both
Universal and particular)(UN+UN/PN=NO)
3. Pritish Nandy hates everybody. (first
statement is PN=NO, Irrespective of
second statement.)

3. United Nations Secretary Ban Ki Moon is in very

positive mood. But he meets another positive
person, and his attitude is totally reversed- he
becomes particularly negative! (reversed =C to A).
(UN+UP/PP=PN)
4. When Mr.PP observes the universe via NASA

4. Two-negatives=no conclusion.

telescope, his mood becomes particularly positive

5. Two particulars=no conclusion.

or negative depending on the mood of

universe.(PP+UP/UN=PP/PN)

5. (rarely required): if no-conclusion and either or given in answer, then check for Complimentary case.

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This concludes the discussion on 2 statement Syllogism question.

In later article, well see the 3-statement syllogism. It is basically extention of the same UP-UN method
that we learned here. However, to quickly solve 3-statements, first you must become a master of 2statement. So, practice as many sums as you can, from any of the following books.

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For the whole archive of Aptitude related articles, visit Mrunal.org/aptitude

Mrunal
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SSC CGL Made Easy without differentiation

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So far 618 Comments posted

Vadarevu Prasanna Kumar

R E PL Y

Mrunal, please help on the topic of sequential input-output tracing(reasoning)

prabu

R E PL Y

i have doubt in the conversation

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amita chauhan
great explanation

R E PL Y

. awesome. thank u very much.

Aj

R E PL Y

Stat : All bags are cakes. All lamps are cakes.

Conc: some lamps are bags. No lamp is bag.
Aftr conversion it forms UP+PP pair.
However in the ans it was given that these form a complimentary pair, but above
post mentions that only (UP+PN,PP+PN,PP+UN) forms a complementary pair. Pls
let me know ur thoughts else corect me if im wrong

Wazeed

R E PL Y

Hello Aj ,
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UP+PP is the conversation form of given statements.

We have to check the conversation form of given conclusions i.e
PP+UN(complementary pair).

mohit chauhan

R E PL Y

Hi Mrunal,
Must say, a great post on 2 statement syllogism. Tremendously helpful. However,
nowadays even in PO exams, mostly three to four statement syllogisms are
appearing frequently. So, can u please provide posts on three statement and four
statement posts?

AJAY KUMAR

R E PL Y

Statements: Some institutes are banks.

All institutes are academies.
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All academies are schools.

Conclusions:
I. All banks can never be schools.
II. Any bank which is an institute in a school
How analyse 2nd Conclusion through UP-UN method, because it consist three
terms BANK,INSTITUTE AND SCHOOL
PLZ help anyone

Sohail

R E PL Y

Extremely Good!! (y)

mounika

R E PL Y

how to solve problems with possbility in this method plz help me

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AJAY KUMAR

R E PL Y

Sir Please explain how to solve Syllogism based on Possibility

(1) If only conclusion I follows
(2) If only conclusion II follows
(3) If only conclusion I or II follows
(4) If neither conclusion I nor II follows
(5) If both conclusions I and II follows
(Q. 1 2)
Statements: A. Some poor are rich
B. All rich are doctors.
C. Some intelligent are doctors.
1. Conclusions: I. At least some poor are intelligent.
II. All intelligent being rich is a possibility.
2. Conclusions: I. All intelligent being doctors is a possiblity.
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II. Some poor are doctors.

Ravinder kumar

R E PL Y

Possibility type questions can be solved at glance by transformed raval

notations at glance and after some practice even no paper work is required.
solution to the mentioned problem by transformed raval notations will be as
follows
Statements: A. Some poor are rich P R
B. All rich are doctors. RR D
C. Some intelligent are doctors. I D
1. Conclusions: I. At least some poor are intelligent. P I .. x
II. All intelligent being rich is a possibility. I / RR .x, so given conclusion(All
intelligent being rich is a possibility) is true
Ans. (2) only conclusion II follows
2. Conclusions: I. All intelligent being doctors is a possiblity. I / DD .x, so
given conclusion (All intelligent being doctors is a possibility) is true
II. Some poor are doctors. P D
Ans.(5) both conclusions I and II follows
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shashank

R E PL Y

All intelligent being rich is a possibility.

this statement is also false.

Ravinder kumar

R E PL Y

All intelligent being rich is a possibility.

this statement is true one. You can draw all intelligent inside
Circle representing doctors in one of possible euler circles

avneesh kumar

R E PL Y

Great job sir.

Thanks a lot.

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alka thakur

R E PL Y

what about PP+PP case and which needs conversion moreover and have
complimentary pairs too in conclusion?

anindya

R E PL Y

mrunal sir, please make a video on syllogism ..i am telling because it will be more
helpful if u provide a video and make us understand more clearly what is written
on here .so its my ardent request to u,sir .(exactly like trigonometry height and
distance,it is crystal clear to me now :p
)

Uday Gollapalli

R E PL Y

Great explanation Simply awsum. Thank you so much sir.

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mona

R E PL Y

sir,
i need ur guidance regarding uppcs exam.

Vijender

R E PL Y

There is a mistake in above article on syllogism.

If there are four terms in 2 statements like in the example given below
All cats are Dogs
Some birds are pigs
You should check for the complementary cases, and not conclude straightaway
NO CONCLUSION FOLLOWS
as explained by Mrunal Sir, that If there are four terms in 2 statements, then your
time is saved just tick no conclusion follows.
Sometimes answer choices are so given as to confuse the candidates.
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For the example given above

No Cats are pigs or Some Cats are pigs is one of the several complementary pairs.

sudhir

R E PL Y

Hi Mrunal
how to use the rules for this problem
statements
a. Some books are no reference books.
b. All books are encyclopedias.
conculsions
Some reference books are no encyclopedias
No reference books are encyclopedias
All reference books are encyclopedias
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shre

R E PL Y

Hi all,
Cant get below correct
statements:1)All terrotists are guilty
2) All terrorists are criminals
Conclusion:I. Either all criminals are guilty or all guilty are criminals.
II. Some guilty persons are criminals.
III. Generally criminals are guilty.
IV.crime and guilt go together.
Options:a) only I follows
b) only I and III follow
c) only II follows
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d) inly II and IV follows

e) none of these.
According to me answer should be only II follows.however option e is the correct
answer .According to me below are the conversions :1)some guilty are terrorist.(UP-> PP)
2)all terrorists are criminals.
now the answer is clear, some guilty are criminals .e. option c.
Any help will be highly appreciated.
Thanks !

CHIDAMBARAM

R E PL Y

Syllogism,
All box are window,
Some Table are window,
Some window are round.
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Con:
1.Some Tables which are window can be also box is a possibility
2. All round can be table is possibility
. I followed your method. but i cant solution for these possibility type question.
please help me

Naz

R E PL Y

11. a. All children are naggers.

b. Some children are whiners.
Some Naggers are Children -PP
Some Children are Whiners -pp
sO PP plus pp means no conclusion according to our Logic but the answer is C
..SOMEBODY PLEASE CORRECT ME
Answer: Some naggers are whiners is correct!
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No naggers are whiners

All naggers are whiners
Some naggers are whiners
None of the above
But according to our logic its

sreevishakh

R E PL Y

Hey Naz,
U have not converted according to the priority (refer tricky situations on the
above discussion).

Puneet

R E PL Y

Sir could you please provide the detail solution of below Question based on
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Syllogism I have tried it to solve.

Statements : All pigs are elephants. No pigs are bakers.
Conclusions:
a) Some bakers are not pigs. b) Some pigs are not bakers.
c) Some elephants are not bakers. d) Some bakers are not elephants.
Options are:
1) a,b and c follow 2)a,b and d follow 3) a.c and d follow 4) b,c and d follow 5)All
follow
Mine solution is Only a and C follow which is not even in options all the sites are
showing its answer as (1) which is a,b and c follow
below is my solution:
write the statements as
1) All pigs are elephants (UP)
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2) No pigs are bakers (UN)

Statement 1 is Universal positive and statement 2 is Universal negative therefore,
convert the statement 1 into Particular positive.
after rewriting we have
1) Some elephants are pigs (PP)
2) No pigs are bakers (UN)
This was done to achieve the format of A->B->C.
Now we have PP + UN which leads to Particular negative. After conversion we get
Some elephants are not bakers which is one of the conclusions.
Check the statement again
No pigs are bakers (UN). Since it is universal negative it can be converted either to
Particular negative or Universal negative. Apply conversion
Some bakers are not pigs (PN) -> This is in the conclusion.
No bakers are pigs (UN)
No other conclusion is derivable. Hence the answer
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Some elephants are not bakers

Some bakers are not pigs.
Therefore could you please suggest whether my approach is right.

Aafreen saifi
awsome explanation

R E PL Y

.thank you so much

akrit

R E PL Y

Hello mrunal sir pls ans my query

1.No magazine is cap
2.All caps are cameras
Conclusion
1.No camera is magazine
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2.Some cameras are magazines

The answer for this in R.s aggarwal is given either 1 or 2
But here we are getting conclusion that is
Some camera are not magazine
But u have stated that we should go for complimentry pair only when we are
getting no conclusion.
Please sir answer this query

athira

R E PL Y

hi, I have the same doubt . please help. in RS Agarwals book it is stated that
even if it a statement with conclusion, we have tocheck for complementary
pairs , which is contrary towhat mrunal sir said. somebody please help

bhavana murali
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R E PL Y

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really wonderful!! i referred top books and attending coaching classes for this!! but
only this article helped! hats off!
but how do u solve this kind of problem st
statement : some papers are pens : some pencils are pens
conclusion: some pens are pencils
some pens are papers

dipen

R E PL Y

hi , bhavana
i can make you understand
first of all see both the conclusions are of the pp ( perticular types )
so , pp + pp no conlusion .
now , check complementary pairs ( but not given ) . ok now check individual
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statements .
as we know that pp can only be converted into pp.
so, as per this rule only second conclusion follows.

aman

R E PL Y

I have a doubt on Universal Negative conversions.

Here Statement given is No Cat is Dog.
Its conversions are given as
1. Some dogs are not cats.
2. No dog is cat.
Will some cats are not dogs come up in conversions.?
Pls reply ASAP.

dipen

R E PL Y

hi , aman
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any statement of the UN type is converted by two ways .

so, both the conclusions has been mentioned by you are absolutely right.

priyanshi

R E PL Y

statement
maximum copy are pen.
minimum pen are not pencil.
some pencil are rubber.
no rubber is sharpener.
con1.0.00001%copy can be rubber.
maximum pencil can be pen.
Respected Sir
please provide me solution of this with explanation.
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I will b ur thankful.

Rajesh

R E PL Y

Fantastic work Thank you

Abinash

R E PL Y

StatementSome chairs are shoes

some shoes are Sticks
conclusion
1)some chairs are sticks
2)no shoe are sticks
3)all sticks are shoes
4)all shoes are chairs
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since its PP+PP it should be inconclusive ( although we have to check the

conclusion to confirm)
but I found in a book that the answer was
Some chairs are sticks how?

Killer Miller

R E PL Y

Error in ur book

Alok Dubey

R E PL Y

Dear Sir,
In UPSC civil service exam Interview is part of mains. Can I give interview in Hindi
while I have written mains in English ?

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ranjeet kumar

R E PL Y

statement: 1.all apple are mango.

2.some apple are orange.
3.no orange are watermelon.
con:: 1.some apple are orange.
2.all mango are not apple.

Aparna

R E PL Y

please explain this onestatements- some lines are circles

all circles are balls.
conclusions- 1. all balls being a line is a possibility.
2. there is a possibility that some balss are neither circle nor lines.
correct ans is- both conclusion 1 and 2 follows.
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please explain how?

pK

R E PL Y

usually one of the options is : either 1 or 2 follows

This is usually given as answer when the conclusions are of the following types:
1. some cats are dogs
2. no cats are dogs
but nobody considers that another option is possible which is all cats are dogs. So
one of the three conclusions is possible not one of the two given above.
So we cant say either 1 or 2 follows as a third conclusion can be written and
answer shold be one of the three follows.

Killer Miller

R E PL Y

@pk if no cats r dogs then hw all cats r dog? no cats are dogs mean no
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comon btwn cat and dog.hope m ryt.

KUMAR MAYURESH

R E PL Y

I want to ask about complementry conclusions, but according to venn diagram

Kunwar Upendra Singh Bhadauria

R E PL Y

Sir thanku so much its true sense to help anybody whom u never know about
them.

sourav basak

R E PL Y

I want to ask one syllogism question. Kindly give the answer.

Statement: Some dogs bark.
All dog bite.
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Conclusion:Those dogs who do not bark,also bite.

Those dogs who do not bark,not neccessarily bite.

Nikita Saluja

R E PL Y

Hi mrunal,
Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us.
I have two doubts.
Firstly, in the question: Statement: All men are women .All women are crazy.
How is- Some of the crazy are menalso a correct statement?
None of the statements given in the question can be coneverted into this
statement.
and
Secondly
How to solve this question:
Science teachers do not use plastic bags.
Plastic bags are not used by some engineers.
These subjects are directly given with no All, Some etc words before them.
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Killer Miller

R E PL Y

stat: 1 all men(A) r women (B)

2 all women(B) are crazy(C)
first check statemnts hv three terms.? yes (men women and crazy)
then is statements r in standard form? yes
classify the statemnts 1 is UP nd 2 also UP
then chek combo rules: no conclusion rules dsnt applicable ryt? now chek
combo rule with yes conclusion
in yes conclusion rules UP+UP=UP (A to C) which means from statemnts we
get the result : ALL MEN ARE CRAZY this ansr is in UP form so we can cnvrt it
into PP means SOME CRAZY ARE MEN which is also in conclusion. thats why
this option also follow

raghucool

R E PL Y

great work..bt i want about WITH POSSIBILITY AND WITH OUT POSSIBILITY
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CASES PLS EXPLAIN .

Killer Miller

R E PL Y

if there are three conclusions

1 some cakes r not frogs
2 some cakes r frog
3 all frogs are cakes
i knw accrding to quest my secnd conc is ryt . is it possible if all frog r cakes is
wrong conc then according to secnd conc. 1 conc is true.???

athira

R E PL Y

hi, I have the same doubt . please help. in RS Agarwals book it is stated that even
if it a statement with conclusion, we have to check for complementary pairs ,
which is contrary to what mrunal sir said. somebody please help.

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