d sf] x'F <

Pp6f lh1f;'sf] lrGtg

d lzz' ePF, d s'df/ ePF, d t?0f ePF, d j[4 ePF . d ca lzz' 5]g, d s'df/ 5}g, d t?0f 5}g, d
j[4 klg w]/} lbg;Dd /xg] 5]g, s]xL a]/kl5 d d[ts eOxfNg]5', lsgeg] d]/f bfFtx? v:g yfln;s]sf
5g\, cfFvfn] klg hjfkm lbO;s], 6f9fsf] dflg; 7Dofpg ;lQmgF, glhs cfPsfnfO{ s'g} lsl;d;Fu
lrGg t ;St5', t/ ;lhnf];Fu p;nfO{ klg lrGg ;lQmgF . z/L/df rfp/L kg{ nflu;Sof], x8\8L vf]qmf]
eO;Sof], sfg klg alx/f x'g nflu;s], vfPlkPsf] xhd x'Fb}g, sDd/ em'ls;Sof], xft sfDb5g\, v'f
n/v/fpF5g\, lbgk/lbg sdhf]/L a9L/x]sf] 5, /f}+ ;]tf sfF9fh:tf eO;s], s'g} OlGb|o klxn]sf] h:tf]
sfd ub}{g . o;af6 l;4 x'G5 ls ca d d[ts eP/ rf/ hgf dflg;sf] sfFwdf r9]/ hfg tof/ 5' .
lhGbuLe/ b'lgofFe/sf] kmGbfdf kmFl;/x]F, slxNo} PsfGtdf a;]/ d}n] of] ljrf/ ul/g ls d sf] x'F <
lzz' cflb h];'s} d lyPF, pm ca d 5]g t/ d t 5Fb}5' . o;af6 d] l;4 x'G5 eg] d lzz' cflb
lyOg, olb ;f] eOlbPsf] eP clxn] klg x'Fbf] x'F, t/ clxn] d lzz' cflb 5}g . To;f] eP d sf] x'F < s]
d a"9f] x'F < xf]Og, d a"9f] klg xf]Og . hf] ef]ln x'g]5' Tof] kl;{ /xg] 5]g, lbgk|ltlbg clws j[4 x'Fb}
hfg]5' / cGtdf sfnsf] d'vdf kg]{5' . o;sf/ d j[4 x'Fb} xf]Og, To;f] eP d sf] x'F lzz' cflb
z/L/sf cj:yfx? lyP . z/L/df cEof; ugf{n] d cfkm"nfO{ lzz' cflb dfGby]F, j:t'tM d lzz' cflb
lyOg . z/L/ g} lzz' cflb ePYof], d ePsf] lyOg, d z/L/eGbf leGg s'g} cGo j:t' x'F, t/ sf] x'F <
Tof] d a'em\g ;lStg, s] u?F <
dnfO{ s;}n] cfh;Dd of] s'/f ;DemfO klg lbPgg\, ;Demfpg klg sxfFaf6 < tL cfkm} klg cfkm"nfO{
lrGb}gg\, lsgeg] s'g} cfkm"nfO{ b]jbQ, s'g} kl08thL, s'g} /fhf;fx]a, s'g} afa';fx]a, s'g} ;]7hL, s'g}
rf]w/L, s'g} GofofwLz eGby] . tL ;a} z/L/sf gfd x'g\, tL z/L/sf] gfdnfO{ cfgf] gfd eGby],
o;af6 s] l;4 x'G5 eg] tL b]xnfO{ g} cfTdf dfGbf /x]5g\ . dnfO{ klg sf]xL gfgLafa', s'g} 5f]/f, s'g}
ljBfyL{, s'g} ldq, s'g} efO, s'g} u'?hL OToflb gfdn] af]nfpFby] . o;af6 s] l;4 x'G5 eg] h;/L
pgLx? cfkm"nfO{ z/L/ ;DemGy], To;/L g} dnfO{ klg b]x ;DemGy] . jf:tjdf tL g dnfO{ g} lrGby] g
cfkm"nfO{ . s:gf] cfZro{sf] s'/f xf] ls d lrQfdf r9]/ aNg tof/ 5', t} klg clxn];Dd d zAbsf]
klg cy{ hflGbg . c+sul0ft kl9;s]+, lj1fg, bz{g k9\gdf jiff}{ latfPF, :gfts -U|ofh'o6_ klg eOxfn]+
t} klg of] k9\g ;lsg ls d sf] x'F < d kbsf] s] cy{ xf] <
of] d]/f] k9fOnfO{ lwSsf/ 5 . af/Daf/ lwSsf/ 5 . kf7\oqmdsf k':ts 7]nLsf 7]nL kl9;s]F, k9fO klg
;s]F t/ g k9]F g k9fPF . ha k9\g] / k9fpg]nfO{ of] s'/fsf] klg yfxf 5]g ls d sf] x'F < t p;n] s]
k9\of] s] k9fof] < g s]xL k9\of] g s]xL k9fof] . v]b 5 xhf/f}+ zAbsf]if x]l/;s]F, Pp6f d zAbsf]
cy{ klg hflgPg . of] egfO ;fy{s eof] ls lbgel/ s/fof], blIf0ff x/fof] lhGbuLe/ k9]F t/ Pp6f
zAbsf] cy{ klg hfGg ;lsgF . c? zAb klg xf]Og d zAb, h;nfO{ ;a}n] af]Nb5g\, ;aeGbf klxn]
af]Nb5g\ / ;w}+ af]Nb5g\ . o:tf] ;fdfGo zAbsf] cy{ klg d hflGbgF, t} klg ;a} s'/f k9]sf] cfkm"nfO{
7fGb5' . h:t} uwfsf] lk7\o'Fdf k':tssf] ef/L nflbgfn] p;nfO{ sf]xL k9]sf] eGb}gg\, To:t} uwf;dfg
k':tssf] ef/L dfq d}n] cfkm"dfly af]s]F . t/, s]xL klg kl9g . Joy{ g} dg'io z/L/ wf/0f u/]F . ;'lgG5
ls o;} dg'io z/L/df d zAbsf] cy{ a'em\g ;lsG5, dg'iodfq d zAb a'em\g] clwsf/L xf] .
clwsf/L z/L/ kfP/ klg d}n] d zAbsf] cy{ hflggF . dnfO{ v]b 5 dxfv]b 5 cToGt v]b 5
d d zAbsf] cy{ hflGbgF, csf]{ sf]xL klg clxn] oxfF 5}g eg] dnfO{ d zAbsf] cy{ s;n]
;DemfOlbG5 < d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' ls O{Zj/ ;j{JofkL 5, 3636df af; ub{5 . s;}n] s]xL eGb5 eg]
O{Zj/ To;nfO{ ;'lgxfNb5 . olt dfq xf]Og, O{Zj/ ;a}nfO{ b]V5, ;a}sf] s'/f ;'Gb5, ;a} s'/f 5'G5,

;F'5, rfVb5 . h]hlt sfd ub{5, pm b]lvafx]s bf];|f] stf{ 5}g, ef]Qmf 5}g, k|dftf 5}g, h], hlt 5
;a pm g} . :d[lt eGb5 ls stf{ ef]Qmf hgfb{g . cyf{t\ stf{, ef]Qmf ;a eujfg\ hgfb{g g} x'g\ .
c? klg elgPsf] 5e"tflg lji0f'e"{jgflt lji0f'M cyf{t\ e"t lji0f' x'g\, e"jg lji0f' g} x'g\ . o;af6 of]
l;4 x'G5 ls h]hlt b]lvG5, ;'lgG5, :d/0f ul/G5, ;a O{Zj/ g} x'g\ olb ;a} O{Zj/ g} x'g\, ;j{q
O{Zj/ g} 5g\ eg]], tL oxfF klg x'gg\ . Pp6f s'/f dnfO{ ofb 5, Psk6s d Ps ;Gtsf] glhs a;]sf]
lyPF, c? klg s}of}+ ;Hhg ToxfF a;]sf lyP, Pp6f ;Hhgn] o:tf] k|Zg u/] ls O{Zj/ sf] xf] < ;Gtn]
o; k|sf/ hjfkm lbPy]
dxfTdfefO{ O{Zj/ sf] xf]Og < ;a O{Zj/ g} x'g\, ltdL O{Zj/ xf}, ltd|f afa' O{Zj/ x'g\, ltd|L cfdf
klg O{Zj/ x'g\, ltd|f] efO{ O{Zj/ xf], ltd|f] alxgL O{Zj/ x'g\ . ;"o{ eP/ O{Zj/ g} pbfO/x]5g\, rGb| eP/
O{Zj/ g} rlDs/x]5g\ . gIfq, tf/f, lah'nL, afbn, a?0f, s'a[/, clUg, jfo', g}CTo, od/fh, OGb| ;a
O{Zj/ g} x'g\ . ;a O{Zj/af6 g} pTkGg ePsf x'g\ eg] ;a O{Zj/ g} x'g\ . sfo{ sf/0fsf] ce]b x'G5
eGg] s'/f cg'ejaf6 l;4 x'G5 . o;sf/0f oL ;a a|Xdf08 O{Zj/ g} x'g\ . j]bj]Qfx?sf] syg 5 ls
;a jf;'b]j g} xf] . jf;'b]j l;jfo c? sf]O xf]Og . o;af6 l;4 5 ls O{Zj/ ;a} x'g\ / ;j{q 5g\ .
d}n] pg};Fu k|fy{gf ug'{kb{5, pgL dnfO{ d zAbsf] cy{ atfOlbpmg\ . of] ljrf/ u/]/ lh1f;' O{Zj/;Fu
o; k|sf/ k|fy{gf ug{ yfn]
x] b]jtfsf klg b]jtf < dxfb]j < x] cGtof{ldg\ < x] k/dfTdg\ < x] eQmjT;n < d}n] j[4 k'?ifaf6
;'g]sf] 5', xh'/ Ps cltLo, lglj{z]if, ;To, 1fg, cfgGb:j?k xf]OalS;G5, To:tf eP/ klg cfgf
eQmx?sf] /Iffsf lgldQ / pgnfO{ cfgf] tTj ;Demfpgsf lgldQ xh'/ cg]s cjtf/ lnOalS;G5 .
k[YjLsf] p4f/ ug[sf nflu xh'/n] a/fxsf] ?k wf/0f ul/aS;]sf] lyof], eQm k|x\nfbsf] /Iffsf nflu
xh'/n] cbe't l;+xsf] ?k wf/0f ul/aS;]sf] lyof] . uf]xLaf6 xfQLsf] /Iff ug{sf nflu xh'/ g} ;'bz{g
rqm lnO{ xl/?k eP/ bf}l8aS;]sf] lyof] . dg'sf] /Iffsf lgldQ xh'/n] dT:o?k lnP/ k[YjL?k
gf}sfnfO{ k|no ;d'b|df rnfOaS;]sf] lyof] . Ps ?k eP/ klg eQmsf] sfo{ l;4 ugf{sf nflu cg]s
?k xf]OalS;G5, o:tf] nf]s / zf:qdf k|l;4 5 . Ps lsl;dn] oL ;a xh'/s} ?k x'g\ . oL dfly
elgPsf ?kx? g}ldlQs x'g\ . ;Gt, ;Gof;L, dxfTdf xh'/sf lgTo ?k x'g\ . log} b'O{ ?kn] xh'/ ;a}sf]
sNof0f ul/alS;G5 / ;a}sf] z+sf lgj[Q ul/alS;G5, ;a}nfO{ ;Gdfu{sf] pkb]z alS;G5 . oBlk d}n]
xh'/sf] elQm cfh;Dd ul/g, t} klg d}n] zf:qlj?4 s'g} sfd u/]sf] 5}g . xh'/ 3636jf;L
xf]OalS;G5 . d]/f dgsf] s'/f xh'/nfO{ 1ft g} 5 . olb d]/f] xh'/df ;Rrf elQm 5 eg] xh'/n] dnfO{
s'g} ?kdf bz{g jS;]/ d]/f k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ cyf{t\ d zAbsf] cy{ dnfO{ ;DemfOalS;of];\, d xh'/;Fu
c? s]xL klg elGbg . d xh'/;Fu wg;DklQ dflUbg, cfo' dflUbg, ca d]/f] hLjg cg'dfg ubf{ yf]/}
dfq afFsL /x]sf] 5 . cfgf] z]if hLjgdf d cfgf] cfkm} cg';Gwfg ub}{ d]/f] of] If0fe+u'/ z/L/nfO{
Tofu u?F . olt g} d rfxG5 .
dxfTdflh1f;' ;+jfb
;/n X[bosf] ;To k|fy{gf O{Zj/sf] sfg;Dd t'?Gt k'luxfN5, lh1f;'n] cfgf] k|fy{gf ;dfKt gub}{
b]V5g\ ls Pp6f u]?jf j:qwf/L, lgwf/df lqk'0o nufPsf, 3fF6Ldf 7"nf7"nf ?b|fIfsf] dfnf nufPsf
k'?ifn] p;sf] sf]7fdf k|j]z u/] . cfPsf dxfTdfsf] lgwf/ t]hn] rlDs/x]sf] lyof] . lh1f;'n] pgnfO{
;fi6f b08jt\ u/] . kfp kvfn]/ pRr cf;gdf a;fn] . ha dxfTdf ;'vk"j{s cf;gdf a;] ta
lh1f;' xft hf]8]/ o; k|sf/;Fu k|fy{gf ug{ nfu]

lh1f;'dxf/fh xh'/sf] bz{gn] d]/f] dgdf k/d cfXnfb eof], dnfO{ s:tf] nfU5 eg] hgfb{g
eujfg\n] d]/f] k|fy{gf ;'lgaS;L :jLsf/ klg ul/alS;of] . :jo+ O{Zj/n] g} d]/f] dgf]/y cjZo k"0f{
ul/aS;g]5 . xh'/nfO{ d}n] klxn] slxNo} b]v]sf] lyOg .
dxfTdfefO d o;} nf]sdf /xG5', t/ PsfGt h+undf a:b5' . d]/f] jf;:yfgdf sf]xL klg k'ug
;St}g, d klg a:tLdf w]/} sd hfG5', To;sf/0f ltdLn] dnfO{ b]v]gf}+ xf]nf, d}n] klg ltdLnfO{
cfh;Dd b]v]sf] lyOg . cfh yfxf 5}g s'g zlQmn] dnfO{ oxfF lnP/ cfof] . cs:dft\ d cfgf]
cf;gaf6 p7]+, ;f]em} otflt/ cfPF, af6f]df klg d g sxL a;]+, g s;}nfO{ b]v]+, g s;}nfO{ b]v]+ . dnfO{
nfUb5 ltd|f] ;+sNkn] g} dnfO{ tfg]/ oxfF Nofof] . cfz'tf]if eujfg\ ;a}sf] dgf]/y k"0f{ ul/alS;G5, d
t s]xL klg ug{ ;lStg . t/, ltd|f] s'g} k|Zg eP d;Fu ;f]Wg ;S5f} . olb d}n] hfg]sf] /x]5' eg]
atfOlbg]5' .
lh1f;'dxf/fh d Pp6f pNemgdf k/]sf] 5', d sf] x'F < o;af/] dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5]g . xh'/;Fu d
zAbsf] cy{ ;f]Wg rfxG5', of] klg hfGg rfxG5' ls s;sf] ehg ugf{n] ;+;f/;fu/af6 tg{ ;Sb5' .
cfh;Dd t d}n] s;}sf] ehg ul/g, u?F klg s;/L < d zAbs} klg cy{ hflGbg eg] c? yf]s t
sxfFaf6 hfgF' < yfxf g} gkfP/ ehg s;sf] u?F < oyf;Dej d}n] ;To Jojxf/ u/]sf] 5', wd{n] wg
sdfPsf] 5', s;}nfO{ klg dg, sd{, jrgn] kL8f k'ofPsf] 5}g . wgaf6, k|hfaf6 / ef]uaf6 sf]xL
t[Kt ePsf] 5}g, oxL d]/f] lgZro 5 . o;}sf/0f d ;+;f/af6 cyf{t\ hGdd/0faf6 5'6\g rfxG5' . o;
;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'g] pkfo xh'/ dnfO{ atfOalS;of];\ . d xh'/sf] z/0fdf 5' .
dxfTdfefO ltdL a8f ;+:sf/L k'?if /x]5f} ltdL o; slnsfndf klg ;Tosf] Jojxf/ ub{5f},
;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'g rfxG5f} . cfhsn k|foM ;a} c;To Jojxf/df g} nfu]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/af6 sf]xL
5'6\g rfxFb}g . ;a} cfcfgf] kbf]Gglt / eljiosf] ;kmn Jojxf/s} ljifodf g} k|Zg dfly k|Zg ub{5g\
. s'g} la/n} O{Zj/sf] cg'u|x k|fKt k'?if g} ef]ux?sf] cf;lQm 5f]8]/ O{Zj/ehgdf nfUb5g\ . ltdL
wGo /x]5f} hf] ;+;f/af6 d'Qm x'g] dfu{ ;f]Wb}5f} . ;+;f/b]lv ltdL lj/Qm 5f}, ctM d]/f] pkb]zsf] d d
zAbsf] cy{ ;Demg] clwsf/L klg 5f} . klxn] ltdL dnfO{ of] atfp ls ltdLn] d zAbsf] cy{ s]
;Dem]sf 5f} <
lh1f;'dxf/fh d}n] slt;Dd a'em]sf] 5' eg] z/L/ cflb d zAbsf] cy{ xf]Og, lsgeg] d]/f] z/L/n]
hGdb]lv lnP/ cfh;Dd 5]kf/f]n] / abn]em} s}of}+ / abln;Sof], t/ d h:tfsf] t:t} 5' . To;}n]
dfGb5' ls d z/L/ xf]Og . z/L/eGbf leGg s'g} j:t' x'F, h'g slxNo} ablnFb}g, ;w}+ Psgf; /xG5, Tof]
j:t' s'g xg], of] d}n] a'em\g ;lsg .
dxfTdf-k|;Gg eP/_ xf] ltdL h:tf] dfGb5f} To:t} xf], x]/ h;/L ltdL cfkm"nfO{ d eGb5f} p;/L
g} ;a} cfkm"nfO{ d eGb5g\ . c?sf] t s] s'/f, O{Zj/, kl cfkm"nfO{ d g} eGb5g\ . o;sf/0f d
eGg] ;fgf] xf]Og, w]/} 7"nf] xf] . ;d:t ;+;f/df km}lnPsf] 5, cfhsfnsf dfG5] dfq} d eGg] xf]Ogg\,
hlt klxn] eO;s] tL ;a} cfkm"nfO{ d eGby] / kl5 hlt x'g]5g\ tL ;a} cfkm"nfO{ d g} eGg]5g\ .
o;sf/0f d zAbsf] cy{ d kbfy{ ;a} b]zdf, ;a} sfndf, ;a} j:t'x?df Jofks /x]5 . o:tf]
Jofks kbfy{ a|Xd g} xf] . o;}nfO{ cfTdf eGb5g\ . o;sf/0f d cfTdf / a|Xd tLg Ps l;4
x'G5g\, zf:qdf cfTdfnfO{ cxkb nIo elgPsf] 5 . km/s olQ g} 5 ls d zAb z/L/ljgf eGg
;ls+b}g, ha z/L/ x'G5 clgdfq O{Zj/ cfkm"nfO{ d eGb5g\ hLj klg z/L/ u|x0f u/]/ g} d
zAbnfO{ cfgf] lgldQ pkof]u ub{5 . olb z/L/?kL pkflwsf] af]w ul/G5 eg] hLj / O{Zj/ Ps} l;4
x'g cfpF5g\ . cyf{t\ cfTdf / a|Xd Ps x'g\ . d zAbsf] k|of]u t nf]sdf ;a} cfgf] lglDt ul//x]s}
5g\ eg] cfTdf zAbsf] k|of]u klg ;a}sf lglDt x'g;S5 . h:t} d cfkm} hfG5', ltdL cfkm} k9b5f},
Tof] cfkm} oxfF cfpFb}g cflb . cfTdf cfg} gfd xf], a|Xd Ps cltLo ;To, 1fg, cfgGb:j?k xf] .

oxL cg]s gfd, ?k cfg} dfofaf6 wf/0f ub{5, o;sf/0f hut\, hLj b'a} a|Xd g} x'g\ . clek|fo of]
xf] ls d, ltdL < pm, oL ;a a|Xds} gfd x'g\ . a|Xd ;a}sf] cfTdf cyf{t\ cfgf] :j?k xf], o;sf/0f
z/L/ / a|Xdf08sf] pkflwsf] Tofu u/]/ a|Xd g} ;a}sf] :j?k xf], pxL ;a} z/L/df cfkm{nfO{ d, d
eg]/ Jojxf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ha b]x u|x0f u/]/ d elg/x]sf] x'G5, To;avt klg a|Xd g} xf], ha b]x
u\x0f gu/]/ d elg/x]sf] x'G5, To;avt klg a|Xd g} xf] . o;} a|Xdsf] ltdL cg';Gwfg ug]{ u/,
cjZo g} a|Xd eP/ ;+;f/ kf/ x'g]5f} . h:t} 8f]/Ldf 8f]/Lsf] oyfy{tf ghfGgfn] ;k{sf] sNkgf x'G5,
To:t} k|sf/;Fu cfgf] cfTdf a|Xdsf] 7Ls7Ls 1fg gx'gfn] d slNkt x'G5 . h;/L ;k{sf] af]w
ePkl5 8f]/L g} z]if /xG5, To;/L g} d sf] af]w ePkl5 aXd g} z]if /xG5 . o;sf/0f d sf] af]w
u/]/ d a|Xd x'F, o:tf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ u/ . olt eg]/ dxfTdfhL ca d km]l/ cfpFnf eg]/ lx+l8xfn] .
dxfTdf uO;s]kl5 lh1f;'n] PsfGtdf p;} s'/fsf] dgg ug{ z'? u/]d sf] x'F < d]/f] st{Jo s] xf] <,
d gfd, ?k, b]x, OlGb|o, dg of a'l4 x'F cyjf oL eGbf leGg s'g} j:t' x'F < ljrf/k"j{s lg0f{o uof]
eg] oxL s'/f lglZrt x'G5 ls d gfd xf]Og, dnfO{ cfh b]jbQ eGb5g\, t/ ha d hGd]y]F p; ;do
o;sf] gfd b]jbQ lyPg, oBlk d lyPF . s]xL lbgkl5 d]/f] gfdfs/0f ul/of], To; ;do d]/f] gfd
b]jbQ g/flvP/ o1bQ /flvPsf] eP d o1bQ x'g] lyPF / cfkm"nfO{ o1bQ g} ;Demg] lyPF . d g
k"j{hGddf b]jbQ lyPF, g ue{df b]jbQ lyPF, g z/L/ 5'6]kl5 b]jbQ /xg] 5' . of] t 3/sf dflg;n]
/fv]sf] ;fFs]lts gfd xf] . gfd o:tf] slNkt xf] h'g hlxn];'s} abNg ;lsG5 / p;}df cledfg klg
x'g hfG5 . hf] ljj]sjfg\ k'?if 5g\ tL o; /x:onfO{ /fd|]f;Fu hfGb5g\ ls d gfd xf]Og, tL gfdsf]
:t'lt jf lgGbfn] slxNo} ;'vL jf b'MvL x'Fb}gg\ ha dg'io gfdsf] lgGbf :t'ltdf ;d x'Fb}g lgGbf
:t'ltdf ;'vL jf b'MvL x'G5, ta pm gfd geP/ klg gfd ag]sf] x'G5 hf] ;j{yf e|dk"0f{ 5, hf] o;
/x:onfO{ hfGb5, p;df o; k|sf/sf] e|dsf] n]zdfq klg /xFb]g . o;sf/0f >Leujfg\n] uLtfdf
tTjj]Qf k'?ifx?sf nIf0fsf] j0f{g ub}}{ pgLx?nfO{ lgGbf:t'ltdf ;d eGg'ePsf] 5M t'No
lgGbf:t'ltdf}gL . km]l/ of] s'/f klg k|l;4 5 ls b]jbQ d]/f] gfd xf] . d]/f] d b]lv leGg g} x'G5 .
h:t} d]/f] sf]6, d]/f] 38L cflb . o;af6 s] l;4 x'G5 eg] d gfd xf]Og .
d z/L/ xf]Og
o;} k|sf/;Fu ?k / b]x klg d xf]Og, lsgeg] z/L/ h8 xf], d r]tg x'F . b]x Ifo, j[l3, pTklQ, ljgfz
wd{jfg\ 5, d To:tf] xf]Og . afnskgdf z/L/sf] cs}{ :j?k lyof], o'jfkgdf a]Un} lyof] / clxn] cs}{
5, t/ d tLg} cj:yfnfO} hfGg] tLg}df Ps} x'F . s'g} dg'ion] dnfO{ afNofj:yfdf b]v]sf] lyof], clxn]
p;;Fu d]/f] e]6 x'G5 eg] dnfO{ lrGg ;St}g . z/L/sf] :j?k abln;Sof], z/L/ al9;Sof] . h'F3f, bfX|L
cfO;s] . o;}sf/0f pm lrGg ;St}g t/ d lrGb5' . d p;Fu eGb5', tkfO{+sf] z/L/ o'jfj:yfaf6 j[4
ePsf] x'gfn] p;df sd k|efj kof] . o;sf/0f d tkfO{+nfO{ lrGb5' . d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ kmnfgf 7fpFdf
b]v]sf] lyPF . p; avt d afnd lyPF . ca d]/f] z/L/df w]/} kl/jt{g eO;Sof], o;sf/0f tkfO{+n]
lrGg ;Sg'ePg . t/, d lrGb5' .
o;af6 s] l;4 x'G5 eg] z/L/ d xf]Og . lsGt' d z/L/ x'F eGg] cledfg klg k"jf]{Qm gfds} ;dfg
;j{yf e|dk"0f{ 5 . hf] k'?if o; /x:onfO{ hfGb5g\, tL z/L/sf] dfgfkdfg / ;'v b'Mvdf ;bf ;d
/xG5g\ . lsgeg] tL of] s'/fnfO{ hfGb5g\ ls z/L/b]lv d cToGt leGg x'F . o;}sf/0f tTjj]Qfx?sf
nIf0fdf eujfg\n] ;dM zqf} r ldq] r tyf dfgfkdfgof]M . dfgfkdfgof]:t'NoM tyf ;dM b'Mv ;'vM
:j:y cflb eGg'ePsf] 5 .
o;sf/0f ljrf/ ubf{ of] k|ToIf l;4 x'G5 ls of] h8 z/L/ d xf]Og . d o; z/L/sf] 1ftf x'F, k|l;l4
klg oxL 5 ls z/L/ d]/f] xf] . dg'io e|dsf] sf/0f z/L/df cfTdfledfg u/]/ dfgfkdfg / ;'v

b'Mvn] ;'vL b'MvL x'G5 . o:t} k|sf/;Fu OlGb|o klg d xf]Og . xftv'f sfl6gfn], cfFvf km'6\gfn], sfg
alx/f eP/ klg d h:tfsf] t:t} /xG5', dlb{g . olb d OlGb|o eOlbPsf] eP ltlgLx?sf] gfzdf d]/f]
klg gfz ;Dej lyof] . o;sf/0f clnslt ljrf/ ub}{df of] k|ToIf k|tLt eOxfN5 ls d h8 OlGb|o
xf]Og, lsGt' OlGb|ox?sf] b|i6f of 1ftf x'F .
d dg xf]Og
o; k|sf/;Fu d dg klg xf]Og . ;'if'lKtsfndf dg /xFb}g, t/ d /xG5' . o;sf/0f Ao"Fem]kl5 dnfO{
of] 1fg x'G5 ls d ;'vk"j{s ;'t]y]+ . d dgsf] 1ftf x'F, c?sf] b[li6df lg dgsf] cg'kl:yltsfndf ;'if'lKt of d"l5{t cj:yfdf_ d]/f] hLljt ;Qf k|l;4 g} 5 . dg ljsf/L 5, o;df ljleGg k|sf/sf
;+sNk ljsNk pTkGg eO/xG5g\ . dgdf x'g] oL ;a} ;+sNkljsNksf] d 1ftf x'F . vfglkg, :gfg
cflb ubf{ olb dg cs}{lt/ hfG5 eg] tLtL sfddf s]xL q'l6 eOxfN5, km]l/ ;r]t ePkl5 d eGb5'
d]/f] dg cs}{lt/ uPsf] lyof] . o;sf/0f daf6 e"n x'guof], d]/f] dg cs}{lt/ uPsf] lyof] . o;sf/0f
daf6 e"n x'guof], lsgeg] dglagf s]an z/L/ / OlGb|on] dfq ;fjwfgLk"j{s sfd x'g ;St}g .
o;sf/0f dg r~rn / rn 5, k/Gt' d l:y/ / crn 5' . dg rfx] sxL+ /xf];\, hlt;'s} ;+sNk
ljsNk u/f];\, d p;nfO{ hfGb5' . o;sf/0f d dgsf] 1ftf x'F, dg xf]Og .
d a'l4 xf]Og
o; k|sf/;Fu d a'l4 klg xf]Og, a'l4 klg Ifo / j[l4 :jefj ePsf] x'G5 . d Ifo / j[l4b]lv ;j{yf
/lxt 5' . a'l4df dGbtf, tLj|tf, kljqtf, dnLgtf, l:y/tf, cl:y/tf cflb ;a} ljsf/ x'G5g\, k/Gt' d
oL ;a}b]lv /lxt / oL ;a l:yltx?sf] 1ftf x'F . d eGb5', To; avt d]/f] a'l4 7Ls lyPg, clxn]
7ls 5 . a'l4 slxn] s] ljrf/ ub{5 s] lgZro ub{5, Tof] ;a} d hfGb5' . a'l4 b[io xf], d p;sf]
b|i6f x'F, o;sf/0f daf6 k[ySTj l;4 5, d a'l4 xf]Og .
d cfTdf x'F
o;sf/0f d gfd, ?k, OlGb|o, dg, a'l4, cflb xf]Og, d oL ;a}eGbf k/ oLb]lv ;j{yf k[ys\ r]tg,
b|i6f, ;fIfL, ;asf] 1ftf, ;t\, lgTo, cljgfzL, cljsf/L, clqmo, ;gftg, crn / b'Mvx?b]lv /lxt,
s]jn z'4 1fgfgGbdo cfTdf x'F . oxL d x'F . oxL d]/f] ;To:j?k xf] . Sn]z -cljBf, cl:dtf, /fu,
]if, clelgj]z cyjf c1fg, lrRh8 u|lGy, /fu, ]if / d/0feo_ oL kfFr Sn]z x'g\ . sd{ / ;Dk"0f{
b'Mvb]lv d'Qm eP/ k/d zflGt tyf k/dfgGbsf k|flKtsf] lgldQ g} dnfO{ dg'io z/L/ k|fKt ePsf] xf]
. o; k/d zflGt / k/dfGbnfO{ k|fKt ug'{ g} dg'iosf] Ps dfq st{Jo xf] . dg'io z/L/ljgf cGo
z/L/df o;sf] k|flKt ;Dej 5]g. o; l:yltsf] k|flKt tTj1fgn] x'G5 . Tof] tTj1fg ljj]s, j}/fUo,
O{Zj/elQm, ljrf/, ;bfrf/, ;b\u'0f, cflbsf] ;]jgn] x'G5 / o; 3f]/ slnsfndf O{Zj/sf] boflagf oL
;asf] x'g' ;Dej 5}g . oBlk O{Zj/sf] bof ;Dk"0f{ hLjx?df k"0f{ ?kn] ;bf ;j{bf 5, lsGt' O{Zj/sf]
z/0ffultlagf To; bofsf] /x:onfO{ dg'ion] a'em\g ;St}g . o; k|sf/ bofsf] tTj g;DemL boff/f
x'g] nfenfO{ k|fKt ug{ klg ;St}g . o; k|sf/ tTj1fgsf] k|flKtsf lgldQ ;a k|sf/af6 O{Zj/sf]
z/0fdf uP/, pgsf] bofsf] /x:o a'em]/, p;af6 x'g] k"0f{ nfe xfdLn] p7fpg'kb{5 . O{Zj/sf]
z/0ffultaf6 g} xfdLnfO{ k/d zflGt / k/dfgGb:j?k k/dkb h'g jf:tjdf cfg} :j?k xf], p;
lgTok|fKtsf] k|flKt x'g ;St5 .

dxfTdfsf] k'g/fudg / tTjf]kb]z

lh1f;' PsfGtdf ljrf/df tNnLg eP h:tf] eO{ a;]sf lyP . Ps lbg km]l/ pg} dfxfTdf PsfPs
st}af6 ToxfF cfOk'u] . cfpgf;fy uDeL/ :j/df plQi7g hfu|t k|fKo j/fg\lgaf]wt eg]/ lh1f;'nfO{
;fjwfg ub}{ al;afn] . lh1f;' klg cfZro{k"0f{ b[li6n] x]b}{ dxfTdfnfO{ ;fi6f k|0ffd u/]/ ;fjwfg
eP/ a;] . dxfTdf eGg yfn]
lsg dfx]lgb|fdf k/]/ zf]s ul//x]sf 5f} < slxn] s/fpF5f}, slxn] ufpF5f}, slxn] lrGtf ug{ nfU5f},
slxn] cGwfsf ;dfg 7Ss/ vfg nfUb5f} . zf]s ug]{ s'g} s'/f 5}g, ?g] s'g} k|of]hg 5}g, s/fpgfn]
s]xL kmfObf 5}g, lrGtf u/]/ s'g} sfo{ l;4 x'Fb}g, g8/fpm kfunkgf 5f]l8b]pm cGwf] ag]/ 7Ss/
gvfpm . of] :y"n z/L/ ltd|f] xf]Og, sf/0f z/L/ klg ltd|f] xf]Og, :jkgfj:yf ltd|f] xf]Og ;'if'lKt
cj:yf ltd|f] xf]Og hfu|bflb cj:yf ltdL xf]Ogf} . ljZj cyf{t\ hfu|t cj:yfsf] cledfgL ltdL
xf]Ogf}, :jKgfj:yfsf] cledfgL t}h;\ klg ltdL xf]Ogf}, ;'if'lit cj:yfsf] cledfgL k|f1 klg ltdL
xf]Ogf}, of] hf] ltdL b]lv/x]sf 5f}, p;;Fu ltd|f] s'g} ;DaGw 5}g, ltdL lg:;Fu, s'6:y, ;lRrbfgGb,
lgisn, lg/~hg b]j xf} . g stf{ xf}, g ef]Qmf xf}, k/Gt' z'4 ;fIfL, lg/fdo, ;gftg, k'/f0f a|Xd xf} .
oL tLg} z/L/;Fu, tLg} cj:yf;Fu, tLg} hLj;Fu ;DaGw 5f]l8b]pm . o; ;+;f/ :jKgnfO{ gx]/ . cfgf]
:j?knfO{ x]/ . cfgf] :j?ksf] c1fgdf ltdLnfO{ ;+;f/ :jKg k|tLt eO/x]sf] 5, cGoyf ;+;f/sf] n]z
klg ltdLdf 5}g . >'lt eGb5 c;+uf] Xoo+ k'?ifM o; >'ltsf] jrgdf ljZjf; u/, b[9 >4f u/ .
;+;f/ :jKg Tofu u/ . cfgf] jf:tljs :j?kdf cf:yf u/ . lgi7f u/ .
cfkm" z/L//lxt
o; z/L/sf] pTklQeGbf klxn] ltdLn] o; ;+;f/nfO{ b]v]sf lyPgf} . z/L/sf] gfzkl5 klg o;
k|k~rnfO{ b]Vg] 5}gf} . aLrdf ;+;f/nfO{ hf] ltdL b]lv/x]sf 5f} Tof] z/L/sf] ;DaGwn] g} b]lv/x]sf 5f} .
z/L/ klxn] klg lyPg, z/L/ kl5 klg /xg] 5}g, aLrdf b]lv/x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f cGjo / Jolt/]sn]
of] z/L/ g} ;+;f/ b]Vg] sf/0f xf] . h:tf] cflbdf x'G5, h:tf] cGtdf /xG5, To:t} dWodf klg x'G5 .
of] z/L/ cflb / cGTodf ha 5}g eg], dWodf klg 5}g . o;sf/0f z/L/sf] ;DaGwn] b]lvg] k|k~r
klg cflb / cGtdf gx'g] x'gfn] dWodf klg 5]g . To:t} xf] eg] z/L/nfO{ cfgf] dfg]/ lsg zf]s,
df]x, eo / lrGtfdf kb{5f} < z/L/ cr]tg xf], ltdL r]tg xf], z/L/ b[Zo xf], ltdL b|i6f xf}, z/L/
clgTo xf], ltdL lgTo xf}, z/L/ hGdd/0fzLn 5, ltdL ch/fd/ xf}+ . h:t} cGwsf/ / k|sf/ b'a}
ldNg ;St}gg\ To:t} z/L/;Fu ltd|f] d]n 5}g . cfg} c1fgn] ltdLn] z/L/;Fu d]n agfO/fv]sf 5f} .
o;sf/0f z/L/sf wd{ cfkm"df dfGb5f}, cGoyf z/L/sf Ps klg wd{ ltdLdf 5]gg\ . z/L/ g} hGdg]
x'gfn] pTkGg eP h:tf] k|tLt x'G5, z/L/ g} ablnG5 tyf z/L/ g} db{5 . ef;t], cl:t, ljkl/0fdt],
jw{t], ckIfLk]o, ljgZolt oL 5 ljsf/ z/L/s} x'g\, ltd|f xf]Ogg\ . To;f] ePkl5 z/L/nfO{ cfgf]
dfg]/ z/L/sf] b'Mvn] cfk"m lsg b'Mlvt x'G5f} < >'lt eGb5 ls cfTdfg
+ r]lhfgLofbd:dLltk'?if . lsldR5g\ s:o sfdfo z/L/dg';~h/]t\ . olb k'?if cfgf] cfTdfnfO{
cfTdf x'F eg]/ hflgxfNb5 eg] z/L/sf] kl5 lsg b'MvL eO/xGYof] cyf{t\ ;j{bf ;'vL /xg] lyof] .
ljj]s, j}/fUo, ;d, bd cflbsf] cEof; u/]/ cfgf] r]tg ;'v:j?k cfTdfnfO{ z/L/b]lv leGg hfg]/
z/L/sf b'Mvx?n] cfkm"nfO{ ;GtKt gu/, zf]s gu/, df]x gu/, lrGbf gu/, lg{G xf]pm cyf{t\ /fu
]if, ;'vb'Mv, dfgckdfg cflbaf6 d'Qm eP/ o; ;+;f/ :jKgb]lv 5'6]/ cfGdfd} k|Llt u/, cfTdfd}
qmL8f u/, cfkm}df ;Gt'i6 /x", cfkm}df t[Kt xf]pm b]xnfO{ gx]/, b]x h:t} b]lvg] k|k~rnfO{ gx]/, cfgf]
tTjdf, cfgf] :j?kdf hfu .

a|Xddfq ;To
ha Pp6} a|Xd r]tg 5, a|Xdafx]s bf];|f] r]tg 5}g eg] p;df s'g} k|sf/;+u klg e]b x'g ;St}g . x'g
;S5 e|dn] p;df e]bsf] k|tLt xf];\, h:t} 8f]/L s'g} sfndf klg ;k{ x'g ;Sb}g, klxn] klg 8f]/L lyof],
e|dsfndf cyf{t\ ;k{ b]lvPsf] a]nfdf klg 8f]/L g} 5, ;k{ 5}g, km]l/ e|d b"/ eO;s]kl5 klg 8f]/L g}
x'G5 . To:t} ;[li6eGbf k"j{ a|Xd g} lyof], ;[li6sfndf klg a|Xd g} 5 / k|no cyf{t\ ;'if'lKtdf ha
;[li6 /xFb}g ta klg a|Xd g} /xg]5, k|k~r xf]Og . h:t} 8f]/Ldf 8f]/Lsf] c1fgn] ;k{ k|tLt x'G5,
To:t} a|Xdsf] c1fgn] 1ftf, 1fg, 1]o cyf{t\ hLj, cGtis/0f cyjf b]x / hut\ k|tLt x'G5, k/dfy{df
a|Xd g} xf] . a|Xd ;asf] cfTdf xf], o;sf/0f cx+sf/n], lrQn], a'l4n], dgn], OlGb|on] b]lvG5, ;'lgG5,
5f]OG5, rflvG5, ;'Fl3G5, hflgG5, ;lDemG5, ;a a|Xd g} xf] cyf{t\ oL ;a xf]Ogg\, a|Xd g} xf],
lsgeg] oL ;a} e|dn] slNkt s'gfn] ldYof g} x'g\, r]tg a|Xd ;To xf] . Tof] g} ;asf] cfTdf xf],
o;sf/0f cfTdf ;To xf] . cfTdfafx]s ;a} ldYof x'g\ . ldYofnfO{ ;To dfGg] slxNo} ;'vL x'g ;St}g .
o:t} xf] eg] ltdL ldYofnfO{ ldYof, ;TonfO{ ;To ;Dem]/ ;'vL xf]pm . df]xlgb|f Tofu . df]xlgb|fd}
;+;f/:jKg b]lvO/x]sf] 5 . h:t} :jKgnfO{ ltdL ;To dfGb}gf}, ldYof g} dfGb5f}, To:t} :jKgnfO{ klg
:jKg hfg]/ df]xlgb|f Tofu]/ cfgf] :j?kdf lgi7fjfg\ xf]pm . ltdL ;'v:j?k xf}, cfgGb:j?k xf} .
h:t} l;kLsf] c1fgn] l;kL g} rfFbL k|tLt eO/xG5, To:t} a|Xdsf] c1fgn] a|Xd g} k|k~rsf ?kdf
k|tLt eO/x]5 . h;nfO{ ltdL hut\ dfGb5f}, Tof] hut\ xf]Og, Tof] a|Xd g} xf] . sf/0fb]lv sfo{sf]
;Qf k[ys\ x'Fb}g . o; Gofon] of] k|k~r a|Xdb]lv leGg xf]Og, a|Xd g} xf] . sfo{ ldYof x'G5, j:t'?k
x'Fb}g lsgeg] gfd dfq cyf{t\ syg dfq x'G5 . o; k|sf/;Fu sfo{?k hut\ ldYof xf], lsgeg] syg
dfq xf] j:t'?k xf]Og, a|Xd g} ;To xf] . Jofkstf ldYof xf], ;a cfTdf g} xf], oxL >'ltsf] zf;g 5
jfrf/e0f ljsf/f]gfdw]o+ d[lQs]To]j ;Tod\ o; >'ltcg';f/ ha lgd{n cGt:s/0f k'?if k/d tTjnfO{
hflgxfNb5, clg e]bsf] cj;/ g} /xFb}g . dlng cGt:s/0f k'?ifnfO{ e]b b]lvG5, z'4 cGt/:s/0f
ePsfnfO{ e]b b]lv+b}g, lsGt' Ps cltLo k/a|Xd g} b]lvG5 . olb ltdLnfO{ e]b b]lvG5 eg] ;Dem
ltd|f] cGt:s/0f /hf]u'0f / tdf]u'0fsf] b]fifn] dlng 5 . dlng cGt:s/0fnfO{ zd, bd, ljj]s, j}/fUo,
;dtf, >4f cflb ;fwgn] z'4 ul/xfn, cyf{t\ dgnfO{ afXo ljifodf bf]if b]vfP/ :jfwLg ul/xfn .
OlGb|ox? ha;Dd jzdf x'Fb}gg\ ta;Dd dg :jfwLg x'Fb}g, o;sf/0f dgnfO{ jzdf ug{sf nflu
lgu|x?k bdsf] cEof; u/ . OlGb|ox? ljifodf /fu x'gfn] jzdf x'Fb}gg\, /fu ljifox?nfO{ ;To
;Demgfn] x'G5, o;sf/0f ljj]s u/]/ ;Tof;Tosf] lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 j}/fUo :jo+ l;4 x'g]5, ldYof
j:t'nfO{ lng] OR5f x'Fb}g . h:t} ldYof ld7fO{ vfg] OR5f sf]xL ub}{g / ldYof ld7fO{ vfgfsf] OR5f klg
x'g ;St}g, To:t} ha ljifox?sf] ldYofTj lglZrt\ eOxfN5 ta pgdf j}/fUo eOxfN5 . ;a} k|k~rdf
Ps ;d a|Xdsf] bz{g ugf{n] ;dtf l;4 x'G5, o;k|sf/, zd, bd cflb ;fwgf/f dgnfO{ lgd{n
agfOxfn . dg lgd{n x'g] lalQs} h:t} s'g} vf]ifsf] sf/0f cfFvf ;"o{sf] ;b\efjdf klg kbfy{x?nfO{
7Ls7Ls b]Vg ;St}gg\ tL g} cfFvf ;'df{ cflbsf] k|of]un] lgbf]{if ePkl5 ;a kbfy{ 7Ls7Ls b]Vg
yfNb5g\, To:t} a|Xd ;j{q b]lvg yfNb5 . dgnfO{ z'4 u/]/ dg?kL cfFvfnfO{ vf]n, clg :j?kdf
hfu, lgi7fjfg\ eP/ k/d ;'vL eOxfn .
a|Xd / cfkm"df ce]b b[li6
;Tj cflb tLg} u'0f, cfsfz cflb k~re"t, lj/f6, lx/0oeu{ O{Zj/ cflb ;dli6, ljZj, t}h;\, k|f1
cflb Joli6, a|Xdf, lji0f', dx]z tLgj6} d'Vo b]jtf, ;"o{, rGb|, OGb| cflb cjfGt/ b]tf, dg'io kz', kIfL
cflb ;a a|XdnfO{ g} pTkGg ePsf x'g\, o;sf/0f ;a a|Xd g} x'g\ . o:tf] lrGtg ugf{n] cGt:s/0f
z'4 x'G5 e]ba'l4 b"/ x'G5 . cg]/ k|sf/sf gfd, ?k / sd{x?nfO{ a|Xd g} wf/0f ub{5 . o;sf/0f
gfdflb ;a a|Xd?k g} x'g\ . a|XdeGbf leGg xf]Ogg\ . h:t} ;'gaf6 pTkGg ePsf cg]/ k|sf/sf

uxgfx? ;'g g} x'G5g\, To:t} a|Xdaf6 pTkGg epsf] k|k~r a|Xd?k g} x'g'kb{5 . o;sf/0f ;Dk"0f{
hut\nfO{ a|Xd?k g} b]Vg'kb{5 . o:tf] b[li6 agfpgfn] dg l56} z'4 x'G5 . e]bb[li6n] ;a dlng x'G5 .
e]b b]Vg]nfO{ eo x'G5, lsgeg] cfkm"b]lv s;}nfO{ e]b b]Vg' 7"nf] e"n xf] . r]tg ;adf Ps 5,
k~rdxfe"t klg ;adf Ps} 5, clg e]b sxfF 5 < sxL+ klg, slxNo} klg, slQ klg e]b 5}g .
;'if'lKtdf e]b x'Fb}g, o;sf/0f pxfF s;}nfO{ 8/ klg x'Fb}g . hf] efUojfg\ ;'iflKts} ;dfg hut\df klg
Jojxf/ ub{5 cyf{t\ e]b b]Vb}g ;anfO{ a|Xd?k cyjf cfg} ?k b]Vb5, p;nfO{ eo x'Fb}g . ha ce]b
b]Vgfdf k|ToIf ceosf] cg'ej x'G5 eg] ltdLn] klg ce]b b]Vg] cEof; u/]/ ceo x'g' pko'Qm 5 .
>'l6 eujtL cfb]z ub{l5g\ ls hf] d"9 cfkm"df / k/dfTdfdf yf]/} klg e]b b]Vb5, p;nfO{ cjZo g}
eo x'G5 . hf] hLj ce]b b]Vb5, pm cjZo ceo eOxfNb5 . bf];|f] sf]xL 5Fb} 5]g, Ps ltdL dfq 5f},
o;sf/0f eo?k ;JKgnfO{ clGtd k|df0f u/]/ lge{o :j?k cfgf] cfTdf a|Xddf hfluxfn .
ha cfgf] :j?ksf] c1fg x'G5 clg dfq bf];|f] h:tf] b]lvG5 . ha c1fg lgj[Q x'G5, clg bf];|f]
k|tLt x'Fb}g . c1fgnfO{ x6fpm, e]ba'l4nfO{ klg x6fpm, }tefjgfnfO{ x6fpm, clg ltdL ;'vL
eOxfNg]5f}, :jtGq eOxfNg]5f}, cfgGbn] k"0f{ eOxfNg]5f}, b'Mv slxNo} klg b]lvg] 5}g, k/tGqtf efUg]5,
zf]s df]x cflb cgy{ o;/L efUg]5g\ . h;/L uwfsf lz/af6 l; uP . of] ;+;f/ b]lvO/x]sf] 5, o;df
Jojxf/ klg eO/x]sf] 5 . sf]xL 7"nf] 5, sf]xL ;fgf] 5, sf]xL afns 5, sf]xL s'df/ 5, sf]xL t?0f,
sf]xL j[4 5, sxL+ vfglkg eO/x]sf] 5, st} v]ns'b eO/x]sf] 5 . sxL+ /f]bg eO/x]sf] 5, sxL+ ld7fO{
afFl8/x]sf] 5, sxL+ j:qfe'if0fx?sf] vl/blaqmL eO/x]sf] 5, sxL+ :ofp, cDaf, gf;kflt, ;'Gtnf, cfFk,
hfd'g cflb cg]s lsl;dsf kmnx?sf] y'k|f] nfu]sf] 5 / sxL+ sfsfelthf, dfdfef~hfsf] d'2f
rln/x]sf] 5 . jlsn / sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;q kl//x]sf] 5 . d'vn] dfu]sf] kfl/>lds lnO/x]sf 5g\, Ogfd
cnu dflu/x]sf 5g\ . hf] xf5{, pm d5{ . hf] lhTb5, pm klg xfg]{ h:t} eOxfN5 . lsgeg] pm klxn] g}
7luO;s]sf] x'G5 . e]+8fdf pmg sf]xL 5f]8\b}g o; Gofocg';f/ lhTg] klg xfg]{ ;dfg g} xf] OToflb ;a
Jojxf/ oxfF eO/x]sf] 5, t}klg of] :jKg xf] d"l5{tnfO{ ;'t]sf]nfO{ s]xL klg 1fg x'Fb}g . h'g ljj]sL
k'?ifsf cfFvfcyf{t\ leqL cfFvf, X[bosf cfFvf v'ln;s]sf 5g\ pgnfO{ ;a b]lvP/ klg s]xL b]lvGg .
Ps ;lRrbfgGb, ;Jo+ Hof]lt, :jo+ l;4 k/dfTdf g} jf/kf/ b]lvG5 . x] efO ljj]ssf cfFvf vf]n,
df]xsf] lgb|fdf g;'t, ljrf/n] sfd n]pm, cGwfsf] ;dfg 7Ss/ gvfpm, w]/}rf]6L dl/;Sof}, ca t gd/
;fjwfg eOxfn cfgf] :j?kdf k|ltli7t\ eOxfn
b[s\ b[Zo ljj]s
c? klg ;'G5g} eg] ;'g . o; hut\df cGg / cGgfb b'O{ kbfy{ 5g\, hf] vfOG5 To;nfO{ cGg eGb5g\
/ vfg]nfO{ cGgfb eGb5g\ . cyjf cGg gfd ef]Uosf] xf] / cGgfb gfd ef]Qmfsf] xf] . oL b'a}nfO{
uLtfsf/n] If]q / If]q1 gfdn] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . eujfg\sf] jrg 5 ls ;a If]qx?df If]q1 d g} x'F .
o;af6 l;4 x'G5 ls If]q cg]s eP/ klg If]q1 Pp6} x'G5, o;af6 PsTj l;4 x'G5 . c? klg ljrf/
ug{ of]Uo s] eg] If]q1 Ps s;/L 5, k|To]s z/L/df If]q1 leGg k|tLt eO/x]sf] 5 eg] Tof] Ps s;/L
x'g;S5 <
38fnfO{ b]Vg] JolQm 38feGbf leGg} x'G5 . o; Gofon] z/L/nfO{ b]Vg], hfGg], z/L/eGbf leGg} x'g'k5{ .
:y"n b]xnfO{ d hfGb5', o;sf/0f :y"n b]xeGbf d leGg 5' . k|f0f cflb kfFr} k|f0fnfO{ d hfGb5',
o;sf/0f oL kfFrb]lv d leGg 5' . >f]q cflb kfFr} 1fg]lGb|onfO{ d hfGb5', o;sf/0f tL kfFr}b]lv d
leGg 5', jfuflb kfFr} sd]{lGb|onfO{ d hfGb5', o;sf/0f tL kfFrb]lv d leGg 5' . dg, lrQ, a'l4,
cx+sf/ oL rf/}nfO{ hfGb5', o;sf/0f tL rf/}b]lv d leGg 5', hfu|t\ :jKg / ;'if'lKt tLg} cj:yfx?nfO{
d hfGb5', o;sf/0f oL tLg} cj:yfb]lv d leGg 5' . hfu|t cflb tLg} cj:yfx?sf] cledfgL ljZj,
t}h;\ / k|f1nfO{ d hfGb5', o;sf/0f tL tLg}b]lv d leGg 5' . tL tLg}f/f b]lvg] ;a hut\nfO{ d

hfGb5', o;sf/0f o; hut\b]lv d leGg 5' . o; hut\sf] cefjnfO{ klg d hfGb5', o;sf/0f o;b]lv
klg d leGg 5' . cfgf] hfu|t\ / :jKgnfO{ ltdL hfgf}nf, t/ cfgf] ;'if'lKtnfO{ s;/L hfGg ;St5f} <
;Dk"0f{ hut\nfO{ s;/L hfGb5f} < eg]/ sf]xL z+sf ub{5 eg] o;sf] pQ/ of] xf] ls hfGg] r]tg x'G5
tyf 1fg cyjf 1]o j:t' cr]tg x'G5 . b]xb]lv lnP/ c+xsf/;Dd ;a hflgG5g\ . o;sf/0f cr]tg
x'g\ . o;}sf/0f tLg} cj:yfx? / tLg} cj:yfsf cledfgL ljZj cflb klg cr]tg g} x'g\ . hut\ /
hut\sf] cefj klg o;} x]t'n] cr]tg x'g\, oL ;asf] b|i6f d g} Ps r]tg x'F, o;sf/0f d ;asf] 1ftf
x'F . sf]xL k|Zg u5{ ls hfGg] x'gfn] ltdL klg ljsf/L eOxfNg]5f} eg] of] s'/f 7Ls xf]Og, lsgeg] d
r]tgafx]s ;Dk"0f{ j:t' cr]tg x'gfn] ldYof g} x'g\ . d r]tgljgf s'g} cr]tg j:t'sf] l;l4 x'Fb}g /
df/f g} ;asf] l;l4 x'G5 . o;sf/0f logsf] l;l4 ug'{ g} d]/f] b]Vg' cyjf hfGg' xf] . efj of] xf] ls
d, r]tg ;j{bf ;j{q ljBdfg /xG5' .
a'l4 cflb;Fu cfWoflTds ;DaGw /fv]/ d ;a hut\ / hut\sf] cefjnfO{ b]Vb5', cGoyf d :j?kdf
l:yt 5' . ;asf] l;l4 daf6 g} x'G5, o;sf/0f d g} Ps ;To x'F, dafx]s ;Dk"0f{ ldYof xf] . d g}
cfgf] dfofn] cGgfb, If]q1 cyjf ef]Qmf x'G5, k/dfy{df d Ps} x'F .
ha o; k|sf/;Fu >'lt / o'lQmn] a|Xd l;3 x'G5, a|Xdafx]s csf]{ j:t' 5Fb} 5}g, clg zf]s / df]x
s;/L x'g ;S5 < zf]s / df]xsf] s]xL sfd 5]g . ljfgx?sf] egfO 5 ls ;a}df a|Xdefj ug'{ g}
rt'/ dg'iosf] rt'ofOF xf] . b]xefj ug'{ g} d"9 k'?ifsf] d"9tf xf], lsgeg] >'lt eG5 csf{b]lv eo
x'G5 ltLof} eo+ ejlt .
Psdf eo x'Fb}g cyf{t\ ceo x'G5 . o;sf/0f ceoflenfifL k'?ifsf] of] st{Jo 5 pm lgTolg/Gt/ Ps
a|Xd g} ;j{q b]vf];\ . of] g} ;'vsf] af6f] xf], of] g} sNof0fsf] af6f] xf], of] g} zflGtsf] pkfo xf] .
o;afx]s ;'v, >]o / zflGtsf] c? pkfo 5}g gfGo kGyf ljBt]Sogfo .
;j{q cfTdbz{g
x] lh1f;' ltdL ;w}+ ;"o{, rGb|, jfo', hGd / d[To'df s]jn cfg} cfTdfnfO{ b]v, ;a}df cfg} bz{g
u/ . g s;};Fu /fu u/, g s;};Fu ]if u/, g s;}sf] sfdgf u/, g s;}dfly qmf]w u/, g s;};Fu
8/fpm, g s;}nfO{ 8/ b]vfpm, g lrGtf u/, ;w}+ zfGt /x", bfGt /x", lttLIf' ag, Ifdfjfg\ xf]pm,
w}o{nfO{ wf/0f u/, ;Gtf]ifsf] ;xf/f n]pm, t[i0ff 5f]l8b]pm, cfzf 5f]l8b]pm, :kwf{ gu/, ;d /x", ;dbzL{
ag . h;h;n] zflGt kfP log} pkfoaf6 kfP . Ps c;+u ;gftg, ;b\4g, cfgGb3g, cltLo,
;jf]{kflwjlh{t, dfoftLt, 5foftLt, u'0fftLt, sfof tLt, lg/~hg, lgisn, zfGt cfgf] cfTdfsf]
cg';Gwfg u/ . Pp6f cfTdflzjfo bf];|f] c? sf]xL 5}g . h] ;'s} b]lvG5, d?d/Llrsfsf] hn;dfg,
aGWofsf] k'q;dfg cyjf :jKgsf] ;[li6;dfg ldYof xf] . cfTdfsf] c1fgn] k|tLt x'G5, cfTdfsf] 1fgn]
n'Kt eOxfN5, o;sf/0f 5Fb}5}g . geP/ klg ltd|f] d"v{tfn] b]vfO/x]sf] 5 . aflx/ x]g{ 5f]l8b]pm,
;dflxt eP/ cfg}leq x]/, yf]/} ;dodf ltdLnfO{ cfgGb:j?k cfTdfsf] cg'ej x'g yfNg]5 . cfTdfsf]
cg'ej x'gf;fy ;+;f/ pl8xfNb5, :jKgdf klg b]lvFb}g . 5Fb}5}g t sxfFaf6 b]lvg] < s]jn cfTdfsf]
cljj]sn] k|tLt x'G5, ljj]sn] n'Kt eOxfNb5 . o;sf/0f x] lk|o aflx/ gx]/, leq x]/ .
h;sf] dg z'4 5 p;nfO{ >j0f dfqn] tTj;fIffTsf/ eOxfN5 . cz'4 dg ePsfnfO{ >j0f dfqn]
1fg x'Fb}g . k/Gt' p;nfO{ lr/sfn;Dd dgg, lglbWof;g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . s'/f s] 5 eg]
u?d'vaf6 dxfjfSox?sf] tfTko{ lgZro ug'{ >j0f xf] . >j0f ul/Psf] tTjnfO{ ;Demg' dgg xf] /
dgg ul/Ps} tTjsf] Wofg ug'{ lglbWof;g xf] . z'4 dg ePsf] rflxF Ps;fy ug{ ;Qm}g, p;n] tLg}
s'/f qmd}n] ug'{kb{5 . o;df /fhf cns{sf] b[i6fGt k|df0f?k 5 .

dbfn;fsf] pkfVofg
/fgL dbfn;fsf kfFr 5f]/fx? lyP . ltgdf cns{ ;aeGbf sfG5f lyP . cns{sf rf/} bfh'x? hfGg]
x'gf;fy cfdfafa'sf] cf1f lnP/ /fhkf7nfO{ 5f]8]/ jgdf uO;s]sf lyP . cns{nfO{ pgsf cfdf
afa'n] /fHo ug{sf lgldQ /f]ls/fv]sf lyP lsgeg] k|hfkfng ug'{ g} /fhfsf] k/d wd{ xf] . cfdfafa'
jgdf uO;s]kl5 cns{ sfzLsf] /fHo ug{ yfn] . Ps lbg pgsf efOx? cfgf] dgdf ljrf/ ug{
yfn]
xfdLx? t b'Mvsf] 3/ ;+;f/nfO{ 5f8]/ lgTolg/Gt/ a|Xdsf] cg';Gwfg ug}{ ;j{yf a|XdfgGbdf d:t
/x]/ hLjgd'lQmsf] ;'vsf] cfgGb lnG5f}+ . z/L/ Tofu]kl5 s}jNo d'lQmdf cjZo g} k|fKt x'g]5f}+ . xfd|f]
sfG5f] efO ;+;f/sf] lxnf]df kmF;]sf] x'gfn] hLjgd'lQmsf] ;'v t p;nfO{ x'g} ;St}g, cfTd1fg klg
p;nfO{ 5ls 5}g o;sf] k/LIff ug'{ kof] / olb p;nfO{ cfTdf1fg 5}g eg] 1fg lbP/ d[To'sf] eoaf6
lge{o ul/lbg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . a|Xdj]Qfsf] s'ndf s'g} ca|Xdj]Qf x'Fb}g o:tf] dxfk'?ifx?sf] egfO 5
. o;sf/0f cfTd1fgsf] pkb]z u/]/ p;nfO{ /fhkf7af6 lj/Qm agfP/ df]Ifdfu{df k|j[Q ul/lbg' kof]
.
of] ljrf/ u/]/ cGo /fhfx?af6 ;]gf dfu]/ cyjf cfg} of]uann] dflos ;]gf /r]/ rf/} efOx?n]
rf/}tkm{af6 r9fO u/]/ sfzLk'/LnfO{ 3]l/xfn] . of] ;fdfrf/ ;'g]/ cns{ 8/fP, dGqLx?;Fu ;Nnfx
lnP/ t/ s'g} lsl;dsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;s]gg\ . /fgL dbfn;fn] Ps lr7\7L cns{nfO{ lbPsL lyOg\ /
eg]sL klg lyOg\ ls ha s'g} dxf;+s6 cfOk/f];\ ta o; kqnfO{ vf]n]/ x]g'{, cGoyf kfv'/fdf
afFlw/fVg' . cfh cns{n] ;f] kqnfO{ vf]n]/ x]/] . To;df n]lvPsf] lyof] z'4f]l; a'4f]Sl; lg/~hgf]Sl;
;+;f/dfof kl/jlh{tf]Sl; . o;nfO{ k9\gf;fy cfgf] k"j{ ;+:sf/sf] ann] cyfj tTjbzL{ cfdfafa'sf]
/hjLo{sf] k|efjn] h;/L ljb]x /fhf hgssf] dg ci6fjqm u?nfO{ tg, dg, wg, blIf0ffdf lbO;s]kl5
ljz'4 eP/ a|Xdfsf/ ePsf] lyof], To:t} cns{sf] dg klg cdg eOxfNof] . tbf b|i6':j?k] Sj:yfgd\
. o; ;"qcg';f/ pgL :j:j?k a|Xddf l:yt eOxfn] . pgn] cfkm"nfO{ ;j{q kl/k"0f{, z'4, a'4,
lg/~hg cg'ej u/] . pgsf] b]xflbsf] cWof; lgj[Q eOxfNof] clg rf/} efOnfO{ o;k|sf/ kq n]v]
x] /fhfx? xf] x] z"/jLx? xf] k|hfsf] /~hg ug]{nfO{ ljfg /fhf eGb5g\ tyf sfd cflb zq'x?sf]
j]un] h;sf] w}o{nfO{ 8ufpg ;St}g p;nfO{ j]bj]Qfx? z"/jL/ eGb5g\ . olb tkfO{+x?n] k|hfx?sf]
/~hgsf lgldQ sfzLk'/Ldf r9fO u/]sf] xf] eg] tkfO{+x?sf] sNof0f xf];\ . cfpg'xf]; /fHo tkfO{+x?s}
xf], k|hfkfng ug'{xf];\ dnfO{ jg hfg] cf1f lbg'xf];\ . d jgdf uP/ cfTdfg';Gwfg ub}{ tkfO{+x?sf]
s[kfn] cfgf] ;gftg kb ljb]xs}jNodf k|fKt x'g]5' . tkfO{+x? d]/f u'? x'g'x'G5, d tkfO{+x?sf] lzio x'F
. dgn], wgn], z/L/n] tkfO{+x?sf] lzio x'F . /fHosf] ef/af6 d'Qm x'g' / O{Zj/fg';Gwfg ;+nUg x'g'
tkfO{x?s} s[kfn] dnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5, o;sf/0f dnfO{ tkfO{+x? cfgf] s}nfzklt pdgfyeGbf kg
clws lk|o x'g'x'G5 . tkfO{+x?nfO{ s/f]8f}+ gd:sf/ 5 . olb tkfO{+x?n] o'4 ug]{ ljrf/n] cfqmd0f u/]sf]
xf] eg] d]/f] ljrf/df tkfO{+x? dnfO{ o; z/L/?kL aGwgaf6 5'6fpg s}jNo kb k|fKt u/fpg cyjf
nf]sdf oz k|fKt u/fpgsf lgldQ cfpg'ePsf] 5 . To;f] eP tkfO{+x? tnaf/ lnP/ rf/}hgf Ps}rf]6L
cyjf PsPs u/]/ n8fO{+sf] d}bfgdf cfpg'xf];\ . dg'io z/L/ oBlk b'n{e 5, t} klg o;af6 d]/f]
k|of]hg l;4 eO;s]sf] 5, ;j{yf dnfO{ o;df cf;lQm 5}g . of] IfqLosf] z/L/ xf], o'4df sfd nfU5
eg] clt pQd 5 . bfg lbg' IfqLosf] k/d wd{ xf] . xfd|f k"j{hx?n] o'4bfg lbgdf slxNo} ;+sf]r
u/]gg\ . o;sf/0f olb tkfO{x? o'4 dfUg'x'G5 eg] d ;a} k|sf/n] tof/ 5' . If0fe+u'/ z/L/sf] ;'vsf
lgldQ, /fHo kfpgsf lgldQ k|f0fLx?sf] lx+;f ug'{ d /fhfx?sf] wd{ dflGbg . xf], cfgf] wd{sf] /Iffsf
lgldQ cfgf] k|f0f lbg ;Qm5' . sfG5f] efOsf] wL/tf, jL/tf / pbf/tfsf] k|sfzs kq k9]/ rf/} efO
cToGt k|;Gg eP . ;a}n] cfP/ efOnfO{ cdfn u/]/ o; k|sf/;Fu cfzLjf{b lbP/ cfgfcfgf
:yfgdf kms]{/ uP / cfzLjf{b jrg o;k|sf/ 5g\

x] ;xf]b/ ltd|f] k/LIff lngsf nflu xfdLn] ltdLdfly r9fOF u/]sf lyof}+ . ltdL 1fg, j}/fUo /
O{Zj/elQmn] kl/k"0f{ 5f}, /fHo ug{ of]Uo 5f}, ltd|f] z'4 ljrf/ b]v]/ xfdL rf/}nfO{ ;Gtf]if eof] . ltd|f]
a'l4 ;w}+ o:t} lsl;dsf] z'4 alg/xf];\ . t'R5 /fhkf7sf] nf]e ltd|f] dgdf gcfcf];\ cfgf] st{JonfO{
gla;L{ ;w}+ cfgf] cfTdf lzjzDe'sf] cg';Gwfg ub}{ k|hfsf] /~hg u/] . d[To'nf]sdf ;a hgf ?Fb}
cfpFb5g\, ?Fb} hfG5g\ . s'g} lj/n} ;f}efUozfnL k'?if dfq cfgf] oz km}nfP/ xfF:b} s}nfzkltsf]
k/dwfddf k'Ub5, hxFfaf6 km]l/ kms]{/ oxfF cfpFb}g, Tof] g} wGo xf], p;}sf] hGd ;kmn xf] . ltdL klg
o:t} xf]pm, o:t} xf]pm oxL xfd|]f z'e cfzLjf{b 5 .
o:tf] pkb]z / cfzLjf{b lbP/ rf/} efO cns{sf a'l4sf] k|z+;f ub}{ ljr/0f ug{ yfn] . otf cns{
/fhsfh rnfpg nfu], cGtdf jgdf uP/ cfTdfg';Gwfg ub}{ o; gZj/ z/L/nfO{ Tofu u/]/
ljb]xd'lQmdf k|fKt eP . o; pkfVofgaf6 ltdLn] a'lemxfNof} xf]nf ls s'g} ljnIf0f a'l4 ePsfnfO{
j]bfGt >j0fdfqn] klg a|XdfTdfsf] ;fIffTsf/ eOxfN5, h;sf] a'l4 z'4 5}g p;n] >j0f, dgg,
lglbWof;g g} pQ/f]Q/ d'Vo 5g\ . d]/f] ljrf/df ca ltdLn] a'lemxfNof} xf]nf, g;Dem]sf] eP km]l/ klg
;DemfpF5' . ;'g x]/ hfu|t\df :jKg x'Fb}g, :jKgdf hfu|t\ cj:yf x'Fb}g / ;'if'lKtdf hfu|t\, :jKg b'a}
x'Fb}gg\ eg] oL tLg} cj:yf ldYof g} t x'g\ . t/, dxfdfofsf] k|efjn] ltdL o;nfO{ ;To dfGb5f},
cfkm"nfO{ ldYof dfGb5f} . s:tf] cfZro{sf] s'/f xf] < ltdL oL ;asf b|i6f xf}, tLg} sfndf Ps /;
/xG5f} . ;Tosf] ;To, Hof]ltsf] Hof]lt, :jo+ Hof]lt, :jo+ l;4, u'0fftLt, dfoftLt, sfnftLt 5f} . o:tf]
zfZjt\, pboc:t/lxt cfgf] :j?knfO{ ltdL hfGb}gf} . ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ hfGg] OR5f ub{5f}, cfkm"nfO{
hfGb}gf} . ;a}nfO{ pkb]z lbG5f}, cfkm"nfO{ pkb]z lbFb}gf} . ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] p4f/ ug]{ 7]Ssf lnG5f},
cfgf] p4f/ ub}{gf} . p4f/ ug{ klg hfGb}gf} . p4f/ zAbsf] cy{ klg ltdLn] sf]zdf b]v]sf 5}gf},
cyjf s'g} klg ;GtdxfTdfsf] d'vaf6 klg ;'g]sf 5}gf} . ha ltdLn] cfgf] p4f/ u/]sf 5}gf}, ta
ltdL c? s;}sf] p4f/ s;/L ug{ ;Sb5f} < slxNo} klg ug{ ;Sb}gf} . klxn] cfgf] p4f/ u/ , clg
kl5 c?sf] p4f/ ug]{ ;+sNk u/ . cGoyf cfkm" t 8'Ag] g} 5f}, c?nfO{ klg lnP/ 8'Ag}5f} . df]x?kL
lxnf]af6 lg:s, zf]s?kL lxnf]af6 lg:s, lrGtf?kL gbLdf g8'a, ;GtdxfTdfx?sf] ;+uLt u/,
b'h{gb]lv 6f9f /x" . ;t\zf:q?kL cfgf] wldnf] cfFvfdf rZdf nufP/ Tof] rZdfaf6 ;+;f/ x]/ . ha
ltdL ;t\zf:q?kL rZdfn] sfd lng]5f} clg ;+;f/sf] / k/a|Xdsf] tTjnfO{ a'em=g ;Sg]5f} cGoyf
;Sg]5}gf} . ;+;f/ :jKgnfO{ 5f8]/ k/dfy{ tTjdf hfu, ljj]sg]q vf]n .
cGt:s/0fsf] z'l4
d}nf] P]gfdf d'v b]lvPem}+ ha;Dd cGt:s/0f z'4 x'Fb}g, ta;Dd g ;ljz]if a|Xdsf] 1fg x'g ;Sb5, g
lglj{z]if a|Xdsf] 1fgljgf b'a}df s;}sf] klg elQm x'g ;Qm}g . s;}n] 7Ls} eg]sf 5g\ dlng
cGt:s/0f ePsfnfO{ ;u'0f tyf lgu'{0f b'j} a|Xddf s;}sf] klg elQm x'g' sl7g dfq} xf]Og, c;Dej 5
. ha;Dd b}jL ;Dkb\ cflb ;fwgx?n] dg z'4 x'Fb}g ta;Dd k|]dk"j{s ;u'0f a|Xdsf] elQm u/ cyf{t\
;u'0f O{Zj/ / O{Zj/fjtf/x?sf] u'0fufg u/ . cfgf eQmx?nfO{ cfgf] cud tTj ;Demfpgsf nflu
O{Zj/ cjtf/ lnOalS;G5 . efujtdf eg]sf] 5 b'/judfTdtTjlgudfo tjfQtgf]M cyf{t\ cfgf]
b'lj{1]o tTj ;Demfpgsf nflu xh'/ z/L/ wf/0f ul/alS;G5 . uLtfdf klg bbfld a'l4of]u+ t+ o]g
dfd'koflGt t] cyf{t\ d cfgf eQmx?nfO{ a'l4of]u lbG5', h;sf] ;xf/fn] tL d]/f] tTjnfO{ a'em]/ ddf
k|j]z ub{5g\ . O{Zj/fjtf/x?sf] rl/q k9\gfn] ;u'0f / lgu'{0f a|Xdsf] :j?ksf] 1fg x'G5 . o;sf/0f
O{Zj/sf rl/qx?sf] k|]dk"j{s ufg ug]{ u/ . sf/0f / sfo{sf] ce]b x'G5 . h:t} ;'g / s'08nsf] e]b
;+;f/df k|l;4 5, To:t} a|Xdaf6 pTkGg ePsf hut\sf] a|Xd;Fu ce]b 5 . >'lt klg ;j{ vlNjb+
a|Xd eGbl5g\ . ljz]ifaf6 pTkGg ePsf] hut\ ljz]if ?k g} xf], ;a}nfO{ ljz]if?kn] x]g'{ g} ;u'0f
a|Xdsf] elQm xf] . uLtfdf eujfg\n] eGg'ePsf] 5 ;dM ;j]{if' e"t]if' db\elQm net] k/fd\ cyf{t\

;Dk"0f{ e"tdf ;dfgefjn] hf] x]b{5, Tof] d]/f] k/felQmnfO{ k|fKt ub{5 . o;sf/0f g s;};Fu /fu u/, g
s;};Fu ]if u/, ;a} k|f0fLdf ;defjn] cjl:yt hgfb{gnfO{ x]/ . h;/L ltdLnfO{ cg's"naf6 ;'v /
k|lts"naf6 b'Mv x'G5 To:t} ;a}nfO{ x'G5 . dgn], jrgn], z/L/n] s;}nfO{ kL8f gb]pm, dgn] ;a}sf]
enfO{ u/, jf0fLn] lxt / dw'/ af]Ng] u/, z/L/n] si6 gb]pm, ;j]{Zj/sf] eQm eP/ ;'vL eOxfn
zfGt eOxfn
j}/fUo
ha ltdL oxfF cfPYof}, ta d'7\7L afFw]/ cfPYof}, xft km}nfP/ hfg] xf] g s]xL ;fydf NofPYof} g
n}hfg] xf} eg] lsg Joy{ csf{sf] j:t'df bfjf ub{5f} < csf{sf] pQd j:t' b]v]/ lsg dgdf nfnr
NofpF5f} < h;n] lbof] p;n] kfof] o; Gofocg';f/ hf] ltdLnfO{ ldn]sf] 5 To;}df ;Gt'i6 /x]/
cfgGbk"j{s u'hf/f u/ . g ljBfwgflbsf] cledfg u/ g s'nsf] cledfg u/, ;a} p;} Ps O{Zj/sf
c+z x'g\, ;a} a/fa/ x'g\, ;a dw';"bg ?k x'g\, g s'g} zq' x'g\, g s'g} ldq . ;a} hut\?k wd{zfnfdf
k/b]zL ;dfg rf/ lbgsf kfx'gf x'g\, g s;};Fu ldqtf u/ g s;};Fu zq'tf u/ ;a}nfO{ cfkm" ;dfg
k|]d u/, s;};Fu ;Ddfg kfpg] OR5f gu/, ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg u/, ;a}nfO{ cfg} ;Dem . b]g]sf] 6's8f
enf n]g]sf] xl/gfd o; Gofocg';f/ Zjf;Zjf;df kfkxf/L xl/sf] gfd lng] u/ . lbgnfO{ ltdL;Fu
cGg 5 eg] ef]sfx?nfO{, bfgsf] clwsf/L nfO{ lbg] u/ . lagfd"No s'g} j:t' kfOFb}g d"No glbO s;}sf]
j:t' klg lng] gu/ . O{Zj/n] ltdLnfO{ wg cflb lbPsf] 5 eg] X[bo vf]n]/, pbf/ ag]/ clwf/L
kfqx?nfO{ wg, j:q, ljBf cflbsf] bfg lbg] u/ . s;};Fu lng] cyjf dfUg] :jKgdf klg ljrf/ gu/ .
c? s]xL klg ug{ ;St}gf} eg] klg dL7f] af]nLn] k|To]ssf] ;Tsf/ t cjZo ug]{ u/ . eg]sf] klg 5
kfgLeGbf kftnf] s] x'G5, dL7f] dL7f] af]nL af]Ng]n] zq' klg jzdf eOxfN5 . ?Fb} cfPsf lyof}, ;a};Fu
k|]dsf] Jojxf/ ub}{ ;a}nfO{ ?jfpFb} 5f]8]/ cfkm" xfF:b} hfpm . ;'vL eOxfn zfGt eOxfn
h:t} k'0o Ifo ePkl5 o; nf]sdf cfo' IfL0f eOxfN5, To:t} k'0o IfL9f ePkl5 OR5f gx'Fbf klg
cg'zoL hLj :ju{af6 v;flnG5 . of] ;'g], ;Dem]/ ltdLnfO{ o; nf]s / k/nf]ssf] If0f:yfoL ef]ux?df
j}/fUo eO;s]sf] eP ;j{ ;+Go:o\ >j0f+ dfd]s+ z/0f++ a|h . ;a} wd{nfO{ 5f]8]/ d]/} z/0fdf cfpm . oL
>'lt / :d[ltx?sf cg';f/ ;a} 5f]8]/ >f]lqo, a|Xdlgi7, csfd xt, zfGt ;b\u'?sf] z/0fdf uP/
dxfjfSosf] cy{ >j0f u/]/ a|XdfTd tTjnfO{ hfg]/ >'ltsf] cg's"n ts{f/f p;nfO{ dgg u/ / km]l/
p;}sf] cg';Gwfgdf lgTolg/Gt/ tTk/ /x]/ a|XdfTd tTjsf] ;fIffTsf/ u/]/ p;}df a'l4sf] j[lQnfO{
hf]l8xfn . p;}nfO{ cfTdf hfg]/ p;}sf] k/fo0f eOxfn . cfzo of] xf] ls ;j{k|yd j[lQnfO{ a|Xdfsf/
ug]{ lgTolg/Gt/ cEof; u/, To;kl5 a'l4sf] j[lQnfO{ af]w u/]/ cltLo cfTdf g} xf], c? xf]Og
p;}df l:yt eP/ p;}sf] k/fo0f eOxfn . oxL+ k/d ult xf], cGo ult 5]g . c? hfGgof]Uo s]xL 5}g,
o;sf] cg';Gwfg ub}{ hLjgd'lQmsf], ;'vsf] cg'e"lt ub}{ k|f/AwnfO{ z]if ul/b]pm . dxfTdfhLn] s]xL
uDeL/ eO{ km]l/ eg] ;'Gof} < /fd|f];Fu ;'Gof} < wL/ k'?ifx? h] ;'Gb5g\, o:tf] ub}{gg\ ls Ps sfgn]
;'Gof] csf]{ sfgn] p8fof] . pkb]zs w]/} 5g\, pkb]z lng] k'?if sxLF st} dfq x'G5 . csf{nfO{ pkb]z
gb]pm k/f]kb]z kfl08Tod\ gb]vfpm pkb]z lng l;s pkb]z lng' ;'Gb/ dfu{ xf], pkb]z lng] u/,
pkb]zsf] cg's/0f ug]{ u/ . s] ltdLn] ;'g]sf 5}gf}, k"j{sfnLg z'4 a'l4 ePsf rt'/ k'?if d"v{x?af6
klg pkb]z lnP/ kf/ eP . s] ltdLn] ;'g]sf 5}gf}, Ps cjw"t k/]jf, j]Zof, sf}Fr kIfL cflbaf6
pkb]z lnP/ k/d l;l4df k|fKt eP < ltdL klg pgsf] cg's/0f u/, z/L/sf] ddtf / cx+tf 5f]l8b]pm
s]jn o;nfO{ rf/f]kfgL lbg] u/ / o;af6 cfgf] sfd lnP/ ;'vL xf]pm, olb ltdL s] sfd lnpmF
eG5f} eg] cfTdfg';Gwfg g} sfd xf] . cfTdfg';Gwfg ub}{ ;'vL xf]pm . zfGt xf]pm . ;jf{Tdb]j ltd|f]
sNof0f ug]{5g\ .
d'n kftf