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Coastal Engineering

The document introduces Goda's method as an alternative to the Minikin method for determining breaking wave forces on semirigid wall structures. Goda's method is based on linear pressure distributions rather than shock pressures, so it tends to provide less conservative estimates of wave forces than the Minikin method. The key equations in Goda's method relate breaking wave height, pressure distributions, and wave forces and moments on the wall. An example application of Goda's method to calculate wave forces on a vertical wall is provided for comparison to results from the Minikin method.

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Adán Fernando Bonola Gallardo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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100 views

Coastal Engineering

The document introduces Goda's method as an alternative to the Minikin method for determining breaking wave forces on semirigid wall structures. Goda's method is based on linear pressure distributions rather than shock pressures, so it tends to provide less conservative estimates of wave forces than the Minikin method. The key equations in Goda's method relate breaking wave height, pressure distributions, and wave forces and moments on the wall. An example application of Goda's method to calculate wave forces on a vertical wall is provided for comparison to results from the Minikin method.

Uploaded by

Adán Fernando Bonola Gallardo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

CETN-III-38

3/88

BRRAKING
PURPOSE:

To introduce

WAVE

FORCES

ON WALLS

the Goda method as an alternative

method for the determination

of breaking

wave forces

to the Minikin

on semirigid

wall

structures.

INTRODUCTION:
required

Prediction

for the design

procedure

followed

wave forces

of wall structures

by most harbor

Minikin method documented


1984).

of breaking

on vertical

in coastal

and coastal

engineers

waves,

this procedure
its users

The Standard

in the US is the

in detail in the Shore Protection

As the Minikin method is based on the shock

breaking

waters.

the resulting
are generally

forces

and structure

considered

about the extremely

Manual (SPM,

pressure
designs

caused

by

analyzed

to be conservative.

high wave forces

walls is

by using

The SPM cautions

associated

with the Minikin

method.

.A less conservative
procedure

method recommended

for breaking

wave force

for Port and Harbour Facilities


but cautions
safety

The rationale

that the duration


order

of massive concrete

mound bases,
cause

may be rather

the occurrence

avoided

(Goda, 1985).

be required

& Japan (1980)

for structure
of using

of the impulsive

of tenth or hundredth

stability

determination.

The Technical

has adopted

that this method may underestimate

of 1.2 is recommended

overturning.

by Goda (1974) is an alternative

For

to ascertain

U. S. Army En&eer

breaking

force

sliding

insignificant.

particularly
In design

wave loading
coastal

the avoidance

is relatively

and the effect

wall structures,

sensitive

against

the Goda method for design

of a second,

of impulsive

the Goda method

the wave force.

design

and
analysis

brief,

is

on the

conditions
should

physical

breaking

Waterway-sExperiment Station, Coastal En@wering


P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39160

of

those with rubble

on structures

of impulsive

A factor

of this force on the

practice,

structures,

Standards

that

be

modeling may

wave conditions.

Research Center

Breaking

Wave Pressures

on a Vertical

Wall

GODAS FORMULAS: The above figure shows the structure configuration


for
which the Goda method is applied and illustrates the linear pressure
distribution on the wall face due to wave impact.
The key components of the
pressure diagram are:

P,=(a,+a,)*w.H,

P+=(l-r/R)-!',

where

R=l.S*H,,
a, - 0.6+

a,=

1 -d,/D(

l-

l/cosh(2tiD/f))

weight of water
of the random waves breaking at a
distance of 5Ib seaward of the wall; He is the
significant wave height of the design sea state
h= water depth at where Hb is determined
= smaller of a and b
L= wavelength calculated by linear wave theory at the wall

w=
H,

minja.bl

0.5(4nD/f/sinh(4nD/L))

specific

= highest

According to Goda (1985), the above equations


breaking or nonbreaking wave conditions.
2

are applicable

to either

CETN-III-38
3/88
WAVE FORCE AND MOMENT: The integration
of pressure
distribution
~-wall yields the force per unit length of the structure,
F,

where hc is the centroid


of the pressure
prism defined
the mean water level.
The overturning
moment, M due

on the

by PI and
to waves is

P4

above

.\I = F . hc
where

hc is the centroid

of pressure

prism

above

the wall base.

APPLICATION PROCEDURE:
The Goda method is developed
for the
caisson
type breakwaters
with rubble
foundations.
The following
are recommended
for the design analysis.
and

a. Select a design
sea state and
significant
wave period,
Ts.

identify

b. Determine

where

h by h=D+S.m.H,,

the significant
m is the

bottom

wave

design
of
procedures
height,

Hs,

slope.

c. Calculate
the breaking
wave height,
Hb, at h. Note that if I% is greater
than the maximum wave height of the design
sea state, there will be no
breaking
wave force exerted
on the wall.
In that case, use the maximum wave
height for the wave force analysis
or use methods described
in the SPM
The maximum wave height may be estimated
as 1.8 times HI according
(1984).
to Godal 1985).
d. Calculate
wavelength
L for depth D using
the design
sea state and the linear wave theory
Appendix
C of the SPM.
this

e. Calculate
note.

the

wave

force

and

moment

using

the significant
or Tables C-l
Goda equations

wave period
and G-2 of
provided

of

in

Given a vertical
wall, 4.3 m (14 ft.) high sited in sea water with ds
EXAMPLE:
= 2.5 m (8.2 ft.).
The wall is built on a bottom slope of 1:20 (m = 0.05).
Reasonable
wave periods
range from 6 to 10 seconds.
Find the maximum
pressure,
horizontal
force,
and overturning
moment about the toe of the wall.
Since there is no rubble
mound base, the water depth D = ds = 2.5 m. For T
= 10 seconds,
find by using Figure 7-4 of the SPM, the design
breaking
wave
height,
Hb = 3.2 m. Without knowledge
of significant
wave height,
Ha, the
breaking
depth, h, is determined
directly
by using Figure 7-2, which yields h
= 3.07 m. The wave breaks at a distance
of 11.4 m ( ~(3.07 2.5)/.05)
from
the w-all. Using Table C-l of Appendix
C, SPM or computer
program
SIXW.A\-ES, w-ave length,
L at D = 2.5 m is determined
to be 48.7 m.
Then,
a, , a:, and a, are calculated
to be 1.036, 0.101, and 0.950, respectively.
Furthermore,
R = 1.5 Hb = 4.8 m > 1.8 m
The

pressure

components

are

(overtopping)

calculated

as

P.

-u2;'w.H,

=36.-4kN/m2
Pj

=Clj.Pi

= 34.6kN/m2
= P, - 3.0/4.8

PI

= 22 .8kN/mi
The total

horizontal

F = .5+,
= 142

force

+ P,j.

1 .8+

due to breaking
.5+,+

is

P&2.5

kN/m

The overturning
moment about
hydrostatic
forces is
M=

wave

the toe excluding

moments

due to uplift

and

289 kN-m/m

Similar procedures
are used to calculate the peak pressure,
force and moment
on the wall due to the 6 second wave. This example is the same as .EXAMPLE
with results based on the
PROBLEM 34 of Page 7-182 of SPM. The comparison
Minikin method are summarized in the following
table.

Wave Period
Pl
(kN/m 1
F
(kN/m)
M
(kN-m/m)

(set)

Goda
6
26.6
99.6
204

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
For additional
Design Branch, (601) 634-2067.

Method
10
36.4
142
289
information

Minikin
6
336
309
772
contact

Method
10
176
194
485
the CERC Coastal

REFERENCES:
Goda, I-. 1974. New Wave Pressure
Formulae
Proceedings
of the 14th Conference
on Coastal
Denmark.
Seas and Design
Goda, Y.
1385, Random -Tokyo Press, Toyko, Japan.

for Composite Breakwater,


Engineering,
Copenhagen,

-of Maritime

Structures,

University

Research Center,
Shore Protection
Manual, 4th ed., 1984. Coastal Engineering
US Army Engineer
Waterways
Experiment
Station, US Government
Printing
Office, Washington,
DC.
Technical
Overseas

Standards
for Port and Harbor Facilities
a Japan.
--Coastal Area Development
Institute
of Japan,
Tokyo,

1980.
Japan.

The

of

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