PNGE 434

Material Balance Equation

10/16/2007

Material Balance Equation

N P Bo + Bg (G p - N P R s ) - G(Bg - Bgi ) - (We -WP )
N=
B
( Bo - Boi ) + ( Rsi - Rs ) Bg + ( c f + c wS wc ) p oi
(1- S wc )

m=

G Bgi
N Boi

B t = B o + ( R si - R s ) B g

GP
RP =
NP

N P [ B t +(RP - Rsi )B g ] - ( W e - W p )
N=
Bti
mBti
+
Bg - Bgi )
( Bt - Bti ) + ( c f + c wSwc ) p
(
(1- S wc ) Bgi

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Undersaturated Reservoir
pi > ps
=0

=0

Ignore

N p B o + B g ( G p - N p R s ) - G ( B g - B gi ) - (We -WP )
N=
B oi
+(
)
+(c
+
)
p

c w S wc
B o B oi R si R s B g
f
1- S wc )
(
=0

N=

( Bo Boi ) +
PNGE 434

N p Bo
( c f + cw Swc )

(1- S wc )

Boi p
10/16/2007

Solution Gas Drive Reservoir

=0

=0

N p B o + B g ( G p - N p R s ) - G( B g - B gi ) - (We -WP )
N=
B oi

+(
)
+(c
+
)
p
c w S wc
B o B oi R si R s B g
f
(1 - S wc )

Ignore

N p Bo + B g ( G p - N p Rs )
N=
B o - B oi +( R si - R s ) B g
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Solution Gas Drive Reservoir = 0

N p [ B t +( R p - R si )B g ] - ( W e - W p )
N=
m B ti
p B ti
+
( B g - B gi )
B t - B ti +( c f + c w S wc )
(1- S wc ) B gi
=0
Ignore

N p [ B t +( R p - R si )B g ]
N=
B t - B ti
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Gas Cap Drive Reservoir

=0

N p [ B t +( R p - R si )B g ] - ( W e - W p )
N=
m B ti
p B ti
+
( B g - B gi )
B t - B ti +( c f + c w S wc )
(1- S wc ) B gi
Ignore

N p B t + ( R p - R si ) B g
N=
m B ti
( B g - B gi )
B t - B ti +
B gi
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Gas Cap Drive Reservoir

N p B t + ( R p - R si ) B g
N=
m B ti
( B g - B gi )
B t - B ti +
B gi

m=

G Bgi
N Boi

N p B o + B g ( G p - N p R s ) - G ( B g - B gi )
N=
B o - B oi +( R si - R s )B g

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Material Balance Equation

F = Eo N + Eg G + W + E fw ( NBoi + GBgi )
F = ( Bo Rs Bg ) N p + Bg G p

Eo = ( Bo - Boi ) + ( Rsi - Rs ) Bg
Eg = ( Bg Bgi )

W = (We BwW p )
c f + cw S wc
E fw =
1- S wc

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Material Balance Equation

Solution Gas Drive

F = Eo N + Eg G + W + E fw ( NBoi + GBgi )
F
F = Eo N N =
Eo
Gas Cap Drive

F = Eo N + Eg G + W + E fw ( NBoi + GBgi )
Eg
F
=N+
G
Eo
Eo
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Gas Cap Drive Reservoir

F
Eo + Bo E fw

Eg + Bgi E fw
F
= N +G
Eo + Bo E fw
Eo + Boi E fw

Slope = G

N
Eg + Bgi E fw
PNGE 434

Eo + Boi E fw

10/16/2007

Water Drive Reservoirs

We = Water Influx

N p [ B t +( R p - R si )B g ] - ( W e - W p )
N=
p B ti
m B ti
+
( B g - B gi )
B t - B ti +( c f + c w S wc )
(1- S wc ) B gi

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Water Influx
Steady-state Aquifer Solution
t

W e = k ( p i - p)dt
0

Unsteady-state Aquifer

We = ( pi p ) Q (t )
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Radial Diffusivity Equation (RDE)

p 1 p ct p
+
=
2
r
r r
k t
2

p = pressure, psia
r = radial position, ft
t = time, hrs

k = permeability, md
= porosity, fraction
= viscosity, cp

Ct = total compressibility, psi-1

Ct = Co So + Cw Sw + C g Sg + Cf
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions must be specified.
Two for r (boundary conditions)
One for t (initial conditions)
t=0

P = Pi

for any r

r = rw

P=p

for any t

P Pi

for any t

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Unsteady-state Aquifer Solution

We = ( pi p ) Q(t )
p = pi p = constant

pi

Reservoir p

Pressure at
Aquifer-Reservoir

Aquifer

Boundary

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Unsteady-state Aquifer Solution

We = ( pi p ) Q(t )
Q(t ) = B QD (t D )
B = 1.12 hcrw2

360
2.637 104 kt
tD =
crw2
rw = Reservoir Radius

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Infinite Aquifers
For t D < 0.01

QtD = 2

tD

For 0.01 < t D < 200

1.2838 t1/D 2 + 1.19328 t D + 0.269872 t D3/ 2 + 0.00855294 t D2
QtD =
1 + 0.616599 t1/D 2 + 0.0413008 t D
4.29881 + 2.02566 t D
For t D > 200 QtD =
ln(t D )

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Finite Aquifers
re
rDe =
rw

re
rw
Reservoir
rDe =
if

re
rw

rDe > 10 Infinite

if

rDe > 10 Infinite Aquifer

Aquifer

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Finite Aquifers

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

NOTE: Finite Aquifers behave the same as the

Infinite Aquifers at early times.

If tD<first number in the Table

Use Infinite Table

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Application
p = Varies with time
p

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Change in Pressure
p1

p2
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

t1

t2

Time
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Application of Superposition
p1

p2
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

t 1

t1+t2

P
R
ES
S
U
R
E

p1

t 2

Time

Time

=
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

t2

t1

t2

p2-p1
Time

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Approximate p as a series of constant values

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Calculation of p1
pi + p1 pi p1
p1 = pi p1 = pi
=
2
2
p1

Pi

P1

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Calculation of p2
P1
P1

pi + p1 p1 + p2 pi p2
p2 = p1 p2 =

=
2
2
2
P2

p1
P

p2

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Approximation
pi + p1 pi p1
=
2
2
p + p1 p1 + p2 pi p2
p2 = p1 p2 = i

=
2
2
2
p + p2 p2 + p3 p1 p3
p3 = p2 p3 = 1

=
2
2
2
p2 + p3 p3 + p4 p2 p4
p4 = p3 p4 =

=
2
2
2
p1 = pi p1 = pi

pj =
PNGE 434

p j 2 p j
2

p1 = p0 = pi
10/16/2007

Van Everdingen-Hurst Solution

Superposition Priciple: We = Q total = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + .....
Q 1 = B p1 QD (t - 0 ) = B p1 QD ( t1 + t2 + t3 + ..... )
Q 2 = B p2 QD (t - t1 ) = B p2 QD ( t2 + t3 + ..... )
Q 3 = B p3 QD (t - t2 ) = B p3 QD ( t3 + ..... )

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Van Everdingen-Hurst Solution

n

Superposition Priciple: Q = B p j QD n( j1)

j =1

pj =

p j 2 p j

QDn = QD (t Dn )

PNGE 434

2
t Dn

p1 = p0 = pi

2.637 104 k
=
(t1 + t2 + t3 + ...... + tn )
2
crw

10/16/2007

Example
For the reservoir with following properties:
= 0.209
k = 275 md
= 0.25 cp
ct = 6 10-6 psi-1
h = 19.2 ft
= 180o (Half Circle)
Area of reservoir = 1216 acres
Estimated area of aquifer = 250,000 acres

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Example
The reservoir pressure history is given below:
Time Period,
1/4 year

Boundary
Pressure, psia

3793

3788

3774

3748

3709

Calculate the water influx at the end of 1st, 2nd,

3rd, and 4th quarters of production
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Solution
rw =

2A

2 1216 43560 A

B = 1.19 hct rw2

= 5708 ft

rw

o
180
Bbls
)
=
455
B = 1.19 0.209 19.2 6 10 6 5807 2 (
360 o
psi

r
rDe = e =
rw

Aaquifer
Areservoir

250, 000
= 14.3 > 10 Infinite
1, 216

tD =

0.0002637 k
t
2
ct rw

tD =

0.0002637 275
t = 0.1643 t
6
2
0.209 0.25 6 10 5807
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

First Quarter
n =1 j =1
t1 = 91.3 days t1 = 91.3 days
n

j =1

j =1

Q = B p j QD n( j1) = B p j QD n j1 = Bp1QD 1
p j =

p j 2 p j

p1 = p0 = pi

2
p1 p1 pi p1 3793 3788
p1 =
=
=
= 2.5
2
2
2
t D1 = 0.1643 t1 = 0.1643 91.3 = 15
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

First Quarter
t D1 = 15
1.2838 t1/D 2 + 1.19328 t D + 0.269872 t D3/ 2 + 0.00855294 t D2
QtD =
1 + 0.616599 t1/D 2 + 0.0413008 t D
1.2838 15 + 1.19328 15 + 0.269872 153 + 0.00855294 152
QtD =
= 10
1 + 0.616599 15 + 0.0413008 15

tD

QtD

p, psi

p H QtD

15

10.0

2.5

25.0

Q1 = Bp1QD 1 = 455 2.5 10 = 11,375 Bbls

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Second Quarter
n = 2 j = 1, 2
t1 = 91.3 days,

t2 = 182.6 days

j =1

j =1

Q = B p j QD n( j1) = B p j QD n( j1)
Q = B (p1QtD2(11) + p2QtD2( 21) ) = B (p1QtD2 + p2QtD1 )
QtD1

@ t1

t1 = t1 0 = 91.3 days

QtD2

@ t1 + t2

t2 = t2 t1 = 91.3 days

t1 + t2 = 182.6 days
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Second Quarter
t D 2 = 0.1643(t1 + t2 ) = 0.1643 182.6 = 30 QtD2 = 16.7
t D1 = 0.1643(t1 ) = 0.1643 91.3 = 15 QtD1 = 10
p j =

p j 2 p j
2

p1 = p0 = pi

p1 = 2.5
p2 2 p2 p0 p2 3793 3774
p2 =
=
=
= 9.5
2
2
2

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Second Quarter
t

tD

QD

91.3

15

10

2.5

182.6

30

16.7

9.5

Q2 = B(p1QtD2 + p2QtD1 )
Q2 = 455(2.5 16.7 + 9.5 10) = 59,946 Bbls
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Third Quarter
n = 3 j = 1, 2, 3
t1 = 91.3 days, t2 = 182.6 days, t3 = 273.9 days
3

Q = B p j QD n( j1) = B(p1QtD3(11) + p2QtD3( 21) + p3QtD3(31) )

j =1

Q3 = B(p1QtD3 + p2QtD2 + p3QtD1 )

p j =

p j 2 p j
2

p1 = p0 = pi

p1 = 2.5, p2 = 9.5
p32 p3 p1 p3 3788 3748
p3 =
=
=
= 20.0
2
2
2
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Third Quarter
t D3 = 0.1643(t1 + t2 + t3 ) = 0.1643 273.9 = 45 QtD3 = 22.9
t D2 = 0.1643 183.6 = 30 QtD2 = 16.7
t D1 = 0.1643 91.3 = 15 QtD1 = 10
Q3 = 455(2.5 22.9 + 9.5 16.7 + 20 10) = 189,300 Bbls
t

tD

QD

91.3

15

10

2.5

182.6

30

16.7

9.5

273.9

45

22.9

20

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

4th Quarter
n=4
j=1, 2, 3, 4
Q4 = B ( p1QtD4 + p2 QtD3 + p3QtD2 + p4 QtD1 )
QD1

t D1 = 15 QD1 = 10

QD 2 t D 2 = 30 QD 2 = 16.7
QD 3 t D 3 = 45 QD 3 = 22.9
QD 4 t D 4 = 0.163( t1 + t 2 + t3 + t 4 )
QD 4 = 0.1643 360.5 = 60 QD 4 = 28.7
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

4th Quarter
p1 = 2.5
p2 = 9.5
p3 = 20.0
p2 p4 3774 3709
p4 =
=
= 32.5
2
2

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

tD

QD

91.3

15

10

2.5

182.6

30

16.7

9.5

273.9

45

22.9

20

365.2

60

28.7

32.5

Q4 = 455(2.5 28.7 + 9.5 22.9 + 20 16.7 + 32.5 10)

Q4 = 31,500 Bbls
PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Cater-Tracy Method
Approximate Solution
Wen = Wen1 + (t Dn t Dn1 )[

Bpn Wen1 pD'

pD t Dn p

'
D

pn = pi pn
370.529 t1/D 2 + 137.582 t D + 5.6949 t D3/ 2
pD =
328.834 + 265.488 t1/D 2 + 45.217 t D + t D3/ 2
716.441 + 46.798 t1/D 2 + 270.038 t D + 71.0098 t D3/ 2
p =
1296.86 t1/D 2 + 1204.73 t D + 618.618 t D3/ 2 + 538.072 t D2 + 142.41 t D5/ 2
'
D

PNGE 434

10/16/2007

Solution
n

PD

15

1.83

0.0296

15

15

19

2.15

0.0155

45

30

15

45

2.34

0.0105

60

45

15

84

2.48

0.0080

tDn

tDn-1

tDn-tDn-1

91.5

15

183.0

30

274.5

366.0

PNGE 434

pn

PD

t (days)

=pi-pn

10/16/2007

Comparison of the Results

t, Days

VEH
We, RB

CT
We, RB

%
Difference

91.5

11471

18743

63.39

183.0

62898

84482

34.32

274.5

191374

230461

20.42

366.0

436219

489431

12.20

PNGE 434

10/16/2007