PERGAMON INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies The 1000-volume original paperback library in ald of education, Industrial training and the enjoyment of leisure Publisher: Robert Maxwell, -M.C. COURSE OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS Volume 5 STATISTICAL PHYSICS Part 1 Third edition, revised and enlarged THE PERGAMON TEXTBOOK | INSPECTION COPY SERVICE ‘Aninspection copy of any book published inthe Pergamon Intemational Library | will gladly be sent to academic salt without obligation for ther for course adoption or recommendation, Copies may be retained for a of 60 duys from receipt and retumed if not suitable. When a particula isadopted oF recommended for adoption for class use.nd the recommendation results ina sale of 12 oF more copien the inspection copy may be retained ‘with our compliments. The Publishers wil be pleased toreceive susgestions for Fevsed eaitions and new tiesto be publied In tls important Intemational brary.Other Titles in the Course of Theoretical Physics Vol. 1. MECHANICS, 3rd edition Vol. 2. THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF FIELDS, 4th edition Vol. 3. QUANTUM MECHANICS (NON-RELATIVISTIC THEORY), 3rd edition Vol. 4. RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM THEORY (published in two parts) Vol. 6. FLUID MECHANICS Vol 7. THEORY OF ELASTICITY, 2nd edition Vol. 8. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF CONTINUOUS MEDIA Vol. 9. STATISTICAL PHYSICS, Part 2 Also of interest: A Shorter Course of Theeretical Physics (Based on the Course of Theoretical Physics) Vol. 1. Mechanics and Electrodynamics Vol. 2. Quantum MechanicsSTATISTICAL PHYSICS by L. D. LANDAU ano E. M. LIFSHITZ INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL PROBLEMS, U.S.S.R. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 5 of Course of Theoretical Physics PART 1 THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED by E. M. LIFSHITZ and L. P. PITAEVSKII Translated from the Russian by J. B. SYKES anv M. J. KEARSLEY © PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD - NEW YORK - TORONTO - SYDNEY - PARIS - FRANKFURTUK. USA, CANADA AUSTRALIA FRANCE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England Pergamon Press Inc,, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A. Pergamon of Canada, Suite 104, 150 Consumers Rd, Willowdale, Ontario M2J 1P9, Canada Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 544, Poits Point, N.S.W. 2011, Australia Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles, 75240 Paris, Cedex 05, France Pergamon Press GmbH, 6242 Kronberg-Taunus, Pferdstrasse 1, Federal Republic of Germany Copyright © 1980 Pergamon Press Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers First published in English 1959 Second Impression 1959 Third Impression 1963 Second Revised’and Enlarged Edition 1968 Third Revised and Enlarged Edition 1980 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Landau, Lev Davidovich Statistical physics. Part 1. — 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. — (Course of theoretical physics; vol. 5). 1, Mathematical physics 2, Mathematical statistics I. Title IL. Lifshits, Evgeni Mikhailovich Ill. Sykes, John Bradbury IV. Kearsley, Mary Jennifer V. Pitaevskii, Lev Petrovich 530.1595 QC21.2 78-40140 0-08-023039-3 (Hardcover) 0-08-023038-5 (Flexicover) Translated from Statisticheskaya fizika, chast’ 1, third edition, published in 1976 by Nauka, Moscow. Printed in Hungary by Franklin Printing HouseCONTENTS Preface to the third Russian edition xii From the prefaces to previous Russian editions xv Notation xvik 1. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS § J. Statistical distributions fl § 2, Statistical independence 6 § 3. Liouville’s theorem 9 § 4. The significance of energy vy § 5. The statistical matrix 14 § 6. Statistical distributions in quantum statistics 4a § 7. Entropy 23 § 8. The law of increase of entropy » U1, THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES § 9. Temperature 7) § 10. Macroscopic motion 36 § 11, Adiabatic processes 38 § 12, Pressure 41 § 13. Work and quantity of heat 44 § 14, The heat function 47 § 15, The free energy and the thermodynamic potential 48 § 16, Relations between the derivatives of thermodynamic quantities 51 § 17. The thermodynamic scale of temperature 35 § 18. The Joule~Thomson process 56 § 19. Maximum work 57 § 20. Maximum work done by a body in an external medium 59 § 21. Thermodynamic inequalities 63 § 22. Le Chatelier’s principle 65 § 23. Nernst’s theorem 68 § 24. The dependence of the thermodynamic quantities on the number of particles 70 § 25. Equilibrium of a body in an external field B § 26. Rotating bodies 4 § 27. Thermodynamic relations in the relativistic region 6 Ill. THE GIBBS DISTRIBUTION § 28. The Gibbs distribution 0 § 29. The Maxwellian distribution a2 § 30. The probability distribution for an oscillator 87 § 31. The free energy in the Gibbs distribution 1 § 32. Thermodynamic perturbation theory 95 § 33. Expansion in powers of # 98vi Contents § 34. The Gibbs distribution for rotating bodies 104 § 35. The Gibbs distribution for a variable number of particles 106 § 36. The derivation of the thermodynamic relations from the Gibbs distribution 109 IV. IDEAL GASES § 37. The Boltzmann distribution ui § 38. The Boltzmann distribution in classical statistics 113 § 39. Molecular collisions 115 § 40, Ideal gases not in equilibrium 18 § 41. The free energy of an ideal Boltzmann gas 120 § 42. The equation of state of an ideal gas 121 § 43, Ideal gases with constant specific heat 125 § 44, The law of equipartition 129 § 45. Monatomic ideal gases 132 § 46. Monatomic gases. The effect of the electronic angular momentum 135 § 47. Diatomic gases with molecules of unlike atoms. Rotation of molecules 137 § 48. Diatomic gases with molecules of like atoms. Rotation of molecules 141 § 49. Diatomic gases. Vibrations of atoms 143 § 50. Diatomic gases. The effect of the electronic angular momentum 146 § 51, Polyatomic gases 148 § 52. Magnetism of gases 152 Y. THE FERMI AND BOSE DISTRIBUTIONS § 53. The Fermi distribution 158 § 54. The Bose distribution 159 § 55. Fermi and Bose gases not in equilibrium 160 § 56. Fermi and Bose gases of elementary particles 162 § 57. A degenerate electron gas 166 § 58. The specific heat of a degenerate electron gas 168 § 59. Magnetism of an electron gas. Weak fields im § 60. Magnetism of an electron gas. Strong fields 175 § 61. A relativistic degenerate electron gas 178 § 62. A degenerate Bose gas 180 § 63. Black-body radiation 183 VI. SOLIDS § 64, Solids at low temperatures 191 § 65. Solids at high temperatures 195 § 66. Debye’s interpolation formula 198 § 67. Thermal expansion of solids 201 § 68. Highly anisotropic crystals 203, § 69. Crystal lattice vibrations 207 § 70. Number density of vibrations 21 § 71. Phonons 215 § 72. Phonon creation and annihilation operators 218 § 73. Negative temperatures 224 VI. NON-IDEAL GASES § 74. Deviations of gases from the ideal state 225 § 75. Expansion in powers of the density 230 § 76. Van der Waals’ formula 232 § 77. Relationship of the virial coefficient and the scattering amplitude 236 $78. Thermodynamic quantities for a classical plasma 239Contents § 79. The method of correlation functions § 80, Thermodynamic quantities for a degenerate plasma Vill. PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 81. Conditions of phase equilibrium .. The Clapeyron-Clausius formula 83. The critical point 84. The law of corresponding states core 8 IX. SOLUTIONS 85. Systems containing different particles 86. The phase rule 87. Weak solutions 88. Osmotic pressure 89. Solvent phases in contact 90. Equilibrium with respect to the solute 91, Evolution of heat and change of volume on dissolution 92, Solutions of strong electrolytes . Mixtures of ideal gases 94. Mixtures of isotopes 95. Vapour pressure over concentrated solutions 96. Thermodynamic inequalities for solutions 97. Equilibrium curves 98. Examples of phase diagrams ‘99. Intersection of singular curves on the equilibrium surface 100. Gases and liquids (D2 62602 oon Wo en On eo UW Ln cn son on 8 X. CHEMICAL REACTIONS § 101. The condition for chemical equilibrium § 102. The law of mass action § 103. Heat of reaction § 104. Ionisation equilibrium § 105. Equilibrium with respect to pair production XI. PROPERTIES OF MATTER AT VERY HIGH DENSITY § 106. The equation of state of matter at high density § 107. Equilibrium of bodies of large mass § 108. The energy of a gravitating body § 109. Equilibrium of a neutron sphere ‘XII. FLUCTUATIONS § 110. The Gaussian distribution § 111. The Gaussian distribution for more than one variable § 112, Fluctuations of the fundamental thermodynamic quantities § 113, Fluctuations in an ideal gas § 114. Poisson's forniula § 115. Fluctuations in solutions $116. Spatial correlation of density fluctuations $117. Correlation of density fluctuations in a degenerate gas § 118. Correlations of fluctuations in time § 119. Time correlations of the fluctuations of more than one variable 305 310 313 315