Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electronics Communication Systems

by R. Blake1
Created by
Aparna Bobade
B.E.
Electronics Engineering
RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGG. & MANAGEMENT,NAGPUR
College Teacher
Pradip Selokar
Cross-Checked by

August 17, 2013

1 Funded

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in

Book Description
Title: Electronics Communication Systems
Author: R. Blake
Publisher: Delmer Cengage Learning
Edition: 2
Year: 2002
ISBN: 978-81-315-0307-2

Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

Contents
List of Scilab Codes

1 Introduction to communication system

10

2 Radio Frequency Circuits

17

3 The Amplitude Modulation

24

4 Angle Modulation

29

5 Transmitters

36

6 Receivers

42

7 Digital communication

47

8 The Telephone System

51

9 Data Transmission

53

12 Digital Modulation and Modems

55

13 Multiplexing and Multiple Access Techniques

59

14 Transmission Lines

63

15 Radio Wave Propogation

73

16 Antennas

79

17 Microwave Devices

84

18 Terrestrial Microwave Communication system

92

19 Television

98

20 Satellite Communication

104

21 Cellular Radio

110

22 Personal Communication Systems

113

23 Paging and Wireless Data Networking

114

24 Fiber Optics

116

25 Fiber Optic Systems

120

List of Scilab Codes

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1.1
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Exa
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3.9
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52
53
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Exa 15.6 example

Exa 15.7 example
Exa 15.8 example
Exa 15.9 example
Exa 15.11 example
Exa 15.12 example
Exa 16.1 example
Exa 16.2 example
Exa 16.3 example
Exa 16.4 example
Exa 16.6 example
Exa 16.7 example
Exa 16.8 example
Exa 16.9 example
Exa 17.1 example
Exa 17.2 example
Exa 17.3 example
Exa 17.4 example
Exa 17.5 example
Exa 17.7 example
Exa 17.8 example
Exa 17.9 example
Exa 17.10 example
Exa 17.11 example
Exa 17.12 example
Exa 17.13.aexample
Exa 17.13.bexample
Exa 17.14 example
Exa 18.1 example
Exa 18.2 example
Exa 18.3 example
Exa 18.4 example
Exa 18.5 example
Exa 18.6 example
Exa 18.7 example
Exa 18.8 example
Exa 18.9 example
Exa 18.10 example

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75
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96

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

18.11
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7.a
19.7.b
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21.1
21.2
21.3
22.1
23.1
23.2
23.3
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5

example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
example
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example
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example

11
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Chapter 1
Introduction to communication
system

Scilab code Exa 1.1 example 1

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clc ;
// p a g e no 7
// p r o b no 1 . 1
// p a r t a ) f r e q= 1MHz(AM r a d i o b r o a d c a s t band )
// We have t h e e q u a t i o n c=f r e q w a v e l e n g t h
c =3*10^8;
f =1*10^6;
wl = c / f ;
disp ( m ,wl ,+ WAVELENGTH IN FREE SPACE I S ) ;
// p a r t B) f r e q= 27MHz(CB r a d i o band )
f =27*10^6;
wl = c / f ;
disp ( m ,wl ,+ WAVELENGTH IN FREE SPACE I S ) ;
// p a r t C) f r e q= 4GHz( u s e d f o r s a t e l l i t e t e l e v i s i o n )
f =4*10^9;
wl = c / f ;
disp ( m ,wl ,+ WAVELENGTH IN FREE SPACE I S ) ;

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Scilab code Exa 1.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 18
3 // p r o b no . 1 . 4
4 // I n g i v e n p r o b l e m n o i s e power bandwidth i s 10 kHz ;
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r e s i s t o r temp T( 0 c ) =27
// F i r s t we have t o c o n v e r t t e m p e r a t u r e t o k e l v i n s :
T0c =27;
Tk = T0c +273;
// n o i s e power c o n t r i b u t e d by r e s i s t o r , Pn= k TB
k =1.38*10^( -23) ;
B =10*10^3;
Pn = k * Tk * B ;
disp ( W ,Pn , n o i s e power c o n t r i b u t e d by r e s i s t o r ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 20
3 // p r o b no 1 . 5
4 // I n t h e g i v e n p r o b l e m B=6MHz, Tk=293 , k
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=1.3810 23
B =6*10^6; Tk =293; k =1.38*10^ -23; R =300;
Pn = k * Tk * B ;
disp ( W ,Pn , The n o i s e power i s ) ;
// Th n o i s e v o l t a g e i s g i v e n by Vn=s q r t ( 4 k TkBR)
Vn = sqrt (4* k * Tk * B * R ) ;
disp ( v o l t s ,Vn , Th n o i s e v o l t a g e i s ) ;
// o n l y oneh a l f o f t h i s v o l t a g e i s a p p e a r s a c r o s s
the antenna terminals , the other appears a c r o s s

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the source r e s i s t a n c e . Therefore the actual n o i s e

v o l t a g a t t h e i n p u t i s 2 . 7 uV

Scilab code Exa 1.6 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 21
3 // p r o b no 1 . 6
4 // g i v e n : FM b r o a d c a s t
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r e c e i v e r : Vn=10uV , R=75V, B
=200 kHz
Vn =10; // i n uV
R =75; B =200*10^3;
//By Ohm s law
In = Vn / R ;
disp ( uA ,In , N o i s e c u r r e n t i s ) ;
// N o i s e v o t l a g e i s a l s o g i v e n a s I n=s q r t ( 2 q I o B)
q =1.6*10^ -19;
// s o l v i n g t h i s f o r I o=I n 2 / 2 q B ;
Io =( In *10^ -6) ^2/(2* q * B ) ;
disp ( A ,Io , c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e d i o d e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.7 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 23
3 // p r o no 1 . 7
4 // Given : r e f e r
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f i g . 1 . 1 2 o f p a g e no . 2 3 ; R1=100ohm , 3 0 0K ;
R2=200ohm , 4 0 0 k ; B=100kHz ; Rl =300ohm
R1 =100; T1 =300; R2 =200; T2 =400; B =100*10^3; Rl =300; k
=1.38*10^ -23;
// openc k t n o i s e v o l t a g e i s g i v e n by
// Vn1 =s q r t ( Vr1 2 + Vr2 2 )
//
=s q r t [ s q r t ( 4 kTBR1 ) 2 + s q r t ( 4 kTBR2 ) 2 ]
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9 // by s o l v i n g t h i s we g e t Vn1=s q r t [ 4 kB ( T1R1 + T2R2 ) ]

10 Vn1 = sqrt (4* k * B *( T1 * R1 + T2 * R2 ) ) ;
11 disp ( v o l t s ,Vn1 , Openc k t n o i s e v o l t a g e i s ) ;
12 // s i n c e i n t h i s c a s e t h e l o a d i s e q u a l i n v a l u e t o
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t h e sum o f t h e r e s i s t o r s ,
// oneh a l f o f t h i s v o l t a g e i s a p p e a r a c r o s s t h e
load .
// Now t h e l o a d power i s P= Vn1 2/ Rl
P = ( Vn1 /2) ^2/ Rl ;
disp ( W ,P , The l o a d power i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.8 example 8

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clc ;
// p a g e no 24
// p r o b no 1 . 8
// Given : N=0.2W; S+N=5W; : . S =4.8W
N =0.2; S =4.8;
p =( S + N ) / N ;
pdB =10* log10 ( p ) ;
disp ( dB ,pdB , The power r a t i o i n dB ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.9 example 9

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clc ;
// p a g e no 25
// p r o b no 1 . 9
// Given : S i =100uW; Ni=1uW; So=1uW; No =0.03W
Si =100; Ni =1; So =1; No = 0.03 // a l l p o w e r s a r e i n uW
r1 = Si / Ni ; // i n p u t SNR
r2 = So / No ; // o u t p u t SNR
NF = r1 / r2 ; // A m p l i f i e r n o i s e f i g u r e
disp ( NF , Te n o i s e f i g u r e i s ) ;
13

Scilab code Exa 1.10 example 10

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 25
3 // p r o b no 1 . 1 0
4 // g i i v e n : SNRin=42 dB , NF=6dB
5 // NF i n dB i s g i v e n a s SNRin ( dB )SNRop ( dB )
6 SNRin =42 ; NF =6;
7 SNRop = SNRin - NF ;
8 disp ( dB , SNRop , SNR a t t h e o u t p u t i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.11 example 11

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 27
3 // p r o b no 1 . 1 1
4 // Given NFdB=2dB , : . NF= a n t i l o g (NFdB) / 1 0 = 1 . 5 8 5
5 NF =1.585;
6 Teq =290*( NF -1) ;
7 disp ( K ,Teq , The n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.12 example 12

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 29
3 // p r o b no 1 . 1 2
4 // Given :
5 A1 =10; A2 =25; A3 =30; NF1 =2; NF2 =4; NF3 =5;
6 At = A1 * A2 * A3 ;

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7 disp ( At , The power g a i n i s ) ;

8 // The n o i s e f i g u r e i s g i v e n a s
9 NFt = NF1 +(( NF2 -1) / A1 ) + (( NF3 -1) /( A1 * A2 ) ) ;
10 disp ( NFt , The n o i s e f i g u r e i s ) ;
11 // N o i s e temp can be f o u n d a s
12 Teq =290*( NFt -1) ;
13 disp ( K ,Teq , The n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.13 example 13

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 34
3 // p r o b no1 . 1 3 r e f e r f i g 1 . 2 0 o f p a g e no 34
4 // p a r t A) The s i g n a l f r e q u e n c y i s f 1 =110MHz .
5 f =110; // i n MHz
6 disp ( MHz ,f , A) The f r e q i s ) ;
7 // The s i g n a l peak i s two d i v i s i o n s b e l o w t h e

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r e f e r e n c e l e v e l o f 10dBm, w i t h 10dB/ d i v i s i o n , s o
i t s 30dBm .
PdBm = -30;
disp ( dBm , PdBm , The power i n dBm ) ;
// The e q u i v a l e n t power can be f o u n d from P(dBm) =10
l o g P /1 mW
//P(mW)= a n t i l o g dBm/10= a n t i l o g 30/10=110 3mW=1uW
// t h e v o l t a g e can be f o u n d from t h e g r a p h but i t i s
more a c c u r a t e l y from P=V2/R
P =10^ -6; R =50;
disp ( W ,P , The power i s ) ;
V = sqrt ( P * R ) ;
disp ( v o l t s ,V , The v o l t a g e i s ) ;

// p a r t B) The s i g n a l i s 1 d i v i s i o n t o t h e l e f t o f
c e n t e r , w i t h 100 kHz / d i v . The f r e q i s 100 kHz l e s s
t h a n t h e r e f f r e q o f 7 . 5MHz
19 f =7.5 -0.1; // i n MHz
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disp ( MHz ,f , B) The f r e q i s ) ;

// With r e g a r d s t o t h e a m p l i t u d e , t h e s c a l e i s 1dB/
div & the s i g n a l i s 1 div below the r e f e r e n c e
l e v e l . T h e r e f o r e t h e s i g n a l h a s a power l e v e l
given as
PdBm =10 -1; // i n dBm
// T h i s can be c o n v e r t e d t o w a t t s & v o l t s a s same i n
part A
//P(mW)= a n t i l o g dBm/10= a n t i l o g 9 / 1 0 = 7 . 9 4mW
P =7.94*10^ -3; R =50;
disp ( W ,P , The power i s ) ;
disp ( dBm , PdBm , The power i n dBm ) ;
V = sqrt ( P * R ) ;
disp ( v o l t s ,V , The v o l t a g e i s ) ;
// p a r t C) The s i g n a l i s 3 d i v i s i o n s t o t h e r i g h t o f
t h e c e n t e r r e f f r e q o f 543MHz, w i t h 1MHz/ d i v .
Therefore the f r e q i s
f =543+3*1; // i n MHz
disp ( MHz ,f , C) The f r e q i s ) ;
// from t h e s p e c t r u m , s i g n a l l e v e l i s
V =22.4*6/8;
disp ( mV ,V , The v o l t a g e i s ) ;
// power i s g i v e n a s
P = V ^2/ R ;
disp ( uW ,P , The power i s ) ;
PdBm =10* log10 ( P *10^ -6/10^ -3) ;
disp ( dBm , PdBm , The power i n dBm ) ;

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Chapter 2
Radio Frequency Circuits

Scilab code Exa 2.1 example 1

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clc ;
// p a g e no 50
// p r o b no 2 . 1
// R e f e r t h e f i g 2 . 6 o f p a g e 5 0 . L1=25uH ; C1=50pF
L1 =25*10^ -6; C1 =50*10^ -12; Q =15;
//A) The r e s o n e n t f r e q e n c y i s g i v e n a s
fo =(1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L1 * C1 ) ) ) ;
disp ( Hz ,fo , a ) The r e s o n e n t f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
//B) The bandwidth i s g i v e n a s
B = fo / Q ;
disp ( Hz ,B , The bandwidth i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 62
3 // p r o b no . 2 . 2
4 // Given : H a r t l e y

o s c i l l a t o r s L=10uH ; C=100pF
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L =10*10^ -6; C =100*10^ -12; N1 =10; N2 =100

// A) The o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s
fo =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
disp ( Hz ,fo , 1 ) The o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
// The f e e d b a c k f r a c t i o n i s g i v e n by
B = - N1 / N2 ;
// O p e r a t i n g g a i n i s g i v e n a s
A =1/ B ;
disp (A , 2 ) O p e r a t i n g g a i n ) ;
disp ( The ve s i g n d e n o t e s a p h a s e i n v e r s i o n ) ;
//B) The o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s same a s i n p a r t A)
N1 =20; N2 =80;
// The f e e d b a c k f r a c t i o n i s g i v e n by
B =( N1 + N2 ) / N1 ;
// O p e r a t i n g g a i n i s g i v e n a s
A =1/ B ;
disp (A , 3 ) O p e r a t i n g g a i n ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 example 3

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clc ;
// p a g e no 66
// p r o b no 2 . 3
C1 =10*10^ -12; C2 =100*10^ -12; L =1*10^ -6;
// The e f f e c t i v e c a p a c i t a n c e i s
CT =( C1 * C2 ) /( C1 + C2 ) ;
disp ( CT ) ;
// The o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s
f0 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * CT ) ) ;
disp ( Hz ,f0 , 1 ) The o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
// The f e e d b a c k f r a c t i o n i s g i v e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y by
B = - C1 / C2 ;
disp (B , The f e e d b a c k f r a c t i o n i s ) ;
// For t h e commonb a s e c k t , t h e opf r e q i s same but
the feedback f r a c t i o n w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t .
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15 C1 =100*10^ -12; C2 =10*10^ -12;

16 // I t i s g i v e n by
17 B = C2 /( C1 + C2 ) ;
18 disp (B , The f e e d b a c k f r a c t i o n

i s );

Scilab code Exa 2.4 example 4

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clc ;
// p a g e no 68
// p r o b no 2 . 4
// R e f e r f i g 2 . 2 2
c1 =1000; c2 =100; c3 =10; // a l l v a l u e s a r e i n p f
// The e f f e c t i v e t o t a l c a p a c i t a n c e
Ct =1/((1/ c1 ) +(1/ c2 ) +(1/ c3 ) ) ;
disp ( pF ,Ct , The e f f e c t i v e t o t a l c a p a c i t a n c e i s ) ;
CT = Ct *10^ -12; L =10^ -6;
// The o p e r a t i n g f r e q i s
f0 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * CT ) ) ;
disp ( Hz ,f0 , The o p e r a t i n g f r e q i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 70
3 // p r o b no 2 . 5
4 C =80*10^ -12; L = 100*10^ -6;
5 // P a r t a ) The r e s o n e n t f r e q u e n c y i s
6 f0 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
7 disp ( Hz ,f0 , The r e s o n e n t f r e q i s ) ;
8 // P a r t b ) I n t h i s p a r t t h e c i r c u i t i s

r e s o n a t e on
doubling the frequency , t h e r e f o r e
9 f1 =2* f0 ;
10 // from t h e e q u a t i o n o f r e s o n e n t f r e q u e n c y
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11 C1 =1/(4*( %pi * f1 ) ^2* L ) ;

12 // Now f o r t u n i n g v o l t a g e
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we have t o u s e e q u a t i o n
C1=Co/ s q r t (1+2V)
Co = C ;
// a f t e r s o l v i n g t h e e x p r e s s i o n
v =(( Co / C1 ) ^2 -1) /2;
disp ( V ,v , The t u n i n g v o l t a g e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.7 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 76
3 // p r o b l e m 2 . 7
4 // a l l f r e q u e n c i e s a r e i n MHz
5 f1 =11; f2 =10;
6 // o u t p u t f r e q u e n c i e s a t t h e o u t p u t o f s q u a r e law

mixer
7 a = f1 + f2 ;
8 b = f1 - f2 ;
9 disp ( MHz ,b , MHz ,a , The o u t p u t f r e q u e n c i e s a t t h e
o u t p u t o f s q u a r e law m i x e r a r e : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.8 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 85
3 // p r o b l e m no . 2 . 8
4 // a l l t h e f r e q u e n c i e s
5 freq_free_run =12;
6 freq_lock1 =10;
7 freq_lock2 =16;

a r e i n MHz

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// c a p t u r e r a n g e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e t h e
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e f r e e r u n n i n g f r e q and t h e
f r e q a t which l o c k i s f i r s t a c h i e v e d
capture_range =2*( freq_free_run - freq_lock1 ) ;
disp ( MHz , capture_range , The c a p t u r e r a n g e i s ) ;
// l o c k r a n g e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e t h e t h e
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e f r e q where l o c k i s l o s t
and f r e e r u n n i n g f r e q
lock_range = 2*( freq_lock2 - freq_free_run ) ;
disp ( MHz , lock_range , The l o c k r a n g e i s ) ;
// The PLL f r e q r e s p o n s e i d a p p r o x i m a t e s y m m e t r i c a l .
T h i s means t h e f r e e r u n n i n g f r e q i s i n t h e c e n t e r
o f t h e l o c k r a n g e and c a p t u r e r a n g e . T h e r e f o r e
freq_lock_acquired = freq_free_run + ( capture_range
/2) ;
freq_lock_lost = freq_free_run - capture_range
disp ( MHz , freq_lock_acquired , The f r e q a t which t h e
l o c k i s a c q u i r e d , moving downward i n f r e q i s ) ;
disp ( MHz , freq_lock_lost , Lock w i l l be l o s t on t h e
way down a t ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.9 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 86
3 // p r o b no 2 . 9
4 // r e f e r f i g 2 . 3 8
5 // Here we a r e u s i n g a 10MHz c r y s t a l ,
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i t w i l l be
n e c e s s a r t o d e v i d e i t by a f a c t o r t o g e t 10 kHz
f_osc = 10*10^6; f_ref =10*10^3; f0_1 =540*10^3; f0_2
=1700*10^3;
Q = f_osc / f_ref ;
// we have t o s p e c i f y t h e r a n g e o f v a l u e s o f N . Find
N a t e a c h and o f t h e t u n i n g r a n g e
N1 = f0_1 / f_ref ;
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10 N2 = f0_2 / f_ref ;
11 disp ( N2 , The v a l u e s

o f N a t h i g h end i s ,N1 , The

v a l u e s o f N a t low end i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.10 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 89
3 // p r o b no 2 . 1 0
4 // r e f e r f i g 2 . 4 0
5 P =10; f_ref =10*10^3; M =10;
6 // c o n s i d e r
7 N =1;
8 // With a f i x e d modulus p r e s c a l a r ,
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t h e min f r e q s t e p

is
step_size = M * f_ref ;
// With t h e twomodulus system , l e t t h e main d i v i d e r
modulus N r e m a i n c o n s t a n t & i n c r e a s e t h e modulus
m t o (m+1) t o f i n d how much t h e f r e q c h a n g e s .
// f o r 1 s t c a s e , o /p f r e q
fo =( M + N * P ) * f_ref ;
// f o r 2 nd c a s e where l e a v e N a l o n e but c h a n g e s M t o
M+1 , new o / p f r e q
fo_ =( M +1+ N * P ) * f_ref ;
// The d i f f e r e n c e i s
f = fo_ - fo ;
disp ( Hz ,f , The s t e p s i z e t h a t would have b e e n
o b t a i n e d without p r e s c a l i n g );

Scilab code Exa 2.11 example 10

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 91

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3 // p r o b no 2 . 1 1
4 // r e f e r f i g 2 . 4 2
5 f_ref = 20*10^3;
6 f_osc = 10*10^6;
7 N1 =10; N2 =100;
8 f0 =( N1 * f_ref ) + f_osc ;
9 f1 =( N2 * f_ref ) + f_osc ;
10 disp ( Hz ,f1 , Hz ,f0 , The o u t p u t f r e q u e n c i e s
11 step_size =( f1 - f0 ) /( N2 - N1 ) ;
12 disp ( Hz , step_size , The s t e p s i z e i s ) ;

23

a r e );

Chapter 3
The Amplitude Modulation

Scilab code Exa 3.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 105
3 // p r o b no 3 . 1
4 Erms_car =2; f_car =1.5*10^6; f_mod =500; Erms_mod =1; //
5
6
7
8
9

given
// E q u a t i o n r e q u i r e s peak v o l t a g e s & r a d i a n
frequencies
Ec = sqrt (2) * Erms_car ; Em = sqrt (2) * Erms_mod ;
wc =2* %pi * f_car ; wm =2* %pi * f_mod ; t =1;
// T h e r e f o r e t h e e q u a t i o n i s
disp ( v ( t ) = ( 2 . 8 3 + 1 . 4 1 s i n ( 3 . 1 4 1 0 3 t ) ) s i n
( 9 . 4 2 1 0 6 t ) V );

Scilab code Exa 3.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 106
3 // p r o b no 3 . 2

24

4
5
6
7
8

// To a v o i d t h e round o f f e r r o r s we s h o u l d u s e t h e
original voltage values
Em =1; Ec =2;
m = Em / Ec ;
disp (m , m= ) ;
disp ( v ( t ) = 2 . 8 3 ( 1 + 0 . 5 s i n ( 3 . 1 4 1 0 3 t ) ) s i n
( 9 . 4 2 1 0 6 t ) V , The e q u a t i o n can be o b t a i n e d a s
);

Scilab code Exa 3.3 example 3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

clc ;
// p a g e no 109
// p r o b no 3 . 3
E_car =10; E_m1 =1; E_m2 =2; E_m3 =3;
m1 = E_m1 / E_car ;
m2 = E_m2 / E_car ;
m3 = E_m3 / E_car ;
mT = sqrt ( m1 ^2+ m2 ^2+ m3 ^2) ;
disp ( mT , The m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 110
3 // p r o b no 3 . 4
4 // r e f e r f i g 3 . 2
5 E_max =150; E_min =70; // v o l t a g e s a r e i n mV
6 m =( E_max - E_min ) /( E_max + E_min ) ;
7 disp (m , The m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i s ) ;

25

Scilab code Exa 3.6 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 114
3 // p r o b no 3 . 6
4 B =10*10^3;
5 // maximum m o d u l a t i o n f r e q i s g i v e n a s
6 fm = B /2;
7 disp ( Hz ,fm , The maximum m o d u l a t i o n f r e q

i s );

Scilab code Exa 3.7 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 116
3 // p r o b no 3 . 7
4 // AM b r o a d c a s t t r a n s m i t t e r
5 Pc =50; m =0.8; // power i s i n kW
6 Pt = Pc *(1+ m ^2 /2) ;
7 disp ( kW ,Pt , The t o t a l power i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.8 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 328
3 // p r o b no 8 . 6
4 // 2 kHz t o n e i s
5
6
7
8

p r e s e n t on c h a n n e l 5 o f g r o u p 3 o f

supergroup
// s i g n a l i s l o w e r s i d e d s o
fc_channel_5 =92*10^3;
fg = fc_channel_5 - (2*10^3) ; // 2MHz b a s e b a n d s i g n a l
// we know g r o u p 3 i n t h e s u p e r g r o u p i s moved t o t h e
r a n g e 408 456 kHz w i t h a s u p p r e s s e d c a r r i e r
f r e q u e n c y o f 516 kHz
26

9 f_s_carr =516*10^3;
10 fsg = f_s_carr - fg ;
11 disp ( fsg ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.9 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 122
3 // p r o b no . 3 . 9
4 // r e f e r f i g 3 . 1 4
5 // from s p e c t r u m we can s e e t h a t e a c h o f t h e two

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

14
15

s i d e b a n d s i s 20dB b e l o w t h e r e f l e v e l o f 10dBm .
T h e r e f o r e e a c h s i d e b a n d h a s a power o f 10dBm i . e
. 100uW.
power_of_each_sideband = 100;
Total_power = 2* power_of_each_sideband ;
disp ( uW , Total_power , The t o t a l power i s ) ;
div =4; freq_per_div =1;
sideband_separation = div * freq_per_div ;
f_mod = sideband_separation /2;
disp ( kHz , f_mod , The m o d u l a t i n g f r e q i s ) ;
// Even i f t h i s s i g a n l h a s no c a r r i e r , i t s t i l l h a s
a c a r r i e r f r e q which i s midway b e t w e e n t h e two
sidebands . Therefore
carrier_freq = 10;
disp ( MHz , carrier_freq , The c a r r i e r f r e q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.10 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 126
3 // p r o b no 3 . 1 0
4 f_car =8*10^6; f_mod1 =2*10^3; f_mod2 =3.5*10^3;

27

5
6
7
8
9

// S i g n a l i s LSB h e n c e o / p f r e q i s o b t a i n e d by
s u b t r a c t i n g f mod from f c a r
f_out1 = f_car - f_mod1 ;
disp ( MHz , f_out1 /(10^6) , The o /p f r e q f o u t 1 i s
f_out2 = f_car - f_mod2 ;
disp ( MHz , f_out2 /(10^6) , The o /p f r e q f o u t 1 i s

);
);

Scilab code Exa 3.11 example 10

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no
3 // p r o b no
4 // R e f e r i n g
5 // From f i g
6
7
8
9
10
11

127
3.11
the f i g . 3.17
i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e e waveform i s made
from two s i n e waves
Vp =12.5; // S i n c e Vpp i s 25V from f i g h e n c e
i n d i v i d u a l Vp i s h a l f o f Vpp
Rl =50; // Load r e s i s t a n c e i s 50 ohm
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a v e r a g e power
Vrms = Vp / sqrt (2) ;
P =(( Vrms ) ^2) / Rl ;
disp ( W ,P , The v a l u e o f a v e r a g e power o f s i g n a l i s
);

28

Chapter 4
Angle Modulation

Scilab code Exa 4.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 139
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 1
4 //An FM m o d u l a t o r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

i s g i v e n w i t h k f =30kHz /V o p e r a t e
a t c a r r i e r f r e q 175MHz
fc =175*10^6; kf =30*10^3;
// a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o / p f r e q f o r m o d u l a t i n g s i g n a l
v a l u e em1=150mV
em1 =150*10^ -3;
fsig1 = fc +( kf * em1 ) ;
disp ( MHz , fsig1 /(10^6) , a ) The v a l u e o f o / p f r e q i s
);
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o /p f r e q f o r m o d u l a t i n g s i g n a l
v a l u e em2=2V
em2 = -2;
fsig2 = fc +( kf * em2 ) ;
disp ( MHz , fsig2 /(10^6) , b ) The v a l u e o f o / p f r e q i s
);

29

Scilab code Exa 4.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 140
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 2
4 //An FM m o d u l a t o r

i s g i v e n which i s m o d u l a t e d by

s i n e wave 3V
5 v =3;
6 kf =30*10^3;
7 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f peak v a l u e
8 Em = v * sqrt (2) ;
9 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d e v i a t i o n d e l t a
10 delta = kf * Em ;
11 disp ( kHz , delta /1000 , The v a l u e o f

deviation is

);

Scilab code Exa 4.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 140
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 3
4 //An FM b r o a d c a s t e r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

t r a n s m i t t e r o p e r a t e a t max
d e v i a t n o f 75 kHz
delta =75*10^3;
// a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x w i t h
m o d u l a t i n g f r e q o f s i g n a l =15kHz
fm1 =15*10^3;
mf1 = delta / fm1 ;
disp ( mf1 , a ) The v a l u e o f m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x f o r fm=15
kHz i s ) ;
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x w i t h
m o d u l a t i n g f r e q o f s i g n a l =50Hz
fm2 =50;
mf2 = delta / fm2 ;
disp ( mf2 , b ) The v a l u e o f m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x f o r fm=50
Hz i s ) ;
30

Scilab code Exa 4.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 141
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 4
4 //A p h a s e m o d u l a t o r i s g i v e n w i t h kp=2 r a d /V
5 kp =2;
6 // Peak p h a s e d e v i a t i o n o f 60 d e g r e e
7 // C o n v e r t i n g d e g r e e i n r a d i a n
8 phi =(2* %pi *60) /360;
9 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f peak v o l t a g e t h a t c a u s e t h a t

deviation
10 Vp = phi / kp ;
11 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e
12 Vrms = Vp /( sqrt (2) ) ;
13 disp ( V , Vrms , The rms v o l t a g e t h a t c a u s e d e v i a t i o n

is

);

Scilab code Exa 4.6 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 145
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 6
4 // Phase m o d u l a t o r w i t h
5
6
7
8
9

s e n s i t i v i t y kp=3 r a d /V & s i n e
wave i / p 2 V peak a t 1 kHz
kp =3; Vp =2; f =1*10^3;
// As max v a l u e o f s i n e f u n c t n i s 1 , h e n c e max v a l u e
o f p h i i s kp Vp
phi_max = kp * Vp ;
// phi max i s n o t h i n g but mp
mp = phi_max ;
31

// v a l u e o f mf i s same a s mp i f s i g n a l i s c o n s i d e r e d
as f r e q modulation
11 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e q d e v i a t i o n
12 dev = mp * f ;
13 disp ( kHz , dev /1000 , The f r e q d e v i a t i o n p r o d u c e i s )
;
10

Scilab code Exa 4.7 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 149
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 7
4 //An FM s i g n a l h a s d e v i a t i o n 3 kHz & m o d u l a t i n g f r e q

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1 kHz w i t h t o t a l power Pt=5W d e v e l o p e d a c r o s s 50

ohm w i t h f c =160 MHz
dev =3*10^3; fm =10^3; Pt =5; Rl =50; fc =160*10^6;
// a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f RMS s i g n a l v o l t a g e
Vt = sqrt ( Pt * Rl ) ;
disp ( V ,Vt , a ) The rms s i g n a l v o l t a g e i s ) ;
// / / / / / / / / / / / b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f rms v o l t a g e a t
carrier freq
// f o r t h a t m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x n e e d s t o be f o u n d o u t
mf = dev / fm ;
// From b e s s e l f u n c t i o n t a b l e , t h e c o e f f f o r t h e
c a r r i e r f i r s t 3 s i d e bands
J =[0.26 ,0.34 ,0.49 ,0.31];
disp ( b ) The rms v o l t a g e o f s i d e bands a r e )
for i =1:4 ,
V ( i ) = J ( i ) * Vt ;
end ;
disp ( V ,V (4) , V3= , V ,V (3) , V2= , V ,V (2) , V1= , V
,V (1) , Vc= ) ;
// / / / / / / / / / c ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e q o f e a c h s i d e
bands / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
disp ( c ) The 3 s i d e bands a t d i f f e r e n t f r e q . a r e )
32

21 for j =1:3 ,
22
f_usb ( j ) = fc /10^6+( fm * j /10^6) ;
23 end
24 disp ( MHz , f_usb (3) , f u s b 3= , MHz , f_usb (2) , f u s b 2

= , MHz , f_usb (1) , f u s b 1= ) ;

25
26 for j =1:3 ,
27
f_lsb ( j ) = fc /10^6 -( fm * j /10^6) ;
28 end
29 disp ( MHz , f_lsb (3) , f l s b 3 = , MHz , f_lsb (2) , f l s b 2
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

= , MHz , f_lsb (1) , f l s b 1 = ) ;

// / / / / / / / / / / d ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power o f e a c h s i d e
band / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
for i =1:4 ,
P ( i ) =(( V ( i ) ) ^2) / Rl ;
a ( i ) =( P ( i ) ) /(10^ -3) ;
end ;
disp ( d ) The power o f e a c h s i d e band i s ) ;
disp ( W ,P (4) , P3= , W ,P (3) , P2= , W ,P (2) , P1= , W
,P (1) , Pc= ,) ;
// / / / / / / / / e ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power t h a t i s u n c o u n t e d
P = P (1) +2*( P (2) + P (3) + P (4) ) ;
// As t o t a l power i s 5 W
P_x = Pt - P ;
// P e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l power u n c o u n t e d
Px =( P_x / P ) *100;
disp ( % ,Px , e ) P e r c e n t a g e t o t a l power which i s
uncounted i s );
// / / / / / / / / f ) P l o t i n g t h e s i g n a l i n f r e q domain
/////////////////////
// C o n v e r t i n g power i n dBm
for i =1:4 ,
// a ( k ) =(P( k ) ) /(10 3) ;
P_dBm ( i ) =10* log10 ( a ( i ) ) ;
end ;
disp ( f ) Power o f e a c h s i d e bands i n dBm i s )
disp ( dBm , P_dBm (4) , P3 (dBm)= , dBm , P_dBm (3) , P2 (
dBm)= , dBm , P_dBm (2) , P1 (dBm)= , dBm , P_dBm (1) ,
33

Pc (dBm) ,) ;
52 x =[159.997:0.001:160.003];
53 y =[26.8 ,30.8 ,27.6 ,25.3 ,27.6 ,30.8 ,26.8];
54 plot (x , y ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.9 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 157
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 9
4 //An FM s i g n a l h a s f r e q
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

d e v i a t i o n o f 5 kHz m o d u l a t i n g
f r e q fm=1kHz w i t h SNR a t i / p i s 20 dB
// C o n v e r t i n g dB i n v o l t a g e r a t i o
fm =1*10^3; dev_s =5*10^3; snr =20;
Es_En =10^( snr /20) ;
// S i n c e Es>>En t h e n
phi =1/( Es_En ) ;
m_fn = phi ; // m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x e q u a l t o p h i n
dev_n =( m_fn ) * fm ; // E q u i v a l e n t f r e q d e v i a t i o n due t o
noise
//SNR a s a v o l t a g e r a t i o i s g i v e n a s
SNR =( dev_s ) /( dev_n ) ;
// C o n v e r t i n g t h i s v o l t a g e r a t i o n i n dB
SNR_dB =20*( log10 ( SNR ) ) ;
disp ( dB , SNR_dB , The SNR a t d e t e c t t o r o /p i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.10 example 10

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 163
3 // p r o b no . 4 . 1 0
4 // R e f e r t h e f i g .

4.19
34

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

// We know t h i s t r a n s m i t t e r i s d e s i g n e d f o r v o i c e
f r e q u e n c i e s , s o we have t o u s e t r i a l and e r r o r
method t o p r o d u c e a c a r r i e r n u l l f o r a d e v i a t i o n
o f 5 kHz
mf =2.4; // s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e f i r s t n u l l f o r mf =2.4
dev =5; // i n kHz
fm = dev / mf ;
if (0.3 <= fm & 3 >= fm ) then
disp ( kHz ,fm , The f r e q i s w i d i n t h e a c c e p t a b l e
range );
else
mf =5.5;
fm = dev / mf ;
disp ( kHz ,fm , The f r e q i s w i d i n t h e a c c e p t a b l e
range );
end
// f o r t h i s c a l c u l a t e d fm , s e t t h e f u n c t i o n
g e n e r a t o r t o t h e v a l u e o f fm s o t h a t t h e
d e v i a t i o n i s 5 kHz

35

Chapter 5
Transmitters

Scilab code Exa 5.2 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 179
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 2
4 //A t r a n s m i t t e r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

w i t h c a r r i e r power o / p 10W a t
e f f i c i e n c y 70% a t 100% modulatn
Po =10; eta =0.7;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f dc power o / p
Ps = Po / eta ;
disp ( W ,Ps , The v a l u e o f dc power i n p u t i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a u d i o power
Pa =0.5* Ps ;
disp ( W ,Pa , The v a l u e o f a u d i o power i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 181
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 3

36

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

//A t r a n s m i t t e r o p e r a t e s a t 12V, w i t h c o l l e c t o r
c u r r e n t 2A . Modulatn t r a n s f o r m e r h a s t u r n r a t i o
4:1
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i m p e d a n c e a t t r a n s f o r m e r
secondary
Vcc =12; Ic =2; N1 =4; N2 =1;
Za = Vcc / Ic ;
disp ( ohm ,Za , The i m p e d a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r
s ec on d ar y i s );
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i m p e d a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y
Zp = Za *( N1 / N2 ) ^2;
disp ( ohm ,Zp , The i m p e d a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y
i s );

Scilab code Exa 5.4 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 182
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 4
4 // C l a s s C a m p l i f i e r w i t h
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

c a r r i e r o / p power o f 100W
w i t h e f f i c i e n c y o f 70% & w i t h 100% m o d u l a t i o n
Pc =100; eta =0.7;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o / p power
Po =1.5* Pc ;
disp ( W ,Po , The o /p power w i t h 100% m o d u l a t i o n i s )
;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s u p p l y power
Ps = Po / eta ;
disp ( W ,Ps , The v a l u e o f s u p p l y power i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power d i s s i p a t e d Pd
Pd = Ps - Po ;
disp ( W ,Pd , Power d i s s i p a t e d i s ) ;

37

Scilab code Exa 5.5 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 184
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 5
4 //An FM t r a n s m i t t e r p r o d u c e 10W o f

c a r r i e r power

o p e r a t i n g a t 15V
5 Vcc =15; Pc =10;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l o a d i m p e d a n c e

s e e n from
collector
7 Rl =(( Vcc ) ^2) /(2* Pc ) ;
8 disp ( ohm ,Rl , The l o a d i m p e d a n c e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.6 example 5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

clc ;
// p a g e no 193
// p r o b no . 5 . 6
// R e f e r f i g . 5 . 1 3
// F i l t e r method SSB g e n e r a t o r
fc =5*10^6; // f i l t e r c e n t r e f r e q .
BW =3*10^3; // F i l t e r bandwidth
foc =4.9985*10^6; // c a r r i e r o s c i l l a t o r f r e q .
disp ( a ) The USB w i l l be p a s s e d ) ; // S i n c e c a r r i e r
f r e q i s a t low end o f p a s s b a n d
10 disp ( b ) The c a r r i e r f r e q s h o u l d be moved t o t h e h i g h
end o f f i l t e r a t 5 . 0 0 1 5MHz ) ; //To g e n e r a t e t h e
LSB

Scilab code Exa 5.7 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 196

38

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

// p r o b no . 5 . 7
// SSB t r a n s m i t t e r r e f e r i n g f i g . 5 . 1 7 t o t r a n s m i t USB
s i g n a l a t c a r r i e r f r e q 2 1 . 5MHz
fo =21.5; // c a r r i e r f r e q i n MHz
foc =8.9985; // c a r r i e r o s c i l l a t o r f r e q . i n MHz
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e q o f l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r
flo = fo - foc ;
disp ( MHz ,flo , The f r e q o f l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.8 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 199
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 8
4 //LSB t r a n s m i t t e r

5
6
7
8
9

r e f e r i n g f i g . 5 . 1 4 w i t h new c a r r i e r
f r e q 9 . 0 0 1 5 MHz & l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q 1 2 . 5 0 1 5
MHz
fco =9.0015; // c a r r i e r o s c i l l a t o r f r e q
flo =12.5015; // l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f new o / p f r e q
fo = fco + flo ;
disp ( MHz ,fo , The o /p c a r r i e r f r e q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.9 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 204
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 9
4 //A d i r e c t FM t r a n s m i t t e r w i t h k f =2kHz /V & max

d e v i a t n o f 300 Hz .
5 kf =2*10^3; tx_dev =300;
6 disp ( a ) S e e f i g . 5 . 2 3 f o r

t h i s b l o c k diagram );
39

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

f_mul =3*2*3; // 3 s t a g e f r e q m u l t i p l i e r w i t h t r i p l e r
d o u b l e r and t r i p l e r
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f max dev a t o s c i l l a t o r
dev_o =5*10^3; // D e v i a t i o n a t o /p
dev_osc = dev_o / f_mul ;
if dev_osc < tx_dev then
disp ( b ) T r a n s m i t t e r i s c a p a b l e o f 5 kHz d e v i a t i o n
);
else
disp ( b ) T r a n s m i t t e r i s n o t c a p a b l e o f 5 kHz
deviation )
end ;
// c ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t o r f r e q
fo =150; // c a r r i e r f r e q i n MHz
fosc = fo / f_mul ;
disp ( MHz , fosc , c ) The o s c i l l a t o r f r e q i s ) ;
// d ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a u d i o v o l t a g e f o r f u l l
deviation
Vi_peak = dev_osc / kf ; // dev a t o s c i l l a t o r o f 278 Hz
c a u s e s f u l l 5 kHz d e v i a t i o n
// c o n v e r t i n g peak v o l t a g e t o rms v o l t a g e
Vi_RMS = Vi_peak / sqrt (2) ;
disp ( mV , Vi_RMS *10^3 , The a u d i o RMS v o l t a g e i s )

Scilab code Exa 5.10 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 206
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 1 0
4 // R e f e r f i g . 5 . 2 4
5 // T i l l t h e a n t e n n a t h e r e a r e 2 d o u b l e r and 4 t r i p l e r
6 f_mul =18*18;
7 dev_o =75*10^3; // o / p f r e q d e v i a t i o n i s 75 kHz
8 // D e t e r m i a n t i o n o f r e q d f r e q d e v i a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t o r
9 dev_osc = dev_o / f_mul ;

40

10

disp ( Hz , dev_osc , Freq d e v i a t i o n o f o s c i l l a t o r

;

is )

Scilab code Exa 5.11 example 10

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 207
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 1 1
4 //A PLL FM g e n e r a t o r r e f e r i n g f i g . 5 . 2 5 w i t h
5 f_ref =100*10^3; N =200; kf =50*10^3; // i n Hz/V
6 // a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c a r r i e r f r e q o f o / p s i g n a l
7 fc = N * f_ref ;
8 disp ( MHz , fc /10^6 , The c a r r i e r f r e q o f o /p s i g n a l )
9
10
11
12
13
14

;
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f RMS m o d u l a t i n g v o l t a g e f o r 10
kHz d e v i a t i o n
dev =10*10^3;
Vp = dev / kf ;
// C o n v e r t i n g peak v o l t a g e t o RMS v o l t a g e
V_RMS = Vp / sqrt (2) ;
disp ( mV , V_RMS *1000 , The RMS v o l t a g e f o r n e e d e d
d e v i a t i o n i s );

41

Chapter 6
Receivers

Scilab code Exa 6.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 227
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 1
4 //A t u n e d c k t w i t h b r o a d a s t band ( 5 4 0 t o 1 7 0 0 kHz ) .

Bw=10kHz a t 540 kHz

5 BW1 =10*10^3; f1 =540*10^3; f2 =1700*10^3; // a l l i n Hz
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f BW a t 1 7 0 0 kHz
7 BW2 = BW1 * sqrt ( f2 / f1 ) ;
8 disp ( kHz , BW2 /1000 , The Bandwidth a t 1 7 0 0 kHz ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.4 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 236
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 4
4 //A r e c e i v e r w i t h

s e n s i t i v i t y 0 . 5 uV & b l o c k i n g
dynamic r a n g e 70dB .
5 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f v p l t a g e s i g n a l V1
42

6 P1_P2 =70; V2 =0.5*10^ -6; // l e t

7 V1 = V2 *10^( P1_P2 /20) ;
8
disp ( mV , V1 *1000 , The v o l t a g e v a l u e o f

signal is )

Scilab code Exa 6.5 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 238
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 5
4 // R e f e r t h e f i g 6 . 5
5 //A r e c e i v e r t u n e d t o s t a t i o n a t 590 kHz
6 f_if =455*10^3; // I n t e r m e d i a t e f r e q
7 f_sig =590*10^3;
8 // a ) D e t e r m i n t i o n o f image f r e q
9 f_image = f_sig +2* f_if ;
10 disp ( kHz , f_image /1000 , a ) The image f r e q i s ) ;
11 Q =40; // Q f a c t o r
12 // b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f image r e j e c t i o n
13 x =( f_image / f_sig ) -( f_sig / f_image ) ;
14 Asig_Aimage = sqrt (1+( Q * x ) ^2) ; // image r e j e c t i o n
15 // c o n v e r t i n g i n dB
16 IR_dB =20* log10 ( Asig_Aimage ) ;
17 disp ( dB , IR_dB , b ) The image r e j e c t i o n i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.6 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 239
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 6
4 //An AM h i g h f r e q

r e c e i v e r w i t h IF =1.8MHz t u n e d a t

f r e q 10MHz
5 f_sig =10; f_if =1.8; // A l l f r e q i n MHz
43

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q f l o
f_lo = f_sig + f_if ;
// d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e q . t h a t c a u s e IF r e s p o n s e
m =[1 1 2 2]; // v a l u e s o f m t h a t a r e i n t e g e r
n =[1 2 1 2]; // v a l u e s o f n t h a t a r e i n t e g e r
for i =1:4
fs1 ( i ) =(( m ( i ) / n ( i ) ) *( f_lo ) ) +(( f_if ) / n ( i ) ) ;
end ;
for i =1:4
fs2 ( i ) =(( m ( i ) / n ( i ) ) *( f_lo ) ) -(( f_if ) / n ( i ) ) ;
end ;
disp ( A l l f r e q s a r e i n MHz ,fs2 , fs1 , The d i f f e r e n t
f r e q s a r e );

Scilab code Exa 6.7 example 5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

clc ;
// p a g e no 245
// p r o b no . 6 . 7
//An FM d e t e c t o r p r o d u c e Vpp=1.2V w i t h dev =10kHz
Vpp =1.2; dev =10*10^3;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d e t e c t o r s e n s i t i v i t y
Vp = Vpp /2; // Peak v o l t a g e
kd = Vp / dev ;
disp ( uV/Hz , kd *10^6 , t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f d e t e c t o r i s
);

Scilab code Exa 6.8 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 249
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 8
4 //A PLL FM d e t e c t o r w i t h k f =100kHz /V & dev =75kHz

44

5 kf =100*10^3; dev =75*10^3;

6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f RMS v o l t a g e
7 Vp_op = dev / kf ;
8 // C o n v e r t i n g peak v o l t a g e i n RMS v o l t a g e
9 V_RMS = Vp_op / sqrt (2) ;
10 disp ( V , V_RMS , The RMS v o l t a g e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.9 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 258
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 9
4 //An IF t r a n s f o r m e r a t 455 kHz & p r i m a r y c k t h a s Qp
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

=40 & s e c o n d a r y Q=30

fo =455*10^3; Qp =40; Qs =30;
// a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c r i t i c a l c o u p l i n g f a c t o r
kc =1/ sqrt ( Qp * Qs ) ;
disp ( kc , a ) The c r i t i c a l c o u p l i n g f a c t o r i s ) ;
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f optimum c o u p l i n g f a c t o r
Kopt =1.5* kc ;
disp ( Kopt , b ) The optimum c o u p l i n g f a c t o r i s ) ;
// c ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f optimum c o u p l i n g f a c t o r
B = Kopt * fo ;
disp ( kHz ,B /1000 , c ) The BW u s i n g optimum c o u p l i n g
f a c t o r i s );

Scilab code Exa 6.10 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 261
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 1 0
4 // R e c e i v e r r e f e r i n g i n
5 f_sig =25*10^6; // s i g n a l

fig .6.28
i /p f r e q
45

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

f_lo1 =29.5*10^6; // I s t l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q
// d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f I s t IF which u s e s h i g h s i d e
injection
f_IF1 = f_lo1 - f_sig ; // h i g h s i d e i n j e c t i o n
disp ( MHz , f_IF1 /10^6 , The f i r s t IF i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f I I n d IF which u s e s low s i d e
injection
f_lo2 =4*10^6; // I I n d l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q
f_IF2 = f_IF1 - f_lo2 ;
disp ( kHz , f_IF2 /10^3 , The s e c o n d IF i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.11 example 9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
// p a g e no 265
// p r o b no . 6 . 1 1
//An Sm e t e r i s g i v e n
V1 =50*10^ -6; // s i g n a l s t r e n g t h a t t r a n s m i t t e r i n V
P =18; // 18 dB power
V2 = V1 /(10^( P /20) ) ;
disp ( uV , V2 *10^6 , S i g n a l s t r e n g t h a t r e c e i v e r i /p
i s );

46

Chapter 7
Digital communication

Scilab code Exa 7.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 285
3 // p r o b no 7 . 1
4 // I n t h e g i v e n p r o b l e m a s i g n a l

is transmitted

using a f o u r l e v e l code
5 M =4;
6 B =3.2; // i n KKz
7 SNR =35; // i n dB
8 //By u s i n g ShannonH a r t l e y theorem ,

ignoring noise

we have
9 c =2* B * log2 ( M ) ;
10 disp ( kb / s ,c , maximum d a t a r a t e
11
12
13
14
15
16

f o r four l e v e l code

i n t h e a v a i l a b l e bandwidth ) ;
//Now we have t o u s e Shannon l i m i t t o f i n d t h e
maximum d a t a r a t e f o r any c o d e
//SNR i n power r a t i o i s
SNR1 =10^(35/10) ;
C = B * log2 (1+ SNR1 ) ;
disp ( kb / s ,C , maximum d a t a r a t e f o r f o u r l e v e l c o d e
i n t h e a v a i l a b l e bandwidth ) ;
// Both r e s u l t s a r e maxima , we have t o c h o o s e l e s s e r
47

o f t h e two .
17 // T h e r e f o r e we c h o o s e c =12.8 kp / s

Scilab code Exa 7.2 example 2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
// p a g e no . 289
// p r o b no . 7 . 2
// I n t h e g i v e n p r o b l e m
fm =30; // i n KHz
fs =44.1; // s a m p l i n g r a t e i n KHz
fa = fs - fm ; // a u d i b l e f r e q u e n c y
disp ( KHz ,fa , The a u d i b l e f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 291
3 // p r o b no 7 . 3
4 // p a r t a : no o f s a m p l e s ,
5 m =8;
6 N =2^ m ; // t h e number o f l e v e l s
7 disp ( l e v e l s ,N , a ) The number o f
8
9
10
11

l e v e l s w i t h m=8
a r e );
// p a r t b :
m =16;
N =2^ m ; // t h e number o f l e v e l s
disp ( l e v e l s ,N , b ) The number o f l e v e l s w i t h m=16
a r e );

48

Scilab code Exa 7.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 292
3 // p r o b no 7 . 4
4 // I n t h e g i v e n p r o b l e m
5 m =16;
6 DR =1.76 +6.02* m ; // Dynamic r a n g e
7

f o r a l i n e a r PCM

i n dB
disp ( dB ,DR , Dynamic r a n g e f o r a l i n e a r PCM ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 295
3 // p r o b no 7 . 5
4 // i n t h e g i v e n p r o b l e m
5 fs =40; m =14;
6 // t h e minimum d a t a r a t e n e e d e d t o t r a n s m i t a u d i o

g i v e n by
7 D = fs * m ;
8 disp ( Kb/ s ,D , The minimum d a t a r a t e n e e d e d t o

transmit audio i s

);

Scilab code Exa 7.6 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 294
3 // p r o b no 7 . 6
4 // I n t h e g i v e n problem ,

i n p u t t o a mulaw
c o m p r e s s e r i s +ve ,
5 // w i t h i t s v o l t a g e oneh a l f t h e max v a l u e
6 u =255;
49

is

7 Vi =1; //maximum i n p u t v a l u e

i s c ons id ere d as unity

volts
8 vi =0.5;
9 V0 =1; // c o n s i d e r maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e a s u n i t y

volts
10 vo = V0 * log (1+ u * vi / Vi ) / log (1+ u ) ;
11 disp ( v o l t s ,vo , The maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e p r o d u c e d
i s );

50

Chapter 8
The Telephone System

Scilab code Exa 8.3 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 323
3 // p r o b no 8 . 3
4 //A t e l e p h o n e s i g n a l

t a k e s 3 ms t o r r e a a c h i t s

destination
5 t =2;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f n e t

l o s s VNL r e q d f o r a c c e p t a b l e
amount o f e c h o .
7 VNL =(0.2* t ) +0.4;
8 disp ( dB ,VNL , The n e t l o s s i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.5 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 326
3 // p r o b no 8 . 5
4 // R e f e r i n g t h e f i g . 8 . 1 5

c h a n n e l 12 h a s l o w e s t

c a r r i e r r f r e q 64 kHz
51

5 F =64;
6 c_total =12;
7 // C a r r i e r f r e q g o e s up 4 kHz p e r c h a n n e l
8 f_up =4;
9 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c a r r i e r f r e q f o r c h a n n e l 5
10 c =5;
11 fc = F +( f_up *( c_total - c ) ) ;
12 disp ( kHz ,fc , The v a l u e o f c a r r i e r f r e q f o r c h a n n e l

5 i s );

Scilab code Exa 8.6 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 328
3 // p r o b no 8 . 6
4 // 2 kHz t o n e i s
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

p r e s e n t on c h a n n e l 5 o f g r o u p 3 o f a
supergroup
// r e f e r t o e x a m p l e 8 . 5 , c a l c u l a t e d f c =92kHz
fc =92; // i n kHz
// Here s i g n a l i s l o w e r s i d e b a n d , t h e 2 kHz b a s e b a n d
s i g n a l t h e r e f o r e w i l l be
fg = fc -2;
// from f i g 1 0 . 1 5 , g r o u p 3 i n t h e s u p e r g r o u p i s moved
t o t h e r a n g e 408 456 kHz , w i t h a s u p p r e s s e d
c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c y o f 516 kHz .
fsc =516; // i n kHz
// t h e m o d u l a t i o n i s l o w e r s i d e b a n d , s o t h e s u p e r g r o u p
o / p f r e q w i l l be 90 kHz l o w e r t h a n c a r r i e r f r e q
fsg = fsc - fg ;
disp ( kHz ,fsg , The t o n e a p p e a r i n t h e s u p e r g r o u p
output at f r e q u e n c y o f );

52

Chapter 9
Data Transmission

Scilab code Exa 9.2 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 349
3 // p r o b no 9 . 2
4 Nd =7; N_start =1; N_stop =1; N_parity =1;
5 Nt = Nd + N_start + N_stop + N_parity ;
6 efficiency = Nd / Nt *100;
7 disp ( % , efficiency , The e f f i c i e n c y i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.6 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 358
3 // p r o b no 9 . 6
4 m =21;
5 // The c o r r e c t number o f c h e c k

b i t s i s the s m a l l e s t
number t h a t s a t i s f y t h e e q u a t i o n 2 n >= m+n +1;
6 for n =1:1:10 // we c h o o s e r a n g e o f 1 t o 10
7
a = m + n +1;
53

8
b =2^ n ;
9
if (b >= a )
10
disp (n , hammming b i t s
11
break ;
12
end
13 end

54

are required )

Chapter 12
Digital Modulation and
Modems

Scilab code Exa 12.1 example 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

clc ;
// p a g e no 407
// p r o b no 12 1
//A r a d i o c h a n n e l w i t h BW=10KHz and SNR=15 dB
B =10*10^3;
snr =15;
// c o n v e r t i n g dB i n power r a t i o
SNR =10^( snr /10) ;
// a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e o r e t i c a l max d a t a r a t e
C1 = B * log2 (1+ SNR ) ;
disp ( kb / s , C1 /1000 , a ) The t h e o r e t i c a l max d a t a r a t e
i s );
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d a t a r a t e w i t h 4 s t a t e s i . e M=4
M =4;
C2 =2* B * log2 ( M ) ;
disp ( kb / s , C2 /1000 , b ) The d a t a r a t e f o r 4 s t a t e s i s
);

55

Scilab code Exa 12.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 408
3 // p r o b no 12 2
4 //A m o d u l a t o r t r a n s m i t symbol w i t h symbol r a t e =10k /

s e c w i t h 64 s t a t e s
5 M =64;
6 S =10000;
7 // Baud r a t e i s s i m p l y symbol r a t e
8 disp ( kbaud ,S /1000 , The baud r a t e i s ) ;
9 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b i t r a t e
10 C = S * log2 (64) ;
11 disp ( kb / s ,C /1000 , The b i t r a t e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3 example 3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

clc ;
// p a g e no 411
// p r o b no 12 3
f =200*10^3;
fb =270.833 *10^3;
data_rate =270.833 *10^3
fc =880*10^6;
bandwidth =200*10^3;
freq_shift =0.5* fb ;
disp ( Hz , freq_shift , a ) The f r e q u e n c y s h i f t i s ) ;
// The s h i f t e a c h way from t h e c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c y i s
h a l f the f r e q s h i f t
12 f_max = fc +0.25* fb ;
13 disp ( Hz , f_max , b ) The maximum f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
14 f_min = fc -0.25* fb ;
56

15
16
17

disp ( Hz , f_min , The minimum f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;

bandwidth_efficiency = data_rate / bandwidth ;
disp ( b / s /Hz , bandwidth_efficiency , The bandwidth
e f f i c i e n c y i n b / s /Hz i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 412
3 // p r o b no 12 4
4 baud_rate =24.3; // i n k i l o b a u d
5 // I n t h i s p r o b l e m d i b i t s y s t e m i s u s e d .
6 // T h e r e f o r e s y m b o l r a t e=b a u d r a t e =0.5 b i t r a t e
7 bit_rate =2* baud_rate ;
8 disp ( kb / s , bit_rate , The c h a n n e l d a t a r a t e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 413
3 // p r o b no 12 5
4 no_of_phase_angles =16;
5 no_of_amplitudes =4;
6 no_of_states_per_symbol = no_of_phase_angles *
7
8

no_of_amplitudes ;
bit_per_symbol = log2 ( no_of_states_per_symbol ) ;
disp ( bit_per_symbol , The no . o f b i t s p e r symbol i s )
;

Scilab code Exa 12.6 example 6

57

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 415
3 // p r o b no 12 6
4 B =3*10^3; SNR_dB =30;
5 SNR_power =10^(30/10) ;
6 C = B * log2 (1+ SNR_power ) ;
7 disp ( b / s ,C , Shannon l i m i t ) ;

58

Chapter 13
Multiplexing and Multiple
Access Techniques

Scilab code Exa 13.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 437
3 // p r o b no 13 1
4 freq_band =1*10^6;
5 // A) For SSBSC AM,
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

t h e bandwidth i s t h e same a s t h e
maximunm m o d u l a t i n g f r e q .
fmax =4*10^3;
B = fmax ;
no_of_signal = freq_band / B ;
disp ( no_of_signal , a ) The number o f s i g n a l s a r e ) ;
// B) For DSB AM, t h e bandwidth i s t w i c e t h e maximunm
modulating f r e q .
B =2* fmax ;
no_of_signal = freq_band / B ;
disp ( no_of_signal , b ) The number o f s i g n a l s a r e ) ;
// C) U s i n g Carson s Rule t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e
bandwidth
f_max =15*10^3; deviation =75*10^3;
B =2*( deviation + f_max ) ;
59

17
18
19
20
21
22
23

no_of_signal = freq_band / B ;
disp ( no_of_signal , c ) The number o f s i g n a l s a r e ) ;
// D) Use ShannonH a r t l e y t h e o r e m t o f i n d t h e
bandwidth
C =56*10^3; M =4; // f o r QPSK
B = C /(2* log2 ( M ) ) ;
no_of_signal = freq_band / B ;
disp ( no_of_signal , d ) The number o f s i g n a l s a r e ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 444
3 // p r o b no 13 2
4 // V o i c e t r a n s m i s s s i o n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

o c c u p i e s 30 kHz . S p r e a d
s p e c t r u m i s u s e d t o i n c r e a s e BW t o 10MHz
B1 =30*10^3; //BW i s 30 kHz
B2 =10*10^6; //BW i s 10 MHz
T =300; // n o i s e temp a t i /p
PN = -110; // s i g n a l h a s t o t a l s i g n a l power o f 110 dBm
at r e c e i v e r
k =1.38*10^ -23; // Boltzmann s c o n s t i n J /K
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f n o i s e power a t B1=30kHz
PN1 =10*( log10 ( k * B1 * T /10^ -3) ) ;
disp ( dBm ,PN1 , The n o i s e power a t BW=30 kHz i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f n o i s e power a t B2=10MHz
PN2 =10*( log10 ( k * B2 * T /10^ -3) ) ;
disp ( dBm ,PN2 , The n o i s e power a t BW=10 MHz i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f SNR f o r 30 kHz BW
SNR1 = PN - PN1 ;
disp ( dB , SNR1 , The v a l u e o f SNR f o r BW=30 kHz i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f SNR f o r 10MHz BW
SNR2 = PN - PN2 ;
disp ( dB , SNR2 , The v a l u e o f SNR f o r BW=10 MHz i s ) ;

60

Scilab code Exa 13.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 445
3 // p r o b no 13 3
4 no_of_freq_hops =100; total_time_req =10;
5 time_for_each_freq = total_time_req
/

no_of_freq_hops ;
6 disp ( s e c / hop , time_for_each_freq , Time r e q u i r e d f o r
each f r e q );

Scilab code Exa 13.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 446
3 // p r o b no 13 4
4 bit_rate =16*10^3; // i n bps
5 chip_rate =10:1;
6 no_of_chip =10;
7 total_bit_rate = no_of_chip * bit_rate ;
8 m =4; n = log2 ( m ) ;
9 symbol_rate = total_bit_rate / n ;
10 disp ( baud , symbol_rate , The no o f s i g n a l

e . symbol r a t e i s

);

Scilab code Exa 13.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 447

61

changes i .

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

// p r o b no 13 5
// s i g n a l w i t h bandwidth Bbb=200 kHz & SNR=20 dB
spred at chip rate 50:1
Bbb =200*10^3; // Bandwidth
Gp =50; // c h i p r a t e
SNR_in =20; //SNR i s 20 dB w i t h o u t s p r e a d i n g
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f BW a f t e r s p r e a d i n g
Brf = Gp * Bbb ;
disp ( MHz ,Brf , The v a l u e o f BW a f t e r s p r e a d i n g ) ;
// C o n v e r t i n g i n t o dB
Gp_dB =10* log10 ( Gp ) ;
disp ( dB , Gp_dB , The v a l u e o f p r o c e s s i n g g a i n ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f SNR a f t e r s p r e a d n g
SNR_out = SNR_in - Gp_dB ;
disp ( dB , SNR_out , The v a l u e o f SNR a f t e r s p r e a d i n g
i n dB ) ;

62

Chapter 14
Transmission Lines

Scilab code Exa 14.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 461
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 1
4 //A c o a x i a l c a b l e w i t h c a p a c i t a n c e =90pF/m &

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e =50 ohm
5 C =90*10^ -12; Zo =50;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e o f 1m l e n g t h
7 L =( Zo ^2) * C ;
8 disp ( nH/m ,L *10^9 , The i n d u c t a n c e o f 1m l e n g t h

Scilab code Exa 14.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 462
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 2
4 // a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i m p e d a n c e o f open w i r e w i t h

d i a m e t e r 3mm & r =10mm

63

is )

5 D =3/2; r =10; // A l l v a l u e s a r e i n mm
6 Zo1 =276* log10 ( r / D ) ;
7 disp ( ohm ,Zo1 , a ) The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

impedance o f

conductor i s );
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i m p e d a n c e o f c o a x i a l w i t h e r
= 2 . 3 , i n n e r d i a m e t e r =2mm & o u t e r d i a m e t e r =8mm
9 er =2.3; D =8; d =2; // A l l d i a m e t e r v a l u e s i n mm
10 Zo2 =(138/ sqrt ( er ) ) * log10 ( D / d ) ;
11 disp ( ohm ,Zo2 , b ) The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e o f
c o a x i a l c a b l e i s );
8

Scilab code Exa 14.3 example 3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

clc ;
// p a g e no 463
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 3
// C a b l e w i t h t e f l o n d i e l e c t r i c e r =2.1
er =2.1; c =3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f v e l o c i t y f a c t o r
Vf =1/ sqrt ( er ) ;
disp ( Vf , The v a l u e o f v e l o c i t y f a c t o r i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p r o p a g a t i o n v e l o c i t y
Vp = Vf * c ;
disp ( m/ s ,Vp , The v a l u e o f p r o p a g a t i o n v e l o . i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 468
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 4
4 // R e f e r f i g . 1 4 . 1 3 ( a )
5 vs =1; // s o u r c e v o l t a g e
6 Rs =50; // s o u r c e r e s i s t a n c e

64

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

24
25
26

Zo =50; // l i n e i m p e d a n c e
RL =25; // l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
l =10; // l e n g t h o f l i n e
vf =0.7; // v e l o c i t y f a c t o r
Vi =0.5;
c =3*10^8; // v e l o o f l i g h t
// Vs w i l l d i v i d e b e t w e e n Rs and Zo o f t h e l i n e . S i n c e
two r e s i s t o r s a r e e q u a l , t h e v o l t a g e w i l l d i v i d e
equally .
// T h e r e f o r e a t t =0 , t h e v o l t a g e a t t h e s o u r c e end o f
t h e l i n e w i l l r i s e from z e r o t o 0 . 5V . The v o l t a g e
at the load w i l l remain z e r o u n t i l l the s u rg e
r e a c h e s i t . The t i m e f o r t h i s i s
T = l /( vf * c ) ;
// A f t e r T s e c , t h e v o l t a g e a t t h e l o a d w i l l r i s e .
The r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s g i v e n a s
refl_coeff =( RL - Zo ) /( RL + Zo )
//Now r e f l e c t i o n v o l t a g e i s
Vr = refl_coeff * Vi ;
// The t o t a l v o l t a g e a t t h e l o a d i s
Vt = Vr + Vi ;
disp ( V ,Vt , The t o t a l v o l t a g e a t t h e l o a d i s ) ;
// The r e f l e c t e d v o l t a g e w i l l p r o p o g a t e back a l o n g
t h e l i n e , r e a c h i n g t h e s o u r c e a t t i m e 2T . A f t e r
t h i s t h e v o l t a g e w i l l be 0 . 3 3 3 5V a l l a l o n g t h e
line
// The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l i n e , and t h e l o a d w i l l be
VL = vs *( RL /( RL + Zo ) ) ;
disp ( V ,VL , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l i n e , ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 472
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 5

65

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

// S t a n d a r d c o a x i a l c a b l e RG8/U w i t h 45 d e g r e e p h a s e
s h i f t a t 200MHz
p =45; f =200*10^6; c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s
vf =0.66; // v e l o . f a c t o r f o r t h i s l i n e
vp = vf * c ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p r o p a g a t i o n v e l o .
wav = vp / f ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w a v e l e n g t h o f s i g n a l
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f r e q d l e n g t h f o r 45 d e g r e e p h a s e
shift
L = wav *( p /360) ;
disp ( m ,L , The l e n g t h r e q d f o r p h a s e s h i f t i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.6 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 476
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 6
4 //A 50ohm l i n e t e r m i n a t e d i n 25ohm r e s i s t a n c e
5 Zo =50; Zl =25;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f SWR
7 SWR = Zo / Zl ; // I n t h i s c a s e Zo>Z l
8 disp ( SWR , The v a l u e o f SWR i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.7 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 477
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 7
4 //A g e n e r a t o r s e n d s 50mW a t 50ohm l i n e & r e f l e c t i o n
5
6
7
8

c o e f f I =0.5
Pi =50; I =0.5;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f amount o f power r e f l e c t e d
Pr =( I ^2) * Pi ;
disp ( mW ,Pr , The amount o f power r e f l e c t e d i s ) ;
66

9 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f r e m a i n d e r power t h a t r e a c h e s l o a d
10 Pl = Pi - Pr ;
11 disp ( mW ,Pl , The power d i s s i p a t e d i n l o a d i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.8 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 478
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 8
4 //A t r a n s m i t t e r s u p p l i e s 50W w i t h SWR 2 : 1
5 Pi =50; SWR =2;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power a b s o r b e d by l o a d
7 Pl =(4* SWR * Pi ) /(1+ SWR ) ^2;
8 disp ( W ,Pl , The power a b s o r b e d by l o a d i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.9 example 9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

clc ;
// p a g e no 545
// p r o b no 1 4 . 9
Zo =50; // l i n e i m p e d e n c e i n ohm
ZL =100; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e i n ohm
vf =0.8; // v e l o c i t y f a c t o r
l =1; // l e n g t h o f l i n e
f =30*10^6; // f r e q o f o p e r a t i o n
c =3*10^8; // v e l o o f l i g h t
// we have t o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f l i n e i n d e g r e e
wl = vf * c / f // w a v e l e n g t h
// Then t h e l e n g t h o f l i n e i n d e g r e e i s
ang = l / wl *360
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f i m p e d a n c e
Z = Zo *( ZL +( %i * Zo * tand ( ang ) ) ) /( Zo +( %i * ZL * tand ( ang ) ) ) ;
67

16

disp ( ohm ,Z , The i m p e d a n c e l o o k i n g t o w a r d t h e l o a d

);

Scilab code Exa 14.10 example 10

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

clc ;
// p a g e no 481
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 0
//A s e r i e s t u n e d c k t t u n e d a t 1GHz
vf =0.95; c =3*10^8; f =10^9;
vp = vf * c ; // d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p r o p a g a t i o n v e l o .
wav = vp / f ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w a v e l e n g t h
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l e n g t h
L = wav /2; // S i n c e h a l f w a v e l e n g t h s e c t i o n w i i l be
s e r i e s resonant
10 disp ( m ,L , The l e n g t h s h o u l d be ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.11 example 11

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 481
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 0
4 //A Tx d e l i v e r 100W t o a n t e n n a t h r o u g h 45m c o a x i a l

cable

w i t h l o s s =4dB / 1 0 0m

5 loss =4/100; L =45; Pout =100;

6 loss_dB = L * loss ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l o s s i n dB
7 Pin_Pout =10^( loss_dB /10) ;
8 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Tx power
9 Pin = Pout * Pin_Pout ;
10 disp ( W ,Pin , The t r a n s m i t t e r power must be ) ;

68

Scilab code Exa 14.13 example 12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

clc ;
// p a g e no 490
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 3
Zo =50; // l i n e i m p e d a n c e i n ohm
f =100*10^6; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q
vf =0.7; // v e l o c i t y f a c t o r
L =6; // l e n g t h i n m
c =3*10^8; // v e l o o f l i g h t
ZL =50+ %i *50; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e i n ohm
// we have t o c a l c u l a t e l e n g t h i n d e g r e e , s o f o r t h i s
f i r s t f i n d wl
wl = vf * c / f ; // wavength i n m
ang =360* L / wl ;
// now from t h e g r a p h i n p u t i m p e d a n c e i s 1 9 . 3 6 + %i5
.44;
Zi =19.36+ %i *5.44;
disp ( ohm ,Zi , I n p u t i m p e d a n c e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.14 example 13

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 492
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 4
4 Zo =50; // l i n e i m p e d a n c e i n ohm
5 ZL =75+ %i *25;
6 // t h e r e q u i r m e n t o f t h i s i s s i m p l y t o match t h e 50

7
8
9
10

ohm l i n e t o t h e i m p e d s n c e a t t h i s p o i n t on t h e
l i n e , which i s 8 8 . 3 8 ohm , r e s i s t i v e .
Z2 =88.38; // i n ohm
// The r e q u i r e d t u r n r a t i o i s
N1_N2 = sqrt ( Zo / Z2 ) ;
disp ( N1_N2 , The r e q u i r e d t u r n r a t i o i s ) ;

69

Scilab code Exa 14.15 example 14

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
// p a g e no 494
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 5
// r e f e r p r o b no 1 4 . 1 4
Zo =50; // l i n e i m p e d a n c e i n ohm
Z2 =88.38; // i n ohm
Zo_ = sqrt ( Zo * Z2 ) ;
disp ( Zo_ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.16 example 15

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

clc ;
// p a g e no 494
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 6
Zo =50; // l i n e i m p e d a n c e i n ohm
f =100*10^6; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q i n Hz
ZL1 =50+ %i *75; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e w i t h Xc=75
Xc =75;
// C a p a c i t a n c e i n f a r a d s i s g i v e n a s
C =1/(2* %pi * f * Xc ) ;
disp ( F ,C , C a p a c i t a n c e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.17 example 16

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 497
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 7

70

4 Zo =72; // l i n e i m p e d a n c e i n ohm
5 ZL =120 - %i *100; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e
6 // The s t u b must be i n s e r t e d a t a p o i n t on t h e

line
where t h e r e a l p a r t o f t h e l o a d a d m i t t a n c e i s
c o r r e c t . This a lu e i s
7 s =1/ Zo ;
8 disp ( S ,s , The v a l u e o f s t u d e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.18 example 17

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 501
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 8
4 //A TDR d i s p l a y shows d s c o n t i n u i t y

at 1 . 4 us & v f

=0.8
5 t =1.4*10^ -6; vf =0.8; c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d i s t a n c e o f f a u l t
7 d =( vf * c * t ) /2; // Oneh a l f t i m e i s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e
8 disp ( m ,d , The d i s t a n c e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.19 example 18

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 503
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 9
4 // 2 a d j a c e n t minima on s l o t t e d
5
6
7
8
9

a r e 23cm a p a r t w i t h

v e l o f a c t o r =95%
L =23*10^ -2; vf =0.95; c =3*10^8; // V e l o . o f l i g h t i n m/ s
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w a v e l e n g t h
wav =2* L ; // Minima a r e s e p e r a t e d by oneh a l f
wavelength
disp ( cm , wav *100 , The w a v e l e n g t h i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e q .
71

10 f =( vf * c ) / wav ; // vp=v f c
11 disp ( MHz ,f /10^6 , The f r e q

i s );

Scilab code Exa 14.20 example 19

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 504
3 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 2 0
4 // Frwd power i n Tx l i n e i s 150W, R e v e r s e power =20W
5 Pi =150; Pr =20; // A l l power i n w a t t
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f SWR
7 SWR =(1+ sqrt ( Pr / Pi ) ) /(1 - sqrt ( Pr / Pi ) ) ;
8 disp ( SWR , The v a l u e o f SWR i s ) ;

72

Chapter 15
Radio Wave Propogation

Scilab code Exa 15.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 517
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 1
4 // D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t t =2.3
5 er =2.3;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e
7 Z =377/ sqrt ( er ) ;
8 disp ( ohm ,Z , The c h a r a s t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e o f

p o l y e t h y l e n e i s );

Scilab code Exa 15.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 518
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 2
4 // D i e l e l e c t r i c s t r e n g t h o f a i r =3MV/m
5 e =3*10^6; // e l e c t r i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h
6 Z =377; // i m p e d a n c e o f a i r

73

7 Pd =( e ^2) / Z ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power d e n s i t y
8 disp ( GW/m2 , Pd /10^9 , The max power d e n s i t y

i s );

Scilab code Exa 15.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 520
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 3
4 //An i s o t r o p i c r a d i a t o r w i t h power 100W & d i s t
5
6
7
8

given

i s 10km
Pt =100; r =10*10^3;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power d e n s i t y a t r =10km
Pd = Pt /(4* %pi *( r ^2) ) ;
disp ( nW/m2 , Pd *10^9 , Power d e n s i t y a t a p o i n t 10km
);

Scilab code Exa 15.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 521
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 4
4 //An i s o t r o p i c r a d i a t o r

r a d i a t e s power =100W a t p o i n t

10km
5 Pt =100; r =10*10^3;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h
7 e = sqrt (30* Pt ) / r ;
8 disp ( mW/m ,e *1000 , The e l e c t r i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h

Scilab code Exa 15.5 example 5

74

is )

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 525
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 5
4 //A t r a n s m i t t e r w i t h power o / p=150W a t f c =325MHz .

5
6
7
8
9
10

a n t e n n a g a i n =12 dBi r e c e i v e r a n t e n n a g a i n =5dBi a t

10km away
// c o n s i d e r i n g no l o s s i n t h e s y s t e m
d =10; Gt_dBi =12; Gr_dBi =5; fc =325; Pt =150;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power d e l i v e r e d
Lfs =32.44+(20* log10 ( d ) ) +(20* log10 ( fc ) ) -( Gt_dBi ) -(
Gr_dBi ) ;
Pr = Pt /(10^( Lfs /10) ) ;
disp ( nW , Pr *10^9 , The power d e l i v e r e d t o r e c e i v e r
i s );

Scilab code Exa 15.6 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 525
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 6
4 //A t r a n s m i t t e r w i t h o / p power =10W a t f c =250MHz,

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

c o n n e c t e d t o Tx 10m l i n e w i t h l o s s =3dB / 1 0 0m t 0
a n t e n n a w i t h g a i n =6dBi . Rx a n t e n n a 20km away w i t h
g a i n =4dBi
// R e f e r f i g . 1 5 . 6 , a s s u m i n g f r e e s p a c e p r o p a g a t i o n
d =20; fc =250; Gt_dBi =6; Gr_dBi =4; loss =3/100; Zl =75; Zo
=50; L =10; Pt =10;
Lfs =32.44+(20* log10 ( d ) ) +(20* log10 ( fc ) ) - Gt_dBi - Gr_dBi
; // p a t h l o s s
disp ( Lfs ) ;
L_tx = L * loss ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l o s s
ref_coe =( Zl - Zo ) /( Zl + Zo ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
L_rx =1 -( ref_coe ^2) ; // P r o p o r t i o n o f i n c i d e n t power
that reaches load
L_rx_dB = -10* log10 ( L_rx ) ; // C o n v e r t i n g t h a t p r o p o r t i o n
75

13
14
15
16
17
18

i n dB
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t o t a l l o s s Lt
Lt =( Lfs ) +( L_tx ) +( L_rx_dB ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f power d e l i v e r e d t o r e c e i v e r
Pt_Pr =10^( Lt /10) ; // Power r a t i o
Pr = Pt / Pt_Pr ;
disp ( W ,Pr , The power d e l i v e r e d t o r e c e i v e r i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.7 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 530
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 7
4 //A r a d i o wave moves from a i r ( e r =1) t o
5
6
7
8

g l a s s ( er =7.8)

. a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e =30 deg
theta_i =30; er1 =1; er2 =7.8;
// d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n
theta_r = asind (( sind ( theta_i ) ) /( sqrt ( er2 / er1 ) ) ) ;
disp ( d e g r e e , theta_r , The a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.8 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 537
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 8
4 //A Tx s t a t n w i t h f c =11.6MHz & a n g l e o f
5
6
7
8

i n c i d e n c e =70

degree
theta_i =70; fc =11.6; // i n MHz
// d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f max u s a b l e f r e q (MUF)
MUF = fc /( cosd ( theta_i ) ) ;
disp ( MHz ,MUF , The max u s a b l e f r e q MUF i s ) ;

76

Scilab code Exa 15.9 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 539
3 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 9
4 //A t a x i compony u s i n g
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

c e n t r a l d i s p a t c h e r with
a n t e n n a h e i g h t =15m & t a x i a n t e n n a h e i g h t =1.5m
ht =15; hr =1.5;
// a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f max commn d i s t b e t n d i s p a t c h e r
and t a x i
d1 = sqrt (17* ht ) + sqrt (17* hr ) ;
disp ( km ,d , a ) The max commn d i s t b e t n d i s p a t c h e r &
t a x i );
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f max ommn d i s t b e t n 2 t a x i s
d2 = sqrt (17* hr ) + sqrt (17* hr ) ; // h t=h r=h e i g h t o f a n t e n n a
o f t a x i cab
disp ( km ,d2 , The max commn d i s t b e t n two t a x i i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.11 example 10

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 545
3 // p r o b no 1 5 . 1 1
4 // An a u t o m o b i l e t r a v e l s a t 60km/ h r
5 v =60*10^3/(60*60) ; // c o n v e r s i o n o f c a r s s p e e d t o m/ s
6 c =3*10^8; // s p e e d o f l i g h t
7 // p a r t a ) c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e b e t w e e n f a d e s i f c a r

u s e s a c e l l phone a t 8 0 0 1 0 6 Hz
8 f =800*10^6;
9 T = c /(2* f * v ) ;
10 disp ( s e c ,T , The f a d i n g p e r i o d i s ) ;

77

11
12
13
14
15

// p a r t b ) c a l c u l a t i o n o f t i m e b e t w e e n f a d e s i f c a r
u s e s a PCS phone a t 1 9 0 0 1 0 6 Hz
f =1900*10^6;
T = c /(2* f * v ) ;
disp ( s e c ,T , The f a d i n g p e r i o d i s ) ;
// Note t h a t t h e r a p i d i t y o f t h e f a d i n g i n c r e a s e s
w i t h b o t h t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n s and
the speed of the v e h i c l e

Scilab code Exa 15.12 example 11

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
// p a g e no 550
// p r o b l e m no 1 5 . 1 2
A =1000; // m e t r o p o l i t i a n a r e a e x p r e s s e d i n s q . km
r =2; // r a d i u s o f c e l l i n km
// Number o f c e l l s i t e s g i v e n a s
N = A /(3.464* r ^2) ;
disp (N , Number o f c e l l s i t e s a r e ) ;

78

Chapter 16
Antennas

Scilab code Exa 16.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 564
3 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 1
4 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l e n g t h o f h a l f wave d i p o l e
5 f =20; // O p e r a t i n g f r e q i n MHz
6 L =142.5/ f ;
7 disp ( m ,L , The l e n g t h o f h a l f wave d i p o l e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 16.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 566
3 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 2
4 //A d i p o l e a n t e n n a w i t h r a d i a t n
5
6
7
8

r e s i s t a n c e =67ohm &
l o s s r e s i s t a n c e 5ohm
Rr =67; Rl =5;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e f f i c i e n c y
eta = Rr /( Rr + Rl ) ;
disp ( % ,eta , The e f f i c i e n c y o f d i p o l e a n t e n n a i s ) ;
79

Scilab code Exa 16.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 569
3 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 3
4 //Two a n t e n n a s w i t h g a i n 5 . 3 dBi & 4 . 5 dBd
5 // C o n v e r t i n g u n i t dBd i n dBi f o r c o m p a r i s o n
6 G1_dBi =5.3; G2_dBd =4.5;
7 G2_dBi =2.14+ G2_dBd ;
8 if G2_dBi > G1_dBi then
9
disp ( S e c o n d a n t e n n a w i t h g a i n =4.5 dBd h a s h i g h e r

g a i n );
10
11

else
disp ( F i r s t a n t e n n a w i t h g a i n =5.3 dBi h a s h i g h e r
g a i n );

12 end ;

Scilab code Exa 16.4 example 4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

clc ;
// p a g e no 571
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 4
//A d i p o l e a n t e n n a w i t h e f f i c e n c y =85% g i v e n
n =0.85; D_dBi =2.14; // D i r e c t i v i t y i n dBi
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f g a i n i n dB
D =10^( D_dBi /10) ;
G = D * n ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f g a i n
G_dBi =10* log10 ( G ) ; // C o n v e r t i n g t o dBi
disp ( dBi , G_dBi , The g a i n i s ) ;

80

Scilab code Exa 16.6 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 573
3 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 6
4 //ERP o f Tx s t a t n =17W
5 ERP =17;
6 // D e t e r m n a t i o n o f EIRP
7 ERP_dBm =10* log10 ( ERP /10^ -3) ; // C o n v e r t i n g ERP i n dBm
8 EIRP_dBm = ERP_dBm +2.14; // C o n v e r t i n g ERP i n EIRP
9 disp ( dBm , EIRP_dBm , EIRP i n dBm i s e x p r e s s e d a s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 16.7 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 582
3 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 7
4 // a h e l i a l a n t e n n a w i t h 8 t u r n s w i t h f r e q =1.2GHz

given
5 N =8; f =1.2*10^9; c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s
6 // a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f optimum d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a
7 wav = c / f ;
8 D = wav / %pi ;
9 disp ( m ,D , a ) 1 . The optimum d i a m e t e r f o r a n t e n n a
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

is
);
S = wav /4; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s p a c i n g f o r t h e a n t e n n a
disp ( m ,S , a ) 2 . The s p a c i n g f o r t h e a n t e n n a ) ;
L = N * S ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t o t a l l e n g t h o f an a n t e n n a \
disp ( m ,L , a ) 3 . The t o t a l l e n g t h o f an a n t e n n a i s ) ;
// b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a n t e n n a g a i n i n dBi
G =(15* N * S *( %pi * D ) ^2) /( wav ^3) ;
G_dBi =10* log10 ( G ) ; // C o n v e r t i n g i n dBi
disp ( dBi , G_dBi , b ) The a n t e n n a g a i n i s ) ;
// c ) d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f beamwidth
theta =((52* wav ) /( %pi * D ) ) * sqrt ( wav /( N * S ) ) ;
81

20

disp ( d e g r e e , theta , The beamwidth i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 16.8 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 590
3 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 8
4 // D e s i g n o f l o g
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

p e r i o d i c antenna to cover f r e q
100 300MHz & t = 0 . 7 , a=30 d e g r e e
t =0.7; a =30;
// For good p e r f o r m a n c e c o n v e r t i n g r a n g e t o 90MHz t o
320MHz
f2 =90; f1 =320;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l e n g t h s o f e l e m e n t s
L1 =142.5/ f1 ; // For f r e q o f 320MHz
L2 = L1 / t ; L3 = L2 / t ; L4 = L3 / t ; L5 = L4 / t ;
disp ( The l e n g t h o f e l e m e n t s a r e ) ;
disp ( m ,L5 , L5= , m ,L4 , L4= , m ,L3 , L3= , m ,L2 ,
L2= , m ,L1 , L1= ,) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s p a c i n g b e t n e l e m e n t s
D1 = L1 /(2* tand ( a /2) ) ;
D2 = D1 / t ; D3 = D2 / t ; D4 = D3 / t ; D5 = D4 / t ;
disp ( The s p a c i n g b e t n e l e m e n t s a r e ) ;
disp ( m ,D5 , D5= , m ,D4 , D4= , m ,D3 , D3= , m ,D2 ,
D2= , m ,D1 , D1= ,) ;

Scilab code Exa 16.9 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 598
3 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 9
4 //A p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a w i t h d i a m e t e r =3m & e f f i c i e n c y

=60% o p e r a t e a t 4GHz
82

5 D =3; n =0.6; f =4*10^9; c =3*10^8; // Spped o f l i g h t

6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f g a i n & beamwidth
7 wav = c / f ; // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h
8 theta =(70* wav ) / D ; // C a l c u l a i n g beamwidth
9 disp ( d e g r e e , theta , The beamwidth i s ) ;
10 G =( n *( %pi ^2) *( D ^2) ) / wav ^2; // C a l c u l a t i n g g a i n
11 // C o n v e r t i n g g a i n i n dBi
12 G_dBi =10* log10 ( G ) ;
13 disp ( dBi , G_dBi , The g a i n i s ) ;

83

Chapter 17
Microwave Devices

Scilab code Exa 17.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 621
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 1
4 // TE10 mode i n a i r

d i e l e c t r i c mode w i t h i n s i d e c r o s s

s e c t n =2cm4cm
5 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f cut o f f f r e q
6 a =4*10^ -2; // l a r g e s t dimn i s u s e d f o r c a l c u l a t i o n
7 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s
8 fc = c /(2* a ) ;
9 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f dominant mode o f p r o p a g a t i o n o v e r

2:1
10 MUF =2* fc ;
11 disp ( Hz ,MUF , The max u s a b l e f r e q i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 624

84

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

// p r o b no . 1 7 . 2
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f g r o u p v e l o f o r w a v e g u i d e i n
example 7 . 1
f =5*10^9; // f r e q . i n Hz
fc =3.75*10^9; // cut o f f f r e q from e g . 7 . 1
c =3*10^8; // s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s
vg = c * sqrt (1 -( fc / f ) ^2) ;
disp ( m/ s ,vg , The g r o u p v e l o . i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 624
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 3
4 //A w a v e g u i d e w i t h f c =10GHz . 2

s i g n a l w i t h f r e q 12 &

17GHz p r o p o g a t e down=50m
5 fc =10*10^9; c =3*10^8; f1 =12*10^9; f2 =17*10^9; d =50;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f g r o u p v e l o f o r 12GHz
7 vg1 = c * sqrt (1 -( fc / f1 ) ^2) ;
8 disp ( m/ s ,vg1 , The g r o u p v e l o . f o r 12GHz s i g n a l

is

);
9 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f g r o u p v e l o f o r 17GHz
10 vg2 = c * sqrt (1 -( fc / f2 ) ^2) ;
11 disp ( m/ s ,vg2 , The g r o u p v e l o . f o r 17GHz s i g n a l
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

is
);
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t i m e t a k e n f o r 50m d i s t by f 1
t1 = d / vg1 ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t i m e t a k e n f o r 50m d i s t by f 2
t2 = d / vg2 ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d i f f n i n t h e t r a v e l t i m e s f o r 2
signals
del = t1 - t2 ;
disp ( s e c ,del , The d i f f n i n t h e t r a v e l t i m e s f o r 2
s i g n a l s i s );

85

Scilab code Exa 17.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 627
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 4
4 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p h a s e v e l o . w i t h g i v e n 5GHz f r e q
5 f =5*10^9; c =3*10^8; fc =3.75*10^9; // Cut o f f f r e q

r e f e r i n g eg . 1 7 . 1
6 vp = c / sqrt (1 -( fc / f ) ^2) ; // C a l c u l a t i o n o f p h a s e v e l o .
7 disp ( m/ s ,vp , The p h a s e v e l o i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 628
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 5
4 // d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c impedance o f
w a v e g u i d e w i t h g i v e n 5GHz f r e q
5 f =5*10^9; fc =3.75*10^9; // R e f e r i n g i n e g . 1 7 . 4
6 Zo =377/ sqrt (1 -( fc / f ) ^2) ;
7 disp ( ohm ,Zo , The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e o f
waveguide i s );

Scilab code Exa 17.7 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 631
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 7
4 //A s i g n a l w i t h

l e v e l o f 20dBm & i n s e r t i o n l o s s =1dB

& c o u p l i n g =20dB , d i r e c t i v i t y =40dB
86

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

sig_in =20; loss =1; couple =20; direct =40;

// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s i g n a l l e v e l i n main g u i d e
sig_level_main = signal_in - loss ;
disp ( dBm , sig_level_main , The s i g n a l l e v e l i n main
g u id e i s );
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s i g n a l l e v e l i n s e c o n d a r y g u i d e
sig_level_sec = sig_in - couple ;
disp ( dBm , sig_level_sec , The s i g n a l l e v e l i n
s ec on d ar y g ui d e i s );
// I f s i g n a l d i r n i n main g u i d e w e r e r e v e r e s e d , t h e
s i g n a l l e v e l i n s e c g i d e would r e d u c e d by 40dB t o
sig_sec_rev =( sig_level_sec ) -( direct ) ;
disp ( dBm , sig_sec_rev , The s i g n a l l e v e l from s e c
g u i d e when r e v e r s e d g u i d e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.8 example 7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

clc ;
// p a g e no 642
// p r o b no . 1 7 . 8
//A Gunn d e v i c e w i t h t h i c k n e s s =7um
d =7*10^ -6; v =10^5; // B a s i c v e l o c i t y o f e
t = d / v ; // B a s i c v e l o c i t y r e l a t i o n
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e q o f o s c i l l a t i o n
f =1/ t ; // I n v e r s e o f p e r i o d i s f r e q
disp ( Hz ,f , The f r e q o f o s c i l l a t i o n i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.9 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 648
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 9

87

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

//A p u l s e magnetron w i t h avg power =1.2kW & peak

power =18.5kW & 1 p u l s e i s g e n e r a t e d e v e r y 10ms
Pavg =1.2*10^3; Pp =18.5*10^3; Tt =10*10^ -3;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f duty c y c l e
D = Pavg / Pp ;
disp (D , The duty c y c l e i s ) ;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l e n g t h o f p u l s e
Ton = D * Tt ;
disp ( s e c ,Ton , The l e n g t h o f p u l s e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.10 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 652
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 1 0
4 //A p y r a m i d a l h o r n h a s a p e r t u r e =58mm i n Ep l a n e & 78

mm i n Hp l a n e & o p e r a t e s a t 10GHz
5 f =10*10^9; c =3*10^8; dH =78*10^ -3; dE =58*10^ -3;
6 // a ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f g a i n i n dB
7 wl = c / f ; // c a l c u l a t i o n o f w a v e l e n g t h
8 G =(7.5* dE * dH ) /( wl ^2) ;
9 G_dBi =10* log10 ( G ) ; // C o n v e r t i n g t o dBi
10 disp ( dBi , G_dBi , a ) The g a i n i s ) ;
11 // b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f beamwidth i n Hp a l n e
12 theta_H =(70* wl ) / dH ;
13 disp ( d e g r e e , theta_H , b ) The beamwidth i n Hp l a n e
14
15
16

is

);
// c ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f beamwidth i n Ep l a n e
theta_E =(56* wl ) / dE ;
disp ( d e g r e e , theta_E , c ) The beamwidth i n Hp l a n e i s
);

Scilab code Exa 17.11 example 10

88

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

clc ;
// p a g e no 654
// p r o b l e m no 1 7 . 1 1
// f o r a s q u a r e p a t c h a n t e n n a
f =2*10^6; // f r e q o f o p e r a t i o n i n Hz
Er =2; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y
c =3*10^8; // v e l o o f l i g h t
// w a v e l e n g t h i s g i v e n a s
wl = c /( f * sqrt ( Er ) ) ;
// The a n t e n n a w i d t h and l e n g t h a r e e a c h
approximately half of t h i s .
11 w = wl /2;
12 l = wl /2;
13 disp ( m ,w , The a n t e n n a w i d t h , and , m ,l , The
antenna l e n g t h );

Scilab code Exa 17.12 example 11

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 657
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 1 2
4 //A r a d a r Tx h a s power =10kW a t f r e q =9.5GHz & t a r g e t

5
6
7
8
9
10

a t 15km w i t h c r o s s s e c t n =10.2 m2 w i t h g a i n o f
a n t e n n a i s 20 dBi
f =9.5*10^9; Pt =10*10^3; c =3*10^8; G_dBi =20; a =10.2; r
=15*10^3;
// D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f r e c e i v e d power
wl = c / f ; // c a l c u l a t i n g w a v e l e n g t h
G =10^( G_dBi /10) ; // C o n v e r t i n g t o power r a t i o
Pr =(( wl ^2) * Pt *( G ^2) * a ) /(((4* %pi ) ^3) *( r ^4) ) ;
disp ( W ,Pr , The r e c e i v e d power i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.13.a example 12

89

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 659
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 1 3 a
4 // a p u l s e s e n t , r e t u r n s a f t e r 15 u s
5 t =15*10^ -6; c =3*10^8;
6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d i s t a n c e o f t a r g e t
7 R =( c * t ) /2;
8 disp ( m ,R , The d i s t a n c e o f t a r g e t i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.13.b example 13

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 660
3 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 1 3 . b
4 tp =10^ -6; // p u l s e d u r a t i o n o f p u l s e r a d a r
5 f =10^3; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q i n Hz
6 // The maximum unambiguous r a n g e i s
7 Rmax = c /(2* f ) ;
8 disp ( m , Rmax , The maximum r a n g e i s ) ;
9 // The minimum unambiguous r a n g e i s
10 Rmin = c * tp /2;
11 disp ( m , Rmin , The minimum r a n g e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 17.14 example 14

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
// p a g e no 662
// p r o b no . 1 7 . 1 4
v =60; // s p e e d o f v e h i c l e moving t o w a r d s r a d a r i n mph
c =3*10^8; // v e l o o f l i g h t i n m/ s
f =10^10; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// c o n v e r s i o n o f s p e e d from mph t o km/ h r
v1 =60*1.6;
90

9 // c o n v e r s i o n o f s p e e d from km/ h r t o m/ s
10 v2 = v1 *10^3/3600;
11 // Now t h e D o p p l e r s h i f t i s f o u n d a s
12 fd =2* v2 * f / c ;
13 disp ( Hz ,fd , The D o p p l e r s h i f t i s ) ;

91

Chapter 18
Terrestrial Microwave
Communication system

Scilab code Exa 18.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 676
3 // p r o b no 18 1
4 // T r a n s m i t t e r and r e c e i v e r have same h e i g h t a t

40km
5 d =40; // d i s t i s 40 km
6 h =( d ^2) /68; // As d=s q r t ( 1 7 h )+s q r t ( 1 7 h )
7 disp ( m ,h , The h e i g h t o f e a c h t o w e r must be a t
l e a s t )l;

Scilab code Exa 18.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 678
3 // p r o b no 18 2
4 //A l i n e o f s i g h t

r a d i o l i n k a t f r e q 6GHz w i t h
s e p e r a t i o n 40 km b e t n a n t e n n a s
92

dist

5 f =6; d1 =10; d2 =30; // o b s t a c l e l o c a t e d a t 10 km

6 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f d i s t R t o c l e a r o b s t a c l e
7 R =10.4* sqrt (( d1 * d2 ) /( f *( d1 + d2 ) ) ) ;
8 disp ( m ,R , The d i s t by which beam must c l e a r

the

obstacle is )

Scilab code Exa 18.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 679
3 // p r o b no 18 3
4 //A t r a n s m i t t e r and r e c e i v e r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

a t 6GHz s e p e r a t e d by 40
km w i t h o /p power 2 W
f =6*10^9; d =40; Pt =2; // power i n w a t t
// t r a n s m i t t i n g a n t e n n a g a i n Gt=20dBi , r e c e i v i n g
a n t e n n a Gr=25 dBi
Gt =20; Gr =25;
f_mhz =6000; // f =6000 MHz
Pr_Pt_dB =( Gt + Gr ) -(32.44+(20* log10 ( d ) ) +(20* log10 (
f_mhz ) ) ) ;
Pt_dBm =10* log10 ( Pt /10^ -3) ;
Pr_dBm = Pt_dBm + Pr_Pt_dB ;
disp ( dBm , Pr_dBm , The power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e Rx i s
);

Scilab code Exa 18.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 680
3 // p r o b no 18 4
4 T_sky =120; // Sky temp e x p r e s s e d i n K
5 L_dB =2; // a n t e n n a f e e d l i n e l o s s
6 L =10^( L_dB /10) ;

93

7 // t h e n o i s e temp i s g i v e n a s
8 Ta =(( L -1) *290 + T_sky ) / L ;
9 disp ( K ,Ta , N o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e

i s );

Scilab code Exa 18.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 681
3 // p r o b no 1 8 . 5
4 NF_dB =2;
5 NF_power = 10^( NF_dB /10) ;
6 T_eq =290*( NF_power -1) ;
7 disp ( K , T_eq , The e q u i v a l e n t

n o i s e temperature );

Scilab code Exa 18.6 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 681
3 // p r o b no 1 8 . 6
4 // r e f e r e x a m p l e no 1 8 . 4 and 1 8 . 5
5 // The a n t e n n a and f e e d l i n e c o m b i n a t i o n from ex 1 8 . 4

i s u s e d w i t h t h e Rx from ex 1 8 . 5
6 Ta =182; // n o i s e temp o f t h e a n t e n n a and f e e d l i n e
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

combination expressed in K
Teq =169; // n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e Rx
B =20*10^6; // BW o f t h e r e c e i v e r
Tn_sys = Ta + Teq ; // N o i s e temp f o r t h e s y s t e m
k =1.38*10^ -23; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t
// N o i s e power o f t h e s y s t e m i s g i v e n a s
Pn = k * Tn_sys * B ; // where k i s Boltzmann c o n s t a n t
disp ( W ,Pn , The n o i s e power i s ) ;
Pn_dBm =10* log10 ( Pn /10^ -3) ;
disp ( dBm , Pn_dBm , The t h e r m a l n o i s e power i s ) ;
94

Scilab code Exa 18.7 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 682
3 // p r o b no 1 8 . 7
4 // r e f e r ex no 1 8 . 3 and 1 8 . 6
5 Pr_dBm = -62; // power a t t h e r e c e i v e r i n dBm
6 Pn_dBm = -100; // t h e r m a l n o i s e power i n dBm
7 // c a r r i e r t o n o i s e r a t i o i n dB i s g i v e n a s
8 C_N = Pr_dBm - Pn_dBm ;
9 disp ( dB ,C_N , C a r r i e r t o n o i s e r a t i o i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 18.8 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 683
3 // p r o b no 1 8 . 8
4 // r e f e r ex 1 8 . 7
5 fb =40*10^6; // b i t r a t e i n bps
6 Pr_dBm = -62; // power a t t h e r e c e i v e r i n dBm
7 Pr =10^( Pr_dBm /10) *10^ -3; // power a t t h e r e c e i v e r
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

W
Eb = Pr / fb ; // t h e e n e r g y p e r b i t i n J
k =1.38*10^ -23; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t
T =350;
// t h e n o i s e power d e n s i t y i s
No = k * T ;
// Energy p e r b i t t o n o i s e d e n s i t y r a t i o i n dB i s
Eb_No =10* log10 ( Eb / No ) ;
disp ( dB , Eb_No , Energy p e r b i t t o n o i s e d e n s i t y
r a t i o i s );
95

in

Scilab code Exa 18.9 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 686
3 // p r o b no 1 8 . 9
4 // r e f e r f i g 1 8 . 7 ( b )
5 // T h i s i s t h e s t a n d a r d s u p e r h e t e r o d y n e r e c e i v e r
6 fc =6870; // t h e r e c e i v e d c a r r i e r f r e q i n MHz
7 IF =70; // IF i n MHz
8 // The l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q i s g i v e n a s
9 f_lo = fc - IF ;
10 disp ( MHz , f_lo , The l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 18.10 example 10

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 688
3 // p r o b no 1 8 . 1 0
4 // r e f e r f i g 1 8 . 9 a )
5 fc_r =6870; // c a r r i e r f r e q o f r e c e i v e d s i g n a l i n MHz
6 fc_t =6710; // c a r r i e r f r e q o f t r a n s m i t t e d s i g n a l i n
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

MHz
IF =70; // i n MHz
// t h e f r e q o f s h i f t o s c i l l a t o r i s
fso = fc_r - fc_t ;
disp ( MHz ,fso , The f r e q o f s h i f t o s c i l l a t o r
// t h e l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q i s g i v e n a s
flo = fc_t - IF ;
disp ( MHz ,flo , The l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r f r e q i s
// from f i g , m i x e r 3 w i l l p r o d u c e an o / p a s
op_mix3 = flo + fso ;
disp ( MHz , op_mix3 , O/P o f Mixer 3 i s ) ;
96

is

);

);

Scilab code Exa 18.11 example 11

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 690
3 // p r o b no 1 8 . 1 1
4 // A t y p i c a l m i c r o w a v e

d i g i t a l r a d i o s y s t e m u s e s 16

QAM.
5 fb =90.524; // b i t r a t e e x p r e s s e s d i n Mbps
6 n =16; // f o r 16QAM s y s t e m
7 // p a r t a ) c a l c u l a t i o n o f no o f b i t s p e r symbol
8 m = log2 ( n ) ;
9 disp ( b i t s ,m , The number o f b i t s p e r symbol a r e ) ;
10 // p a r t b ) c a l c l a t i o n o f baud r a t e
11 // baud r a t e i s 1/4 t h o f t h e b i t r a t e
12 baud = fb /4;
13 disp ( Mbaud , baud , The baud r a t e i s ) ;

97

Chapter 19
Television

Scilab code Exa 19.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 703
3 // p r o b no 1 9 . 1
4 // I n t h e g i v e n problem , a v i d e o

s i g n a l h a s 50% o f

t h e maximum l u m i n a n c e l e v e l
//A b l a c k s e t u p l e v e l o f
7 . 5 IRE r e p r e s e n t s z e r o
l u m i n a n c e , and 100 IRE i s max b r i g h t n e s s . T h e r e f o r e
t h e r a n g e from min t o max l u m i n n a n c e h a s
1 00 7 .5 = 92 . 5 u n i t s .
6 // T h e r e f o r e t h e l e v e l i s
7 IRE =7.5 + (0.5*92.5) ;
8 disp ( IRE u n i t s ,IRE , L e v e l o f v i d e o s i g n a l s i n IRE
u n i t s );
5

Scilab code Exa 19.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 704

98

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

14
15

// p r o b no 1 9 . 2
// p a r t a ) h o r i z o n t a l b l a n k i n g
// H o r i z o n t a l b l a n k i n g o c c u p i e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 u s
o f the 6 3 . 5 us d u r a t i o n o f each l i n e ,
Hztl_blnk =10/63.5 *100;
disp ( o f t h e s i g n a l , % , Hztl_blnk , H o r i z o n t a l
b l a n k i n g o c c u p i e s );
// p a r t b ) v e r t i c a l b l a n k i n g
// V e r t i c a l b l a n k i n g o c c u p i e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 21 l i n e s
p e r f i e l d o r 42 l i n e s p e r f r a m e . A f r a m e h a s 525
l i n e s a l t o g e t h e r , so
Vert_blnk =42/525 *100;
disp ( o f t h e s i g n a l , % , Vert_blnk , v e r t i c a l
b l a n k i n g o c c u p i e s );
// p a r t c ) a c t i v e s i g n a l
// s i n c e 8% o f t h e t i m e i s l o s t i n v e r t i c a l b l a n k i n g
, 92% o f t h e t i m e i s i n v o l v e d i n t h e t a n s m i s s i o n
of the a c t i v e l i n e s .
act_vid = (100 - Hztl_blnk ) *(100 - Vert_blnk ) /100;
disp ( % , act_vid , The a c i v e v i d e o i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 19.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 707
3 // p r o b no 1 9 . 3
4 // A t y p i c a l lowc o s t monochrome r e c e i v e r h a s a
5
6
7
8

v i d e o bandwidth o f 3MHz
B =3; // bandwidth i n MHz
// The h o r i z o n t a l r e s o l u t i o n i n l i n e s i s g i v e n a s
L_h = B *80;
disp ( l i n e s ,L_h , The h o r i z o n t a l r e s o l u t i o n i n l i n e s
i s );

99

Scilab code Exa 19.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 709
3 // p r o b no 1 9 . 4
4 // A RGB v i d e o s i g n a l h a s n o r m a l i z e d v a l u e s a s
5 R =0.2; G =0.4; B =0.8;
6 // The l u m i n a n c e s i g n a l i s g i v e n a s
7 Y =0.30* R +0.59* G +0.11* B ;
8 disp (Y , The l u m i n a n c e s i g n a l i s ) ;
9 // The i n p h a s e component o f t h e c o l o r s i g n a l i s

given as
10 I =0.60* R -0.28* G -0.32* B ;
11 disp (I , The i n p h a s e component o f t h e c o l o r

signal

i s );
// The q u a d r a t u r e component o f t h e c o l o r s i g n a l i s
given as
13 Q =0.21* R -0.52* G +0.31* B ;
14 disp (Q , The q u a d r a t u r e component o f t h e c o l o r s i g n a l
i s );

12

Scilab code Exa 19.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 712
3 // p r o b no 1 9 . 5
4 ...... // /// r e f e r t a b l e 1 9 . 1 / / / / / / / . . . . . . .
5 // The p r o p o r t i o n i n t h e t a b l e a r e v o l t a g e

levels

and have t o be s q u a r e d t o g e t power .

l e v e l i s given as

6 // f o r b l a c k s e t u p t h e v o l t a g e
7 v =0.675;

100

// T h e r e f o r e t h e power l e v e l a s a f r a c t i o n o f t h e
maximum t r a n s m i t t e r power i s
9 P_black_setup = v ^2 *100;
10 disp ( o f t h e maximum t r a n s m i t t e r power i s
used to
t r a n s m i t a b l a c k s e t u p , % , P_black_setup ,)
8

Scilab code Exa 19.6 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 728
3 // p r o b no 1 9 . 6
4 // r e f e r f i g 1 9 . 2 7 o f t h e p a g e no 729
5 // from f i g , we can w r i t e down t h e v a l u e s
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

directly
as given
In1 =100*10^ -3; // e x p r e s s e d i n mV
In1_dBmV =20* log10 ( In1 /1) ;
disp ( dBmV , In1_dBmV , The i n p u t o f Amp 1 i s ) ;
// t h i s a b o v e c a l c u l a t e d s i g n a l i s a p p l i e d t o t h e
i n p u t o f t h e f i r s t a m p l i f i e r , i . e . headend s i g n a l
processing
G1 =40; // g a i n o f Amp 1 e x p r e s s e d i n dB
// o / p l e v e l o f Amp 1 i s
Out1 = In1_dBmV + G1 ;
disp ( dBmV , Out1 , The o u t p u t o f Amp 1 i s ) ;
L =15; // e x p r e s s e d i n dB
// The i n p u t l e v e l o f Amp 2 i s
In2_dBmV = Out1 - L ;
disp ( dBmV , In2_dBmV , The i n p u t o f Amp 2 i s ) ;
G2 =25; // g a i n o f Amp2 e x p r e s s e d i n dB
// o / p l e v e l o f Amp 2 i s
Out2 = In2_dBmV + G2 ;
disp ( dBmV , Out2 , The o u t p u t o f Amp 2 i s ) ;
L1 =10; // l o s s i n c a b l e
L2 =12; // l o s s i n d i r e c t i o n a l c o u p l e r
// The i n p u t l e v e l o f Amp 3 i s
101

25 In3_dBmV = Out2 - L1 - L2 ;
26 disp ( dBmV , In3_dBmV , The i n p u t o f Amp 3 i s ) ;
27 G3 =20; // g a i n o f Amp3 e x p r e s s e d i n dB
28 Out3 = In3_dBmV + G3 ;
29 disp ( dBmV , Out3 , The o u t p u t o f Amp 3 i s ) ;
30 // There i s f u r t h e r 3dB c a b l e l o s s and 20dB l o s s

in

the tap
31 L3 =3; // l o s s i n c a b l e
32 L4 =20; // l o s s i n t a p
33 // s i g n a l s t r e n g t h a t t h e t a p i s
34 Vdrop_dBmV = Out3 - L3 - L4 ;
35 V_drop =10^( Vdrop_dBmV /20) ; // e x p r e s s e d i n mV
36 disp ( mV , V_drop , S i g n a l s t r e n g t h a t s u b s c r i b e r t a p

i s );
37 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f power i n t o 75 ohm
38 R =75; // e x p r e s s e d i n ohm
39 Pdrop = ( V_drop *10^ -3) ^2/ R ;
40 Pdrop_dBm =10* log10 ( Pdrop /10^ -3) ;
41 disp ( dBm , Pdrop_dBm , The power a t t h e end i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 19.7.a example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 731
3 // p r o b no 1 9 . 7
4 // I n g i v e n p r o b l e m a TV r e c e i v e r
5
6
7
8
9
10

is
channel 6.
// A l l modern Rx u s e s a p i c t u r e IF o f
h i g h s i d e i n j e c t i o n o f t h e s i g n a l
// The p i c t u r e c a r r i e r o f c h a n n e l 6
f r e q u e n c y o f 8 3 . 2 5MHz, s o
ch =6;
Fc =83.25; // e x p r e s s e d i n MHz
IF =45.75; // e x p r e s s e d i n MHz
f_lo = Fc + IF ;
102

tuned to
4 5 . 7 5 MHz w i t h
into the cable .
i s at a

11 a = f_lo + ch /2; b = f_lo - ch /2;

12 disp ( band , MHz ,a , t o , MHz ,b , The i n t e r f e r e n c e

would i n ) ;

Scilab code Exa 19.7.b example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 740
3 // p r o b no 1 9 . 8
4 Nh =640; Nv =480; // r e s o l u t i o n

of d i g i t a l video signal

as 640480 p i x e l s
5 Rf =30; // f r a m e r a t e e x p r e s s e d i n Hz
6 m =8; // b i t s p e r s a m p l e
7 // By u s i n g t h e p r o d u c t o f H o r i z o n t a l & v e r t i c a l
8
9
10
11
12
13

r e s o l u t i o n , no o f l u m i n a n c e p i x e l s p e r f r a m e a r e
Npl = Nh * Nv ;
// s i n c e e a c h o f t h e c o l o r s i g n a l s h a s onef o u r t h
t h e t o t a l no o f luma p i x e l s
Npt =1.5* Npl ;
// t h e r e f o r e b i t r a t e i s g i v e n a s
fb = Npt * m * Rf ;
disp ( bps ,fb , The b i t r a t e f o r t h e s i g n a l i s ) ;

103

Chapter 20
Satellite Communication

Scilab code Exa 20.1 example 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

clc ;
// p a g e no 754
// p r o b no 2 0 . 1
// p a r t A)
d =500;
//By u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n f o r v e l o c i t y o f a s a t e l l i t e
v = sqrt (4*10^11/( d +6400) ) ;
disp ( m/ s ,v , A) The v e l o c i t y o f a s a t e l l i t e i s ) ;
// The r a d i u s o f o r b i t i s
r =(6400+ d ) *10^3 // i n m
// The o r b i t a l p e r i o d o f s a t e l l i t e i s
T =(2* %pi * r ) / v ;
disp ( s e c ,T , The o r b i t a l p e r i o d o f s a t e l l i t e i s ) ;
// p a r t B)
d =36000;
//By u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n f o r v e l o c i t y o f a s a t e l l i t e
v = sqrt (4*10^11/( d +6400) ) ;
disp ( m/ s ,v , B) The v e l o c i t y o f a s a t e l l i t e i s ) ;
// The r a d i u s o f o r b i t i s
r =(6400+ d ) *10^3 // i n m
// The o r b i t a l p e r i o d o f s a t e l l i t e i s
104

22 T =(2* %pi * r ) / v ;
23 disp ( s e c ,T , The o r b i t a l

period of s a t e l l i t e

i s );

Scilab code Exa 20.2 example 2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

clc ;
// p a g e no 757
// p r o b no 2 0 . 2
R =6400; // R a d i u s o f e a r t h
L =45; // e a r t h s t a t i o n l a t t i t u d e
H =36000 // H e i g h t o f s a t e l l i t e a b o v e t h e
earth ;
ang = atand ((6400* sind (45) ) /(36000+(6400*(1 - cosd (45) ) )
));
8 disp ( ang ) ;

Scilab code Exa 20.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 758
3 // p r o b no 2 0 . 3
4 // D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f
5
6
7
8
9

lenght of geostationary s a t e l l i t e
w i t h a n g l e o f e l a v a t i o n =30 d e g r e e
r =64*10^5; // R a d i u s o f e a r t h
h =36*10^6; // h e i g h t o f s a t e l l i t e
theta =30; // a n g l e o f e l e v a t i o n
d = sqrt ((( r + h ) ^2) -(( r * cosd ( theta ) ) ^2) ) -( r * sind ( theta )
);
disp ( km ,d /1000 , The l e n g t h o f t h e p a t h i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 20.4 example 4

105

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 759
3 // p r o b no 2 0 . 4
4 //A s a t e l l i t e t r a n s m i t t e r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

o p e r a t e s a t 4GHz w i t h 7W &
a n t e n n a g a i n 40 dBi
// R e c e i v e r a n t e n n a g a i n 30 dBi & p a t h l e n g t h i s
4107
Gt_dBi =40; Gr_dBi =30; Pt =7; d =40000; // i n km
f =4000; // i n MHz
Pr_Pt_dB = Gt_dBi + Gr_dBi -(32.44+(20* log10 ( d ) ) +(20*
log10 ( f ) ) ) ;
// S i g n a l s t r e n g t h a t t r a n s m i t t e r
Pt_dBm =10* log10 ( Pt /10^ -3) ;
Pr_dBm =( Pt_dBm ) +( Pr_Pt_dB ) ;
disp ( dBm , Pr_dBm , The v a l u e o f s i g n a l s t r e n g t h a t
r e c e i v e r );

Scilab code Exa 20.5 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 760
3 // p r o b no 2 0 . 5
4 // I n t h e g i v e n p r o b l e m
5 G =40; // r e c e i v i n g a n t e n n a g a i n
6 T_sky =15; // n o i s e temp
7 L =0.4; // l o s s b e t w e e n a n t e n n a and LNA i n p u t
8 T_eq =40; // n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e f LNA
9 // F i r s t we have t o f i n d G i n dB
10 G_dB = G - L ;
11 // For t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f T , we have t o c o n v e r t t h e

feedhorn l o s s i n t o a r a t i o as f o l l o w s
12 L =10^(0.4/10) ;
13 Ta = (( L -1) *290 + T_sky ) / L ;
14 // The r e c e i v e r n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e

chosen r e f e r e n c e point , t h e e f o r e
106

i s g i v e n wrt t h e

15
16

Ratio = G -10* log10 ( Ta + T_eq ) ;

disp ( dB , Ratio , The r e c e i v e r n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i s )
;

Scilab code Exa 20.6 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 761
3 // p r o b no 2 0 . 6
4 NF_dB =1.5; // n o i s e f i g o f a r e c e i v e r
5 NF =10^( NF_dB /10) ;
6 // E q u i v a l e n t n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i s g i v e b a s
7 T_eq =290*( NF -1) ;
8 disp ( K , T_eq , E q u i v a l e n t n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e

i s );

Scilab code Exa 20.7 example 7

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 761
3 // p r o b no 2 0 . 7
4 // r e f e r p r o b no 2 0 . 5
5 d =38000; // d i s t a n c e o f
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

s a t e l l i t e from t h e E a r t h
surface
P =50; // t r a n s m i t t e r power
G =30; // a n t e n n a g a i n
f =12000; // f r e q u e n c y i n MHz
B =10^6; // Bandwidth i n MHz
// from p r o b l e m no 2 . 5
G_T =21;
L_misc =0;
k_dBW = -228.6; // Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t i n dBW
// There a r e no m i s c e l l a n e o u s l o s s
// The s t e l l i t e t r a n s m i t t i n g power i n dBW i s
107

16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Pt_dBW = 10* log10 ( P ) ;

// The EIPR i n dBW
EIRP_dBW = Pt_dBW + G ;
// FSL i n dB
FSL_dB = 32.44 + (20* log10 ( d ) ) + (20* log10 ( f ) ) ;
// The c a r r i e r t o n o i s e r a t i o i s
ratio = EIRP_dBW - FSL_dB - L_misc + G_T - k_dBW - 10*
log10 ( B ) ;
23 disp ( dB , ratio , The c a r r i e r t o n o i s e r a t i o a t t h e
r e c e i v e r i s );

Scilab code Exa 20.8 example 8

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 762
3 // p r o b no 2 0 . 8
4 D =40000; // d i s t a n c e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

o f s a t e l l i t e from t h e e a r t h
station
v =3*10^8; // v e l o o f l i g h t
d =80000; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two e a r t h s t a t i o n s
// t i m e d e l a y i s g i v e n a s
t=d/v;
// t o t a l t i m e d e l a y w i l l be t w i c e t h a t o f c a l c u l a t e d
above
T =2* t ;
disp ( s e c ,T , The t o t a l t i m e d e l a y i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 20.9 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 769
3 // p r o b no 2 0 . 9
4 f_down = 4*10^9; // d o w n l i n k f r e q

108

5 D =3; // d i a m e t e r
6 n =0.55; // e f f i c i e n c y
7 c =3*10^8; // v e l o o f l i g h t
8 // The g a i n o f a p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

i s g i v e n a s G=(n
%pi 2D 2 ) / wl 2 . T h e r e f o r e w a v e l e n g t h i s g i v e n a s
wl = c / f_down
G =( n * %pi ^2* D ^2) / wl ^2;
G_dB = 10* log10 ( G ) ;
disp ( dB , G_dB , The g a i n o f TVRO i s ) ;
// The beamwidth i s g i v e n a s
bw = (70* wl ) / D ;
disp ( d e g r e e ,bw , The beamwidth i s ) ;

109

Chapter 21
Cellular Radio

Scilab code Exa 21.1 example 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

clc ;
// p a g e no 795
// p r o b no 2 1 . 1
v =100; // i n km/ h r
// f i r s t c o n v e r t s p e e d i n t o m/ s e c
v1 =(100*10^3) /3600; // i n km/ s e c
// p a r t a )
r =10^4; // i n m
t =(2* r ) / v1 ;
disp ( s e c ,t , H a n d o f f t i m e i s ) ;
// p a r t b )
r =500; // i n m
t =(2* r ) / v1 ;
disp ( s e c ,t , H a n d o f f t i m e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 21.2 example 2

1 clc ;

110

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

// p a g e no 807
// p r o b no 2 1 . 2
N =12; m =120;
a =20000;
th =30; // i n min / day t h i s means
H =0.5;
tp =10;
// p a r t a ) C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e a v e r a g e and peak t r a f f i c
i n e r l a n g s f o r the whole system
// The a v e r a g e t r a f f i c i s
T = a * H /24;
disp ( E ,T , a ) The a v e r a g e t r a f f i c i s ) ;
// The peak t r a f f i c i s
T1 =( a * tp ) /60;
disp ( E ,T1 , The peak t r a f f i c i s ) ;
// p a r t b ) C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e a v e r a g e and peak t r a f f i c
i n e r l a n g s f o r one c e l l
// The a v e r a g e t r a f f i c p e r c e l l i s
t=T/m;
disp ( E ,T , b ) The a v e r a g e t r a f f i c p e r c e l l i s ) ;
// The peak t r a f f i c p e r c e l l i s
t = T1 / m ;
disp ( E ,T1 , The peak t r a f f i c p e r c e l l i s ) ;
// p a r t c )
// For a v e r a g e t r a f f i c a t 3 . 4 7 E , t h e b l o c k i n g
p r o b a b i l i t y i s much l e s s t h a n 1%, s i n c e t h e
a v e r a g e no o f c a l l i s much l e s s t h a n t h e no o f
c h a n n e l s . However , t h e b l o c k i n g p r o b a b i l i t y
i n c r e a s e s t o j u s t o v e r 5%

Scilab code Exa 21.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 816
3 // p r o b no 2 1 . 3

111

4 tg =123*10^ -6;
5 c =3*10^8;
6 // The maximum d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n b a s e and m o b i l e i s
7 d = c * tg ;
8 disp ( m ,d , The maximum d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n b a s e and

mobile i s );

112

Chapter 22
Personal Communication
Systems

Scilab code Exa 22.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 842
3 // p r o b no 2 2 . 1
4 PR = -100; // I n dBm
5 // The m o b i l e t r a n s m i t t e d power i s
6 PT_dBm = -76 - PR ; // t h i s i s i n dBm
7 disp ( o r , dBm , PT_dBm , The m o b i l e t r a n s m i t t e d power

i n dBm i s ) ;
8 PT_mW =10^( PT_dBm /10) ;
9 disp ( mW , PT_mW , The m o b i l e t r a n s m i t t e d power i s ) ;

113

Chapter 23
Paging and Wireless Data
Networking

Scilab code Exa 23.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 863
3 // p r o b no 2 3 . 1
4 bit_rate = 512; // i b bps
5 t =60; // i n s e c
6 // p r e a m b l e u s e s 576 b i t s
7 preamble =576;
8 bits_total = bit_rate * t ;;
9 usable_bits = bits_total - preamble ;
10 // e a c h b a t c h h a s one 32 b i t s s y n c h r o n i z i n g c o d e w o r d

11
12
13
14
15

and s i x t e e n 32 b i t a d d r e s s c o d e w o r d s f o r a t o t a l
o f 1732=544 b i t s . T h e r e f o r e
bits_per_batch = 17*32;
batches_per_min = usable_bits / bits_per_batch ;
addr =16;
addr_per_min = batches_per_min * addr ;
disp ( addr_per_min , The no o f p a g e s t r a n s m i t t e d i n
one min a r e ) ;

114

Scilab code Exa 23.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 864
3 // p r o b no 2 3 . 2
4 // For t h e g i v e n FLEX s y s t e m
5 Wc =25*10^3;
6 bit_rate = 6400; // i n bps
7 efficiency = bit_rate / Wc ;
8 disp ( b / s /Hz , efficiency , The e f f i c i e n c y

i s );

Scilab code Exa 23.3 example 3

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 871
3 // p r o b no 2 3 . 3
4 // f o r t h e B l u e t o o t h s y s t e m
5 fh_max =1/(625*10^ -6) ;
6 fh_min =1/(5*625*10^ -6) ;
7 disp ( Hz , fh_min , The minimum h o p p i n g r a t e

fh_max , The maximum h o p p i n g r a t e i s

115

);

i s , Hz ,

Chapter 24
Fiber Optics

Scilab code Exa 24.3 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 888
3 // p r o b no 2 4 . 3
4 NA =0.15;
5 wl =820*10^ -9; // i n m
6 d_core =2*(0.383* wl / NA ) ;
7 disp ( m , d_core , The c o r e d i a m e t e r

i s );

Scilab code Exa 24.4 example 2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
// p a g e no 890
// p r o b no 2 4 . 4
Bl =500; // i n MHzkm
B =85; // i n MHz
// By u s i n g Bandwidthd i s t a n c e p r o d u c t f o r m u l a
l = Bl / B ;
disp ( km ,l , The maximun d i s t a n c e t h a t can be u s e
between r e p e a t e r s i s );
116

Scilab code Exa 24.5 example 3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

clc ;
// p a g e no 891
// p r o b no 2 4 . 5
wl0 =1310; // i n n s
So =0.05; // i n p s / (nm2km)
l =50; // i n km
wl =1550; // i n n s
d =2; // i n nm
// C h r o m a t i c d i s p e r s i o n i s g i v e n a s
Dc =( So /4) *[ wl -( wl0 ^4/ wl ^3) ];
// D i s p e r s i o n i s
D = Dc * d ;
// T h e r e f o r e t o t a l d i s p e r s i o n i s
dt = D * l ;
disp ( p s ,dt , The t o t a l d i s p e r s i o n i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.6 example 6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

clc ;
// p a g e no 893
// p r o b no 2 4 . 6
// R e f e r p r o b l e m 2 4 . 5
dt =949*10^ -12; // i n s e d
l =50; // i n km
B =1/(2* dt ) ;
//By u s i n g Bandwidthd i s t a n c e p r o d u c t f o r m u l a
Bl = B * l ;
disp ( Hzkm ,Bl , The bandwidth d i s t a n c e p r o d u c t i s )
;
117

Scilab code Exa 24.7 example 5

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 899
3 // p r o b no 2 4 . 7
4 // r e f e r t a b l e from t h e p r o b l e m p a g e no 899
5 P_coupling1 = -3; P_coupling2 = -6; P_coupling3 = -40;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

// i n dB
// P a r t a ) The p r o p o r t i o n o f i n p u t power e m e r g i n g a t
port 2
P2_Pin =10^( P_coupling1 /10) ;
disp ( % , P2_Pin *100 , a ) The p r o p o r t i o n o f i n p u t
power e m e r g i n g a t p o r t 2 ) ;
P3_Pin =10^( P_coupling2 /10) ;
disp ( % , P3_Pin *100 , The p r o p o r t i o n o f i n p u t power
emerging at p o r t 3 );
// P a r t b ) I n t h e r e v e r s e d i r e c t i o n , t h e s i g n a l i s 40
dB down f o r a l l c o m b i n a t i o n s , s o
directivity = 40;
disp ( dB , directivity , D i r e c t i v i t y i s ) ;
Pin_total = P2_Pin + P3_Pin ;
// e x c e s s l o s s i n dB
loss = -10* log10 ( Pin_total ) ;
disp ( dB , loss , t h e e x c e s s l o s s i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.8 example 6

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 901
3 // p r o b no 2 4 . 8
4 wl =1*10^ -6;
5 c = 3*10^8;

118

6 h =6.626*10^ -34
7 f = c / wl ;
8 E = h * f ; // i n J o u l e
9 // t h i s e n e r g y can be c o n v e r t e d

i n t o e l e c t r o n v o l t .
we know 1eV =1.610 19 J
10 eV =1.6*10^ -19 ;
11 E_ev = E / eV ;
12 disp ( eV , E_ev , The e n e r g y o f p h o t o n i n eV i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.9 example 9

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 909
3 // p r o b no 24 9
4 // r e f e r f i g 2 4 . 2 5
5 P_in =500; Responsivity =0.33;
6 I_d = P_in * Responsivity ;
7 disp ( nA ,I_d , The d i o d e c u r r e n t

119

i s );

Chapter 25
Fiber Optic Systems

Scilab code Exa 25.1 example 1

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 919
3 // p r o b no 25 1
4 span_length =40; // i n km
5 Pin_mW = 1.5;
6 signal_strength_dBm = -25; fiber_length = 2.5; // i n

km
loss_per_slice_dB =0.25; f_loss_dB_per_km =0.3;
loss_connector_dB =4;
Pin_dBm =10* log10 ( Pin_mW ) ;
splices = span_length / fiber_length -1;
fiber_loss = span_length * f_loss_dB_per_km ;
splice_loss = splices * loss_per_slice_dB ;
T_loss = fiber_loss + splice_loss +
loss_connector_dB ;
14 P_out = Pin_dBm - T_loss ;
15 sys_margin = P_out - signal_strength_dBm ;
16 disp ( dB , sys_margin , The s y s t e m m a r g i n i s ) ;

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

120

Scilab code Exa 25.2 example 2

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 921
3 // p r o b no 25 2
4 L =45; // i n km
5 dt =100; // i n n s
6 // The maximum p e r m i s s i b l e

value f o r the pulse

spreading constant i s
7 D = dt / L ;
8 disp ( n s /km ,D , The maximum p e r m i s s i b l e

value for

t h e p u l s e s p r e a d i n g c o n s t a n t i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 25.3 example 3

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clc ;
// p a g e no 922
// p r o b no 25 3
L =45;
T_Rtx =50; T_Rrx =75; T_Rf =100;
T_RT = sqrt ( T_Rtx ^2 + T_Rrx ^2 + T_Rf ^2) ;
// a ) f o r NRZ
fb =1/ T_RT ;
disp ( GHz ,fb , a ) The maximum b i t r a t e f o r NRZ ) ;
// b ) f o r RZ
fb =1/(2* T_RT ) ;
disp ( GHz ,fb , b ) The maximum b i t r a t e f o r NRZ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 25.4 example 4

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 924
3 // p r o b no 25 4

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4 Bl =500; // i n MHzkm
5 L =5; // i n km
6 // u s i n g t h e bandwidthd i s t a n c e p r o d u c t f o r m u l a

d i s p e r s i o n i s given as
7 D =500/ Bl ;
8 disp ( n s /km ,D , D i s p e r s i o n i s ) ;
9 // T o t a l r i s e t i m e i s g i v e n a s
10 T_rt = D * L ;
11 disp ( n s , T_rt , T o t a l r i s e t i m e i s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 25.5 example 5

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clc ;
// p a g e no 924
// p r o b no 25 5
T_Rrx =3*10^ -9;
T_Rtx =2*10^ -9;
fb =100*10^6; // i n bps
L =25; // i n km
T_RT = 1/(2* fb )
// we have t o compute r i s e t i m e t h e r e f o r e
T_rf = sqrt ( T_RT ^2 - T_Rtx ^2 - T_Rrx ^2)
// d i s p e r s i o n p e r km i s
D = T_rf / L ;
disp ( n s /km ,D /10^ -9 , The maximum a c c e p t a b l e
d i s p e r s i o n i s );
14 // u s i n g t h e bandwidthd i s t a n c e p r o d u c t
15 Bl =500/ D ;
16 disp ( MHzkm , Bl *10^ -9 , The bandwidthd i s t a n c e
product i s );

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