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(Lim (Lim: F X, Y) F (X+H, Y) F (X, Y) H F X, Y) F (X, Y+h,) F (X, Y) H

The document discusses partial derivatives and their applications. It defines partial derivatives using limits, presents the chain rule for multivariable functions, and discusses implicit partial differentiation. It then discusses several applications of partial derivatives: finding the tangent plane to a surface, calculating the rate of change, estimating small increments in value, and calculating error. Finally, it outlines the steps to find local extrema, including using the first and second partial derivative tests and the discriminant.

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antukara
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39 views

(Lim (Lim: F X, Y) F (X+H, Y) F (X, Y) H F X, Y) F (X, Y+h,) F (X, Y) H

The document discusses partial derivatives and their applications. It defines partial derivatives using limits, presents the chain rule for multivariable functions, and discusses implicit partial differentiation. It then discusses several applications of partial derivatives: finding the tangent plane to a surface, calculating the rate of change, estimating small increments in value, and calculating error. Finally, it outlines the steps to find local extrema, including using the first and second partial derivative tests and the discriminant.

Uploaded by

antukara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

First Partial Derivatives:

f x( x , y) =

lim f ( x +h , y )f ( x , y )
h 0

f y(x , y) =
,

lim f ( x , y + h , )f ( x , y )
h 0

Chain Rule for Multivariable Functions:


If z=

f (x , y)

is differentiable function of x and y, where x= g(t) and y=h(t) are both

differentiable function to t, when

If w=

dz
dt

z dx
x dt

z dy
y dt

f ( x , y , z ) is a differentiable function of x,y and z, where x=g(t) and y=h(t), z=i(t) are

all differentiable functions to t, then

dw
dt

w dx
x dt

w dy
w dz
+
y dt
z dt

Implicit Partial Differentiation:


Suppose that z=

f (x , y)

f x ( x , y , z)
z
x = - f z( x, y ,z)

If ( x , y , z ) =0,

f y (x, y ,z)
z
y = - f z(x , y , z)

THE USAGE OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES


Tangent Plane:
Suppose

surface z=

has continuous partial derivatives. An equation of the tangent plane to the

f (x , y)

at the point

x 0 , y 0, z 0
) is

z0 =

x0, y0
x ,y
xx 0 ) + 0 0 )( y y 0 )
)(
fx
f y

Rate of Change:

f ( x , y ) , the rate of change is given by

Let z=

dz
dt

z dx
x dt

z dy
y dt

Small Increment, Estimating Value:

f ( x , y ) , increment of z:

Let z =

As

f (x, y)
x
x

x 0 and

f (x, y)
y
y

or simplify as

y 0 , the total differential of z

z =f x ( x , y ) x + f y ( x , y ) y

dz=

z
z
dx +
dy
x
y

Calculating Error:
Calculating the error of z
Let z =

|z|

f ( x , y ) , error of z is given by

| xz d x| | zy d y|
+

and relative error for z is

| zy dyz|
The Step in Finding the Local Extreme Value(s)
First partial derivatives test:-

|zz | | xz dxz|
=

fx

Step 1: Find

Step 2: Let

and

fy

f x (a,b) = 0, f y (a,b) = 0. Then, find all the critical point (a,b)

Second partial derivatives test:-

f xx , f xy

Step 3: Find

Step 4: Find G

and

f yy

( x , y ) = f xx ( x , y ) f yy ( x , y )[ f xy ( x , y ) ]

conclusion based on the following


Case 1: G

( a , b ) > 0 and f xx ( a , b ) < 0,

f (x , y)

Case 2: G

has a local , maximum value at (a,b)

( a , b ) < 0,

f (x , y)

Case 4: G

has a local , maximum value at (a,b)

( a , b ) > 0 and f xx ( a , b ) > 0,

f (x , y)

Case 3: G

cases.

has a saddle point at (a,b)

( a , b ) = 0,

The test is inconclusive

and G

( a , b ) , then make

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