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and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
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Jawaharlal Nehru

IS 13234 (1992): Guide for Short-circuit Current

Calculation in Three-phase A.C. Systems [ETD 20: Electrical
Installation]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

! > 0 B

BharthariNtiatakam

Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

( Reaffirmed 2002 )

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Indian Standard

GUIDE FOR SHORT-CIRCUITCURRENT

CALCULATION IN THREE-PHASE
A.C. SYSTEMS
NATIONAL

FOREWORD

This Indian
Standard
which
is identical
with IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 ) Short-circuit
current
calculation
in three-phase
A. C. systems,
issued
by the International
Electrotechnicai
Commission
( IEC ) was adopted by the Bureau of lndian Standards
on the recommendations
of
the Electrical
Installations
Sectional
Committee
(ET 20) and approval
of the Eiectrotechnicai
Division
Council.
An important
criterion
for the proper selection
of a circuit-breaker
or any other fault protective devices for use at a point in an electrical
circuit
is the information
on maximum
fault
current likely at that point.
The electromagnetic,
mechanical
and thermal
stresses which a
switchgear
and the associated
apparatus
have to uithstand
depends on the fault current.
Proper
selection
of breaking and withstand
capacities
play a major role in the health
of the electrical
installations.
Realizing
this need and to provide uniform.guide
for calculation
of short-circuit
currents,
IS 5728 was brought out in 1970.
considerable
more information
have been
Subsequent
to the preparation
of this standard,
collated
the world over on calculation
of fault iaveis under different and specific circumstances.
There was also a need to simplify calculation
techniques
in a practical
way commensurate
with
the modern arithmatic
tools available
to engineers
in the form of computers,
digital
transient
network analysers,
etc.
With an objective
to establish
a general,
practicable
and concise
procedure
for short-circuit
current
calculations
IS 5728 has been taken up for revision,
aligning
its contents
with IEC 909 ( 1988 ).
On the publication
CROSS

of this standard,

IS 5728 : 1970 would

stand

superseded.

REFERENCES

International

Correspondirlg Indian Standard

( Technically
Equivalent >

Standard

IEC Pub 38 ( 1983 ) IEC standard

IEC Pub 50 : International

vocabulary
( IEV ):

131 : Electric

441 : Switchgear.

IEC Pub 865 ( 198p ) Calculation

short-circuit
currents

of the effects

bands for
preferred

electrical
voltages

vocabulary:

1
( Part

I51 : Electrical

Voltage
including

IS 1985 Eiectrotechnicai

eiectrotechnicai

50 ( I31 ) ( 1978 ) Chapter

and magnetic
circuits
50 ( 151 ) ( 1978 ) Chapter
and magnetic
devices
50 (441 ) ( i98? ) Chapter
controlgear
and fuses

IS 12360 : 1988
instalia.ions
and frequency

voltages

i
J
( Part

57 ) : 1982 Electric
circuits
17 ) : 1989 Switchgear

IS 13235 : 1991 Calculation

short-circuit
currents

and

magnetic

and controlgear
of

the cflticts

of

IS 13234:1992
IEC Pub 909 (1988)

CONTENTS
Clause
1.
scope ................................................
2.
Object. ......................................
............................................
3.
Definitions.
4.
Symbols, subscripts and superscripts ...............................
..........................................
4.1
Symbols.
.........................................
4.2
Subscripts.
........................
4.3
Superscripts.
5.
6.

Calculation assumptions ......................................

Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location
SECTIONONE -

7.
8.

9.

_ ...............

9
10

.......................

SYSTEMSwrrn SHORT-CIRCUITS
CURRENTS
HAVINGNOA.C. COMFONENI
DECAY
( FAR-FROM-GENERATOR
SHORTCIRCUITS)

General...............................................l4
.....................................
Short-circuit parameters.
8.1
Balanced short circuit ...................................
8.2
Unbalanced short circuit ..................................
8.3
Short-circuit impedances ..................................
8.4
Conversion of impedances, currents and voltages .....................
Calculation of short-circuit currents. ...............................
9.1
Calculation method for balanced short circuits. ......................
9.2
Calculation method for line-to-line and line-to-earth short circuits
9.3
The minimum short-circuit currents ............................

SECTION
Two -

......

......

11.4 Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location. ..................

11.5 Short-circuit impedances ..................................
11.6 Conversion of impedances, currents and voltages. ....................
..............................
12. Calculation of short-cirquit currents.
..........................................
12.1 General
122 Calculation method for balanced short circuits. ......................
12.3 Calculation method for line-to-line and line-to-earth short circuits. ..
12.4 The minimum short-circuit currents ............................
...........................
...
.. .......
13. Influence of motors.
13.1 Synchronous motors and synchronous compensators
13.2 Asynchronous motors ....................................
13.3 Static converter fed drives. .................................
14. Consideration of non-rotating loads and capacitors. .......................
14.1 Parallel capacitors. ....................................
.....................................
14.2 Series capacitors
A-

Calculation

14
14
14
15
22
22
22
26
29

SYSTEMSWITH SHORT-CIRCUIT CUXRENTS HAVING DECAYING

A.C. COMPONENTS
( NEAR-To-GEN~%AToR
SHORTCi~Ctrirs )

..............................................
10. General.
11. Short-circuit parameters ......................................
..........................................
11.1 General
11.2 Balanced short circuit. ...................................
11.3 Unbalanced short circuit ..................................

Appendix

3
3
4
7.
7
8
8

_ ........

of short-circuit

currents, examples ....................

2

.........

30
30
30
32
32
33
33
37
37
37
37
48
48
:z
49
53
53
53
53
54

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

1.

Scope
This standard is applicable to the calculation

currents:

in low-voltage

in high-voltage three-phase a.c. systems with nominal voltages up to 230 kV operating

nominal frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz).

three-phase

This standardized procedure

non-specialist engineers.
2.

of short-circuit

a.c. systems,
at

is given in such a form as to facilitate as far as possible its use by

Object
The object of this standard is to establish a general, practicable and concise procedure
leading to conservative results with sufficient accuracy. For this purpose, an equivalent voltage
source at the short-circuit location is considered, as described under Clause 6. This does not
exclude the use of special methods, for example the superposition method, adjusted to
particular circumstances, if they give at least the same precision.
Short-circuit currents and short-circuit impedances may also be determined by system tests,
by measurement on a network analyzer, or with a digital computer. In existing low-voltage
systems it is possible to determine the short-circuit impedance on the basis of measurements at
the location of the prospective short circuit considered.
The calculation of the short-circuit impedance based on the rated data of the electrical
equipment and the topological arrangement of the system has the advantage of being possible
both for existing systems and for systems at the planning stage.
There are two different
magnitude:
short-circuit

short-circuit
current

currents

to be calculated

which determines

which differ

in their

the maximum
equipment;

the capacity or rating of electrical

the minimum short-circuit current which can be a basis, for example, for the selection of
fuses and for the setting of protective devices and for checking the run-up of motors.
One has to distinguish between:

systems with short-circuit currents having no a.c. component

short circuit), treated in Section One,

systems with short-circuit currents having decaying a.c. components (near-to-generator

short circuit), treated in Section Two. This section also includes the influence of motors.

This standard does not cover short-circuit

conditions (short-circuit testing stations).

currents

This standard does not deal with installations

For the calculation
Publication 865.

of the thermal equivalent

deliberately

decay (far-from-generator

created

under controlled

on ,board ships and areoplanes.

short-circuit

currents see Section Two of IEC

An application guide, dealing with non-meshed low-voltage three-phase a.c. systems and a
technical report on the derivation of the parameters and various calculation factors of this
standard are under consideration.

( IEC

page 7 )

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
3.

Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions apply. Reference is made to the
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) [IEC Publication 501 when applicable.

3.1

Short circuit

The accidental or intentional connection, by a relatively low resistance or impedance, of two

or more points in a circuit which are normally at different voltages (IEV 1.51-03-41).

3.2 Short-circuit current

An over-current resulting from a short circuit due to a fault or an incorrect connection in an
electric circuit (IEV 441-11-07).
Note. - It is necessary to distinguish between the short-circuit current at the short-circuit location and in the network
branches.

3.3

Prospective (available) short-circuit current

The current that would flow if the short circuit were replaced by an ideal connection of
negligible impedance without any change of the supply.
Note. - The current in a three-phase short circuit is assumed to be made simultaneously in all poles. Investigations
of non-simultaneous short circuits, which can lead to higher aperiodic components of short-circuit current,
are beyond the scope of this standard.

3.4 Symmetrical short-circuit current

The r.m.s. value of the a.c. symmetrical component of a prospective (available) short-circuit
current (see Sub-clause 3.3), the aperiodic component of current, if any, being neglected.

3.5 Initial symmetrical short-circuit current li

The r.m.s. value of the a.c. symmetrical component of a prospective (available) short-circuit
current (see Sub-clause 3.3) applicable at the instant of short circuit if the impedance remains at
zero-time value (see Figures 1 and 12, pages 19 and 63).
3.6 Initial symmetrical short-circuit (apparent) power Si
The fictive value determined as a product of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current fi
(see Sub-clause 3.5), the nominal system voltage U, (see Sub-clause 3.14), and the factor \i 3 :
s;: = p

3.7

D. C. (aperiodic)

component

u, r,:

iDc of short-circuit current

The mean value between the top and bottom envelope of a short-circuit current decaying
from an initial value to zero according to Figures 1 and 12.
3.8

Peak short-circuit current i,

The maximum possible instantaneous value of the prospective (available) short-circuit

current (see Figures 1 and 12).
Note. - The magnitude of the peak short-circuit current variesin accordance with the moment at which the short
circuit occurs. The calculation of the peak three-phase short-circuit current i, applies for the phase
conductor and moment at which the greatest possible short-circuit current exists. Sequential faults are not
considered. For three-phase short circuits it is assumed that the short circuit occurs simultaneously in all
phase conductors.

W page9 )

IS13234:1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

3.9

Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib

The r.m.s. value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical a.c. component of the prospective
short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching device.

3.10

Steady-state short-circuit current Ik

The r.m.s. value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of the transient
phenomena (see Figures 1 and 12, pages 19 and 63).

3.11

Symmetrical locked-rotor current I1_K

The highest symmetrical r.m.s. current of an asynchronous
rated voltage UrM at rated frequency.

3.12

motor with locked rotor fed with

Equivalent electric circuit

A model to describe the behaviour of a circuit by means of a network of ideal elements (IEV
131-01-33).

3.13

(Independent) voltage source

An active element which can be represented by an ideal voltage source independent of all
currents and voltages in the circuit,in series with a passive circuit element (IEV 131-01-37).

3.14

Nominal system voltage U,

Voltage (line-to-line) by which a system is designated and to which certain
characteristics are referred. Values are given in IEC Publication 38.

3.15

3.16

operating

Equivalent voltage source cU,I, 3

The voltage of an ideal source applied at the short-circuit location in the positive-sequence
system for calculating the short-circuit current according to Clause 6. This is the only active
voltage of the network.
Voltage factor c
The ratio between the equivalent voltage source and the nominal system voltage U, divided
by ,-3. The values are given in Table I.
Note.- The introduction of a voltage factor c is necessary for various reasons. These are:
- voltage variations depending on time and place,
- changing of transformer taps,

3.17

neglecting loads and capacitances

the subtransient

by calculations according to Clause 6,

behaviour of generators

and motors.

Subtransient vohage E of a synchronous machine

The r.m.s. value of the symmetrical internal voltage of a synchronous machine which is
active behind the subtransient reactance XAat the moment of short circuit.

3.18

Far-from-generator short circuit

A short circuit during which the magnitude of the symmetrical a.c. component
(available) short-circuit current remains essentially constant (see Clause 7).

of prospective

( IEC

page 11)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909( 1988)
Near-to-generator

3.19

short circuit

A short circuit to which at least one synchronous machine contributes a prospective irqitial
symmetrical short-circuit current which is more than twice the generators rated current, or a
short circuit to which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than 5% of the
initial symmetrical short-circuit current I;: without motors (see Clause 10).
Short-circuit

3.20
3.20.1

impedances

Positive-sequence

at the short-circuit

shorf-circuit

location

_(,,
of u three-phase
Z

impedance

a.c. system

The impedance of the positive-sequence

system as viewed from the short-circuit
.
(see Sub-clause 8.3.1 and Figure 4a, page 27).
Negative-sequence

3.20.2

short-circuit

z,_,, o f a three-phase

impedance

a.(:. system

The impedance of the negative-sequence

system as viewed from the short-circuit
(see Sub-clause 8.3.1 and Figure 4b, page 27).
Zero-sequence

3.20.3

short-circuit

impedance

_(,,,
Z sf a three-phrse

location

location

a.c. system

The impedance of the zero-sequence system as viewed from the short-circuit location (see
Sub-clause 8.3.1 and Figure 4c, page 27). It includes three times the neutral-to-earth
impedance 3 ZNE.
Short-circuit

3.20.4

impedance

Zk of u three-phase

a.c. system

Abbreviated expression for the positive-sequence

Sub-clause 3.20.1 for the calculation of three-phase
3.21

Short-circuit

3.21.1

impedances

Positive-sequence

of electrical

short-circuit

short-circuit
short-circuit

impedance z,,) according to

currents.

equipment

impedance

zC,) of electrical

equipment

The ratio of the line-to-neutral

voltage to the short-circuit current of the corresponding
phase of electrical equipment when fed by a symmetricalpositive-sequence
system of voltages
(see Sub-clause 8.32).
Note. -

lndex of symbol z,, , may be omitted if there is no possibility of confusion with the negative-sequence
zero-sequence short-circuit impedances.

Negative-sequence

3.21.2

short-circuit

impedance

+,

of electrical

and the

equipment

The ratio of the line-to-neutral voltage to the short-circuit current of the cor_responding
phase of electrical equipment when fed by a symmetrical negative-sequence
system of voltages
(see Sub-clause 8.3.2).
Zero-sequence

3.21.3

short-circuit

impedance

&,

of electrical

equipment

The ratio of the line-to-earth voltage to the short-circuit current of one phase of electrical
equipment when fed by an a.c. voltage source, if the three @aralltf phase &nifu&rsBle
L&WI.
for the outgoing current and a fourth line and/or earth is joint return (see Sub-clause 8.3.2).

3.22

Subtransient

reuctance

X; of a synchronous

machine

The effective reactance at the moment of short circuit. For the calculation
currents the saturated value of xl: is taken.

of short-circuit

Note. - When the reactance X; in ohms is divided by the rated impedance ZrG = U$, I S,o of the synchronous
machine, the result in per unit is represented by a small letter xb = A.:/ &.

(IEC~page

13)
6

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
3.23

Minimum time delay tminof a circuit breaker

The shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit
separation of one pole of the switching device.

current and the first contact

Note. - The time t,,, is the sum of the shortest possible operating time of an instantaneous relay and the shortest
opening time of a circuit breaker. It does not take into account adjustable time delays oftripping devices.

4.

Symbols, subscripts and superscripts

Symbols of complex quantities

are underlined,

for example: z = R + jX.

All equations are written without specifying units. The symbols represent quantities
possessing both numerical values and dimensions that are independent of units, provided a
coherent unit system is chosen, for example. the International System of Units (SI).
4.1

Symbols
A
C
CU,l$3

f
lb
Ik
I kP
$

or &

ILit
iDC
P

K
P krT
4
al

R resp. r
RG

S
s:
tr

tmm
4
un
ur
Ukr
4

Q,, &,, &,

X resp. x
X, resp. -X,
xdP

XA resp. Xi
X d sat
Z resp. 2
%
31)
32)
30)
tl

Initial value of aperiodic component

Voltage factor
Equivalent voltage source (r.m.s.)
Subtransient voltage of a synchronous machine
Frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz)
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current (r.m.s.)
Steady-state short-circuit current (r.m.s.)
Steady-state short-circuit current at the terminals (poles) of a generator with compound excitation
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (r.m.s.)
Locked-rotor current of an asynchronous motor
Decaying aperiodic component of short-circuit current
Peak short-circuit current
Correction factor for impedances
Total loss in transformer windings at rated current
Factor for the calculation of breaking currents of asynchronous motors
Nominal cross section
Resistance, absolute respectively relative value
Fictitious resistance of a synchronous machine when calculating I: and i,
Initial symmetrical short-circuit power (apparent power)
Rated apparent power~of electrical equipment
Fictitious transformation ratio
Minimum time delay
Rated transformation ratio (tap changer in main position); t, 3 1
Nominal system voltage, line-to-line (r.m.s.)
Rated voltage, Line-to-line (r.m.s.)
Rated short-circuit voltage in percent
Rated ohmic voltage in percent
Positive-, negative-, zero-sequence voltage
Reactance, absolute respectively relative value
Synchronous reactance, direct axis respectively quadrature axis
Fictitious reactance of a generator with compound excitation in the case of steady-state short circuit at
the terminals (poles) if the excitation is taken into account
Subtransient
reactance of a synchronous machine (saturated value), direct axis respectively
quadrature axis
Reciprocal of the short-circuit ratio
Impedance, absolute respectively relative value
Short-circuit impedance of a three-phase a.c. system
Positive-sequence
short-circuit impedance
Negative-sequence
short-circuit impedance
Zero-sequence shot-t-circuit impedance
Efficiency of asynchronous motors

( IEC page 15)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)
x

1
P
&3

e
p

4.2

of the peak short-circuit current

of the steady-state short-circuit current
of the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
vacuum. p,, = 4ni II)- H/m

Subscripts
(1)
(2)
UJ)
f
k or k3
kl
k2
k2E resp. kE2E
max
min
n
r
rsl

t
AT
B
E
F
CJ
HV
LV
L
LR
Ll, L2, L3
$
MV
N
P
PSU
Q
T

4.3

Factor for the calculation

Factor for the calculation
Factor for the calculation
Absolute permeability of
Resistivity
Phase angle

Superscripts
n
I

(JEC page 17)

Positive-sequence
component
Negative-sequence
component
Zero-sequence component
Fictitious
Three-phase short circuit
Line-to-earth short circuit, line-to-neutral short circuit
Line-to-line short circuit without earth connection
Line-to-line short circuit with earth connection. line current respectively
Maximum
Minimum
Nominal value (IEV 151-04-01)
Rated value (IEV 151-04-03)
Resulting
Transformed value
Auxiliary transformer
Busbar
Earth
Fault, short-circuit location
Generator
High-voltage, high-voltage winding of a transformer
Low-voltage, low-voltage winding of a transformer
Line
Locked rotor
Line 1, 2. 3 of a three-phase system
Asynchronous motor or group of asynchronous motors
Without motor
Medium-voltage, medium-voltage winding of a transformer
Neutral of a three-phase a.c. system
Terminal, pole
Power-station unit (generator and transformer)
Feeder connection point
Transformer

Initial (subtransient) value

Resistance or reactance per unit length

earth current

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Current
t

Decaying

(aperiodic1 component

ice

c
Time

Bottom

envelope

r,

= initial symmetrical short-circuit current

lp

peak short-circuit current

I,
= steady-state short-cirtiit current
iDc = decaying (aperiodic) component of short-circuit current
A
= initial value of the aperiodic component ioc

FIG. 1. - Short-circuit current of a far-from-generator short circuit (schematic diagram).

5.

Calculation assumptions

A complete calculation of short-circuit currents should give the currents as a function of time
at the short-circuit location from the initiation of the short circuit up to its end, corresponding
to the instantaneous value of the voltage at the beginning of short circuit (see Figures 1 and 12,
pages 19 and 63).
In most practical cases a determination like this is not necessary. Depending on the
application of the results, it is of interest to know the r.m.s. value of the symmetrical a.c.
component and the peak value ip of the short-circuit current following the occurrence of-a short
circuit. The value ipdepends on the time constant of the decaying aperiodic component and the
frequencyf, that is on the ratio R/X or X/R of the short-circuit impedance zk, and is nearly
reached if the short circuit starts at zero voltage.
In meshed networks there are several time constants. That is why it is not possible to give an
easy exact method of calculating ip -and z&. Special methods to calculate ip with sufficient
accuracy are given in Sub-clause 9.1.3.2.
For the determination of the asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current the decaying
aperiodic component iDC of the short-circuit current as shown in Figures 1 or 12 may be
calculated with sufficient accuracy by:
where:
4
R/X

=
=
=
=

initial symmetrical short-circuit current

nominal frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz
time
ratio according to Sub-clause 9.1.1.2,9.1.2.2 or 9.1.3.2

(IEC page 19)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)
In meshed networks according to Sub-clause 9.1.3.2 - Method A - the right hand side of
eyuation( 1) should be multiplied by 1.15. According to Sub-clause 9.1.3.2 - Method B - the
equivalent frequency should be selected as follows:

2JFft
-fJf

<2JE

<5X

<lOJr

c25Jr

0.27

0.15

0.092

0.055

where f = 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Furthermore, the calculation of maximum and minimum short-circuit currents is based on
the following simplifications:
1) For the duration of the short circuit there is no change in the number of circuits involved,
that is, a three-phase short circuit remains three phase and a line-to-earth short circuit
remains line-to-earth during the time of short circuit.
2) Tap changers of the transformers are assumed to be in main position.
3) Arc resistances are not taken into account.
While these assumptions are not strictly true for the power systems considered,
recommended short-circuit calculations have acceptable accuracy.

the

For balanced and unbalanced short circuits as shown in Figure 2, page 23, it is useful to calculate the short-circuit currents by the method of symmetrical components (see Subclause 8.2).
6.

Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuitlocation

In all cases in Sections One and Two it is possible to determine the short-circuit current at the
short-circuit location F with the help of an equivalent voltage source. Operational data on the
static load of consumers, tap changer position of transformers, excitation of generators and so
on are dispensable; additional calculations about all the different possible load flows at the
moment of short circuit are superfluous.
The equivalent voltage source is the only active voltage of the system. All network feeders,
synchronous and asynchronous machines are replaced by their internal impedances (see Subclause 8.3.1).
Furthermore, with this method all line capacitances and parallel admittances of non-rotating
loads, except those of the zero-sequence system (see Sub-clauses 8.3.1 and 11.4), shall be
neglected.

(IEC page 21)

10

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

d)

Short-circuit

!i;2E

current

a)
b)
c)
d)
FIG. 2. -

Branch short-circuit

currents

in conductors

and earth

Balanced three-phase short circuit.

Line-to-line short circuit without earth connection.
Line-to-line short circuit with earth connection.
Line-to-earth short circuit.

Characterization of short circuits and their currents. The direction of current arrows
is chosen arbitrarily.

Finally high-voltage transformers in many cases are equipped with regulators and tap
changers operating under load flow conditions, whereas transformers feeding low-voltage
systems have normally only a few taps, for example + 2.5% or + 4%. The actual regulator or
tap changer position of transformers in the case of far-from-generator short circuits may be
disregarded without unacceptable loss of accuracy by use of this method.
The modelling of the system equipment by means of impedances according to Sub-clauses
8.3.2 and 11.5.3 applies in conjunction with the equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit
location irrespective of whether a far-from-generator short-circuit according to Section One or
a near-to-generator short-circuit according to Section Two is involved.
Figure 3, page 25, shows an example of the equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit
location F as the sole active voltage of the system in the case of a low+oltage system fed by a
single transformer. All other active voltages in the system are assumed to be zero. Thus the
network feeder in Figure 3a, page 25, is represented only by its internal impedance Zo (see
Sub-clause 8.3.2.1). Parallel admittances (e. g. line capacitances and passive loads) are not to
be considered when calculating short-circuit currents in accordance~with Figure 3b, page 25.

11

(IEC page 23)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

The equivalent voltage source cU, I \I 3 (see Sub-clause 3.15) at the short-circuit location Fis
composed of the voltage factor c, the nominal system voltage U, and 43: The voltage factor cis
different for the calculation of maximum or minimum short-circuit currents. If there are no
national standards, it seems adequate to choose a voltage factor c according to Table I,
considering that the highest voltage in a normal system does not differ, on average, by more
than + 5% (LV) or + 10% (HV) approximately from the nominal voltage.

a)

rotating
load

a) System diagram.
b) Equivalent

FIG. 3. -

circuit diagram (positive-sequence

Illustration for calculating

pliance with the procedure

system)

the initial symmetrical short-circuit

for the equivalent voltage source.

12

current 1:: in com-

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

a)

b)

a) Positive-sequence short-circuit impedance:

zo, = _u,nlo,.
b) Negative-sequence
short-circuit impedance:
zcz, = _u,?,/l,Z,.
c) Zero-sequence short-circuit impedance:
&,, = _u,0,/I@).

FIG. 4. -

Short-circuit impedance of a three-phase a. c. system at the short-circuit location

F.

TABLE I
Voltage

factor

c
Voltage factor c for the calculation of

Nominal voltage

maximum shortcircuit current

Low voltage
1OOVto1OOOV
(IEC Publication 38, Table I)
a) 230 V I400 V
b) Other voltages

minimum shortcircuit current

c,,,

Crnin

1.00
1.05

0.95
1.00

Medium voltage
> 1 kVto35kV
(IEC Publication 38, Table III)
High voltage
> 35 kV to 230 kV
(IEC Publication 38, Table IV)
Note. - cU, should not exceed the highest voltage U,,, for equipment of power systems.

13

(JEC

page 27)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)

In this way the equivalent voltage source for the calculation

current can be established, according to Table I, by:

ciJ,, I ,-? = 1 .OOU, Id-3 in low-voltage systems 230 V I400 V, 50 Hz

cU / \ 3 = 1.05 U, /, 3 in other low-voltage systems

(2b)

cl/, / , 3 = 1.10 U, I, 3 in medium and high-voltage systems.

(2c)

SECTION

7.

of the maximum short-circuit

(2a)

ONE - SYSTEMS WITH SHORT-CIRCUIT

CURRENTS
HAVING NO A.C. COMPONENT DECAY
(FAR-FROM-GENERATOR
SHORT CIRCUITS)

General
This section refers to short circuits where there is no change for the duration of~the short
circuit inthe voltage or voltages that caused the short-circuit current to develop (i. e. a quasistationary voltage condition), nor any significant change in the impedance of the circuit (i. e.
constant and linear impedances).
Therefore, the prospective (available) short-circuit
the following two components:
-

the a.c. component

the aperiodic component

current can be considered

as the sum of

with constant amplitude during the whole short circuit,

beginning with an initial value A and decaying to zero.

Figure 1, page 19, gives schematically the general course of the short-circuit current in the
case of a far-from-generator
short circuit. The symmetrical a.c. components Ziand Zkare r.m.s.
values and are nearly equal in magnitude.
This assumption is generally satisfied in power systems fed from extended high-voltage
systems through transformers, that is in the case of a far-from-generator
short circuit.
Single-fed short-circuits supplied by a transformer according to Figure 3, page 25, may a
priori be regarded as far-from-generator
short circuits if Xr,v 3 2 Xo, with Xo, to be calculated
in accordance with Sub-clause 8.3.2.1 and Xr,v in accordance with Sub-clause 8.3.2.2.

8.

8.1

Short-circuit parameters
Bulanced short circuit
The
Figure
values
simple

balanced three-phase short circuit of a three-phase a.c. system in accordance with

2a. page 23, is of special interest, because this kind of fault often leads to the highest
of prospective (available) short-circuit current and the calculation becomes particularly
on account of the balanced nature of the short circuit.

In calculating the short-circuit current, it is sufficient to take into account only the positive2 asseenfromthefaultlocation
(see Sub-clause8.3.1).
sequence short-circuit impedanceZtl, = _k
Details of calculation
8.2

are given in Clause 9.

Unbalanced .short circuit

The following types of unbalanced

(asymmetrical)

short circuits are treated in this standard:

line-to-line

short circuit without earth connection

line-to-line

short circuit with earth connection

line-to-earth

(IEC page 29 )

(see Figure 2b, page 23),

(see Figure 2c. page 23),

short circuit (see Figure 2d, page 23).

14

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
As a rule, the three-phase short-circuit current is the largest. In the event of a short circuit
near to a transformer with neutral earthing or a neutral-earthing transformer, the line-to-earth
short-circuit current may be greater than the three-phase short-circuit current. This applies in
particular to transformers of vector group Yz, Dy and Dz when earthing the y- or z-winding on
the low voltage side of the transformer.
In three-phase systems the calculation of the current values resulting from unbalanced short
circuits is simplified by the use of the method of symmetrical components which requires the
calculation of three independent
system components,
avoiding any coupling of mutual
impedances.
Using this method, the currents in each line are found by superposing
symmetrical component systems:
-

positive-sequence

the currents of three

current L(t),

- negative-sequence
current &,
- zero-sequence current I(O).
Taking the line Ll as reference,

the currents !~t, &

LLl

a=-_+j-

Each of the three

clause 8.3).

L(l)

42)

a 42)

r,2

a2 L(l)

lL3

g i(1)

+ a2

: J3;

42)

and 1~3 are given by:

L(O)

(34

L(O)

I(O)

(3c)

a2=-

T-j+i:i

(4)

symmetrical

component

systems has its own impedance

(see Sub-

The method of the symmetrical components postulates that the system impedances are
balanced, for example in the case of transposed lines. The results of the short-circuit calculation
have an acceptable accuracy also in the case of untransposed lines.
8.3

Short-circuit impedances
For the purpose of this standard, one has to make a distinction between short-circuit
impedances at the short-circuit location F and short-circuit impedances of individual electrical
equipment. According to the calculation with symmetrical components positive-sequence,
negative-sequence
and zero-sequence short-circuit impedances shall be considered.

8.3.1

Short-circuit impedances at the short-circuit location F

The positive-sequence short-circuit impedance Gc1)at the short-circuit location F is obtained
according to Figure 4a, page 27, when a symmetrical system of voltages of positive-sequence
phase order is applied to the short-circuit location F and all synchronous and asynchronous
machines are replaced by their internal impedances. When calculating short-circuit currents in
accordance with Clause 9, all line capacitances and parallel admittances of non-rotating loads
are neglected.
For the calculation of balanced three-phase short circuits, the positive-sequence impedance
is the only relevant impedance. In this case z, = z(t) (see Sub-clauses 3.20.1 and 3.20.4).
The negative-sequence
short-circuit impedance z(2) at the short-circuit location F is obtained
according to Figure 4b, page 27, when a symmetrical system of voltages of negative-sequence

15

(EC

page 31)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)

phase order is applied to the short-circuit location F. When calculating short-circuit currents in
accordance with Clause 9, all line capacitances and parallel admittances of non-rotating loads
are neglected.
The values of positive-sequence
and negative-sequence
impedances can differ from each
other on!y in the case of rotating machines. In this section, where far-from-generator
short
circuits are calculated, it is generally allowed to take &) = z(r).
The zero-sequence short-circuit impedance &,) at the short-circuit location F is obtained
according to Figure 4c, page 27, if an a.c. voltage is applied between the short-circuited lines
and the common returns (e. g. earth system, neutral conductor, earth wires, cable sheaths,
cable armouring).
When calculating unbalanced short-circuit currents in medium or high-voltage systems and
applying an equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location, the line zero-sequence
capacitances and zero-sequence parallel admittances of non-rotating loads are to be considered
for isolated neutral systems and resonant earthed systems.
Neglecting the line zero-sequence capacitances in earthed neutral systems leads to results
which are higher than the real values of the short-circuit currents. The deviation depends on
several parameters of the system, for example the length of the line between transformers with
neutral earthing.
In low-voltage systems, line capacitances
be neglected.

and parallel admittances

Except for special cases, the zero-sequence

sequence short-circuit impedances.

short-circuit

of non-rotating

loads can

impedances differ from the positive-

d)

Ito1

e
!lOl

31101

G
l-

I(O)

+ YCOI

4 Transformer
b) Transformer
cl
4
FIG. 5. -

(IEC page 33)

of vector group Dy.

of vector group Yz.
Neutral-earthing transformer in zig-zag connection.
Line (overhead line or cable); JR: joint return.

Measuring of zero-sequence
(examples).

short-circuit

16

impedances

of electrical

equipment

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
Short-circuit impedances

8.3.2

of electrical equipment

In network feeders, transformers, overhead lines, cables, reactors and similar equipment,
positive-sequence
and negative-sequence
short-circuit impedances are equal:

31)

&!m

41)

32)

32)

1 L(2)

When calculating the zero-sequence

short-circuit impedance of a line, for instance (see
= & I &) is determined by assuming an a.c. voltage between the
Figure 5d, page 33), _(o)
2
three paralleled conductors and the joint return (e.g. earth, earthing device, neutral
conductor, earth wire, cable sheath and cable armouring). In, this case, the three-fold zerosequence current flows through the joint return.
Normally
short-circuit

8.3.2.1

the zero-sequence
short-circuit impedances differ from the positive-sequence
impedances: -.$ may be larger than, equal to or smaller than &).

Network feeders

If a short circuit in accordance with Figure 6a, page 35, is fed from a network in which only
the initial symmetrical short-circuit power S{o or the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
Iio at the feeder connection point Q is known, then the equivalent impedance Zo of the
network (positive-sequence
short-circuit impedance) at the feeder connection point Q should
be determined by:

ZQ

= CRQ =

c&Q

(54

L-3 riQ

a) Without transformer.
b) With transformer.

FIG. 6. -

System diagram and equivalent

17

circuit diagram for network feeders

(IEC page 3.5)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

If a short circuit in accordance with Figure 6b, page 35, is fed by a transformer from a medium
or high-voltage network in which only the initial symmetrical short-circuit power slC,oor the
initial symmetrical short-circuit current Zioat the feeder connection point Q is known, then the
equivalent impedance Zo, referred to the low-voltage side of the transformer
may be
determined by:
1

c@o

ZQl =

Sk0

cunQ
=

t2r

vi3

p.

t,

where:
u nQ

nominal system voltage at the feeder connection

s;,

initial symmetrical

short-circuit

apparent power at the feeder connection

point Q

f;Q

initial symmetrical

short-circuit

current at the feeder connection

voltage factor (see Sub-clause 3.16, Table I and Equation (2))

tf

rated transformation

ratio at which the tap-changer

point Q

point Q

is in the main position (see also Sub-clause 8.4)

In the case of high-voltage feeders with nominal voltages above 35 kV fed by overhead lines,
the equivalent impedance ZQ may be considered as a reaCtanCe,
i. e. ZQ
= 0 + jxQ.
In other
cases, if no accurate value is known for the resistance RQ of network feeders, one may
substitute RQ = 0.1 Xo where Xo = 0.995 Zo.
The initial symmetrical short-circuit power YiQ or the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current &Q on the high-voltage side of the Nsupply transformers shall be given by the supply
company.
In general, the equivalent zero-sequence short-circuit impedance of network feeders is not
required for calculations, In special cases, however, it may be necessary to consider this
impedance.
Transformers

8.3.2.2

The positive-sequence short-circuit impedances of two-winding transformers

can be calculated from the rated transformer data as follows:
Z,=

Ukr

100%

RT=

zr = RT + jX,

V2rT
&T

URr
___.

V2
-=- IT

100%

&T

P krT
3&

where:
u rr
I rT

= rated voltage of the transformer

= rated current of the transformer

on the high-voltage or low-voltage side

on the high-voltage or low-voltage side

SrT

rated apparent power of the transformer

P krT

total loss of the transformer

Ukr

rated short-circuit

llRr

rated ohmique voltage, in per cent

in the windings at rated current

voltage, in per cent

The necessary data may be taken from rating plates or obtained from the manufacturer.
The resistive component
current.

can be calculated

(IEC page 37)

18

from the total loss in the windings at the rated

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub POP ( 1988 )
The ratio X/R generally increases with transformer size. For large transformers
the
resistance is so small that the impedance may be assumed to consist only of reactance when
calculating short-circuit current magnitude. Resistance must be considered if the peak shortcircuit current $, or the decaying aperiodic component ioc is to be calculated.
The zero-sequence short-circuit impedances &r = RcOjT+ jXcOITof transformers
or more windings may be obtained from the manufacturer.
Note. -

with two

It is sufficient for transformers with tap-changers to determine Zr in accordance with formula (6) for the
main position and to convert the impedances, currents and voltages according to Sub-clause 8.4 using the
rated transformation ratio t, correspondingto
the tap-changer in the main position.
Special considerations
-

are necessary, only if:

a single fed short-circuit current is calculated and the short-circuit current has the same direction as the
operational current before the short-circuit occurs (short circuit on the low-voltage side of one transformer
or parallel transformers with tap changers according to Figure 3, page 25, or Figure 6b, page 35),

- it is possible to change the transformation

UT,, = lJ,ru, (1 + pr) with pr > 0.05,

ratio of a transformer

- the minimum short-circuit voltage uk m,nis considerably

main position (uk m,n< ukr),
- the voltage during operation

is considerably

with the tap changer in a wide range,

lower than the rated short-circuit

higher than the nominal system voltage (U 2 1.05 U,).

In the case of three-winding transformers, the positive-sequence

ZA, Ze and & referring to Figure 7, page 41, can be calculated
impedances (related to side A of the transformer):

100%

ITA
SrT,4~

100%

ITA
SrT,4C

u2

UkrBC
ZBC

(side C open)

(94

(side B open)

(9b)

(side A open)

(9c)

u2

UkrAC

AC =

short-circuit impedances
by the three short-circuit

u2

UkrAB
ZAB

voltage in the

100%

rTA
LS~TBC

with the formulae:

(104
(lob)
1
zc

-j-

@AC

+ ZBC

ZAB)

WC)

where:
u rTA

rated voltage

s il

rated apparent power between sides A and B

SrlA(

rated apparent power between sides A and C

s rTH(

rated apparent power between sides B and C

UkrAH

AH

rated short-circuit

voltage, given in percent, between sides A and B

u krAC = rated short-circuit

voltage, given in percent, between sides A and C

u krB(

voltage, given in percent, between sides B and C

rated short-circuit

( IEC page 39)

19

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
8.3.2.3

Overhead lines and cables

The positive-sequence
short-circuit impedances zL = RL + jXL may be calculated from the
conductor data, such as the cross sections and the centre-distances of the conductors.
For measurement of the zero-sequence short-circuit impedances &) = RCo)+ jX(,,, see Subclause 8.3.2 and Figure 5d, page 33. Sometimes it is possible to calculate the zero-sequence
impedances with the ratios RCOjL/RL
et XcojL/XL.
The impedances &),_ and &_ of low-voltage and high-voltage cables depend on national
techniques andstandards
and may be taken from text-books or manufacturers data.
The effective resistance per unit length R,_ of overhead lines at the medium conductor
temperature 20 C may be calculated from the nominal cross section q,, and the resistivity Q:

R,=

__!_

(11)

qn
with:
1

52mm
___
m

for copper

Q mm
~
m

for aluminium

Q mm
~
m

for aluminium alloy

eYi

=34
and

=31

a)

b)

side

a) Denotation

of winding connections.

b) Equivalent circuit diagram (positive-sequence

FIG. 7. - Three-winding

(IEC

page 41)
20

transformer

system).

(example).

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC-Pub 909 ( 1988 )

The reactance per unit length Xr for overhead lines may be calculated, assuming
transposition, from:

fPQ

0.25

-+ln12

where:
d = :dr, rz dLz L3dL3 r, geometric mean distance between conductors,
r = radius of a single conductor.
; nrRi4, with the bundle radius R
n = number of bundled

conductors;

In

the

case

of

for single conductors

conductor

respectively
bundles,

the centre of bundles

r

is

to

be

substituted

by

n = 1

Taking h = 4n - 10m4H/km as the permeability of a vacuum, equation (12a) may be

simplified as follows:

8.3.2.4

0.25

for f = SOHz, xl, = 0.0628

for f = 60Hz, xl, = 0.0754

WW

Iz
0.25

+ ln-

d
r

(124

Q/km

Short-circuit current limiting reactors

The positive-sequence, the negative-sequence and the zero-sequence short-circuit impedances are equal, assuming geometric symmetry. Short-circuit current limiting reactors shall be
treated as a part of the short-circuit impedance.
8.3.2.5

Motors

Synchronous motors are to be treated as synchronous generators (see Section Two).

Asynchronous motors in low-voltage and medium-voltage systems supply short-circuit
currents to the short-circuit location. In the case of three-phase balanced short circuits, the
short-circuit currents of asynchronous motors decay rapidly.
It is not necessary to take into account asynchronous motors or groups of asynchronous
motors which have a total rated current less than 1% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current Zicalculated without the influence of motors. The supplement of short-circuit currents
of asynchronous motors to the current Zimay be neglected if:
Z&M

s 0.01 ri

(13)

where:
%M

= sum of the rated currents of motors in the neighbourhood

Sub-clause 11.5.3.5)

ri

= short-circuit

current at the short-circuit_location

of the short-circuit

location (see Section Two,

without the influence of motors

In other cases see Section Two.

21

(IEC

page 43)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
Conversion of impedances, ,,currents and voltages

8.4

When calculating short-circuit currents in systems with different voltage levels, it is necessary
to convert impedances, currents and voltages from one level to the other (e. g. see Figure 3b,
page 25). For per unit or other similar unit systems no conversion is necessary, if these systems
are coherent.
The impedances of the equipment in superimposed or subordinated networks are to be
divided or multiplied by the square of the rated transformation ratio tr or in special cases by the
square of the transformation ratio t, corresponding to the actual position if it is known.
Voltages and currents are to be converted by the rated transformation ratio t, or t.
9.

Calculation of short-circuit currents

9.1

Calculation method for balanced short circuits

Single fed three-phase short circuit

9.1.1
9.1.1.1

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current FL

In accordance with Figure 3, page 25, the three-phase initial symmetrical short-circuit
current Pl; becomes:

where:
=

dJ,t,-3

equivalent

voltage source (see Clause 6)

Rk = R,, + RT + R,_ = sum of series-connected

resistances in accordance with Figure 3b, page 25, RL is the line
resistance for a conductor temperature of 20 C (see Sub-clause 8.3.2)
x, = x,,

+ x, + x,

z,=,Rz,+Xz,

= sum of series-connected

reactances

= short-circuit

(see Sub-clause 8.3.1)

impedance

in accordance with Figure 3b (see Sub-clause 8.3.2)

Resistances of the order of Rk < 0.3Xk may be neglected. The impedance of the system
feeder got = R, + jXQt, referred to the voltage of that transformer side-where the short circuit
occurs, 1sto be calculated according to equations (5a) and (5b)and additional information in
Sub-clause 8.3.2.1.
The scope of Section One supports the following equation:
Zk = Zb = fI,

9.1.1.2

(15)

Peak short-circuit current i,

Because the short circuit is fed by a series circuit, the peak short-circuit current can be
expressed by:
ip = x Jz

(IEC page 45)

22

I$

(16)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

b)

a)

1.6

t
K

02

0.6

0-4
R/X

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.5

18

20

50

100

X/R -

FIG. 8. -

Factor x for series circuits as a function of:

a) ratio R/X, b) ratio X/R.

The factor x for the ratios R/X and X/R is taken from Figure 8.
The factor x may also be calculated

by the approximate

equation:

x = 1.02 + 0.98 em3RX

Three-phase short circuit fed from non-meshed sources

9.1.2
9.1.2.1

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current li

The initial symmetrical short-circuit current &, the symmetrical breaking current Z,,and the
steady-state short-circuit current Z, at the short-circuit location F, fed from sources which are
not meshed with one another in accordance with Figure 9, page 49, may be composed of the
various separate branch short-circuit currents which are independent of each other:

r{ = rj,, + rj,

The branch short-circuit currents are to be calculated

circuit current in accordance with Sub-clause 9.1.1.

(17)

like a single-fed three-phase

short-

Note. - The short-circuit current at the short-circuit location F is the phasor sum of the branch short-circuit currents.
In most cases the phase angles of-the branch short-circuit currents are nearly the same. The short-circuit
current at F is then equal to the algebraic sum of the branch short-circuit currents.

Impedances between the short-circuit location F and the busbar B, where the branch shortcircuit currents flow together as shown in Figure 9, may be neglected if they are smaller than
0.05 U,,l(,, 3 flin), where Zi, is the initial symmetrical short-circuit current on the busbar
determined by equation (17) with a three-phase busbar short circuit. In all other cases,
calculations are made in accordance with Sub-clause 9.1.3.

23

( IEC page 47)

200

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 (

1988)

Peak short-circuit current i,

9.1.2.2

The peak short-circuit current i, at the short-circuit location F, fed from sources which are
not meshed with one another in accordance with Figure 9, may be composed of the branch
short-circuit currents ipTl and ipT2:
.

Ip = lpT1 +

Ql

02

(19)

.%b2

T2

Tl

FIG. 9. -

[pT2

System diagram illustrating a short circuit fed ~from several sources which are
independent of one another. (In some cases the impedance between busbar B and
the short-circuit location F may be neglected.)

Three-phase short circuits in meshed networks

9.1.3
9.1.3.1

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current l;

In accordance with the example shown in Figure 10, page 51, the equivalent voltage source
cU, / ; 3 is established at the short-circuit location as the only active voltage in the network.
The calculation is to be carried out in accordance with Sub-clause 8.3.1, especially with Figure 4a, page 27 (positive-sequence
short-circuit impedance at the short-circuit location F). It is
generally necessary to ascertain the short-circuit impedance Zk = z(r), by network transformation (e. g. series connection, parallel connection and deltastar transformation) considering the
positive-sequence
short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment (see Sub-clause 8.3.2).
All impedances are referred to the low-voltage side of the transformers
network feeder is treated in accordance with Sub-clause 8.3.2.1.

r; =

(see Figure 10). The

aI

aI

pz,

= \i3JK+T$,

where:
CU,l,3

equivalent voltage source (see Clause 6)

Zk

short-circuit

For the calculation

(IEC page 49)

impedance,

according to Sub-clause 8.3.1 and Figure 4a, page 27

of Zb and Z,, see Equation

24

(15).

IS i3234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

a)

Tl

a) System diagram.
b) Equivalent
&,, &,

FIG. 10.

9.1.3.2

circuit diagram with the equivalent voltage source in accordance

Zn = impedances

with Clause 6.

referred to the low-voltage side of the transformers.

- Illustration of the calculation of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current 1;: in a

meshed network. The short-circuit current at the short-circuit location F is supplied
by the feeder connection point Q through transformers Tl and T2.

Peak short-circuit current i,

For the calculation of the peak short-circuit current i, in meshed networks Equation (16) is
used and one of the following approximations A, B, or C is chosen to find a suitable value for x.
If high accuracy is not needed, the Method A is sufficient.

25

( IEC page

51)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Method A - Uniform ratio RlXor

X/R: use x = x,.

The factor x, is determined from Figure 8, page 47, taking the smallest ratio of R/X or the
largest ratio X/R of all branches of the network.
It is only necessary to choose the branches which together carry 80% of the current at the
nominal voltage corresponding
to the short-circuit location. Any branch may be a series
combination of several elements.
In low-voltage

networks the value x, is limited to 1.8.

Method B - Ratio R/X or Xi R at the short-circuit

location:

The factor x is given by:

x = 1.15 Xh

(21)

where 1.15 is a safety factor to cover inaccuracies caused by using the ratio R/X from a meshed
network reduction with complex impedances.
The factor xh is found from Figure 8 for the ratio RlXgiven by the short-circuit impedanceg,
= Rk + jXk at the short-circuit location F, calculated with the frequencyf=
50 Hz orf= 60 Hz.
In low-voltage
2.0.

networks the product 1.15~~ is limited to 1.8 and in high-voltage

Method C - Equivalent

networks to

frequency f,: use x = x,.

The factor x, is found from Figure 8 for the ratio:

R
-=-.x

-=-.R

R,

fc

xc

xc

R,

fc

(224

(22b)

where:
zC

= R, + jX,

R,

= Re {Z,} # R at power frequency

EquiTalent effective resistance for the equivalent frequencyf,

as seen from the short-circuit

location

XC = Im {Z,} f X at power frequency

EquiJalent effective reactance for the equivalent frequencyf,

as seen from the short-circuit

location

The equivalent impedance zE = R, + j2 Jcf,L, is the impedance as seen from the short-circuit
location if an equivalent voltage source with the frequency fc= 20 Hz (for a nominal frequency
50 Hz) or 24 Hz (for a nominal frequency 60 Hz) is applied there as the only active voltage.

9.2

Calculation method for line-to-line and line-to-earth short circuits

The types of short circuit considered

are given in Figures 2b to 2d, page 23.

Figure 11, page 55, shows which type of short circuit leads tothe highest short-circuit
the a.c. component decays, i. e. if Zt2)/Zc1) < 1 (see Section Two).
In Section One Z&Z(l)

(IEC page 53)

= 1 is valid.

26

currents if

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7
I

0.6

2121
-

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

2121
-Zlll

It is anticipated that the differences

between R/X-ratios

for positive-sequence

and zero-sequence

systems are small.

Example:
The single phase circuit (kl) will give the highest short-circbit

current.

FIG. 11. - Chart indicating the type of short-circuit giving the highest current.

9.2.1

Line-to-line short circuit without earth connection

9.2.1.1

Initial short-circuit current &

Independent of system configuration, the initial short-circuit current of a linz-to-line short
circuit without earth connection (see Figure 2b, page 23) is calculated by:

G2
=,,:t,,
1

withZ(l) = 32)

(23)

&J = & is the positive-sequence short-circuit impedance at the short-circuit location F (see
Figure 4a, page 27).

27

( IEC page 55)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

The ratio Zi, to Z{according to Equations

(20) and (23) is:

In the case of a far-from-generator

short circuit, the steady-state short-circuit current Zk2,and
the short-circuit breaking current Z,, are equal to the initial short-circuit current Zi2:

(25)

Zk2= I()2 = ri2

9.2.1.2

Peak short-circuit current ip2

The peak short-circuit

current can be expressed by:

ip2 = x j2- ri2

(26)

The factor x is calculated according to Sub-clause 9.1.1.2 or 9.1.3.2 depending on the system
configuration. The same value as used in the case of a three-phase short circuit may be taken.
9.2.2

Line-to-line short circuit with earth connection

9.2.2.1

Initial short-circuit currents fi2, and IiE2,

According to Figure 2c, page 23, one has to distinguish between the currents Zi2nand Z&.
To calculate the value of ZL2n,the following formulae

ri2,

L2 =

CU,

are given:

I1+ a2+ LIZ

(274

lzu,+ 2zd

(27b)

a and a2 are given in Sub-clause 8.2, Equation

(4).

The initial short-circuit current &_E2E,flowing to earth and/or grounded

Figure 2c, page 23, is calculated by:

r
9.2.2.2

i-3 cu,

kE2E
= I&) +2 Z(O)I

(28)

Peak short-circuit current ipZE

It is not necessary

to calculate ipZEbecause either:

ip3 2 ip2Eor i,, 2

9.2.3

wires according to

lp2E.

Line-to-earth short circuit

9.2.3.1

Initial short-circuit current ri,

The initial short-circuit,

page 23, is calculated by:

current

of a line-to-earth

(IEC page 57)

28

short circuit according

to Figure 2d,

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

J3-cu,

ri, =

J'CCU,

(29)
I-z(l)

32)

Z(O) I

12 31)

30)

In the case of a far-from-generator

short circuit, the steady-state short-circuit current Zkl and
the breaking current Ibl are equal to the initial short-circuit current & (see also Equations (15)
and (25)):

Peak short-circuit current i,l

9.2.3.2

The peak short-circuit

current can be expressed by:

IPI

,2r;,

(31)

The factor x is calculated according to Sub-clauses 9.1.1.2 or 9.1.3.2 depending on the system
configuration. For simplification, the same value as used in the case of a three-phase short
circuit may be taken.
9.3.

The minimum short-circuit currents

~9.3.1

General
When calculating minimum short-circuit
conditions:
- voltage factor c for the calculation

currents, it is necessary to introduce

of minimum short-circuit

the following

current according to Table I;

choose the system configuration and, in some cases, the minimum contribution from
sources and network feeders, which lead to a minimum value of short-circuit current at the
short-circuit location;

motors are to be neglected;

resistances R,_of lines (overhead lines and cables, phase conductors and neutral conductors)
are to be introduced at a higher temperature:
RL = [l + F

(32)

(0, - 20 C)] . RL20

where R L20is the resistance at a temperature of 20 C and 15,in C the conductor temperature
at the end of the short circuit. The factor 0.004K is valid for copper, aluminium and
aluminium alloy.
9.3.2

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current li

When calculating three-phase
short-circuit currents
minimum initial short-circuit current is given by:

according

to Sub-clause

CU
G

& = z(i) is the short-circuit

impedance

(33)

min =
Y

9.1, the

Zk

under the conditions of Sub-clause 9.3.1.

The value of the voltage factor c depends on many influences, for example operational
voltage of cables or overhead lines, location of short circuit. If there are no national standards,
the values of Table I may be used.

(IEC page 59)

29

XS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
When calculating _-unbalanced short circuits according to Sub-clause 9.2, the equivalent
voltage source cU,l d 3 and impedances &, and &) under the conditions of Sub-clause 9.3.1
are chosen.

SECTION

10.

TWO - SYSTEMS WITH SHORT-CIRCUIT

CURRENTS
HAVING DECAYING A.C. COMPONENTS
(NEAR-TO-GENERATOR
SHORT CIRCUITS)

Ge;.eral
This section gives procedures for calculations in systems with short-circuit currents having
decaying a.c. components. The influence of motors is also taken into account.
Procedures for the calculation of short-circuit currents of synchronous and asynchronous
~motors are given if their contribution is higher than 5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current 1; without motors (see Sub-clause 13.2.1).

11.
11.1

Short-circuit parameters
General
In the calculation of the short-circuit currents in systems supplied by generators, powerstation units and motors (near-to-generator
short circuits), it is of interest not only to know the
initial symmetrical short-circuit current ri and the peak short-circuit current i,, but also the
symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ii, and the steady-state short-circuit current Z,.
In general the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current I,, is smaller than the initial
symmetrical short-circuit current r {. Normally the steady-state short-circuit current Ik is
smaller than the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ii,.
Frequently, especially when dealing with the mechanical effects of short-circuit currents, it
will be necessary to determine the asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current from the a.c.
breaking current and the superimposed
d.c. breaking current. The decaying aperiodic
component inc can be calculated according to Clause 5.
In the case of a near-to-generator
short circuit the prospective
considered as the sum of the following two components:
- the a.c. component
-

short-circuit

current can be

with decaying amplitude during the short circuit,

the aperiodic component

beginning with an initial value A and decaying to zero.

In a near-to-generator
short circuit, the short-circuit current behaves generally as shown in
Figure 12, page 63. In some special cases it could happen that the decaying short-circuit current
reaches zero for the first time, some periods after the short circuit took place. This is possible if
the d.c. time constant of a synchronous machine is larger than the subtransient time constant.
This phenomenon is not dealt with in detail by short-circuit currents calculated in this standard.

(IEC page 61)

30

IS 13234-z1992

IEC Pub POP ( 1988 )

Current
t
Top envelope

Decaying

Bottom

(aperiodic)

component

envelope

ipitial symmetrical short-circuit

peak short-circuit
steady-state

current

current

short-circuit

decaying (aperiodic)

current

component

of short-circuit

initial value of the aperiodic component

FIG. 12. -

Short-circuit

iDc

current of a near-to-generator

current

iDc

short circuit (schematic diagram).

Short-circuit currents may have one or more sources as shown in Figure 13, page 65. The
figure also specifies which clause of this section describes the short-circuit current calculation.
The main sub-clauses for the calculation of the three-phase short-circuit currents are:
-

12.2.1: for the case shown in Item 1) of Figure 13a

12.2.2: for the case shown in Item 2)~of Figure 13a

12.2.3: for the cases shown in Figures 13b, 13c respectively, if the given inequality
fulfilled (three-phase short-circuit fed from non-meshed sources),

12.2.4: for the general

networks).

single fed three-phase

case shown in Figure 13d (three-phase

31

short-circuit,
is

short circuit in meshed

(IEC page 63)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
Single fed short circuit.
Calculation according
12.2.2. 12.3 and 12.4.

b)
to Sub-clauses

12.2.1,

Short circuit fed from one generator

transformer).

Short circuit fed from non-meshed

Calculation
12.4.

sources.

according to Sub-clauses

12.2.3. 12.3 and

(without

B-=--d
Short circuit fed from one power-station
(generator and unit transformer).

unit

Short circuit fed from several sources with the

common impedance Z.
Calculation
according
12.2.4, 12.3 and 12.4.

to Sub-clauses

d) Short circuit in meshed networks,

Calculation
12.4.

12.2.3,

according to Sub-clauses

z can be neglected if
z-co.05

un8

\ 3 fy,

fia is calculated according to Figure 13b

FIG. 13. -

11.2

Various short-circuit

source conpections.

Balanced short circuit

The details of Sub-clause 8.1 are valid.

11.3

Unbalanced short circuit

The details of Sub-clause 8.2 are valid.
) Generators and motors can also be connected without transformers.

(IEC page 65)

31.

12.2.4. 12.3 and

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC!Pub 909 ( 1988 )
Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location

11.4

It is possible in all cases to determine the short-circuit current at the short-circuit location F
by means of an equivalent voltage source cU,, / ,/rz if correction factors are introduced for the
impedances of generators and for the impedances of generators and transformers of~powerstation units (see Sub-clauses 11.5.3.6, 11.5.3.7, 11.5.3.8 and Clause 12). Details for the
equivalent voltage source cU, / ~7 are given in Clause 6 and Table I.

In this method the equivalent voltage source cU, lJ-3 at the short-circuit location is the only
active voltage of the system. The internal voltages of all synchronous and asynchronous
machines are set to zero. Therefore the synchronous machines are only effective with their
subtransient~impedances and the asynchronous motors are only effective with their impedances
calculated from their locked-rotor currents.
Furthermore
in this method all line capacitances and parallel admittances of non-rotating
loads except those of the zero-sequence system shall be neglected (see Figure 15, page 77, and
Figure 20, page 87).
Details for consideration

of motors are given in Clause 13.

Short-circuit impedances

11.5

In addition to Sub-clause 8.3.2, impedances of generators and motors are introduced.

Additional calculations are given for power-station units in Sub-clauses 11.5.3.7 and 11.5.3.8.
The short-circuit impedances of network feeders, network transformers, overhead lines and
cables as well as short-circuit limiting reactors are valid.

Short-circuit impedances at the short-circuit location F

11.5.1

For the calculation of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current

short circuit Sub-clause 8.3.1 and Figure 4, page 27, are valid.

in a near-to-generator

Short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment

11.5.2

The general considerations made in Sub-clause 8.3.2 are valid. Motors and generators
dealt with in Sub-clauses 11.5.3.5 to 11.5.3.8.

are

Calculation of short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment

11.5.3
11.5.3.1

Network feeders

The details given in Sub-clause 8.3.2.1 are valid, except for the special case given in Subclause 12.2.3.1.
11.5.3.2

Transformers

The details given in Sub-clause 8.3.2.2 are valid. Unit transformers

excluded and dealt with in Sub-clauses 11.5.3.7 and 11.5.3.8.
11.5.3.3

of power-station

units are

Overhead lines and cables

Details given in Sub-clause 8.3.2.3 are valid.

11.5.3.4

Short-circuit current limiting reactors

Details given in Sub-clause 8.3.2.4 are valid.

33

(IEC page 67)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)
11.5.3.5

Motors

When calculating three-phase initial symmetrical short-circuit currents Zi, synchronous

motars and synchronous compensators are treated as synchronous~generators (see Sub-clauses
11.5.3.6, 11.5.3.7, 11.5.3.8 and 13.1).
The impedance _ZM = RM + jX, of asynchronous motors in the positive- and negativesequence system can be determined by:
1

ZM =

ILR/lrM

\T &M

u2IM

u rM
=

lLR/lrM

%M

(34)

where:
II rM

rated voltage of the motor

I FM

rated current of the motor

SrM

rated apparent power of the motor .S,, = P,,/(q,

l,RJA,

= ratio of the locked-rotor

cos q,)

current (Sub-clause 3.11) to the rated current of the motor

The following may be used with sufficient accuracy:

RMlXM = 0.10, with XM = 0.995 ZM for high-voltage motors with powers PrM per pair of
poles >, 1 MW,
RM/XM = 0.15, with XM = 0.989 ZM for high-voltage motors with powers PrM per pair of .
poles < 1 MW,
RMIXM = 0.42, with XM = 0.922 ZM for low-voltage motor groups with connection cables.
Details for consideration or omission of asynchronous motors or groups of asynchronous
motors for calculation of short-circuit currents are given in Sub-clause 13.2.1.
Static converter fed drives are treated for the calculation of short-circuit currents in a similar way as asynchronous motors. The following applies for static converter fed drives:
.&,

= as in Equation (34)

urM

= rated voltage of the static converter transformer on the network side or rated
voltage of the static converter, if no transformer is present

I TM

rated current of the static converter transformer on the network side or rated
current of the static converter, if no transformer is~present

ILRIzrM

RMlXM

= 0.10 with XM = 0.995 ZM

11.5.3.6

Generators directly connected to systems

When calculating three-phase initial symmetrical short-circuit currents in systems fed

directly from generators without unit transformers, for example in industrial networks or in
low-voltage networks, the following impedance has to be used in thepositive-sequence system:
z
_GK
= KGZG

= KG (RG + FG)

(35)

with the correction factor:

KG=--_.

un
urG

(IEC page 69)

34

C max

1 +

xi sin &o

(36)

IS 13234: 1992
1EC Pub 909 ( 1988,)
where:
cnux
u,

= voltage factor according to Table I

= nominal voltage of the system

I/ rG

rated voltage of the generator

~GK

corrected impedance

impedance

subtransient

phase angle between IrG and &/,

ZG
I,
x*
%G

of the generator

of the generator

(Zo = RG + jXi)

reactance of the generator

referred to rated impedance

(xi = Xi/Z,o)

FIG. 14. - Phasor diagram of a synchronous generator at rated conditions.

Using the equivalent voltage source cU, / d3 according to Sub-clause 12.2.1.1 instead of the
subtransient voltage E of the_synchronous generator (see Figure 14), the correction factor KG
(Equation (36)) for the calculation of the corrected impedance go, (Equation (3.5)) of the
generator has to be introduced.
The following values of sufficient accuracy may be used:
RG = 0.05 Xi for generators with U,o > 1 kV and SrG 3 1OOMVA
RG = 0.07 xl: for generators with Uro > 1 kV and SrG c 1OOMVA
RG = 0.15 Xi for generators with U,o d 1000 V

In addition to the decay of the d.c. component, the factors 0.05, 0.07 and 0.15, also take
account of the decay of the a.c. component of the short-circuit current during the first halfperiod after the short circuit took place. The influence of various winding-tern_peratures on RG
is not considered.
Note. = The effective resistance of the stator of synchronous machines lies generally much below the~given values for
RG.

For the impedances of synchronous generators in the negative-sequence system and the
zero-sequence system the following applies:
32)~

For
X(2)(3=

salient-pole

synchronous

= ZGK

machines

(37)

= ~&$G

with

differing

values

of XA and

Xi,

+(x: +q.
&I)G = KG C&G

jx(0)G)

(38)

For the calculation of short-circuit currents for line-to-line and line-to-earth short circuits
(Sub-clause 12.3) the correction factor according to Equation (36) shall be taken into account.

35

( IEC page 71)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Generators and unit transformers of power-station units

11.5.3.7

In this case correction factors for the impedances

station units have to be introduced:
Z
_G,
with the correction

and transformers

of power-

(39)

PSU = KG, PSU ZG

factor:

K G,

C max

PSU =

z
_T,PSU

with the correction

of generators

1 + xi

W-8

sin Fro

(41)

KT, PSU -zTLV

factor:

K T, PSU

(42)

= cmw.

where:
corrected

impedances

of generators

(G) and unit transformers

(T) of power-station

Z
,Z_T.PSU
_G.PSU,

ZG

= impedance

of the generator _o
Z = RG + jXA(see Sub-clause 11 S.3.6)

Z
_TLV

= impedance

of the unit transformer

xi,

%G

(see Sub-clause

units

related to the low-voltage side (see Sub-clause 8.3.2.2)

11.5.3.6)

If necessary the impedances z G, psu and zr, psu are converted by the fictitious transformation
ratio rf to the high-voltage side (see Sub-clause 12.2.2).
For the calculation of short-circuit currents at short circuits between generator and unit
transformer of a power-station unit the equivalent voltage source cV,~I ;3- at the short-circuit
location is to be introduced. In this case the rated voltage of the generator is chosen, because
the nominal system voltage cannot be determined.
These cases are dealt with in Subclause 12.2.3.1.
Notes

1. -

Equations (40) and (42) are valid if Uo = lJo and 0, = U,q. Special considerations are recommended if
for a power-station
unit having ~a transformer with a tap changer the operational voltage Uo,,, is
permanently higher than U,,o (Z/o,,, > U,,), and/or II, differs from U,o (Uc > .!.I,,) or for a powerstation unit having a transformer without a tap changer the voltage Uo of the generator is permanently
higher than U,, (UC > U,,).

2. - Values for correction factors for negative-sequence

unbalanced short circuits are under consideration.

11.5.3.8

impedances

and zero-sequence

impedances

at

Power-station units

For the calculation of short-circuit currents of power-station units for short circuits on the
high-voltage side it is not necessary to deal with the correction factors according to Sub-clause
11.5.3.7. In this case the following formula for the correction of the impedance of the whole
power-station unit (PSU) is used:
_ZPSU =

with the correction

KPSU <Z _ZG + ZTHV)

factor:

(IEC page 73 )
36

(43)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( -1988)
where:
Z
_PSU

ZG

impedance

of the generator &

ZTHV

impedance

of the unit transformer

u nQ

nominal system voltage at the connection

tr

rated transformation

fictitious transformation

(see Sub-clause

reactance of the unit transformer

tf
xi,

%G

XT

Notes 1. -

corrected

impedance

of power-station

unit related to the high-voltage

side

= & + jXA (see Sub-clause 11.5.3.6)

related to the high-voltage

side (see Sub-clause 8.3.2.2)

point Q of the power-station

ratio at which the tap-changer

unit

is in the main position

ratio tf = u,, / urG = u,,Q/ urG

11.5.3.6)
related to C&/&r, xT = Xrl( U~TISrT)

Equation (44) is valid if CJQ= U,,Qand UG = U&. Special considerations are recommended if for a powerstation unit having a transformer with a tap changer the operational voltage UQmin
is permanently higher
than UnQ(lJQ,i > U,o), and/or UG differs from U,G (UG > U,c) or for a power-station unit having a
transformer without a tap changer the voltage CJGof the generator is permanently higher than U, ( UG >

UrG).
2. - Values for correction factors for negative-sequence
unbalanced short circuits are under consideration.

impedances

impedances

at

Conversion of impedances, currents and voltages

11.6

The details given in Sub-clause 8.4 remain valid. Exceptions

12.2.3.1 are to be regarded.

12.

and zero-sequence

in the Sub-clauses 12.2.2.1 and

Calculation of short-circuit currents

General

12.1

For the calculation of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current fi, the symmetrical shortcircuit breaking current Zt, and the steady-state short-circuit current Zk at the short-circuit
location, the system may be converted by transformations
into an equivalent short-circuit
impedance Zk. This procedure is not allowed when calculating the peak short-circuit current i,.
In this case% is necessary to distinguish between systems with and without parallel branches
(seesub-clauses9.1.1.2.9.1.2.2and9.1.3.2).

12.2

Calculation method for balanced short circuits

12.2.1

Short circuit fed from one generator

12.2.1.1

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current li

The initial symmetrical short-circuit current for the examples of item 1) of Figure 13a, page
65, and of Figure 15, page 77, is calculated with the equivalent source voltage cUhI ,.3 at the
short-circuit location and the short-circuit impedance gk = Rk + jX,:

(45)
For calculation of the maximum short-circuit
chosen according to Table I.
Note. = Normally it can be presumed
system voltage U,.

current,

the value of the voltage factor c is

that the rated voltage U,G of the generator

37

is 5% higher than the nominal

( IEC page 75)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

k3

a)
L

1
1
bl

RG

,
F

RL

Nonrotating
load

1_
-t

F
Non-

rotatrng
load

If

KGRG KG%

c)

RL

XL

\
KG~G

a) System diagram.
b) Equivalent

circuit (positive-sequence

system) with the subtransient

voltage E of the generator.

c) Equivalent circuit for the calculation with the equivalent voltage source (see Clause 6 and Sub-clause 11.4) and the
impedances according to Sub-clause 11.5.3 and especially to Sub-clause 11.5.3.6.

FIG. 15. - Example for the calculation of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current I;: for a
short circuit fed directly from one generator.
12.2.1.2 Peak short-circuit current i,
The calculation of the peak short-circuit current is done as shown in Sub-clause 9.1.1.2. For
the generator the corrected resistance KoRo and the corrected reactance K,X: is used.

12.2.1.3

Symmetrical short-circuit breaking curreent1,

The decay to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current is taken account of with the
factor p.
Zb= p r;

(46)

where ,u is dependent on the minimum time delay t,in (see Sub-clause 3.23) and the ratio ZiI ZrG.
The values of ,u of the following equations apply to the case where medium voltage turbine
generators, salient-pole generators and synchronous compensators are excited by rotating
exciters or by static converter exciters (provided that for static exciters the minimum~time delay
is less than 0.25 s and the maximum excitation-voltage is less than 1.6 times the rated load
excitation-voltage). For all other cases ZAis taken to be ,u = 1 if the exact value is unknown.
p = 0.84 + 0.26 e-.26fLGrGfor
tmin = 0.02
p =

tmin= 0.05 s
0.71 + 0.51 e -0.30riG1Gfor

,U= 0.62 + 0.72 e-.3zf~Gir~Gfor

tmin = 0.10

0.56 + 0.94 e-.38riarGfor

tmin 3 0.25

,U =

(47)

The values ZLo(partial short-circuit current at the terminals of the generator) and ZrGare
related to the same voltage. In the case of asynchronous motors, replace &JZ,o by Zt!MIZrM
(see
Table II).

(IEC page 77)

38

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 1

If rio /I& S 2, apply ,u = 1 at every minimum time delay [min.

The factor ,Umay also be obtained from Figure 16 taking the abscissa for three-phase short
circuit. For other values of minimum time delay, linear interpolation
between curves is
acceptable.
I
Minimum

time delay tmin

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

5
Three-phase

FIG. 16. -

short

ClrCUit

6
/;G

//rG

Factor ,Dfor the calculation of short-circuit

Or /(,s,, /I&,

_____t

breaking curr :nt I,,.

Figure 16 can also be used for compound excited low-voltage generators with a minimum
time delay tmind 0.1 s. The calculation of low-voltage breaking currents after a time delay tmin>
0.1 s is not included in these procedures; generator manufacturers may be able to provide
information.
12.2.1.4

Steady-state short-circ&current

Zk

Because the magnitude of the steady-state

short-circuit
Zk depends upon saturation
influences and switching-condition
changes in the system its calculation is less accurate than
that of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current Z{.The methods of calculation given here
can be regarded as a sufficient estimate for the upper and lower limits, in the case when the
short circuit is fed by one generator or one synchronous machine respectively.
a) Maximum steady-state short-circuit current Z,max
The following may be set at the highest excitation
maximum steady-state.short-circuit
current:
Zkmax
A,,, may be obtained

XdSat(sat = saturated)

of the synchronous

for the

(48)

= AIXL.~~G

from Figures 17 or 18 for turbine generators

is the reciprocal of the short-circuit ratio.

39

generator

or salient-pole

machines.

( IEC page 79)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 9il9 ( 1988 )
13max-curves of Series One are based on the highest possible excitation-voltage
according to
either 1.3 times the rated excitation at rated load and power factor for turbine generators (see
Figure 17a) or 1.6 times the rated excitation for salient-pole machines (see Figure 18a).
.I,,,,,-curves of Series Two are based on the highest possible excitation-voltage
according to
either 1.6 times the rated excitation at rated load and power factor for turbine generators (see
Figure 17b) or 2.0 times the rated excitation for salient-pole machines (see Figure Mb).

a) Series One

b) Series Two

2.8,
2.6

I
1
I

2.6
xd sat

4.4

2.4

I. max

1.8

1.8

1.6

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

-I

12345678
Three-phase

FIG. 17. -

012345678
short circuit

/&/&G

Three-phase

Factors A,,,, and Aminfor turbine generators.

are given in the text.)

(Definitions

b) Minimum steady-stateshort-circuit current Zkmin

For the minimum steady-state short-circuit current,
synchronous machine is assumed.
Ikmin

Amin

= &in

constant

no-load

excitation

IrG

of the

(49

or salient-pole

Note. - For bus fed static exciters without current forcing the minimum steady-state
three-phase bus short circuit is zero.

40

12~ //,~--3

of Series One and Series Two

may be obtained from Figure 17 or 18 for turbine generators

(IEC page 81)

short circuit

short-circuit

machines.
current for a

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
b)

a) Series One

Series Two

5.5
5.0

5.0

4.5

4.5

4.0

4.0

3.5

3.5

3.0

3.0

2.5

2.5

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5
0

012345678

0
Three-phase

short-circuit

/[G//,G

Three-phase

short circuit

/i;G//&-

FIG. 18. - Factors I,, and Aminfor salient-pole machines. (Definitions of Series One and Two are
given in the text.)

12.2.2
12.2.2.1

Short circuit fed from one power-station

unit

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current l{

For the examples in Item 2) of Figure 13a, page 65, and in Figure 19 the initial symmetrical
short-circuit current is calculated with the equivalent voltage source cU,/d?? at the shortcircuit location and the corrected impedances of the generator and the transformer of the
power-station unit (Sub-clauses 11.5.3.7 or 11S.3.8) in series with a line impedance zL = RL +
jXL according to Sub-clause 8.3.2.3.

( IEC page 83)

41

IS 13234 : 1992
IJX Pub 909 ( 1988 )

a)

k3

G
1

&G.

b)

PSU

43.

,,I)
111

PSU
RL

-0

XL

EPSU

a) System diagram.
b) Equivalent circuit~diagram of the positive-sequence system for the calculation with the equivalent voltage source
at the short-circuit location and the corrected impedances of the generator and the transformer of the powerstation unit.

FIG. 19. -

Example of the calculation of the initial symmetrical

from one power-station unit.

For the calculation

used.

of the initial symmetrical

short-circuit

The short-circuit impedance for the example

accordance with Sub-clause 11.5.3.7:

in Figure

short-circuit

current Equation

currentri

fed

(45) should be

19 is given by the following

in

go, Psu is taken from Equation (39) and ;Zr.rsu from Equation (41). Both impedances are to
be transformed to the high-voltage side wtth the fictitious transformation ratio tr = U, I UrG.
Following Sub-clause
given by:

11.5.3.8 the short-circuit

Zk=Rk

zpsu is taken from Equation

12.2.2.2

impedance

+ jxk=<PSU

+ ZL

forthe

example in Figure 19 is

(51)

(43).

Peak short-circuit current i,

The calculation is done as shown in Sub-clause 9.1.1.2. For power-station units the corrected
resistances and the corrected reactances according to Sub-clause 11.5.3.7 and 11.5.3.8 are
used.
12.2.2.3

Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Zb

The calculation of the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current is done as shown in Subclause 12.2.1.3 withy according to Equation (47) or Figure 16, page 79. Insert the transformed
value YiPsUt= tJkPSU in place of &o.

(IEC page

85)
42

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)
12.2.2.4 Steady-stateshort-circuit current Zk

The calculation can be done as shown in Sub-clause 12.2.1.4, if the short circuit is fed by one
power-station unit. Insert the transformed value IIi&sul= tJ&
in place of &.

Three-phase short circuit fed from non-meshed sources

12.2.3
12.2.3.1

General

In addition to short circuits fed from non-meshed sources (see Figure 13b, page 65). all short
circuits directly fed through a common impedance z, can be calculated by the procedure given
in this sub-clause, if Z < 0.05 U,,/(, 3 $a) holds (see Figure 13c, page 65).
-.
In general the equivalent voltage source cU, I, 3 is introduced (see Figure 20~) at the shortcircuit location. U, is the nominal voltage of the system in which the short circuit occurs.
Generators, feeding the short circuit directly (without transformers) are to be treated as given
inSub-clause 11.5.3.6, power-station units according to Sub-clauses 11.5.3.7 or 11.5.3.8 and
12.2.2. and asynchronous
motors as shown in Sub-clause 11.5.3.5, taking into account
Clause 13.

Gl

t:&Z.PSU
&lZGl.
PSU

t:,z,,,

RL

\-F

t:$x

PSU

PSU

L
ZPSUl

b
-

XL
1

c U

ZPSUZ

--z-

13

!F

4 System diagram.
b) Equivalent circuit diagram of the positive-sequence system with the subtransient voltages E.
cl Equivalent circuit diagram of the positive-sequence system for the calculation with the equivalent voltage source
cLl,/, 3 at the short-circuit

FIG. 20. -

location.

Example of the calculation

from non-meshed sources.

of the initial symmetrical

43

short-circuit

current I;: fed

( IEC page 87)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

&AT

k3

AT

FIG. 21. - Short-circuit currents and partial_ $hort-circuit currents for three-phase short
circuits between generator and transformer of a power-station unit and at the
auxiliary busbar A (see also Sub-clause 12.2.4.1).

For calculating the partial short-circuit currents I io and Ztr at a short circuit in Fl in
Figure 21, the initial symmetrical short-circuit currents are given by:

cur,

11, =

(53)

--\ 3

ZT, PSU + 7

&nin

where:
Z
_G.

PSCI

= according to~Sub-clause 11.5.3.7, Equation (39)

z
_T.

PSL:

according to Sub-clause 11.5.3.7, Equation (41)

ff = U,o/ UrF = fictitious transformation

ratio, Sub-clause 11.6

= minimum value of the impedance

Z
_oIIUn

of the network feeder, corresponding

to SLo max

the maximum possible value expected during the life time of the power station is
to be introduced.
For the calculation of the short-circuit current I;:at the short-circuit location F2, for example
at the connection to the high-voltage side of the auxiliary transformer AT in Figure 21, it is
sufficient to take:
For %max

l;:=cL

13

ZG, PSU

1
PSU + 7

3.

=c-_ UrG

1
ZQmin

\7

(54)

I Zrsl I

The short-circuit current ItAT at the short-circuit location F3 has to be treated accordingto
Sub-clause 12.2.4.1.

(IEC page 89)

44

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
12.2.3.2

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current 1:

The initial symmetrical short-circuit current at the short-circuit location F can be calculated
from the sum of the partial short-circuit currents as shown in Figure 22. Motors are taken into
account by the application of Clause 13.

A simpler result, to be on the safe side, is gained by using the algebraic sum of values instead
of the geometric sum.

M
3-

FIG. 22. -

Explanation of the calculation of Zk, i,, Z, and Z, for a three-phase

from non-meshed sources according to equations (55) to (58).

short circuit fed

12.2.3.3
Peak short-circuit current i,, symmetridal short-circuit breaking current I, and steady-state
short-circuit current I,
If the three-phase short circuit is fed from several non-meshed sources according to Figure 22
the components of the peak short-circuit current i, and the symmetrical short-circuit breaking
current I,, at the short-circuit location F are added:
ip = ippsU + iPr + ipM+ . . .
It) = zbps + Z{T +

z,, + . . .

(57) and (58) give results which are on the safe side.

The partial short-circuit

currents should be calculated as follows:

network feeders according to Sub-clause 8.3.2.1,

generators without transformers

Sub-clause 12.2.1,

- power-station
11.5.3.8,
-

(57)
(58)

I, = Z,,, + z;T + . . .
The simple formulae

(56)

between the generator

units as in Sub-clause

and the short-circuit

12.2.2, taking into account Sub-clauses

location as in
11.5.3.7 and

motors as in Sub-clause 11.5.3.5 and Clause 13.

45

( IEC page 91)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC!Pub 909 ( 1988 )
This directive does not apply to the steady-state short-circuit current Zk. It is assumed that
generators fall out of step and produce a steady-state short-bircuit current ZkG= ZhGor ZkPsU=
ZbPsu. For network feeders IL = I,, = 1; is valid. There is no motor supplement to the threephase steady-state short-circuit current (see Table II).

Three-phase

122.4
12.2.4.1

short circuit in meshed

Znitial symmetrical

short-circuit

networks
current Zt

The initial symmetrical short-circuit current is calculated with the equivalent voltage source
cll, / , 3 at the short-circuit location. Equation (45) is used. The impedances of electrical
equipment are calculated according to Sub-clause 11.5.3 (see also Sub-clause 12.2.2). For the
calculation of the partial short-circuit current ZEATin Figure 21, page 89 (short-circuit location
F3), it is permitted to take &, from Equation (54) and to transform this impedance by zAT..
The impedances in systems connected beyond transformers to the system in which the short
circuit occurs have to be transformed by the square of the rated transformation ratio. If there
are several transformers with slightly differing rated transformation
ratios t,,, t,?, . . . t,,,
between two systems, the arithmetic mean value can be used.
Figures 13d, page 6.5, and 23 show examples for meshed networks with several sources

12.2.4.2

Peak short-circuit

current i,

The calculation can be done as given in Sub-clause 9.1.3.2

(TEC page 91

46

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

a)

T2

Gl

Motor or equivalent motor

of a motor group
b)

ZPSU

a) System diagram.
b) Equivalent
location.
* Impedance

circuit diagram for the calculation with the equivalent

of a motor or an equivalent

voltage source cU,l,-3

at the short-circuit

motor of a motor group.

FIG. 23. - Example of the calculation of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current 1: in a
meshed network fed from several sources.
12.2.4.3 Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Z,
The following may be set for the short-circuit breaking current in meshed networks:

z, = r;:

(59)

Currents calculated with Equation (59) are larger than the real symmetrical short-circuit
breaking currents.
Note. - A more accurate calculation can be done with the following equations:

47

(IEC page 95)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
-

pjqj)

LtMj

(60)

(61)
(64

equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit

location

initial symmetrical short-circuit current, symmetrical short-circuit breaking current with influence
of all network feeders, synchronous machines and asynchronous motors
initial voltage difference at the connection points of the synchronous
ous motor j
parts of the initial symmetrical
asynchronous motor j

short-circuit

current

machine i and the asynchron-

of the synchronous

machine

i and the

(see Sub-clause 12.2.1.3 and Figure 16, page 79) with rioi/lro, or f,!Mj/l,Mj respectively
(see Sub-clause 13.2.1 and Figure 25, page 103)
The values of Equations

12.2.4.4

(61) and (62) are related to the same voltage.

Steady-state short-circuit current Zk

The steady-state shortcircuit current Z, may be calculated by:

(63)
I,$, is the initial symmetrical short-circuit current calculated without motors.
12.3 Calculation method for line-to-line and line-to-earth short circuits
The details given in Sub-clause 9.2 remain valid.
The minimum short-circuit currents

12.4
12.4.1

General

The details given in Sub-clause 9.3 remain valid. In addition, consider Sub-clauses 12.4.2 to
12.4.4. Careful reflection is necessary for the impedance correction factors in the equations
(36), (40)) (42) and (44), es p ecially in the case of underexcited operation.

12.4.2

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current li

12.4.2.1

Short-circuit fed from one generator

If a short circuit is fed from one generator as shown in Figure 15, page 77, apply Sub-clause
12.2.1 and introduce a voltage factor Cminaccording to Table I for the calculation of the
minimum short-circuit current.
This procedure is also applied for short circuits, which are fed by several similar generators,
operated at one point in parallel.
Short circuit in meshed networks

12.4.2.2

For the calculation use Sub-clause 12.2.4 and a voltage factor c,in according to Table I.

@ECpage

97)

48

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988
Steady-stateshort-circuit current I k minfed from generators with compound excuu.ion

12.4.3

The calculation for the minimum steady-state short-circuit current in a near-to-generator

short circuit, fed by one or several similar and parallel working generators with compound
excitation, is done as follows:

zkmin
= p

kin/

un

(64)

,jm

For the effective reactance of the generators introduce:

&, is the steady-state short-circuit current of a generator with a three-phase terminal short
circuit.
This value zkpshould be obtained from the manufacturer.
12.4.4

Initial short-circuit~currentsat unbalanced short circuits

The initial short-circuit currents at unbalanced short circuits are calculated according to Subclauses 9.2 and 12.3. Use the voltage factor C,in according to Table I.
13. Influence of motors
13.1 Synchronous motors and synchronous compensators
When calculating the initial symmetrical short-circuit current Ii, the peak short-circuit
current i,, the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ii, and the steady-state short-circuit
current Ik, the synchronous motors and synchronous compensators are treated in the same way
as synchronous generators.
Exceptions are: no modification for internal voltage; motors may have constant field voltage
and no regulators. Motors and compensators with terminal-fed static exciters do not contribute
to Ik.
13.2 Asynchronous motors
13~.2.1 General
High-voltage motors and low-voltage motors contribute to the initial symmetrical shortcircuit current Zi,to the peak short-circuit i,, to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
I,,, and for unbalanced short circuits also to the steady-state short-circuit current Ik.
High-voltage motors have to be considered in the calculation of short circuit. Low-voltage
motors are to be taken into account in auxiliaries of power-stations and in industrial and similar
installations, for example in networks of chemical~and steel industries and pump-stations.
Motors in low-voltage public power supply systems may be neglected.
In the calculation of short-circuit currents those high-voltage and low-voltage motors may be
neglected, which, according to the circuit diagram (interlocking) or to the process (reversible
drives), are not switched inat the same time.

( IEC
49

page 99)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pab 909 ( 1988 )

High-voltage and low-voltage motors -which are connected through two-winding transformers to the network in which the short circuit occurs, ~maybe neglected in the calculation of
currents for a short circuit at the feeder connection point Q (see Figure 24), if:

PrM

&T

0.8

c 100 i? &T
-

0.3

SiQ

where:
=*kl

= sum of the rated active powers of the high-voltage and the low-voltage motors which should be considered

=,r

= sum of the rated apparent powers of all transformers,

through which the motors are directly fed

SLJ = initial symmetrical short-circuit power at the feeder connection point Q without supplement of the motors

The estimation according to Equation (66) is not allowed in the case of three-winding
transformers.

k3

20 kV

Ml

M2

M3

M4
z

p,M

FIG. 24. - Example for the estimation of the contribution from the asynchronous motors in
relation to the total short-circuit current.

(IEC page 101)

50

IS13234:1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Minimum time de

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.3

,
/

0.1

T/
0.01

A@
0.02

0.04

1
0.4

0.2

0.1

10 (MW)

Active power of the motor per pair of poles m ____c

FIG.
25.- Factor 9 for the calculation of the symmetrical
asynchronous

short-circuit

breaking current of

motors.

The factor 4 for the calculation of the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current for
asynchronous motors may be determined as a function of the minimum time delay tmin:

q = 1.03 + 0.12 In m for tmin= 0.02

with m:

4 = 0.79 + 0.12 In m for tmin = 0.05

4 = 0.57 + 0.12 In m for tmin = 0.10

the rated active power of motors (MW)

per pair of poles

q = 0.26 + 0.10 In m for tmin> 0.25

(67)

If the calculation in Equation (67) provides larger values than 1 for q, assume that q = 1. The
factor q may also be obtained from Figure 25.
Low-voltage motors are usually connected to the busbar by cables with different lengths and
cross-sections. For simplification of the calculation, groups of motors including their connection cables may be combined to an equivalent motor, see motor M4 in Figure 24.
For these equivalent
may be used:

asynchronous

motors including their connection

51

cables the following

(IEC

page 103)

IS 13234: 1992

IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

ZM

= (according

I FM

to Equation

(34))

ILRI&M

= 5

RM/XM

= 0.05 MW if nothing definite is known

sum of the rated currents of all motors in a group of motors (equivalent

0.42, respectively

motor)

xM = 1.3

For a short circuit at the busbar 3 in Figure 24, page 101, the partial short-circuit current of
the low-voltage motor group M4 may be neglected, if the following condition holds:

Zr~4is the rated current of the equivalent motor M4.Z&+, is the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current at the short-circuit location B without supplement of the equivalent motor M4.
In the case of a short circuit on the high-voltage side (e. g. short-circuit locations Q or A in
Figure 24) it is possible to simplify the calculation of ZM according to Equation (34) with the
rated current of the transformer T3 (ZrT3,Lv) in Figure 24 instead of the rated current frMj of the
equivalent motor M4.
Terminal short circuit of asynchronous

13.2.2

motors

In the case of balanced and line-to-line short circuits at the terminals of asynchronous motors
the currents 16, i,, I,, and Zkare evaluated as shown in Table II. For solid grounded systems the
influence of motors on the line-to-earth short-circuit current cannot be neglected.

13.2.3

Short circuit beyond an impedance

For the calculation of the initial short-circuit currents according to Sub-clauses 12.2.3 and
12.2.4, asynchronous motors are substituted by their impedances ZM according to Equation
(34) in the positive-sequence
and negative-sequence
system.

(IEC page 105)

52

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
TABLE II

Calculation of short-circuit currents of asynchronous motors

in the case of a short circuit at the terminals

Initial symmetrical
circuit current

Line-to-line

Balanced short circuit

Short circuit
short-

Peak short-circuit
current

I,,

C&I

k3M= m
Ip3M = XM JTI;,,

High-voltage motors:
xM = 1.65 (corresponding
c1MW
X~ = 1.75 (corresponding
21MW

(69)

ltzM = $-

&

(73)

(70)

ipZM= $-

ipsM

(74)

to

RMIXM = 0.15)
for motor powers per pair of poles

to

RMIXM = 0.10)
for motor powers per pair of poles

Low-voltage motor groups with connection

RMIXM = 0.42)
Symmetrical short-circuit
breaking current

lb,,

(71)

= p 4 1;3M

short circuit

cables xhl = 1.3 (corresponding

I,,,

,y
2

Iz3M

to

(75)

p according to equation (47) or Figure 16, page 79, with liMII,M

q according to equation (67) or Figure 25, page 103

Steady-state shortcircuit current

13.3

I k3M

-0
-

(72)

Ik2M

Ik3M

(76)

Static converter fed drives

Static converter fed drives (e. g. as in rolling mill drives) are considered for three-phase short
circuits only, if the rotational masses of the motors and the static equipment provide reverse
transfer of energy for deceleration (a transient inverter operation) at the time of short circuit.
Then they contribute only to the initial symmetrical short-circuit current Ziand to the peak
short-circuit current i,. They do not contribute to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking
current Zb.
Apply Sub-clause 11.5.3.5 for the equivalent motor of the static converter fed drive.
14. Consideration of non-rotating loads and capacitors
Calculation methods are given in Sub-clauses 12.2 and 12.3 which allow, as stated in
Clause 6, line capacitances and parallel admittances of non-rotating loads to be neglected.

14.1 Paralfel capacitors

Regardless of the time of short-circuit occurrence, the dischargecurrent
may be neglected for the calculation of the peak short-circuit currents.,

of the capacitors

14.2 Series capacitors

Theeffect~of capacitors in series can be neglected-in the calculation of short-circuit currents,
if they are equipped with voltage-limiting devices in parallel, acting if a short circuit occurs.

53

( IEC page 107) _

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

APPENDIX
CALCULATION

Al.

OF SHORT-CIRCUIT

CURRENTS

Example 1: Calculation of short-circuit currents in a low-voltage system

Problem

A.l.l

A low-voltage system with U,, = 380 V and f = 50 Hz is given in Figure Al. The short-circuit
currents Ziand i, shall be determined at the short-circuit locations Fl to F3 according to Section
One (Systems with short-circuit currents having no a,c. component decay). The equipment
data for the positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence systems are given in
Table Al.

T2
= 400 kVA
Network feeder

SI:a = 2 50 MWA
(ca=l.l)
&a=15
kV

*
s,Tl = 630 kVA

FIG. Al. - Low-voltage system with short-circuit locations Fl, F2 and F3.
Example 1.

Al .2 Determination ofthe positive-sequence impedances

A1.2.1

Network feeder

According to Equation (5b) with co = 1.1 (see Table I) it follows that:

ZQt

-C&Q .
KQ

1
-

tT

1.1 . (15kV)*
=

250MVA

(15 kV/0.4 kV) = 0*704ma

XQ,= 0.995Zo, 6 0.700mQ

Zot = (0.070 + j 0.700) mQ
RQ, = 0.1 Xo, = 0.070 mQ

(EC

page 109)
54

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

A1.2.2

Transformers

According to equation (6), (7) and (8) it follows that:

Transformer Tl:
-=-. rT1
&I

100%

RTl

PkrTl

4%

(400 v)2

100%

630 kVA

u2

UkrTl

ZTl_.

= 10.16 m&I

Pkirl U2rT1

3 tT1

s2 rT1

XT1 = Jz,,_=

9.82 mQ

zrl = (2.62 + j 9.82) mQ

Transformer T2:
According to the calculation for transformer Tl it follows that:
SrTZ= 400 kVA, urr2 = 400 V, r&n = 4% and Pkrn = 4.6 kW:
zT2 = (4.60 + j 15.32) mQ
A1.2.3

Lines (cables and overhead lines)

Line impedances: _Z, = z)Ll

Line Ll (two parallel cables):
ZLl

(0.077 + j 0.079) &

10 m = (0.385 + j 0.395) m0

Line L2 (two parallel cables):

ZL2

$-

(0.208 + j 0.068)

~4

m = (0.416 + j 0.136) mS2

Line L3 (cable):
52
zL3 = (0.271 + j 0.087) -km - 20 m = (5.420 + j 1.740) m&

Line L4 (overhead line):

52 mm2
R)L4=- Q =
54m.50mm2
G-l

= 0.3704 --& ; r = 1.14 J

gL4 = (Ri4 + j xl,,) 1 = (0.3704 + j 0.297) g

55

- 50

= 4.55 mm

m = (18.52 + j 14.85) mQ

(IEC page 111)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
TABLE AI

Data of equipment for Example 1 andpositive-sequence, negative-sequence~and zero-sequence shortcircuit impedances

--Equipment

Network feeder
Q

Data of equipment

Data and
equations for
the calculation of
Z(l) and Z(O)

Uno = 15 kV; co = 1.1; S;o =

250 MVA
RQ=O.l.XQwithXQ=
0.995

(5b)

Z(l) = Z(Z)

Z(O)

(ma)

(mn)

ZQt =

0.070 + j 0.700

ZQ

Transformers
Tl

T2

Lines
Ll

SrT = 630 LVA;

u inv = 0.4 kV
Ukr= 4%; &-r =
SIP = 400 kVA;
u rTLv= 0.4 kV
ukr = 4%; Pkrr=

U,,,

= 15 kV;

(6) to (8)

6.5 kW; Dy 5
r/,,v = 15 kV;

(6) to (8)

g(O)T,=

zr2=
4.60 + j 15.32

Z(O)Tz=
4.60 + j 14.55

ZLI =

Z(O!L,=

2.62 + j-9.33

4.6 kW; Dy 5

Two parallel four-core

cables
I= lOm;4 X 240mmCu
51
zi = (0.077 + j 0.079) km

0.385 + J 0.395

Two parallel three-core

cables
I= 4m;3 x 150mm2Al

1.425 + j 0.715

Data and ratios

&J&.&
RL'

L2

ZTl =
2.62 + j 9.82

XL

given by the
manufacturer

_zu=
0.416 + j 0.136

Z(O)LZ=

ZL3 =

&)L3

1.760 + j 0.165

sz
z; = (0.208 + j 0.068) G
L3

Four-core cable
I=20m:4X70mm2Cu

5.420 + j 1.740

16.26 + j 7.76

R
Z;. = (0.271 + j 0.087) T;;;
L4

Overhead line
I=50m;q,=50mm2Cu;d=0.4m
n
z; = (0.3704 + j 0.297) G

(ll), (12a)

ZLL4=

18.52 + j 14.85

*&=+

j 44.55

Al .3 Determination of the zero-sequence impedances

A1.3.1

Transformers

For the transformers Tl and T2 with the vector group Dy5 the following relations are given
by the manufacturer:

Transformer Tl:
z(O)Tl = R(o)~l + jX(0)T1 = (2.62 + j 9.33) ma

Transformer T2:
+ jXco)n = (4.60 + j 14.55) mQ
Z(o)n= R(op-2

(IEC page 113 )

56

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)

A1.3.2

Lines (cables and overhead lines)

The zero-sequence impedances are to be calculated with the relations R,,J~IZ?, and X&XL
obtained from the manufacturer.

- Line L1: R(o),_= 3.7 RL; X(O)L = 1.81 XL with return circuit by the fourth conductor and
surrounding conductor:
~~oI~l= (3.7 RLI + j 1.81 XL1) = (1.425 + j 0.715) mQ
- Line L2: RtOJL= 4.23 R,; XtoIL= 1.21 XL with return circuit by sheath:
_Zco)r2
= (4.23 RL2 + j 1.21 XL2) = (1.76 + j 0.165)mQ
- Line L3:

3 RL;
and earth:

R(o)L =

X(O)L =

4.46 XL with return circuit by the fourth conductor, sheath

zcojL3= (3 RL3 + j 4.46 XL,) = (16.26 + j 7.76) mQ

- +Line L4: Overhead line with RcOIL= 2 RL; XCojL= 3 XL, when calculating the maximum
short-circuit currents:
z~oIL4= (2 RL4 + j 3 XL4) = (37.04 + j 44.55) mQ
Al .4

Calculation of the short-circuit currents I: and i, for balanced short circuits at the short-circuit
ZocationsFl, I?? and F3

A1.4.1

Short-circuit location Fl

Short-circuit impedance at the short-circuit location Fl according to Figure A2:

ZTl &2

+ ZLl + zL2)
=

Zk = 6Qt +
zTl+&

(1.857 + j 6.771) mQ

+zLl+zL2

FIG. A2. - Positive-sequence system (according to Figure Al, page 109) for the calculation of
I; and i, at the short-circuit location Fl.

Maximum initial symmetrical short-circuit current according to Equation (20) with c = 1.05
(see Table I):
r; =

;;,

1.05 * 380 v
J3 7.021 m&2 = 3281 hA

57

(IEC

page 115)

IS 13234: 1992
sIECPab909(1988)

Peak short-circuit current i, according to Sub-clause 9.1.3.2. Because the calculation of & is
carried out with complex values, it is sufficient to choose the conservative Method B or for
higher accuracy Method C of Sub-clause 9.1.3.2.
Method B (impedance ratio at the short-circuit location, Equation (21)):

From the short-circuit impedance Zk = Rk + j X, the ratio RklXk = 1.857 mQ/6.771 m0 =

0.274 can be found and with the equation for x in Sub-clause 9.1.1.2 it follows that:
xb = 1.02 + 0.98 e-3o.274= 1.45
ip,b = 1.15 - xb ,fii?i

= 1.15 ; 1.45 JT

Method C (equivalent frequencyf,,

- 32.81

kA = 77.37 kA

Equation (16) with R/X according to Equation (22a)):

The impedance z, = R, + j X, is calculated according to the comments of Method C of Subclause 9.1.3.2 with an equivalent source voltage of the frequencyf, = 20 Hz (f, = 50 Hz). The
calculation procedure is similar to the calculation of &, but taking the following values:
ZQ,

= (0.070 + i 0.280) mQ

$l,c = (2.62 + j 3.928) mQ; &c

= (4.60 + j 6.128) mS2

z
_Ll,c
= (0.385 + j 0.158) mQ; &c

gc

ZQt,c

Tl,c

&2,c

gTl,c

zLl,c

= (0.416 + j 0.0544) mQ

zL2.c)

= (1.85 + j 2.718) mS2

+
$2.~

zLl,c

zL2,c

20 Hz

_ - Rc . -_fc =
-R =
x

xc

2.718 mQ

50Hz

= 0.272

x, = 1.02 + 0.98 e-3o.272

= 1.453
$,c = x, :i- li =

&

1.453 \: 2 - 32.81 kA = 67.42 kA

In order to interpret this result, the ratios R/X of the parallel branches zrl and zr2 + i& +
are to be considered. These can be calculated as:

RTI

= 0.27

XT,

RTZ

XT2 +

RLI

RL~

XL,

XL,

0.34

Additionally, two-thirds of the short-circuit current are taken by the transformer Tl.
The breaking current &,and the steady state short-circuit current Z, at all three short-circuit
locations need not be calculated since they are equal to the corresponding initial symmetrical
short-circuit current Zi(see Equation (15)).

(IEC page 117)

58

IS 13234 : 1992
IIECPub 909 ( 1988 )

A1.4.2

Short-circuit location E?

Zk

ZQt

@Tl

+ ZLl)

zT1

&2

zL2)

zL2

ZLl

(1.953 + j 6.852) mQ

1.05 . 380 V
-= 32.33 kA
= 4 3 - 7.125 mQ

c&
jT.&

r,: =

@T2

The peak short-circuit current can be calculated from Sub-clause 9.1.3.2:

zc = (1.951 + j 2.742) mQ
.This leads to R/X ratio of:
RIX= 0.2847

Using the equation for x in Sub-clause 9.1.1.2:

x, = 1.44
thus:
lp.c =

xcv 2 li = 1.44 ,I 2

* 32.33

kA = 65.84 kA

The decisive ratio R/X is mostly determined by those of the branches zrr + zL1 and & +
zL2 with (RTI + RLI)I(XTI + XL,) = 0.29 and (RR + RL2)l(Xm + XL2) = 0.32. Moreover, these
two r&tiOnS
are similar to Rk/Xk = 1.953 S2/6.852 9 = 0.29 + xb = 1.43.

A1.4.3
z,

Short-circuit location F3

ZQt

@Tl

ZLl)

ZTl

ZT?

(zT2

zL2)

r;

ZLl

dT
~r,~= x, E

zL4

1.05 - 380 V

cun

sL3

Zk

(25;893 + j 23.442) mQ

zL2

JrF

34.93 mS2

& = 1.05 j2

= 6.6 kA

6.6 kA = 9.89 kA

with:
+ &c
= (1.951 + j 2.742) mQ +
& = R + j Xc = ZF~,~ + &
(23.94 + j 6.636) mQ = (25.89 + j 9.38) mQ

-=R
x

R,
Y/fn=

fc

25.89 mQ
9.38 mS2

20 Hz
*

50 Hz

= 1.104

Calculated according to Equation (21) of Method B (see-sub-clause 9.1.3.2):

-=&
xk

25.893 mQ
23.442 mQ

= 1.1043

therefore:
xc= 1.05=x,,

59

(IEC page 119 )

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Al .5

Calculation of the short-cirmit currents I;, and iplfor line-to-earth short circuits at the shortcircuit locations Fl, IQ and F3

Al .5.1

Short-circuit location Fl

Fl

~11)=~(21

Positive-sequence

=j(o]

Negative-sequence

= -Kl

system

3-

system

Zero-sequence
system

FIG. A3. - Positive-sequence, negative-sequence

and zero-sequence systems with connections at

the short-circuit location Fl for the calculation & at a line-to-earth short circuit.

Short-circuit impedances:
&) = &) = z, = (1.857 +j 6.771) mQ

Z(O)=

%V1 (ZW2 + ZW-1 ZW2)

Z(O)Tl+ z(O)T-2
+ z(O)Ll+ z(O)L2

Z(1) + 32) + Z(0) =

= (2 099 + j 5 872) ma
*

2&, + zCo)= (5.813 + j 19.414) mQ

(IEC page 121)

60

Es 13234 : 1992
JEC Pub 909 ( Z988 )

Initial short-circuit current for a line-to-earth short circuit according to Equation (29) (see
Sub-clause 9.2.3.1):
pl.0538OV

JTCU,

r;, =

I %l)

+ 30) I

= 34.10 kA, (&/I; = 1.04)

20.266 mQ

Peak short-circuit current ipl according to Equation (31) of Sub-clause 9.2.3.2, calculated
with the same value for x, as in the case of a balanced three-phase short circuit (see Sub-clause
9.1.3.2 for x,):
i,, = x, fl

ri, = 1.453 - F

+ 34.10

kA = 70.07 ~kA

Shortycircuit location lQ

A1.5.2

&) = &J = z, = (1.953 + j 6.852) mQ

(IT Z(O)L)
(Z(O)rr
Z(O)L)
=

30) =

$O)Tl

Z(O)R

D-c&

ri, =

z(O)Ll

,2zt,) + zoo),
iPI = x, fl

A1.5.3

475

30)L2

. 1.05 - 380
20.684 mS2

$I = 1.44 fl

(2

970)

~SZ

V
=

33.41 kA, (G/I;: = 1.03)

33.41 kA = 68.04 kA

Short-circuit location F3
&) = g(2) = Zk = (25.893 + j 23.442) mQ

Z(0)

@(O)Tl

g(O)Ll)

Z(O)Tl

g(O)T2

g(O)Ll

DCU

r;, =

I %I,

+
+

X, \j2

z(O)Ld

z(oIL3

g(o)L4

(55.775 f j 58.280) mSZ

3O)L2

pl.O5*38OV

= 4.59 kA, (&/I;: = 0.70)

150.43 mQ

-I- 30, I

i,l =

Al .6

@(O)T2

FL, =

1.05 p

4.59 kA = 6.82 kA

Collection of results
TABLE

AI1

Collection of results for Example 1 (U,, = 380 V)

Short-circuit
location
Fl
Fz
F3

z(l) =

zk

zw

r;

$l.c

41

lP1.C

&,/I;

(mQ)

(mQ)

04

04

GA)

OW

7.021
7.125
34.93

6.24
6.46
80.67

32.81
32.33
6.60

67.42
65.84
9.89

34.10
33.41
4.59

70.07
68.04
6.82

1.04
1.03
0.70

) In all cases fi = Zb= Ik (far-from-generator short circuit).

61

(IEC page 123)

Is 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
A2.
A2.1

Example 2: Calculation of balanced short-circuit currents in a medium-voltage

influence of motors

system,

Problem
A medium-voltage
system 33 kV16 kV (50 Hz) is given in Figure A4, page 127. The
calculations are to be carried out without asynchronous motors according to Sub-clause 9.1 of
Section One and with the influence of asynchronous motors according to Sub-clause 13.2 of
Section Two.
The 33-kV-/6-kV-sub-station
with two transformers each of SrT = 15 MVA is fed through
two three-core solid type 33-kV-cables from a network feeder with S,io = 750 MVA and LI,o =
33 ~kV.
As the short-circuit resistance is small in comparison with the short-circuit reactance (RI, <
0.3 Xk, see Sub-clause 9.1.1.1) it is sufficiently accurate to calculate only the short-circuit
reactances of the electrical equipment and the short-circuit reactance X, at the short-circuit
location F in Figure A4.
To demonstrate the difference, when calculating the short-circuit current ri with absolute
quantities or with quantities of a per unit system, both calculations are carried out (see Subclause A2.3 for the calculation with per unit quantities). To show the difference between a real
and a complex calculation and to demonstrate the decaying of the aperiodic component of the
short-circuit current an additional calculation is given in Sub-clause A2.4.

A2.2

Calculation with absolute quantities

Table AI11 demonstrates the calculation of the short-circuit reactance X, at the short-circuit
location F in Figure A4 if the circuit breakers CBl and CB2 are open (without influence of the
asynchronous motors Ml and M2).
The initial symmetrical short-circuit current without the influence of the ~asynchronous
motors Ml and M2 becomes with c = 1.1 (according to Table I for the maximum short-circuit
currents):
1.1 . 6 kV

C(J
&

(wi!hout Ml. MZ) =

,3x,

X, is taken from Table AIII.

(IEC page 125)

62

\ 3 . 0.2655 Q

= 14.35 kA

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

.?$a=750

Network

MVA

feeder

U~Q = 33 kV

1
I?
Cable L2
Xip =O.l SUkm
1=4.85 km

Cable Ll
XL1 ~0.1 Nkm
l=4.85

km

Transformer

Tl
k3

Nonrotating
load

Asynchronous motor Ml
PrM= 5 MW; lJr, = 6 kV
cos qF = 0.86; Q = 0.97
I,,lI,,
= 4
pair of poles: 2

FIG. A4. -

Three asynchronous motors, treated as an equivalent

motor M2, each of them having the following data:
P+.,,=lMW;&,=6kV
cm % = 0.83; v1 - 0.94
ILRIIrM = 5.5
pair of poles: 1

Medium voltage 33 kV16 kV system with asynchronous

Example 2.

motors.

(IEC
63

page 127)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
TABLE AI11

Calculation of Xk (52) for Example 2, withoutthe influence of asynchronous motors Ml land M2

(CBI and CB2 are open)

Network feeder

Equation (Sb):
Xo, = - cu,,

. f

Cable Ll

Transformer

XL,,

Tl

1.1 . (33 kV)*

. 1 .+

XL1

. 4.85 km .

0.1;

(33 kV/:.3 kV)*

0.0582

0.0177

Equation (6) (Xr = 2,)

L/z

ukrTl

XTl_.

_=-.rTlLV
&i

100%

15%

(6.3 kV)*

100%

15 MVA

Ll + Tl

(Ll + Tl) (L2 + T2)

in parallel

Two equal branches in parallel 3

Short-circuit
reactance Xk

xk

1
. (33 kVl6.3 kV)*

150 MVA

so

Reactance
(Q)

Equations and calculations

Equipment

0.

xLl,

xTl

XL,,

0.3969
0.4146

XI-2

(XL,, + XT,)

0.2073

1
=

x,

(XL,,

0.2655

XT,)

The initial symmetrical short-circuit current, without the influence of motors, at the shortcircuit location (see Figure A4) is:
GUI
L (withoutMl, M2) =

j3

=-.

*x,

1.1

6kV

J3

0.2655 Q

m=14.35 kA

According to Sub-clause 12.2.3 (three-phase short circuit fed from non-meshed sources and
Equation (55) it is possible to add the partial symmetrical short-circuit current at the shortcircuit location (see Figure A4, page 127):
r;:

(tithout M1, M2) +

{LMl

&M2

The partial short-circuit currents _kM1

I and J& (CBl and CB2 are closed) are calculated
from Equation (69) in Table II and Equation (34) in Sub-clause 11.5.3.5 for the short-circuit
impedances of asynchronous motors.
Motor Ml:

1
zMl

ILRlbM

where:

u2IM

(6 kV)

SrM

6 MVA

-=-.

=
*

s,, =

IM =

cos v,rlr

5MW
0.86 . 0.97

1.5Q

=6MVA

Motor M2 (three motors with equal data + equivalent motor):

2M2 =where:

1
3

ILRizrM

s,, =

u2rM

SrM

-=-.

PrM =
cos 9vlr

(IEC page 129 )

64

1MW
0.83 . 0.94

(6 kV)2

5.5

1.28 MVA

-.

= 1.28 MVA

= 1.705 &

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Partial short-circuit currents according to Equation (69):

r kM1

1.1.6kV
=

;;Ml

IkM2=;;w

1.1 - 6 kV
. 1.705 & = 2*23 kA

Short-circuit current at the short-circuit location F in Figure A4, page 127, including the
influence of the motors Ml and M2:
ZG;
= Z;(tithoutM1
M2J+ &,, + Zi, = (14.35 + 2.54 + 2.23) kA
Zi = 19.12 kA
The influence of the asynchronous motors raises the short-circuit current to 1.3 of the value
without motors.
Si = n

UJL = n

.6 kV - 19.12 kA = 198.7 MVA = 200 MVA

When calculating the partial short-circuit current fed from the network, Sub-clause 12.2.3.3
is used:
k (without Ml, M2) =

b(without Ml,

M2) =

rl (withoutMl,

M.2)

For the calculation of Zi,sM

the factor I( has to be determined according to Equation (47) and CJ
according to Equation (67) with tmin= 0.1 s. With &t/ZrM1 = 4.40 and Zim/ZrM,= 6.05 the
values PM1= 0.80 and ,u~ = 0.72 are calculated. With active power per pair of poles mM1=
2.5 MW and mM2= 1 MW the values qM1= 0.68 and qm = 0.57 are found.
According to Equation (71) the partial breaking currents are:
Zt,sM1
= j&n qMi&,,, = 0.80 * 0.68 * 2.54 kA = 1.38 kA
zbsM2= pm qm Zb = 0.72 - 0.57 . 2.23 kA = 0.92 kA
The symmetrical short-circuit breaking current becomes:
Ib

Ib ctithout

Ml q

zb3M1

zb3M2

(14.35 + 1.38 + 0.92) kA = 16.65 kA

According to Equation (72) there is no contribution of the asynchronous motors to Zk:

zk =

A2.3

r; (witboutMl

M2)

14.35 kA

Calculation with per unit quantities

For the calculation with per unit (p. u.) quantities two reference quantities (Index R) have to
be chosen. For Example 2 those quantities shall be:
Ua= U,=6kVor33kVandSa=lOOMVA

65

( IEC page 131)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
Per-unit
follows:

(p. u.) quantities

(with an asterisk [*] as a superscript)

*u=__,

IUR

ZSR

SR

u=R

* *I = _-;*~=_;

UR

therefore

*SE

are defined as

S
SR

If the system is not coherent as indicated in Sub-clause 8.4, that means UrTHV/I!.!,,,, # UnNV/
UnLV, then the rated transformation ratio related to p. u. voltages becomes:
UrTHV

*t, =

UR,6kV

u rTLV

33 kV

=-.

6kV
~

6.3 k-V

uR.33kV

33 kV

= 0.9524

The procedure for the calculation of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current without the
influence of the motors is given in Table AIV in a similar manner as in Table AIII.
The initial symmetrical
Figure A4, page 127, is:

current *ZL(without
M1 M2)at the short-circuit

short-circuit

c*u,
*L (without

1.1 * 1 p. u.
=

Ml, M2) =

From this the short-circuit

JT * 0.7375 p. u.

current in kiloamperes
SR

L (without

Ml, M2) =

100 MVA

= 14.35 kA

6kV

R,6 kV
TABLE

0.8611 p. u.

is calculated:

0.8611 p. u.

* k (wthout Ml. M2)

location in

AIV

Calculation of *Xk (per unit [p. u.]) for Example 2,

without the influence of asynchronous motors Ml and M2 (CBl and CB2 open)
No.
1

Network feeder

Equation (Sb):
*xo, = -

Cable Ll

Transformer

Tl

0.1 E.

1.1 . (1 p. u.y

. *r, =

7.5 p. u.

c* LIZ,0
*&o

*x,,, = *xt

Reactance
(P.M.)

Equations and calculations

~Equipment

SR

.1

4.85 km

1
0.9524

0.1617

.-

lJ2R.33kV

.-

*I,

100 MVA
(33 kV)

.-

0.9524

0.0491

Equation (6) (Xr = 2,)

*XT1 = UkrTl
100%
=-.

lJ2rTLV

Srr*

15%

(6.3 kV)

100%

15 MVA

&
u2R.hkV

. 100 MVA
(6 kV)2

*x,,, + *xr, = XL,, + *x,

1.1025
1.1516

Ll + Tl

(Ll + Tl) (L2 + T2)

in parallel

Two equal branches in parallel -$ (*XL,, + *Xrr)

0.5758

Short-circuit
reactance *Xk

*x, = Xo, + -+ (*XLn + *xr,)

0.7375

(IEC page 133)

66

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)

The short-circuit

impedances

in p. u. of the asynchronous

motors are:

Motor Ml:
1

*.&I =

u2
-. IM

IL,/&,

*.&

%M

= -

SR
&6k

100 MVA
6 MVA

SR

srM

zLRJIrM

= 4.167 p. u.

Motor M2:
1

*.&=-

SR

1
ILRIlrM

*&? = -.

Partial short-circuit

1.1

100 MVA

5.5

1.28 MVA

currents according to Equation

1.:1
*I II
k = 3% U,

*&,z =

u2rM

-.

*u,

,T_ *.z&

1.1 1

SR
.

&M

= 4.735 p. u.

(69):

p.u.
= 0.1524 p. u. \3- . 4.167 p. u.

&,,,, = 2.54 kA

1.1 * 1 p. u.
_~~
= 0.1341 p. u. + FL,, = 2.23 kA
; 3 4.735 p. u.

The results are the same as in Sub-clause A2.2.

A2.4

Calculation with complex quantities

In this Sub-clause the short-circuit calculation is done with complex
medium voltage system according to Figure A4, page 127.

quantities

for the

The complex impedances of electrical equipment are calculated from the data given in
Figure A5. This figure indicates the partial short-circuit currents of the branches and their
addition at the short-circuit location.

67

( IEC page 135)

IS 13234: 1992
IJW Iab 909 ( 1988 )

Network feeder

Ril =O.l

Wkm
X;l =O.l bllkm
I=435 km

T2

s,T2 = 15 MVA
URrT2 =0.6%

152,

ipT2. lbT2. lkT2

s,Tl = 15 MVA

U,=GkV

Data of asynchronous motors Ml and M2 given in Figure A4

FIG. A5. -

(IEC page 137)

Medium voltage 33 kV/6 kV system with asynchronous

tion for Example 2).

68

motors (complex calcula-

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
TABLE AV

Calculation of zk T, T2) for Example 2,

with asynchronous motors M!l*and M2 according to Figure A5
No.

Equations

Equipment
Network
feeder

zol = -

cI/2o

. G

0.995

= 0.0582 Q (see Table AIII)

*

X0

XQ,

ZQ,

0.0579 &

RQ, = 0.1 Xo, = 0.0058 Q

gQt

Cable Ll

RQt

Impedance
(Q)

et calculations

See Sub-clause
8.3.2.1
0.0058 +
j 0.0579

jxQt

RLl, = R;, 1 $

4.85 km .

= 0.1;.

:3i

RL,, = 0.0177 R
1

Transformer

Tl

XL,,

x;,

I,

ZLI,

RI I, +

SL,,

ZT,

UkiTL

0.0177 S2 (see Table AIII)

0.0177 +
j 0.0177

ll2 rTlLV
.

100%

S,r,

0.3969 Q (see Table AIII)

Equation (7):
u2

rTlLV
PC_.

Rr,=~.

s 1Tl

100%

(6.3 kV)

0.6%

___

100%

15 MVA

RT, = 0.015 88 Q
Equation (8):

Ll + Tl

XT,

r2----v ZT,

1
- RT,
= 0.3966 Q

gT1

RT1

jxTl

ZLlt

ZT,

0.01588 +
j 0.3966

ZL,,

0.03358 +
j 0.4143

&!

0.01679 +
j 0.2072

(Ll + Tl) (L2 + T2)

in parallel

Short-circuit
impedance

1
zk

(Tl.T2)

ZQr

69

@Lit

ZTd

0.02259 +
j 0.2651

( IEC page 139)

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pob 909 ( 1988 )

Short-circuit impedances of asynchronous motors Ml and M2:

Motor Ml:

1
ZMl

G&I

=
zLRlhM

1.5 51

(see Sub-clause A2.2)

SrM

P,Mlp = 5 MWl2 = 2.5 MW [al

MW] (p = 2 pairs of poles)

therefore:
X, = 0.995 ZM et RM = 0.1 X,

z,,

(see Sub-clause 11.5.3.5)

= (0.1493 + j 1.493) Q; ]Z,, I= 1.5 Q

Motor M2 (three motors with equal data + equivalent motor):

zM2

-.

IL,/&,

cJ2
rM

= 1.705 &

(see

Sub-clause A2.2)

SrM

P,M/p = 1 MW/l = MW [al MW]

therefore:
X, = 0.995 Z, and RM = 0.1 X,
gM2 =

(0.1696 + j 1.696) Q; l&2) = 1.705 52

Short-circuit current L;: at the short-circuit location F in Figure A5, page 137, according to
Equation (55) in Sub-clause 12.2.3.2:

&,

+ $,

1.1.6kV

&:i.T)

JT (0.02259 + j 0.2651) Q
1.1 .6kV

&Ml

/2M2

J$

= JT (0.1493 + j 1.493) &

= (1.216 - j 14.27) kA

= (0.253 - j 2.527) kA

1.1.6kV
D

(0.1696 + j 1.696) Q = (223 - 2*225) kA

1;: = (1.692 - j 19.02) kA; ]$I = 19.10~kA

(see Sub-clause A2.2)

Peak short-circuit current ip at the short-circuit location F in Figure A5 according to

Equation (56) in Sub-clause 12.2.3.3:
ip =

(IEC

(ipT1

$Td

page 141)
70

&Ml

$M2

IS 13234: -1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)

According to Sub-clause 9.1.1.2:

Tl, T2: -

0.02259 R

= ,0.0852

0.2651 Q

x = 1.02 + 0,.98 e-3.85= 1.78

-&Tl

Ml:

ipT2 =

v 2

lpT1 +

lpT2 =

\i

R
x

_~~

R
x

%l2)

2 . 1.78. 14.32 kA = 36.05 kA

= 0.1; XMl = 1.75

ipMl =

M2:

x c&T,

(see Table II)

-

xMl

fiMl = ; 2 . 1.75 2.54 kA = 6.29 kA

= 0.1; xM2= 1.75

-

ipMZ= k 2 xMz&M, = Jr2 * 1.75 *2.24 kA = 5.53 kA

i, = (36.05 + 6.29 + 5.53) kA = 47.87 kA

Decaying aperiodic component iDCaccording to Equation ,(1) at f = 50 Hz:
iDC =

(lDC.TI

lDC,T2)

iDC,TI + iDC,n = jT
IDC,Tl

IDC,T;! =

IDC.Ml

_+ 2

iDC,M2

,,-2- FL,,

&Ml

J2

iDC. Ml +

iDC, M2

(fiTI + fin) e-2xftwX

. 14.32

-2nftRlX

e-2r

ft R/X =

kA

vE,

e-2n 50 sc 0.0852 t

2.54

kA

e-2n50sm1.0.1.

2.24 kA e-*n50s-.O.r t

Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Zb according to Equation (57) in Sub-clause

12.2.3.3:
lb =

&Tl

ZbTZ) +

ZbMl +

IbM2

lb,,
+ zbn = &T,
+ &,
= 14.32 kA
(according to Sub-clause 12.2.3.3, far-from-generator short circuit)

Z bM1

iUM1 qM1 riMI

With a minimum time delay tmin= 0.1 s and the already calculated values for ,u and q:
I,,, = 0.80 - 0.68 - 2.54 kA = 1.38 kA

71

(IEC page 143)

IS 13234 : 1992
UC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
and corresponding

for the motor M2:

I bM2= 0.72 - 0.57 - 2.24 kA = 0.92 kA

Ii, = (14.32 + 1.38 + 0.92) kA = 16.62 kA

Asymmetrical

short-circuit

For t,,,in = 0.1

s (f=

(see Sub-clause A2.2)

breaking current Zbasymwith the help of iDc:

50 HZ):

iDc = 4 2 - 14.32 kA - 0.0688 + : 2 . 2.54 kA . 0.0432 + 47 - 2.24 kA . 0.0432

(0.985 + 0.110 + 0.097) kA = ; 2 . 1.192 kA

inc = ;T

zbasym

short-circuit

---

current Zk according to Equation

IkT,

J 276.2 + 1.42 kA = 16.66 kA = Z,

1,

IkMl

1.192 kA
VT

I b asym =
Steady-state

$2.
(16.62 kA)* +

IkM2

(I,,,

IkT-2 =

IkT2)

?;T,

fin

IkMl

(58):

IkM2

14.32 kA

according to Equation

(72)

Zk = 14.32 kA

A3.

A3.1

Example 3: Calculation of balanced short-circuit currents in the case of near-to-generator

short circuits. Impedance correction factor
Problem
The balanced short-circuit currents at the short-circuit
page 147, are to be calculated according to Section Two.

locations

Fl to F4 in Figure A6,

A power-station unit (PSU) is connected to a 220 kV system with the actual, initial shortcircuit power Yio = 8000 MVA of the network feeder. The auxiliary transformer AT is of the
three-winding type feeding two auxiliary busbars B and C with U, = 10 kV.
The influence of asynchronous motors on the short-circuit currents is to be taken into account
when calculating short-circuit currents at the short-circuit locations F2, F3 and F4. Low-voltage
asynchronous motors shall be handled as motor groups. The terminal short-circuit currents of the
high-voltage or low-voltage motors are calculated within the Tables AVI or AVII.

(IEC page 145)

72

IS 13234 : 1992
EC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment

A3.2
A3.2.1

Network feeder

According to Sub-clause 8.3.2.1 it follows, with c = 1.1 from the actual symmetrical shortcircuit power at the feeder connection point, that:

ZQC

-=

CU2,

%Q

XQ = 0.995 ZQ

0.995 . 6.655 Q = 6;622 Q

ZQ

RQ = 0.1 Xo = 0.1 * 6.622 Q = 0.6622 52

(0.6622 + j 6.622) Sz

For the calculation of the maximum short-circuit current at the short-circuit locations F2 and
F3, ZQ min (corresponding to 3iQ ma ) is found according to Sub-clause 12.2.3.1. $Q max is to be
estimated from the future planning~of the power-system.

ZQmin = (0.2649 + j 2.649) &

A3.2.2

Unit transformer

From the data given in Figure A6, page 149, Equations (6) to (8) according to Subclause 8.3.2.2 yield:

u2 rTHV

-. Ukr
THV= 100%

=-.

s,,

PkrT

Rrnv = 3 12,THv= &r

X,v

u*

rTHV

S2rT

15%

(240 kV)2

100%

250 MVA

0.52 MW

= 34.56 Q

(240 kV)*
(250 MVA)2 = o479 a

= 4 Z&i - R&v = 34.56 52

&,

= (0.479 + j 34.56) Q

Converted to the low-voltage side of the unit transformer with t, = 240 kV/21 kV:
X TLv=XrHv.---

1
t,

= 34*56

(240 kV/21 ~kV)*

= 0.2646 51; Rnv = 0.00367 52

zrrv = (0.00367 + j 0.2646 ) Q

A3.2.3

Generator

With the data given in Figure A6, the calculation according to Sub-clause 11.5.3.7 with
c = 1.1 (see Table I) and RG = 0.05 Xi (see Sub-clause 11.5.3.6) can be performed as:

,73

( IEC

page1 147)

Network

feeder

S;h=BOOO
&a=220

Unit transformer

MVA

(S;a,,,,,,=

20000

MVA)

kV

S,T = 250 MVA

U,THV/U~TLV=~~O~V
uk,=15%;&=52OkW

(+12%)121

Generator

kV

G:

s,~=250MVA
U&=21
kV
x8=17%
COS

9rG =0.70
Auxiliary

transformer

AT

&TAB = S,TAC= $Bc = 2 5 MVA

USA = 21 kV ; ~ATB= Uric = 10.5 kV
UkrAB= UkrAC = 7%
PkrTAB=pkrTAC =59
Auxiliary
t

P,M=

M7

M6

1.71

2x

lx

busbar

; UkrBC=

13%
kW ; PkrTaC =I14

B, lJ, = 10 kV

AuxiliarJ

M5

M4

M3

M2

Ml

2x

lx

2x

lx

2x

kW

busbar

MB

M9

Ml0

lx

lx

2x

C, U, =lO kV
Ml1

lx

Ml2

2x

Ml3

2x

* For details see Table AVI.

** For details see Figure A8 and Table AVII.

FIG.A6. - Network feeder, power-station

high-voltage

unit (PSU) - unit transformer and generator

and low-voltage asynchronous motors, Example 3.

- with auxiliary transformer

(AT),

Ml4

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

u2

_go = RG + ,j X: = 2; (0.05 + j) = x; +

(0.05 + j) = 0.17 . @iFJi

(0.05 + j)

rG
Zo = (0.0150 + j 0.2999) R
The correction

factor according to Sub-clause 11.5.3.7 can be found:

K G.PSU

1.1

C
mm

1 + xb sin cprG

1 + 0.17 . 0.6258

= 0.9942

therefore:
z
_G.PSU

--

KG,PSU& = 0.9942 (0.0150 + j 0.2999) R = (0.0149 + j 0.2982) Q

In order to calculate the short-circuit current on the high-voltage side of the transformer
(~Fl in Figure A6, page 149) the equations in Sub-clause 11.5.3.8 are used with c,,, = 1.1, tf =
LI,lUrG = 220 kV/21 kV and t, = 240 kV/21 kV, and therefore:
1.1

220 kV
K

1 +

(x;

-Cm,XT)

sin q,o =

21 kV

1 + (0.17 - 0.15) 0.6258

Kpsu = 0.9129

zpsu = 0.9129 [(1.959 + j 39.17) Q + (0.479 + j 34.56) Q] = (2.226 + j 67.31) Q

A3.2.4

Auxiliary transformer

The positive-sequence
short-circuit impedances &, zn and zc according to Figure 7,
page 41, can be determined with the equations of Sub-clause 8.3.2.2. Substituting the data
presented in Figure A6 in Equation (9), the positive-sequence short-circuit impedances of the
transformer are calculated as follows (related to the 21 kV side A):

u2rTA

UkrAB
ZAB

100%

z-e

Srr~n

ZAC

u2 rTA

UkrBC
ZBC

100%

RAB = RAC = P krTAB

=-.

L$TBC

u2rTA
S2rTAB

7%

(21 kV)2

100%

25 MVA

ZAB

13%

(21 kV)2

100%

25 MVA

= 0.059 MW

75

= 1.2348 52

2.2932 Q

(21 kV)2
(25 MVA)2

= 0.04163 52

( IEC page 151)

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

u2rTA
RBC

(21 kV)

0.114 MW

PkrTBC

(25 MVA)

SZ,TBC

x,,

=b Z,, - RhB = 1.2341 Q

= x,,

\ Z& - R&

Xa, =
Using Equation

(ZAB

Z AC -

(ZBC

ZAB

(&

+ &c

1
ZB

zc = +

= 2.2918 52

(10) and referring the impedances

1
ZA

= 0.08044 Q

to UrrA = 21 kV:

&C)

(0.00282 + j 0.1764) Q = (0.0014

&-)

(0.08044 + j 2.2918) Q = (0.04022 + j 1.1459) R

- ZAn) = +

+ j 0.0882) B

(0.08044 + j 2.2918) Q = (0.04022 + j 1.1459) $2

Converted to the 10.5 kV (side B or C) with t, = 21 kV/ 10.5 kV, the impedances of the threewinding transformer AT are:
Z
_ALV
ZBLV

--Z _A

*$

ZCLV

(0.000353 + j 0.02205) Q
I

(0.0101 + j 0.2865) Q

* 1 t2

ZB

A3.2.5

Low-voltage

transformers 2.5 MVA and 1.6 MVA

According to Figure A6, page 149, and Figure A8, page 165, there are five transformers with
Srr = 2.5 MVA and Urrnv/ u,rLv = 10 kV/0.693 kV connected to each of the two auxiliary
busbars 10 kV and in addition one transformer with &r = 1.6 MVA, UrTHv/UirLV = 10 kV/
0.4 kV. Each of these transformers feeds a group of low-voltage asynchronous motors.
With the equations

in Sub-clause 8.3.2.2 and the data in Table AVII it follows that:

Z T15HV

UkrT15
-.--=-.
loo%

U2,T15HV

6%

s, T15

R risuv =

P krT1S
3 ITTi5

U2rT15HV
=

(10

PkrT15

0.0235 MW

s!TT15

,-

X TI~HV= J&ISHV - R&HV

ZTlSHV

RTISHV

ZTMIV

100%

. . . ZT19HVy

U2rT20HV

UkrT20

r20HV=

i- j XT,,,V

srno

76

2 4 Q

(10 kV)2
(2.5 MVA)

= 0.376-Q

= 2.3704 Q

(0.376 + j 2.3704) Q

ZTZlHV

. . * $25HV

(10 kV)2

6%

=- 100%

(IEC page 153)

2.5 MVA

100%

1.6MVA

3.75 52

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
(10 kV)
RnoHV = 0.0165 MW (I.6 MVA)2 = o6445
_.____~_

X TZOHV
Z
_T20HV
Converted

to the low-voltage

Asynchronous

R:20HV = 3.694 Q

-- RmoHV + j xTzOHV= (0.6445 + j 3.694) Q = &rrv

-ZT'OLV
A3.2.6

= \&2OHv

side with t, = 10 kVl0.4 kV:

=

(1.031 + j 5.910) mQ

motors

Data and calculations of the short-circuit impedances of the high-voltage motors Ml to Ml4
according to Sub-clauses 11.5.3.5 and 13.2 are given in Table AVI.
Using Equations (69) and (34) and bearing in mind that lJrMis equal to U, in this special case,
the following expression can be found for Z&:
IrM

ILR
c -

u,Mi,-3

. lrM

I&,

Data and calculation of the short-circuit impedances of the low-voltage motor groups
including their supply cables according to Sub-clauses 11.5.3.5 and 13.2 are given in Figure A8,
page 165, and Table AVII.

( IEC page 15.5)

77

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)
TABLE AVI

Data of high-voltage motors and their partial short-circuit currents

at the short-circuit location on busbars B or C respectively
Auxihary
busbar
Motor No.
(see Figure A6)

123

PrM
Quantity of motors
u rM
cos &r
LM

MW
kV
-

Pair of poles
p

6.8
2

3.1
1

1.5
2

0.89 0.85 0.88

0.976 0.959 0.962

-2

MVA 15.66 3.80 3.54

kA 0.904 0.220 0.205
MW 3.4
0.1

I:
(1...7)

0.7 0.53 2
1.71
1212
10
0.85 0.75 0.85 0.95
0.952
4
0.948 0.96 0.96

5.1
-112

3.1

3533

-321

456

0.87

1.49 2.45 4.19

10

I1

1.5

1.85 0.7
2

0.87 0.85 0.88

0.973 0.959 0.962

32.0

12

13

z
14 (R... 14) Remarks

0.53 2
2
1

/ !.85 0.85 0.75 0.85

, 0.959
4
0.952 0.948 0.96

3353
6.02 3.80 3.54

2.27

1.73 1.49 2.45

Data given from

the manufacturer

:
-

21.3

,
Calculatedwith &, = P,,/cos qjq,)

1 0.05 0.086 0.141 0.242 1.85 0.348 0.219 0.204 1 0.131 0.10 0.086 0.141 1.23 Calculatedwith!,,, = S+,/(, 3 U,,)

1.55 1.5
0.1 0.1

4.4
0.23 0.11 0.67 0.57
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

1.7
0.1

1.55 1.5
0.1 0.1

4.4
0.62 0.23 0.11 0.67
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

See Sub-clauseA3.2.6
m = P,,lp
according to Sub-clause11.5.3.5

xu
u (L, =O.ls)

1.75 1.75 1.75

1.65 1.65
0.796

1.65 1.65

1.75 1.75

1.75

1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65

0.7%

)
p = 0.62 + 0,72e-0 32IliNI,M!)

4 (Ll,= 0.1 s)

0.72 0.62 0.62

0.39 0.31 0.52 0.50

0.63 0.62 0.62

0.51 0.39 0.31 0.52

q = 0.57 t 0.12 In m3

ipsM
1blM

kA
kA
kA

3.98 0.97 0.90

9.85 2.40 2.23
2.28 0.48 0.44

0.22 0.38 0.62 1.06

0.51 0.89 1.45 2.47
0.07 0.09 0.26 0.42

8.14
19.8
4.04

1.53 0.96 0.90

3.79 2.38 2.23
0.77 0.47 0.44

0.58 0.44 0.38 0.62

1.35
1.03 0.89 1.45
0.24 0.14 0.09 0.26

5.41
13.12
2.41

r;,, = (&,&,)I,,
i,,, = xv, 2 !;j,,,. Equation(70)
lbiU = q&,,
Equation (71)

&4
XM
RM

Q
R
R

1.60 6.58 7.06

-0.995
ZM---0.1 x, ~

0.78
0.777
0.08

4.15 6.56 7.06

-b.993
_z,,0.1 X,, -

1.17
1.165
0.138

Calculated with Equation (34)

According to
Sub-clause 11.5.3.5,

rkJM

1, The values

28.74 16.78
-0.989
-0.15x,-

10.2
5.97
ZM----

for xM are given in Table II of Sub-clause

11.01 14.45 16.78 10.2

-0.989
z$f___
0.15 x, __

13.2.2.

2, Equation (47), t,,, = 0.1 s.

) Equation (67), t,,, = 0.1 s.

A3.3

Calculation of short-circuit currents

A3.3. I

Short circuit at the short-circuit location Fl

The calculation is done according to Sub-clause 12.2.3. It is not necessary to take the
asynchronous motors into account (see Sub-clause 13.2.1, contribution of motors smaller than
5%).
The initial symmetrical

short-circuit

1.1 . u,
~k,J

1.1 . 220 kV

(~3 zPsU =

d-? (2.226 + j 67.31) Q

rio =

[Lo =

1.1 . u,
_-.
~ 3 ZQ

current is calculated according to Equation

,-%

s%Q

,--.
\3 u,

(0.0686 - j 2.073) kA;)II;-PSU) = 2.075 kA

8000 MVA
_

< 3 * 220 kV

= 20.99 kA

1.1 - 220 kV
___
= (2.088 - j 20.89) kA;
(0.6622 + j 6.622) Q

(IEC page 157)

78

(55):

ILLQ

1 =

20.99 kA

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
L;: = /zps.

+ J!a = (2.157 - j 22.96)

kA; 1L;: I= 23.06 kA

Equation (56):
i, = ipps + i,Q

Power-station unit:
RIX =

RpsuIXPSU
= 2.226 52167.31 Q = 0.033 -+ xpsu = 1.91

&PSU = XPSU J2

r ipSU

1.91 . J2 - 2.075 kA = 5.605 kA

Network feeder:
RQIXQ = 0.1; XQ= 1.75
i,Q

XQ

&Q

1.75 . Jz- . 20.99 kA = 51.95 kA

i, = 5.605 kA + 51.95 kA = 57.56 kA

Equation (57), tmin= 0.1

S:

Ib = IbPSU + IbQ = IbPSU + &Q

Power-station unit (see Sub-clauses 12.2.3.3 and 12.2.2.3):

Zbrsu = pZipsu;,B = ,L&~,= 0.62 + 0.72 e-0.32GGm
= 0.859
with:
Z{,lZ,, = r[PSUtIZ,o= tz ZiPSU/ZrG
= (240 kVf21 kV) . 2.075 kAi6.873 kA = 3.45
Z,,psu= 0.859 * 2.075 kA = 1.78 kA
Z, = Zbpsu+ Z{Q= 1.78 kA + 20.99 kA = 22.77 kA
A3.3.2

Short circuit at the short-circuit location K?

First of all, according to Figure 21, page 89, the initial symmetrical short-circuit current at the
short-circuit location F2 (without the influence of asynchronous motors) is derived from the
partial short-circuit currents _kG
I (see Equation (52)) and Zir (see Equations (53) and (41)).
1.1 .21 kV
IkG

/$;,,

=
p

(0.0149 + j 0.2982) Q

= (2.23 - j 44.61) kA; I&

I=

44.67 kA

1.1 . 21 kV

1.1(0.00367+jO.2646)52+

2(0.2649+j2.649)Q

79

(IEC page 159)

IS 13234: 1992
IJZCPub 909 ( 1988 )

$r

1.1 - 21 kV
n

= (0.8655 - j 42.29) kA; 1EiT I= 42.30 kA

(0.00645 + j 0.3152) Q
L;: = &

+ [r$r = (3.10 - j 86.90) kA; 1Lk ( = 86.96 kA

Using Equation (54) zrsl is calculated from zo,rs,

1

Z
_T,PSU
z =
_rsl

and

* ZQmin

1
1

(0.0149 + j 0.2982) Q (0.00645 + j 0.3152) Q

= (0.00546 + j 0.1533) Q;

(0.02135 + j 0.6134) 52
(_Zrs,I= 0.1534 Q

c&G

ri+

IZrslI =

1.1 - 21 kV
J3.0.153452

=86.94kA

Normally it is sufficient to calculate as follows (because R 4 X):

&G

&$;psu

1.1 . 21 kV
. 0.2986 Q = 44.66 kA

(T,PSU

+ ;

ZQmin)
f

1.1 . 21 kV

=
n

1.1 - 0.2646 Q +

( 22:g;

)2 .2.66252

= 42,30kA

r; = $, + &r = 86.96 kA
= ipo + ipr

lP

ipG

accordingto Equation (56)

calculated with RGIX; = 0.05 (see Sub-clause 11.5.3.6) + xo = 1.86

ipo=Xo~&+=1.86

PT

,?- - 44.67 kA = 117.48 kA

calculated with R/X = 0.00645 Q/O.3152 52 = 0.0205 --$ XT= 1.94

lpr = XTn&r

= 1.94 ~?2 . 42.30 kA = 116.05 kA

i, = 233.53 kA

OECpage 161)
80

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
Zb =

z,, + z,, = z,, + zyg; Z,,r =

ZbG= p&G; &./I&

= 44.67 kAl6.873

Zir (see Equation

(57))

kA = 6.50 + /.Q~s = 0.71

Zbo = 0.71 - 44.67 kA = 31.71 kA

Z, = 31.71 kA + 42.30 kA = 74.01 kA
Normally, there is no circuit breaker provided to switch off the total breaking current, so that
only the current Zr,r = Zir is of interest.
The additional short-circuit currents fed from the asynchronous motors can be calculated
from the results of Table AVI and AVII and from the impedances of the auxiliary transformer
(see Sub-clause A3.2.4) related to the HV-side of the transformer AT.

c UrG
V3

Auxiliary transformer

Busbar B

\
EMEH

FIG. A7. -

AT

Busbar C

U,=lO

kV

I
ZMCr

Positive-sequence
system for the calculation of the partial short-circuit current
Zk,_,r from high-voltage and low-voltage motors at the short-circuit location F2.
Impedances are transferred to the high-voltage side of the auxiliary transformer
AT with t, = 21 kV/lOS kV = 2.

Sl

( IEC page 163)

IS 13234 : 1992

IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

Auxiliary

busbar B, U, =lO kV

Motors
Ml...M7

-=~
T20

&TLV

0.693

kV

Sq =1.6 MVA
UrTHV

-=-

UrTLV

1OkV

kV

0.4

@QB@B
U,=38OV

Ml9

Ml8

Ml7

Ml6

Ml5

Motor groups M15...M20

M20

FIG. A8. -

Detail of Figure A6, page 149. Transformers and groups of low-voltage asynchronous motors connected to the auxiliary busbar B. Transformers and low-voltage
motor groups connected to the busbar C are identical.

(0.086 + j 0.777) Q

z
-M.8...14

(0.138 + j 1.165) Q

(1.200 + j 3.152) S2 = z,,,

(5.64 + j 15.69) D = z,,,

z
-MB

(0.101 + j 0.606) Q; zMBt = (0.404 + j 2.424) Q

= (0.157 + j 0.817) 52; &,ct = (0.626 + j 3.270) Q

z
-M,

I...7

-M

+ T, 15.. .19

z
-M

+ T. 20

-MC

@B
&-AT

ZA

ZMBJ

@C

2,,,,2s
26

&Kt>

ZB +ZC

= (0.00141 + j 0.0882) Q +

+ZMB~

+ZMC~

(0.444 + j 3.570) Q (0.666 + j4.416)

(1.110 + j 7.986) Q
ZM_Ar = (0.00141 + j 0.0882) Q + (0.2688 + j 1.9744) 52 = (0.270 + j 2.063) Q

WG
~&-AT

1.1 . 21 kV

=
J3/_ZM_ATI

(IEC page 165)

82

0-m

2.08 Q = (je41kA

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
TABLE

AVII

Data of low-voltage asynchronous motors and data of transformers 10 kVlO.693 kV and 10 kV10.4 kV
respectively connected to the auxiliary busbar B. Partial short-circuit currents of the low-voltage
motors at the short-circuit location F3.
Transformer No.
Motor group No.
S

G-w
u
rTLV

Ukr
Pkil

PrM (motor
group)
u rM
cos w/r
LJlrM
RJXhl

1.s 16 17 18 19
tiVA
kV
kV
%
kW

MW
kV
_

srM
Z TH
R TH
X THV

I.6
10
0.4
6
16.5
___. __~

12.5

0.9
0.66
0.8. 0.9 = 0.72
5
0.42

1.0
0.38
0.72
5
0.42

4.5

1.3
1.25

n
&
R

2.40
0.376
2.3704

3.75
0.6445
3.694

::
e
kA

0.0697
0.0270
0.0643
5.74

0.0208
0.0081
0.0192
11.8

XM
G,M

R TH

X WV

&r

xMT

Data
given by
the manufacturer

7.67

14.51
5.62
13.39

Q
S-2

6.00
15.76

1.20
3.152

16.862
0.377

3.372
1.883

Sub-clause 13.2. I
Suh-clause 11.5.3.5
and Table II
Table 11
&M = P,rvl/(cos (un,)
Equations (6) to (8)

Equation (34)
RM = 0.42 X,
XM = 0.922 2,
lJ, = 0.66 kV; 0.3X kV; c = 1.OS
Converted to the
high-voltage side
of the transformer

5.64
15.69
._II
16.693
0.381

Data
given by
the manufacturer

13.00
5.w
12.00

Q
R
Q

R
kA

14.1

5.5

1.3
1.39
____

6.25

44
RM

Remarks

20

(115.. 19)

2.5
10
0.693
6
23.5

_
MVA

XM

l-

0.991
2.625

2.806
2.264

U,, = 10 kV; c = I.1

This partial short-circuit current has to be considered because its magnitude reaches
approximately 7% of the current fi, + fi, = fi = 86.96 kA as calculated before. The sum of the
short-circuit current .Di reaches:
zfi

= f; + r;,_ AT = 86.96 kA + 6.41 kA = 93.37 kA

Additionally,
partial peak short-circuit currents and breaking currents fed from the
asynchronous motors are to be added to the above calculated currents i, and I,,. These are
ipM_A.I.= x ,-? I)LMpA-,= 1.7 ~2. 6.41 kA = 15.41 kA with x = 1.7 as a first approach (highvoltage motors have zt = 1.75 or x = 1.65, see Table AVI, low-voltage motor groups are to be
considered with x = 1.3) and I hM AT = J!,_,,. as a conservative approach. Account has been
taken of the fact that Ib(; + IhMpAr is smaller than I ,,, = /i7, so that the breaking capacity for a
circuit breaker between the unit transformer and the generator may be Ihl. = 42.30 kA. When
calculating &-AT with Method C of Sub-clause 9.1.3.2 taking the impedances of the motors
from Tables AVI and AVII, the factor x, = 1.701 is found and therefore ipM_A.,.= IS.42 kA;
that is equal to the value given above.

x3

IS 13234 : 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988 )
A3.3.3

Short-circuit at the short-circuit location F3

The initial symmetrical short-circuit current at the short-circuit

from the partial short-circuit currents as shown in Figure A9:

F3

FIG. A9. -

Busbar

Positive-sequence

Calculation

Busbar

system for the calculation of I;: at the short-circuit

location F3.

of Ik~r:
(ZAL + Zrsl. ,) @CL,

&AT=ZBLV

location F3 can be calculated

Z
_ALV

+ ZCLV

&r

+ ZMC,

+ &sl.t

(0.0101 + j 0.2865) 52 + (0.0020 + j 0.0573) Q

+ ZMC

= (0.0121 + j 0.3438) LI; ZkAr = 0.3440 52

where:
zBLv = (0.0101 + j 0.2865) Q = ZCLV
Z
_ALv
= (0.000353 + j 0.02205) Q

Z
_rsl.l
= (0.00546 + j 0.1533) Q

Z
_MC
=

&(M8.

M14)

--~

k3

ZkAT

:i5ktt

IIZ
_Z(M+T.2,.

= (0.00137 + j 0.0383) 52

)
.26)

(0.157 + j 0.817) Q

1.1 . 10 kV

CUtI
$AT

J3-

(0.0121 + j 0.3438) S2
I$ATI

(IEC page 169)

84

18.46 kA

= (0.649 - j 18.45) kA

IS13234:1992
IEC Pub909(
1988)
Together with 1 ZzCMl..,M7)
= (0.894 - j 8.075) kA; ( I~~r(M1...7)1= 8.124 kA) and
~&l+T,15...20) = (0.799 - j 2.118) kA; ( (I;rCM+T,15...20J1= 2.264 kA)
the current $ can be calculated:
$ = (0.649 - j 18.45) kA + (0.894 - j 8.075) kA + (0.799 - j 2.118) kA
= (2.342 - j 28.64) kA

lLil=28.74 kA
It follows for the short-circuit power (see Sub-clause 3.6):
s;: = p

U, ZL= F

10 kV . 28.74 kA = 497.8 MVA

The peak short-circuit current i, can be derived with the following x-factors:
XAr = 1.02 + 0.98 e- 3 (0.0121R/0.3438Q) = 1.90
(see Sub-clause 9.1.3.2, Method B: 1.15 - 1.9 > 2.0)
19.8 kA

iP3M
xZ(M1...M7)

=
fl

fi3M

8.124 kA

n-

= 1.723 (ip3M according to Table AVI)

xrCM+T,15,,,20)
= 1.02 + 0.98 e-3(0.991R2.625R)
= 1.34
$ = l.15 %A* n
i, =

2. F.

riA-T+ %(Ml...M7) J2

rh(M~...M7)

i- xx (M + T,15...20)
J2

18.46 kA + 1.723 . \12. 8.124 kA + 1.34 ~7.

b(M

+ T. 15...20)

2.264 kA = 76.30 kA

with 1.15 - xAT = 2 (see Sub-clause 9.1.3.2, Method B) and the ratio RIXof the low-voltage
motors including the transformers 15 to 20 according to Table AVII.
As a medium effective value x is found:
76.30 kA

lP

;=

$2 ri

y/2 - 28.74 kA

= 1.88

If the short-circuit current Z,&r is transformed to the side A of the auxiliary transformer AT it
becomes obvious, that &!Ar,is already smaller than twice Zro, SO that IbAr = ZL,ris valid (-see
Equation (18)) far-from generator short circuit).

1bP(Ml...M7)
Z bX(M+T,15...20

lb =

zbAT

i
i=l

zbL(M1...M7)

& qi riMi

= ,@&(M+T,l5...20)

4.04

b~((M+T,15,,,2@

kA (see Table AVI)

0.77.0.342-2.264kA = 0.60 kA

with ,u = 0.77 (tmin= 0.1 s) according to Zt;M/Z,M

= 5 (see Sub-clause 13.2.1) and q = 0.342
derived from the conservative estimation that the low-voltage asynchronous motors of the
motor group have rated powers < 0.3 MW andp = 2 (pair of poles).
Zb= 18.46 kA + 4.04 kA + 0.60 kA = 23.10 kA (Zb/r~ ~ 0.8; tmin= 0.1

$5

S)

(IEC

page 171)

IS 13234 : 1992
IJZC Pub 909 ( 1988 )

A3.3.4

Short-circuit at the short-circuit location F4

$ is calculated

with the help of Figure AlO.

~UM+T,15...19jt

=(0.134

+ j1.243)mQ

=(1.92

+ j5.043)mQ

%Ol94

+ j0.55)mQ

$(0.028

+ j0.3~57)mn

4-

Busbar El W, =lO kV)

~TZO,.V=(1.031

zhnno=(8.1

FIG. AlO. -

L);r20 =

Positive-sequence

+ j5.910)mR

+ j19.2)mR

system for the calculation of $ at the short-circuit

cull

~\ 3 @I +

$M?[, =

/6 =

1.05 * 380 v

<M20

{iTZO

The peak short-circuit

zT?OLV)

CU,

~~
\ 3

location F4.

ziMzo

3 (1.059 + j 6.267) mS2

1.05 . 380 V
~
\ 3 (8.1 +_j 19.2) mQ
=

= (4.30 - j 10.19) kA

(10.34 - j 45.93) kA; (& ( = 47.08 kA

current is calculated
ip =

ipT2()= 1.15 Xb \ 2 &,

= (6.04 - j 35.74) kA

from:

ipT20 +

ipM2O

mD/6261mn) = 1.61
with X b = 1.02 + 0.98 e-3 (1.052

According to Method B of Sub-clause 9.1.3.2, it is necessary to take 1.15 . x,, = 1.15 . 1.61 =
1.85. In this case for a low-voltage short circuit the maximum for 1.15 xh is limited to 1.8.

rpMzO= xM y 2 &a
i, = 1.8 * v3..

(IEC page 173 )

with X, = 1.3 according to Table AVII

36.25 kA + 1.3 \ 2 . 11.06 kA = 112.61 kA

86

IS 13234: 1992
IEC Pub 909 ( 1988)

(When considering the calculation of ipTZO

it can be recognized that the impedance of the lowvoltage transformer T20 gives the main part of the impedance gP + ZTZ,,rv, so that the ratio
Rr&Xrzo of the transformer will determine x for the calculation of ipTZI,.From the ratio RT3,,/
XnO = 1.031 mQ/5.910 mQ = 0.174 the factor x = J .60 can be determined and therefore for
the whole peak short-circuit current at the short-circuit location F4:
i, = 1.60 \I 2 - 36.25 kA + 1.3, 2 . 11.06 kA = 102.4 kA)

87

(IEC page 17.5)